Radio System Speeds Radioj^Rams

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RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING RCA Coiinnunicdtions' new icorhl-uUlc automatic tape rcJaii radio system speeds Radioj^rams.

New wings for words around the world!

Radiograms "Via RCA" to and from RCA Laboratories — one of the world's overseas points now are processed by foremost centers of radio and electronic automatic machines which speed your research— is continually pioneering and messages through such gateway cities advancing radio communications in as New York, London, San Francisco service to the Nation and the public. and Manila, without delay. When you buy an RCA Victor radio

This advanced technique in inter- or television receiver, Victrola radio- or record, vou national radiotelegraphy is the result phonograph, phonograph are getting, thanks to RCA research and of wartime research and development. At RCA Communications, "P;icl<- of the finest products contain antoniatic It gives to private messages the same engineering, one ;ige Sets" an sending and receiving unit for a accuracy and dependability of its kind science has achieved. speed, foreign gateway citv. Messages, in which were attained through its world- Radio Corporation of America, RCA Btdldinf^, tape form, recei\ed througli these Radio Citij, New York 20. Listen to the RCA machines, are readv for quick de- wide use by the U. S. Army Communi- Victor Show, Stmdai/s. 2:00 P.M., Eastern h\'ery or immediate transmission cations Service during the war. Datjliglit Saving Time, over the NBC Network. to any part of tlie world.

"Victrola" T. M. Reg. U. S. Pat. On. RCA COMMUNICATIONS, INC. A SERVICE OF RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA RADIO AGE

RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

VOLUME 6 NUMBER 4 JULY 1947

CONTENTS PAGE ;:ovER OUTLOOK FOR THE RADIO INDUSTRY by Brig. General David Sarnoff 3

RCA EXHIBITION HALL 7 iRevolving Theme Mast in jthe RCA Exhibition Hall, AMERICAN TELEVISION SHOWN IN ITALY 8 Radio City, portrays the Itiistory of the Radio Cor- "SCIENTIFIC METHOD" CAN SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS iporation of America with by Dr. C. B. Jolliffe 9 in array of miniature mod- LATEST MODELS RCA VICTOR HOME INSTRUMENTS 10 ';ls on a spiral ramp. USES OF TELEVISION by Noran E. Kersta 11

FROM JUNGLE TO ANTARCTIC by S. H. Simpson, Jr 12

TELEVISION CARAVAN 15

SCENES FROM THE RCA EXHIBITION HALL 16

TELERAN DEMONSTRATED 18

COLOR TELEVISION FOR THEATERS 19

RCA STOCKHOLDERS MEETING 21

INGLES HEADS RCA INSTITUTES 23

MAP-MAKING BY RADAR 24

LISTENING TASTES TESTED 25

Services of RCA are: radio's record SALESMEN 26

RCA Laboratories Division PLANE-TO-SHORE MESSAGE SERVICE OPENED 27 • SUBMARINE TELEVISION RCA Victor Division by O. B. Hanson 28

RCA Communications, Inc. THE STORY OF 16MM SOUND by W. W. Watts 30

omarine Corporation of America

inal Broadcasting Company, Inc. RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA RCA Building, New York 20, N. Y. RCA Institutes, inc. David Sarnoff, President Lewis MacConnach, Secretary Arthur B. Tuttle, Treasurer RCA Service Company, Inc. Radio Age is published quarterly by the Department of Information, Radio Corporation of America, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y. RCA International' Division NBC TELEVISION STATION WNBW, WHICH OPENED IN THE NATION'S CAPITAL ON JUNE 27. '

Outlook for the Radio Industry

Television, FM Broadcasting, Industrial Electronics on Verge of Broad Advances, RCA President Tells Radio Manufacturers — He Says Economic Readjustment Now Underway Will

Result in a Stronger, Healthier Industry

POINTING to unlimited oppor- FM during the war and in the early tunities for expansion of the post-war period now having been radio industry, Brigadier General removed, the outlook appears bright David Sarnoff, President of the for this branch of the industry, Radio Corpoi-ation of America, in General Sarnoff said, in urging an address at the annual convention vi'hole-hearted cooperation of all of the Radio Manufacturers Asso- who can contribute to its progress. ciation in Chicago on June 12, said "The measure of its success will that the future of the industry is be determined largely by the qual- to be found not only in standard ity and variety of the programs broadcasting, but also in television, transmitted over FM stations," he FM (frequency modulation), in- said. "I believe that the fullest dustrial electronics and foreign benefits to the public and the larger trade. opportunities for sales will come Television alone with its vast only when programs now broadcast possibilities for home, theater and by standard stations and networks industrial use represents opportu- are permitted to be sent simulta- nities, he said, that will enable the neously over FM stations. Let us radio industry to achieve new rec- hope that present-day restrictions, ords on an unending road of prog- which forbid this, may soon be ress. He added that he foresees the removed." BRIG. GENERAL DAVID SARNOFF ultimate fusion of sound broadcast- Television, General Sarnoff as- ing with television, and that the serted, is a service designed not 36,000,000 homes now equipped "We stand on the firm founda- only for the home, but also is des- with radio will find new pleasures tion of a great industry, built by tined to have great implications for in sightseeing and attending events many years of pioneering, produc- the theater, the motion picture by television. tion, and service to the public. We studio and the entertainment film, began as pioneers in a wilderness and last, but not least, in the mani- Opportunities Are Challenging of economics. We have moved up fold processes of industrial life. Calling attention to the fact that and down with changing business Television Opportunities since the first of the year econo- cycles, weathered worldwide politi- mists have warned of a business cal storms, and not only survived, Television, therefore, he pointed decline. General Sarnoff said: but emerged st''onger than before. out, offers the radio industry a "A readjustment already is un- And we are still pioneering. combination of opportunities: first, derway. Certainly we need to adapt "Radio manufacturers and mer- to make transmitting and receiving ourselves to its requirements by a chants are in a far better position sets: second, to equip theaters; and, reasonable appraisal of current today than they were at the begin- third, to manufacture for indus- conditions, by constant efforts to ning of broadcasting. We have trial applications. He declared that effect economies in costs of produc- learned in the hard school of ex- there is no need to wait for televi- tion and selling and by improving perience the practical lessons of sion on a national scale to receive our products. This readjustment of production and merchandising. the benefits it already affords to viewpoint and operations will result city-wide, or local communities. He Three in a stronger and healthier indus- New Markets described the small town as "a try. "Today, the radio industry is on natural television stage". "Radio, by its very nature, is in the threshold of three great new "The belief that a local television the vanguard of science. The pos- markets—FM, television, and in- station cannot be erected and oper- sibilities that lie ahead in televi- dustrial electronics—while the old- ated without a large investment is sion, radar, electronics, and other er markets for standard broadcast wrong," he continued. "Television products of radio technology pre- receivers and combination instru- programming can be started by sent opportunities that are chal- ments are still fertile. For instance, local stations, in a small way, with lenging and real. As long as our radio-phonographs and phonograph a minimum of facilities, and ex- industry continues to foster re- records are in greater demand to- panded as receiving sets and com- search and create new products and day than ever before." mercial sponsors increase. In the services for the public, we need not Technical and economic condi- meantime, until networks are avail- fear for its future. tions which retarded the growth of able, films of live shows and news-

[RADIO AGE 3] :

reels can be flown to stations "AUTOMATIC RADIO RELAY STATIONS, throughout the country to add to EITHER ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH THE COAXIAL CABLE, SHOW GREAT their program variety. Like the PROMISE FOR SPEEDING THE EXTENSION many independent local broadcast- OF TELEVISION PROGRAM SERVICE ing stations, which are successful THROUGHOUT THE NATION." and profitable, television stations also will thrive upon local talent and community service." Dispelling several false notions with television stations already on regarding television, General Sar- the air, represent links in eventual noff said that television will not nation-wide television networks. wires, reach the homes over but The first of these networks should definitely will be broadcast through be in operation before 1950. The the air and the programs will be East will see the West, and the free to the "looker" as sound broad- West will see the East. Television casts are to the "listener". will project pictures across the prairies, over the mountains and 50,000 Telerision Sets in Service into the valleys."

"The argument that television Fusion of Sound and Sight must offer a continuous flow of Hollywood extravaganzas is also General Sarnoff said that it is false," he continued. "The great natural today for the manufacturer attraction of television is timeli- as well as the broadcaster to won- ness. Many of its programs are der what effect the ever-increasing

seen as they happen ; they are both interest in television will have upon entertainment and news. his established business. In looking "Our reports, since production of to the future as he foresees it, he postwar television receivers got approximately fifty of these trans- stated

underway, reveal a tremendous mitters for which licenses and con- • "What the ultimate effect will be public interest, and therefore a vast struction permits have been issued upon the balance sheet and income potential market extending the by the FCC. Many of these trans- statement of an established radio length and breadth of this land. mitters are scheduled for delivery manufacturer or broadcaster will Today, it is estimated that approxi- in the present year. There are ten depend upon his courage, wisdom mately 50,000 television receivers television stations in operation in and action. The blacksmith, who are in service, and this flgure is eight cities, and the eleventh will remained at the anvil, found that rising daily. As rapidly as addi- go on the air in Washington, D. C, his forge went out, but the black- tional television transmitters go on this month. smith who turned his shop into a the air, new areas will be opened "New York, Philadelphia, Wash- garage prospered. In television, as for the sale of receivers. Manu- ington, Schenectady, Detroit, Chi- in other fields of American indus- facturers now have in production cago, St. Louis, and Los Angeles, try, the dynamic forces of competition will definitely assert them- selves. "While I foresee the ultimate fusion of sound broadcasting with television, this, it is evident, will take years to achieve. Neverthe- less, it is destined to come in radio, just as the combination of sight and sound came in motion pictures. "Indeed, the time may come when an important broadcast program that we cannot see will seem as strange as a movie that we cannot hear. This does not mean that such a development is around the corner. Programs limited to sound and prepared through the techniques of

"TELBTVISION CAMERAS ALREADY HAVE SCANNED THE CONGRESS AND THE PRES- IDENT OF THE UNITED STATES."

[4 RADIO AGE] sound broadcasting alone will continue to serve the millions through many hours of the broadcasting period when the eye cannot be riveted on the television picture." In discussing the great possibilities of theater television, General Sarnoff said: "Television, essentially, is a picture in motion. And there are motion picture people quite alive to the promise of television in the theater as well as in the home. Their theaters may soon be open to television equipment developed for service of the theater screen. These leaders of the film industry are among the few who did not shut their ears to sound, which came just in time to open a new vista for the then silent movies.

Television as a New Art Form "TELEn^ISION IS AN IDEAL ADVERTISING MEDIUM, UNSURPASSED IN ITS "There are many more, however, SIMULTANEOUS APPEAL TO THE EYES AND EARS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE." who are strangely indifferent to the new art—or perhaps they are waiting until television delivers itself on a silver platter to the motion picture industry. They have as a method of simultaneous dis- "With the camera as well as the the know-how, the experience, and tribution of motion pictures to the microphone focused on the stage, the talent for picture making, and theater may revolutionize the trade television can be expected to be- their pride is understandable in structure of the motion picture income a vastly greater means for view of the huge box-office they dustry. the discovery of talent than sound have experienced. But they tend "Furthermore, it brings into ever was. to shut their eyes, as they once view a new method of booking to "It was radio and electronics that shut their ears, to another momen- theaters the action of live talent, gave the film its voice. It will be tous electronic development sound — vaudeville, drama, opera, sports and radio that will equip the theater on film. They measure the impact other events, simultaneously dis- with a television eye. I believe that of television on their own industry tributed to hundreds of thousands television can be as great a boon by comparing the entertainment of movie theaters." to the theater as sound was to the values of the theater screen with There are interesting indications, silent picture." the programs they see on the pres- he continued, that as television ent television set. They are greatly transmitters begin to spot the coun- Television Aids to Industry mistaken. Television promises to try, progressive independent pro- develop an art form of its own, and ducers will see their opportunities General Sarnoff warned the man- the immediate impact of television not alone in terms of the present ufacturers not to permit their en- on theater attendance will come twenty thousand theaters, but of thusiasm for home and theater from the timeliness and dramatic the many millions of homes that television to obscure the great pos- interest of the event that television may be eventually equipped with sibilities of industrial television. will bring to the home. television. It may even be that "The television eye makes it pos- "But it would be folly to suppose such independent television produc- sible to see anything, almost any- that television will ever supplant tion, financed by the same methods where," he declared. "It can be the theater any more than radio that presently exist in the movies, used to observe dangerous chemical has supplanted the concert hall or may flow to the theaters in full- processes. It can be put into blast the opera house. Broadcasting length form, after exhibition on furnaces to permit the study of the greatly multiplied the audiences the air, instead of vice versa. That, flame. Television brings a camera for both. Television can do as much he admitted, is projecting thoughts eye into mines and tunnels. It can for the movie theater. Time will considerably into the future. be lowered into tank cars as well as tell whether a failure to face the "But this much is already evi- into the depths of the sea. Fisher- facts is the best possible protection dent," he added: "the newsreel men may drop a television eye over of studio investments and the thea- theater of today could readily be- the side to locate schools of fish ter box-oflBce. come the television theater of to- and oyster beds. Explorers will "In its technical aspect, television scan marine life and the geology of

[RADIO AGE 5]

'>* the ocean floor. Wrecks at any a continued growth and rapid ex- conditions constantly in mind as depth will be observed from the pansion of incredible proportions. we plan for the future. It is of decks of ships without endangering He said that it shows a promise of extreme importance, as we apply divers. becoming one of the largest eco- the new developments of radio and "Television presents a panoramic nomic factors in the radio indus- electronics to peacetime pursuits, view. I envisage factory superin- try, for electronics, born of radio, that we do not lose sight of the tendents at their desks overlooking is no longer the exclusive servant continued relationship of science their outlying plants, even those in of electrical communications. In and industry to our national se- distant cities, through television. fact, wherever heat and precise curity. Radio research and inven- Centralization of inspection is made control are needed, radio-electronics tion, and every new instrument possible; the assembly line can be comes into use, at the same time should be constantly evaluated to observed at one or at many points, enhancing the meaning of safety determine their application to the thus facilitating visual control of in industry. strength and security of our coun- all operations. Coordination along The radio industry, having had try, as well as to its commercial the line is made possible; the de- its production facilities greatly progress." livery of parts can be watched and multiplied by the war, now must Concluding his address, General properly timed; movement of the expand its markets both at home Sarnoff said: belt can be regulated for utmost and abroad. General Sarnoff said "We go out to face new problems efficiency and work performance in pointing out that on the ever- and changing conditions. By the can be surveyed and time-studied. broadening international horizons application of intelligence, seasoned there are endless opportunities for with the wisdom of experience, by radio throughout the world. The Display Window for Nation courage and cooperation within this radio manufacturer has every rea- "1 industry, manufacturers and broad- foresee the department store son be interested in to and to pro- casters alike can focus on new op- manager at his desk, yet with his world peace mote and world trade, portunities for progress. eye on the entire store. Intra-store he said. He urged the manufac- television "The radio industry along with will present dramatic turers to push on to new ventures, visual displays other industries naturally is affect- of merchandise. to encourage research, to create ed by political, social and economic Seated in comfortable viewing sa- new methods, new devices and new conditions, at home and abroad. lons, that may be known as 'tele- services. sites', shoppers will see fashion All of us can make constructive shows and the goods on sale in all contributions toward the improve- departments. By pushing buttons, Science and National Security ment of these basic factors. And eiven executives will watch the function- Recalling the "unbelievable in- a reasonable measure of sta- ing of their organizations. Televi- ventive and production records" of bility in these larger fields of sion will provide a display window the radio industry in supplying the human endeavor, I believe that our industry look to to the entire nation; people will United States and its allies with may the future shop by television and then tele- radio-electronic equipment during with confidence." phone their orders." World War II, he added: In addition to industrial televi- "Today, with the world praying sion, General Sarnoff pointed to for peace, we find ourselves in com- industrial electronics as a relatively pletely new areas of thought and new field which already indicates action. We must keep these changed

"THE SMALL TOWN IS A NATURAL TELEVISION STAGE. LOCAL MERCHANTS WILL FIND TELEVISION AN EFFECTFVE MEANS OF ADVERTISING. DRAMATIC GROUPS, COUNTY FAIRS AND COM- MUNITY SPORTS EVENTS WILL ENLARGE THEIR AUDIENCES.'

"WHEREVER HEAT AND PRECISE CONTROL ARE NEEDED, RADIO-ELECTRONICS COMES INTO USE."

[6 RADIO AGE] .•I^r»^.

DISPLAYS WITHIN THE RCA EXHIBITION HALL ARE VISIBLE FROM THE STREET THROUGH A GLASS FRONT 200-FEET LONG.

ties by watching—at the vei-y mo- RCA EXHIBITION HALL ment he is being televised—his own image on a viewing screen suspended from the ceiling. Panorama of Radio, Television, Radar, Global Communications, The privilege of hearing "the Electronic Equipment and Newest Instruments Revealed as Home music you want when you want it" Permanent Exposition is Opened to Public in Radio City is ofl'ered at a recording exhibit. From a printed list, a visitor may THE RCA Exhibition Hall, lat- a 12-foot high plexiglass map of request and hear over one of two est addition to New York's the U.S., shows in bright lights the personalized amplifiers, the music showplaces for citizens and out-of- radio network of the National of well-known recording artists on town visitors, opened its doors May Broadcasting Company. By flicking RCA Victor Red Seal and popular 14 to the first group of spectators buttons on an accompanying key- records. who, since that day, have continued board, the affiliated stations light RCA Communications circuits to throng the exhibits from morn- up separately, while another push- which girdle the woiid are por- ing to late evening. Before the button brings in on a loudspeaker trayed in neon tubing on a large lights were put out on the opening the network program being broad- wire-screen map of the two hemi- day, more than 5,000 guests had cast at the moment. spheres. In front of the map, a inspected the various animated dis- keyboard identifies the terminal Broadcasting plays which portray the widespread Highlights of points of the communications cir- worldwide activities of the Radio The story of the stars who have cuits. Pressure on a button lights Corporation of America. made radio a favorite entertain- up on the map the route of the Behind the Hall's 200-foot win- ment medium is told through a radiotelegraph circuit to a particu- dow front at 36 W. 49th Street, in series of miniature wood-carvings lar city. At the same time, a Radio City, is displayed the won- mounted on four revolving stages dummy message intended as a sou- ders of modern electronics—radio, at one side of the network map. venir appears on a radio-teletype television, radar, global communi- Seen through viewing windows, the machine. The simulated message, cations, electronic equipment and miniatures depict the highlights of in dot-and-dash code, is also seen home instruments — an exposition 20 years of broadcasting. Above and heard respectively on an ad- combining the gadgetry of The the stages, today's radio stars are joining oscilloscope and loud- World of Tomorrow with the pag- reproduced in full-color caricature speaker. eantry of Hollywood. on large projection screens. Ship's Bridge Reproduced The entire main floor of the Ex- One of the most popular features hibition Hall, from its 30-foot high of the RCA Exhibition Hall is the The display of the Radiomarine laminated ceiling to its carpeted television display. A person may Corporation of America is centered floor, is visible from the street. In stand before a television camera in a reproduction of the bridge of its high windows can be seen giant mounted on a movable boom and be a ship in New York Harbor. This models of RCA tubes containing televised from several angles, while exhibit contains models of the miniatures of radio and television his image can be seen on four view- latest radar, loran (long range receivers, sewing machines, and ing screens in front of the display. navigation), and radio-telephone other electronic equipment. Moreover, he can satisfy his own equipment. And the story of RCA At the left end of the main floor. curiosity about his telegenic quali- Institutes, one of the foremost

[RADI O AGE 7] training schools for radio engi- of America is depicted in terms of neers, is told in a photographic miniature models on a spiral run- panorama, showing scenes from way extending the entire 50-foot classrooms and laboratories. height of the column. Models of the RCA Laboratories At the foot of the ramp leading at Princeton, N. J., together with down to the concourse level a public examples of some of the products lounge furnished with comfortable that have resulted from the com- chairs and conveniently located pany's research activities, such as television and radio receivers, is the image orthicon, antennas, and available to visitors. Part of the microphones, are shown on an lounge is devoted to an ultra-violet illuminated mural. mural showing RCA's world-wide Two large display platforms in facilities and services. Next to the the center of the main floor contain mural an electron microscope en- the newest in home instruments ables visitors to examine specimens and electronic engineering prod- of chemicals, bacilli, and other sub- ucts. Television receivers, console microscopic matter. combinations and personal radios Beyond the electron microscope are present in a variety of cabinet is the entrance to a small studio, models and finishes. Full-sized elec- seating 84 persons, where daily tronic devices which are set up for showings of current film subjects demonstration include an electronic serve to demonstrate RCA sound sealer, an oscilloscope, and a metal- and projection equipment. The stu- detector. dio also is wired for the transmission of live talent radio and televi- Progress Radio of Portrayed sion shows. One of the most spectacular dis- The remainder of the concourse plays in the Exhibition Hall is a space is occupied by the adminis- Theme Mast, lighted and constantly tration offices and executive quar- revolving, which rises for nearly ters. AN EXHIBITION HALL VISITOR EXAMINES three floors from the concourse The RCA Exhibition Hall is to A HUGE REPLICA OF THE TELEVISION level of the Hall. On this mast the be a permanent feature, open daily KINESCOPE PICTURE TUBE. history of the Radio Corporation to the public without charge.

AMERICAN TELEVISION SHOWN IN ITALY THE first demonstration of an RCA and Managing Director of the ager of the RCA International American television system on RCA International Division, said: Division, was in charge of the tele- the Continent of Europe was con- "Striking evidence of the great- vision demonstration, which in- ducted by the Radio Corporation of ness of Marconi can be found in the cluded pickups of major events at America at the Milan International significant steps of progress which the fair and the showing of Ameri- Fair, which opened on June 14 at have emanated from his initial suc- can films. Milan, Italy, during the celebration cess in spanning the Atlantic with In connection with the announce- there of the 50th anniversary of radio signals. Television offers par- ment of the RCA television demon- Marconi's invention of radio. ticular proof of his inspirational stration, it was disclosed that Dr. The latest RCA mobile television genius. It was an immense satis- V. K. Zworykin, Vice President and pickup units, studio equipment and faction, therefore, to demonstrate Technical Consultant of the RCA receivers were dispatched to Italy the magic of RCA sight-and-sound Laboratories Division, Princeton, for the event. Other modern radio- broadcasting for the first time in N. J., will deliver a paper on the electronic services and products, Europe in his native Italy." progress of television before the including the RCA electron micro- The Milan International Fair, a Academy of Science in Rome, as a scope, sound and theater equip- century-old event, is generally re- later phase of Italy's celebration of ment, FM (frequency moduation) garded as the most important fair Marconi's genius. transmitters, police FM equipment, in Western Europe. Its visitors in An important feature of the shipboard communication units, air years past have numbered hundreds RCA exhibit at Milan was the first navigation aids and marine radar of thousands. European demonstration of Amer- apparatus also were exhibited. Arrangements for the RCA ex- ican FM broadcasting apparatus. In announcing the company's hibit, Mr. Brunet said, were made Relatively inexpensive in cost and participation in the tribute to the by G. A. Biondo, President of the operating on low-power, the FM inventor whose genius inspired sci- Telonda International Corporation, transmitter was designed to be par- entists and laymen of all nations, RCA distributor in Italy. Michael ticularly suitable for continental Meade Brunet, Vice President of J. Ranalli, Television Sales Man- operations.

8 RADIO AGE] ''Scientific Method'' Can Solve Social Problems

Jolliffe Tells Graduating Class at University of West Virginia That Thought Process of Scientists Should L by Adopted by Civilization to Bring About Higher Order of Human Behavior

SOCIAL problems that threaten development of general laws of na- civilization with chaos and ture through disciplined observa- self-destruction can be solved by tion and experimentation. In later the same "scientific method" that years, he explained. Bacon's idea has given the world so many of its was expanded and improved by the material benefits, Dr. C. B. Jolliffe, process of imaginatively conceived Executive Vice President in Charge hypotheses, checked and corrected of EGA Laboratories, declared in by experimentation. While Bacon's an address before the graduating system obtained conclusions by in- class of the University of West duction, he said, the later method Virginia, at Morgantown, West involved deduction from general Virginia, on June 2. principles. "Many of the causes and effects of social disruption are known," By Dr. C. B. Jolliffe Develops Definite Conclusion Dr. Jolliffe said. "What we need to "Today's scientist employs both," do is to amplify this knowledge, de- Executive Vice President in Charge Dr. Jolliffe said. "He observes, velop it as a body of scientific fact, of RCA Laboratories Division and formulate general laws by asks questions, formulates hypo- which human conduct can be guided theses, experiments, tests, checks, analyzes and finally, after giving and regulated. the future. We know that, for the consideration to all facts, develops "We must give authority and first time, it has become possible a definite conclusion. This, in short, standing to the social sciences. for man himself to wipe out almost is the modern scientific method. When this is accomplished, we must overnight the civilization he has "We who live in the accept the advice and counsel of built up so laboriously over the last Twentieth Century can see, as the social scientist as readily as three thousand years." none of our forebears could, the full sweep and industrial management accepts the In e.xplaining how science, which, power of science. It has relieved us advice and counsel of the physical it is granted, is responsible for our of much burdensome toil. It has scientist. In this manner, and only material progress, can overcome the taught us how to utilize the earth's in this manner, may we expect to faults of human behavior, he said: rich deposits of minerals in the bring about a higher order of "This question is asked because production of innumerable comforts human behavior." most of us are inclined to overlook and conveniences. It has shown us the simple concept by which science how to harness the energy of coal, Relations has achieved its grovrth and influ- Progress Slow in Human gas, oil, water, electricity and, now, ence. This concept is a thought Man has made amazing progress, of the atom. It has revealed new process known as the "scientific especially in the last three hundred ways to health and physical well- method", and it is my thesis that years, in his unceasing fight to con- being." this method can be just as success- trol and to utilize the physical ele- But with all this marvelous prog- ful in dealing with social difficul- ments of his environment, Dr. Jol- ress in science and industry. Dr. ties as it has been with material liffe said. "But in the all-important problems. Jolliffe asserted, society is unpre- field of human relations, where one pared to deal with current problems "Scientific method is nothing would expect the greatest ad- in human relations. The coming of more than the art of thinking de- vances," he continued, "progress the machine and mass production, veloped to the highest degree. It has been slow. This imbalance be- as a result of progress in the physi- is the key to insight. By it, in my tween material and social develop- cal sciences, brought about signifi- opinion, we will continue the rapid ment has brought on a dangerous cant changes in the social structure, unfolding of material accomplish- state in human affairs." he explained, and society has failed ment and, in addition, achieve that Pointing to the contention and for the most part to adapt itself high level of human understanding disagreement among the economic to the new conditions of living. so necessary to lasting peace and and social elements of the United "In today's prosperity." complex industrial States, as well as those of the en- civilization, man has lost his social tire world. Dr. Jolliffe declared: stability," he continued. "The feel- Bacon Advocated Plan in 1620 "Confusion and uncertainty are ing of individual security is gone. characteristics of the times, and Dr. Jolliffe recalled that it was Man does not understand his new now — because of the reality of Sir Francis Bacon who first advo- social and economic functions and atom fission — we are fearful of cated, in 1620, the discovery and (Continued on page H)

[RADIO AGE 9] Latest Models of RCA Victor Home Instruments installed in the classrooms. Al- USES OF TELEVISION though it is possible that such a plan might be developed success- The Video Art Promises Wide and Important Applications fully, it is likely that more specific and effective uses of television in in Business and Education education are in the offing. A television-equipped school sys- use of television in the THE tem, which originates its own pres- home as a service of entertain- entations, designed to be inte- ment and information is the appli- grated directly and scientifically cation which is receiving the most into accepted curricula, would ap- attention in magazines and news- pear to possess more advantages. papers, but there are other uses of If, for example, a scientific experi- the video medium which hold great ment or demonstration were to be hopes for the future. Because tele- transmitted by television, a larger vision makes it possible to see number of students could get a people and things at a distance, to clearer conception of what was tak- transmit events from one point to ing place than by any other mass provide means of in- another and teaching method. specting processes and services Educators adopt new teaching from a central vantage point, the By Noran E. Kersta methods slowly. After many years art in its fully developed form of sound broadcasting in this coun- should find uses in many fields of Manager, Television Dept., try, school systems only recently human activity. However, in this National Broadcasting Co. have begun to reveal progress space only a few of the suggested in this field. The production of edu- uses can be outlined. cational motion pictures for school be be the instantaneous transmission Television, for instance, could use and their exhibition in class- of signatures from the teller's cage a valuable adjunct in banking pro- rooms are only in the starting to a central identification file where applications would cedure. Obvious stage. In view of this, it may seem an endorsement, as it appeared on somewhat ambitious to think of a screen, could be compared in- going directly to televi- stantly with the original. Also, a a complete sion educational television camera directed on the system. Neverthe- less, educators busily Latest Models of patron could project the scene to a some are studying the subject. RCA Home Instruments "photograph identification section" for even more foolproof and posi- Could Help Teacher Shortage 1—THE SOLITAIRE IS A POCKET-SIZE tive identification. PLASTIC PERSONAL RADIO, HOUSED IN A When television expands to equal It has been suggested that tele- CASE WITH GOLD-PLATED FINISH. the coverage of sound broadcasting vision mighc be used to compensate, 2—THE GLOBE TROTTER PORTABLE IS EN today, it is logical to prophecy that in part, for the increasing shortage CLOSED IN A WEATHERIZED ALUMINUM the ten-year-old youth of the next of teachers, a situation which is CASE WITH PLASTIC ENDS AND HANDLE. generation will know more about developing into one of the Nation's 3—EQUIPPED WITH A RECHARGEABLE the world, its industries, its gov- critical problems. Through televi- BATTERY, WHICH ELIMINATES THE COST ernments and its peoples than his sion, a few of the recognized au- OF DKY-BATTERY RENEWALS, THE ESCORT grandfather knew in his entire life- thorities in any subject could teach PORTABLE MAY ALSO BE OPERATED FROM HOUSEHOLD LIGHTING OUTLETS. time. With this promise as a start, an unlimited number of students we progress to the next obvious seated before television screens. 4 —TABLE MODEL RECEIVER INCORPORAT- thought: "educational television" And, because of the very nature of ING FM AND STANDARD BROADCASTING. "Educational television" television, such teachings could be IT IS FINISHED IN WALNUT VENEER AND means EMBODIES A SLIDE RULE DIAL FOR EASY the use of television in school sys- made more dramatic and the effect TUNING. tems, operated independently of more lasting. Furthermore, great- public television broadcasting but er efficiency in the outlay of educa- 5—MODEL 641TV IS A FIVE-IN-ONE IN- STRUMENT. INCLUDED IN THE CONSOLE closely integrated with established tional funds would be realized when CABINET ARE A TELEVISION RECEIVER methods of learning. presenting a "one time" lesson, WITH A 10-INCH PICTURE TUBE, FM, compared to the cost of present STANDARD BROADCAST, SHORTWAVE AND Television in the Schoolroom repetitive decentralized instruction. AUTOMATIC VICTROLA PHONOGRAPH. While educators have shown con- Another visionary but neverthe- 6 LATEST RCA VICTOR — CONSOLE TELE- siderable interest in the role that less logical application of television VISION RECEIVER WITH 52-SQUARE INCH can be played by television might be called, for want of a bet- PICTURE SCREEN AND SLIDING TAMBOUR in DOORS. school systems, their concern has ter name, "motion picture film pi-o- been limited for the most part to duction television." 7—VICTROLA RADIO-PHONOGRAPH, MODEL the use of programs primarily As Hollywood operates today, a 711V2, WITH FM FACILITIES. PANEL AT in- LOWER LEFT ENCLOSES GENEROUS REC- tended for the general public but feature motion picture is produced ORD STORAGE SPACE. viewed through television receivers (Continued on page 25)

[RADIO AGE II !

BELOW: REAR ADMIRAL BYRD'S VISIT TO HIS 1935 HEADQUARTERS WAS DESCRIBED BY SHORTWAVE TO RADIO LISTENERS IN THE UNITED STATES.

ONE OF THE ANTARCTIC CAMPS OF THE BYRD EXPEDITION FROM WHICH RCA PROGRAM SERVICE PICKED UP PROGRAMS FOR AMERICAN NETWORKS.

From Jungle to Antarctic bring the story to the American Wherever Broadcast Features Originate, Program Service of RCA fireside. Communications Reaches Out by Shortwaves and Delivers Signals to Networks The story behind the broadcasts from the recent Byrd Antarctic Expedition illustrates the difficul- mentators as they roamed the ties which must be overcome in world from Alaska to Australia, picking up broadcasts from remote from Chungking to Algiers, and, parts of the world. Carrying sev- in fact, from almost every place enteen press and radio correspond- where the American GI was stationed. ents, the VSS Mt. Olympus left Norfolk, Va., on December 2, bound Stated briefly, the problem of the for the south polar region with a Program Service is to supply tech- rather inadequate 350-watt radio nical facilities and coordinate ar- transmitter on board and a fervent rangements between foreign points hope that the plan to pick up a 21/2- and the broadcasters in this coun- kilowatt transmitter, which was try for such pickups. A casual being flown to Panama, would not visitor to the program control room fail. Before the Canal was reached, in 66 Broad Street, New York City, initial tests had By S. H. Simpson, Jr. during an early morning news been conducted with the small transmitter, and Manager, roundup, might well be astounded. despite its low power and the ship's Program Transmission Service, In the space of a few minutes, limited antenna space, the RCA RCA Communications, Inc. Paris, Athens, Cairo, Jerusalem receiving station at Riverhead, and Buenos Aires, are brought in L. I., was able to bring in a good by the mere flip of a switch signal. But all relieved SINCE 1930, when the sound of hands were London's Big Ben ushering in Supplies Unusual Facilities when the installation of the more powerful transmitter was completed the New Year was first rebroadcast But even this is routine compared a week after the Mt. Olympus sailed in this country, RCA Communica- to some of the unusual facilities from Panama. tions, Inc. has been serving the which the Service is called upon to public through the use of its inter- furnish from time to time. Wheth- Handled Wide Frequency Range national shortwave facilities for er it be from a presidential train the transmission and reception of enroute to Chicago, a lone ship deep To communicate with the Mt. program material. in the Antarctic ice floes, a sub- Olympus from New York was in During the war thousands of marine off the coast of California, itself a problem. Not only was it broadcasts were handled by our In- or an expedition observing a solar necessary to handle the wide range ternational Program Service, and, eclipse in a dense South American of frequencies from 8 to 21 mega- as a result, the listener at his radio jungle, the worldwide facilities of cycles, but the vessel's bearing was able to hear his favorite com- RCA can be relied upon to help from New York changed consider-

[12 RADIO AGE •

ably, requiring the use of several grams from the Byrd Expedition submarine was on the surface went antennas for adequate coverage. As were being handled. well, but nobody knew exactly what a protective measure, Buenos Aires, Despite the great distance to the weuld happen to the radio circuit Honolulu and San Francisco were south polar continent — farther after a crash dive. The worry was alerted to relay programs from the from New York than Singapore— largely wasted, for the actual pro- ship if the direct circuit to New and the notoriously bad atmo- gram came through a bit weak but York proved unsatisfactory. spheric conditions, American net- satisfactory. Most of the programs were short works carried more than ninety Through a Veil of Secrecy news spots covering everything broadcasts from Antarctica with from the first report of the tragic remarkably few failures. Through a veil of secrecy which plane crash to what a penguin Unusual assignments are com- provided practically no informa- sounds like in Little America. A monplace at Program Service head- tion, the RCA Program Transmis- highlight of the series was an in- quarters. One day the American sion Service was recently called terview with Rear Admiral Richard Broadcasting Company asked RCA upon to furnish program service E. Byrd aboard the aircraft carrier Communications if it could pick up from a B-29 flying with General USS Philippine Sea while it was a program from the submarine Kenney's Strategic Air Command enroute to join the expedition al- USS Segundo. The network wanted group in a mock air attack on New ready in the Antarctic. to describe the action in a sub- York City. The only available in- marine during a crash dive. Pre- formation stated that the plane A Paris-Antarctic Circuit liminary tests carried on while the would be flying in from Fort Worth, One of the most interesting international radio programs in con- PROGRAMS FROM ALL PARTS nection with the Expedition took OF THE WORLD ARE ROUTED place on February 26, when Roger THROUGH THIS MASTER Goupillieres, American representa- CONTROL SWITCHBOARD AT tive of Radio Diffusion Francaise, RADIO CENTRAL OFFICE, 66 BROAD interviewed a member of the Byrd STREET, NEW YORK, TO AMERICAN BROADCAST Expedition in Little America. The NETWORKS. program was one of a series of broadcasts designed to bring to the people of France a view of Ameri- can life. Frank Goring, Supervisor of RCA Communications' Program Operations, participated in the three-way conversation between New York, Paris and the Antarctic and explained in French how pro-

SIGNALS ORIGINATING IN THIS CANVAS-COVERED TRANSMITTER AT BOCAYUVA WERE SENT SOUTHWARD TO RIO DE JANEIRO AND THEN RELAYED TO NBC OVER A PROGRAM SERVICE CIRCUIT TO NEW YORK.

BEN GRAUER DESCRIBES THE SOLAR ECLIPSE AT BOCAYUVA, BRAZIL, OVER A MICROPHONE LINKED TO NBC THROUGH AN RCA PROGRAM SERVICE CIRCUIT.

[RADIO AGE 13] —

ROGER GOUPILLIERES (RIGHT), REPRE- York. But because of the little sta- SENTING RADIO DIFFUSION FRANCAISE, tion's limited power and the ab- INTERVIEWS A MEMBER OF THE BYRD EXPEDITION IN A THREE-WAY CONVER- sence of adequate frequencies there SATION BETWEEN NEW YORK, PARIS AND was some doubt that the signals LITTLE AMERICA. would carry through. Transporta- tion problems ruled out the possi- bility of shipping bulky materials for a suitable antenna, and weight limitations barred a higher pow- ered transmitter. Arrangements were therefore made with Com- panhia Radiotelegraphica Brasileira in Rio de Janeiro to pick up the signal from the Bocayuva camp 400 miles north of the Brazilian capital—and relay it to New York. The maneuver was a success and Grauer's colorful description came through clearly to NBC's network listeners.

"Scientific Method" Can Solve Social Problems

(Continued from page 9)

responsibilities. It is this confusion, this feeling of dependency upon unknown factors that causes him to join pressure groups and power blocs for his own, rather than society's gain. Lack of coop- Texas, and would operate on a cer- its representative, John Donovan. eration is characteristic of modern tain frequency. Suitable frequen- Tests indicated that the Leyte's society, and the people are dissatis- cies for contacting the plane from signals arrived in New York too fied." the ground were selected and an weak for rebroadcasting, but RCA Modern sociologists agree that urgent request given to the broad- Communications, through its con- these weaknesses of human be- caster to "get the information to necting company in Greece, was havior all trace to our failure to the plane somehow!" At the sched- able to set up a relay through develop the social sciences. Dr. Jol- uled test time the plane was heard Athens. This station booster en- liffe said. calling RCA with a report that its abled NBC listeners to hear Dono- The first thing to be done in the shortwave receiver was in trouble. van's eyewitness description of the effort to correct this situation, he However, the operator said the American flotilla's arrival and re- continued, is to make people aware program would be started at the ception at the Turkish seaport. of the power of stated time. The incoming signal logic and reason to solve the economic political was good and the stage was set. and Roundabout Circuit Best problems Program time arrived but nothing of our times. "This is was heard from the plane. Anxious The staff of RCA Program Serv- a task that must be as- moments followed while the broad- ice demonstrates frequently that sumed," he said, "by our more pro- caster filled-in from another loca- while a straight line may be the gressive leaders of thought — men tion. Suddenly the missing signal shortest distance between two and women of education, govern- ment, the came through from the plane and points, it is not always the best professions, industry, labor the broadcaster switched to that route for radio waves to travel. and the arts. frequency just in time to hear the This was proved recently. To bring "In my opinion, the art of think- network's flying commentator say, to American radio listeners an on- ing should be just as much a part "We now take you to an observer the-spot description of the solar of the educational system as read- at the top of the RCA Building eclipse on May 20, NBC dispatched ing, writing, and arithmetic. who will describe the scene from a mobile transmitter to the jungle "A thinking people will insist his vantage point!" It was learned village of Bocayuva, Brazil, site of upon a logical approach to any kind later that a last-minute transmitter the observation camp erected by the of a problem, whether its character failure had ruined the show. National Geographic Society. It is physical or social. It will resort the aircraft When carrier USS was planned to use the mobile unit less frequently to falsely conceived Leyte visited Istanbul, Turkey, on to transmit the commentary of panaceas, quack nostrums, and to May 6, NBC was anxious to pick up NBC's Ben Grauer, direct to New expedience."

[14 RADIO AGE] management, and Louis A. Sposa, as production manager, will travel Television Caravan, in the jeep wagons. To protect the sensitive electronic instruments and to prevent injury to the television Six Station Wagons Carrying Actors and Directors and $100,000 of receivers and associated equipment Equipment Are Telling the Story of Television to the Nation while en route, the floors and sides of the cars are lined with soft cel- the joint sponsorship vision receivers will be located at UNDER lular rubber. of Radio Corporation of viewing sites throughout the store, Cities on the itinerary are Read- America and Allied Stores Corpo- in special windows and in some in- ing, Harrisburg and Easton, ration, a caravan of six jeep sta- stances in nearby buildings where

Penna. ; Jamaica and Syracuse, N. tion wagons, carrying 12 persons, larger crowds can be accommo- Y. ; Paterson, N. J.; Grand Rapids, including actors and directors, and dated. Mich. ; Akron, Columbus and Cin- of television equip- $100,000 worth It is planned to arrange special cinnati, Ohio; Tampa, Fla. ; Lake ment, left City, Radio New York broadcast programs in each city Charles, La. ; San Antonio and Dal- 12 to begin a tour which on May visited by the caravan, and also to las, Texas; Waterloo, Iowa; St. will carry the story of television promote the television presenta- Paul and Minneapolis, Minn.; into 22 cities across the country. tions of the traveling staff by news- Boise, Idaho; Seattle and Spokane, At most of the communities visited, paper advertising. Whenever pos- Wash, and Great Falls, Mont. the fleet will bring to residents the sible, local radio programs will be first television programs they have televised at the regular time of seen. their appearance on the air. When the caravan arrives in a city, a portable studio will be The entire staff, under the gen- erected in the store and programs eral supei-vision of Samuel H. Cuff, will be presented twice daily. Tele- long active in television station

below: the six-car caravan and SOME of its personnel LINE UP IN RADIO CITY FOR REVIEW BEFORE SETTING OUT ON ITS TOUR OF 22 CITIES.

[RADIO AGE 15] REDS RECOi SCENES FROM THE RCA EXHIBITION HALL

1 One of the world's most famous trade-marks forms 5 From the main floor, a ramp leads down to the the central point of the RCA Victor display. Concourse where the electron microscope and other devices are displayed. 2 Arranged like a ship's bridge, the Radiomarine exhibit shows the latest loran, radar and direction A model of RCA Laboratories and miniatures of finding equipments. ^ some of the products of research comprise a scientific display. 2 How radiograms are sent "via RCA" to all parts of the world is portrayed by neon tubing and flashing bulbs in the RCA Communications section. J Visitors stand on a platform to be televised, while watching their own images on a television screen. 4 RCA developments, which have played important roles in the history of radio, are depicted by g Hostess at the information desk supplies guests models on the SO-foet T" ith facts about the Exhibition Hall. cially developed by RCA for Tele- ran; a Teleran picture tube em- ploying high intensity phosphors for greater image brilliance; an optical map-mixing technique which AIRPLANE CARRIES improves the composite Teleran RADAR TRANSPONDER image and simplifies insertion of AND TELEVISION RECEIVER additional information when required, and a time multiplexing system which provides for simultaneous transmission of images representing different altitude lay- CHARTS TRANSPARENT ers and selective reception of the SHOWING MAPS AND proper image by planes in any one OTHER GEOGRAPHICAL of these layers. DATA Instead of using actual radar for the demonstration, RCA employed projectors to simulate the small "pips" or spots of light which in- DIAGRAM SHOWS HOW TELERAN SYSTEM dicate the relative positions and OPERATES AS AIR NAVIGATIONAL AID AND TRAFFIC CONTROL. courses of aircraft in a selected altitude layer. Air routes, terrain markings, and similar information were superimposed by means of specially prepared slides, resulting TELERAN DEMONSTRATED in a composite picture which was transmitted to the pilot's cockpit. Laboratory Advances in Television-Radar Air Navigation System, Each person using the simulator Installed in Flight-Simulator, Revealed to Public was in full control of the move- ments of the pip of light repre- first was a public IMPORTANT laboratory advances system. The senting his own "plane" in the simulated in Teleran, the system of tele- demonstration, without composite image presented on the held at Indianapolis last vision-radar air navigation and flight, Teleran screen on the pilot's in- October. The third will consist of traffic control under development strument panel. He was free to actual flight tests, scheduled to by the Radio Corporation of Amer- maneuver out of the paths of other start in Washington, D. C, next ica, were revealed in Camden, N. moving aircraft pips and glide simulated fall. J., April 10, at the first smoothly past stationary obstacles, system. Four new technical advances flight demonstration of the according to his handling of the were demonstrated at Camden. Introduced at the special show- flight controls in the simulator. These were: a new "storage orthi- ing in a laboratory of the Engi- pick-up tube espe- The new orthicon tube "stores" neering Products Department of con" television the RCA Victor Division was an in a flight- equipment installation TELERAN SCOPE ON INSTRUMENT PANEL OF PLANE, SHOWING AIR capable of duplicating simulator, ROUTES AND TERRAIN INFORMATION SUPPLIED FROM GROUND STATION. all the maneuvei-s of a plane in flight. This enabled the guests, seated in an enclosed cockpit, td observe on a Teleran screen their "progress" over a simulated aircraft course approaching the Na- tional Airport at Washington, D. C. The demonstration followed private showings for officials of the Army Air Forces, representatives of the Navy, the Aircraft Owner and Pilots Association, the Air Transport Association, and the Civil Aeronautics Administration. These exhibitions constituted the second of three major steps planned in the development of the Teleran

[18 RADIO AGE] E. EBERHARD OF RCA TELERAN ENGINEER- the transparent map which is ING DEPARTMENT HOLDS ONE OF THE mounted at one side. This method NEW HIGH-INTENSITY TELERAN TUBES. of mixing the map and radar BELOW IS A TYPICAL TELERAN IMAGE AS IT APPEARS ON THE TUBE FACE. images overcomes the "off-regis- ter" effect which had resulted from the fact that the radar screen is convex, while the map is flat. vides reproductions on the cockpit screen that are many times bright- The first civilian airport installa- er than the original radar images, tions of ground surveillance radar, and clearly visible to the pilot in which will comprise one of the full daylight. The storage charac- basic units of the Teleran system, teristic also gives to each light pip are planned by the CAA for La- a polywog shape in which the posi- Guardia Airport, in New York, and tion of the tail reveals the course National Airport, Washington, it of the aircraft it represents. was stated. The latter installation The optical map-making system will be used in the initial flight developed for use at the Teleran tests of the Teleran system. ground station employs a partially The demonstration was conducted reflecting mirror set at an angle by Loren F. Jones, Manager of Re- between the radar screen and the search and Development Projects each individual image picked up television camera. The mirror of the RCA Engineering Products from the radar screen long enough transmits part of the light from Department, who conceived the to scan it many times. Coupled the radar screen, at the same time original idea of Teleran, and Dr. with the light response of the new reflecting to the television pick-up Douglas Ewing, Manager of the high-intensity phosphors, this pro- lens an image of the markings on Teleran Engineering Department.

television channels of the same Color Television for Theaters band-width used in standard television. Large Screen All-Electronic System Exhibited for First Time Before Then, at the all-electronic receiv- The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia er which features a new type of receiver-projector, the three color television pictures on a must be regarded as still in the COLOR signals are applied to kinescopes, 7y2-by-10-foot theater screen laboratory stage. Several years, he or picture tubes, one with a red were shown publicly for the first said, would be required for its de- phosphor face, time by Radio Corporation of velopment to equal the status of one blue and the other green. America in a demonstration of its present black-and-white television. The flickerless pictures all-electronic color television sys- In the electronic simultaneous formed on the face of each kine- tem at The Franklin Institute, color process. Dr. Zworykin ex- scope are projected by an optical Philadelphia, on April 30. Color plained, three separate images in system to the auditorium or theater motion picture films and slides were red, green and blue are transmitted screen, where they are superim- projected with utmost realism. at the same instant over adjoining posed in perfect registration to Dr. V. K. Zworykin, Vice Presi- dent and Technical Consultant of the RCA Laboratories Division, who demonstrated the new system to illustrate his address on "All- Electronic Color Television" before the Institute, said that the large- screen system employs the all-electronic simultaneous method of color television developed at RCA Lab- oratories, Princeton, N. J. It was emphasized by Dr. Zwory- kin that, as remarkable as the ad- vent of large-screen color television pictures appears, color television

LARGE SCREEN COLOR TELEVISION AS PRESENTED BY THE RCA ELECTRONIC PROJECTOR.

[RADIO AGE 19] form a single image blended in the vision system was the result of the red, green and blue portions of same colors as the original. cooperative efforts of several re- the color in the beam. Dr. Zworykin, who recently research groups at RCA Laboratories. Each color theli is reflected into ceived the Potts Medal of The He said that specific credit should photocells which change the light Franklin Institute for his outstand- be accorded to the following mem- values into electrical signals for ing contributions to television, bers of the staff: R. D. Kell, Tele- transmission to the receiver. The pointed out that color television is vision Section Head, and his asso- flying spot method, he added, as- passing through a series of devel- ciates, for developing the principles sures perfect picture registration opment stages similar, in many re- of the system; Dr. D. W. Epstein, by permitting the transmission of spects, to those that black-and- Cathode-Ray and Optics Section the three color values of each pic- white television passed through in Head, and his associates, for de- ture element simultaneously. the receiver- its progression toward perfection. signing and building projector; also, for contributing to He said that a great step was made Tube Advances Outlined in the advance of television when the optical design of the unit; Dr. RCA developed the simultaneous F. H. Nicoll, Research Engineer, Dr. Zworykin revealed that the all-electronic color system, which for developing the necessary special special projection kinescopes used eliminated all mechanical parts and projection kinescopes ; Joseph Ford, in this large screen color television rotating discs. of the Drafting Department, and system owed their brightness and R. A. Marple, of the Model Shop, effectiveness, in large part, to im- for assisting in completion of the provements achieved by since Compatible With Present System RCA apparatus, and A. C. Schroeder, development of the original kine- "This system is completely com- K. R. Wendt and G. C. Sziklai, of scope. patible with existing monochrome the Television Section, for con- "Some of these improvements, television and has other important tributing to the development of the such as the design of electron guns continued. advantages," he "The flying-spot color pick-up unit. to operate at higher voltages and to transition from monochrome to yield smaller, sharper dots, and the color television can be simultaneous development of efficient phosphors, future Incorporates "Flying Spot" made at a time in the when with a wide range of color, have color television is ready, without Dr. Zworykin disclosed that the been practically continuous," Dr. obsolescence of the monochrome re- pick-up unit used in the demonstra- Zworykin said. "Other important ceiving and transmitting equip- tion incorporates the electronic contributions of relatively recent ment. It can from that time be "flying spot" which has been under date, are the use of metal backing developed side-by-side with black- development for nearly ten years. for the fluorescent face of the tube and-white television without fear In this system, he explained, the and the utilization of an improved of obsolescence of the latter and optical flying spot of light is created on system." without loss of investment by the the screen of the kinescope by the Television of theater-screen size public, by manufacturers and by electron scanning beam. in life-like colors represents "a television broadcasters. The prog- spectacular advance in the art of ress that has been made so far in The light from this spot is pro- sight-and-sound broadcasting, and color television—and it is not in- jected through color slides or films, holds fascinating prospects for the considerable—has been due to the scanning the entire surface of the future," declared E. W. Engstrom, efforts of many working in scene or object, point by point. men As Vice President in Charge of Re- close cooperation." light the beam, then tinted with search of the RCA Laboratories In presenting color, the demonstration. emerges from the film or Division who cooperated with Dr. Dr. Zworykin said that develop- slide, it passes through a series of Zworykin in the Philadelphia dem- ment of this large-screen color tele- filters which separate respectively onstration. "The purpose of this demonstration," Mr. Engstrom explained, "is THIS DRAWING SHOWS HOW THE THREE PROJECTION KINESCOPES ARE ARRANGED WITHIN THE LARGE SCREEN ELECTRONIC COLOR PROJECTOR. to make known to the public the latest advance in RCA's program of all - electronic simultaneous color television development, first introduced in October, 1946. "At that time, we demonstrated two stages of our laboratory time- table when we televised still pictures from color slides and motion pictures from color films on a home- receiver screen 15 x 20 inches," said Mr. Engstrom. "The next step was disclosed in January 1947, at Princeton, when RCA transmitted live-action studio scenes in color (Continued on page 29)

[20 RADIO AGE] v.'fti

THE 28th annual MEETING OF RCA STOCKHOLDERS HELD IN AN NBC STUDIO, RADIO CITY, NEW YORK. RCA STOCKHOLDERS MEETING

Net Profit After Taxes of Radio Corporation of America for First Quarter of 1947 Amounted to $4,680,065 — Earnings Per Common Share for the Quarter Equal to 28 Cents, Compared with 17 Cents for First Quarter in 1946

NET profit, after taxes, of the 000, thus revealing the increased world-wide communications. Gen- Radio Corporation of Amer- strength of the Corporation, its eral Sarnoff pointed out. ica for the first quarter of 1947 was growth and its increased value to "Reconversion of the RCA Vic- $4,680,065, representing an in- stockholders. tor Division's manufacturing facil- crease of $1,519,841, or 48 per cent, "When RCA began operations in ities from wartime to peacetime op- over the same period in 1946, Brig- 1919", he said, "it employed 457 erations was practically complete adier General David Sarnoff, Presi- people. On May 1 of this year, in 1946," he declared. "Attainment dent of RCA, announced at the 28th RCA personnel numbered 40,600. of full-scale production now de- Annual Meeting of stockholders Of this number, 60% are men, and pends chiefly upon an uninter- held on May 6, in a studio of the 40% are women. rupted flow of materials. National Broadcasting Company at "Despite scarcities that still Radio City. Profit for the first plague production, all of our manu- Wage Increases Granted quarter of 1947 — before Federal facturing plants had a substantial Income Taxes — amounted to "To meet the increased costs of increase in output during the first $7,919,065. living, the Radio Corporation of four months of 1947. Public de- Earnings per common share for America has from time to time mand continues very good for our the first quarter of this year granted general wage increases to Victrola radio-phonographs, phono- amounted to 28 cents, as compared its employees. The average weekly graph records, television receivers with 17 cents per common share for take-home pay for hourly paid em- and the new RCA FM receivers. the first quarter in 1946. ployees in our manufacturing unit We are making delivery of FM as Consolidated gross income of was $48.53 in April of 1947, an in- well as standard broadcast trans- RCA during the first quarter of crease of 74% over April, 1941. mitters, and are in production of 1947 amounted to $76,560,096, The rates we pay are comparable television transmitters for which compared with $48,972,924 for the to those paid by other manufactur- we have substantial orders." same period last year. This repre- ers engaged in similar work. Since Reporting continued demand for sents an increase of $27,587,172, or V-J Day, the increases granted by RCA products in foreign countries, 56 per cent over the 1946 figure. RCA to its employees amount to he said that the distributing or- General Sarnoff pointed out that approximately $24,000,000 a year. ganization of the RCA Internation- over the past ten years, RCA paid "The complex labor problems, al Division has been expanded. more than $60,000,000 in dividends which are part of present-day op- Subsidiary companies in Brazil and to its stockholders. Of this amount, erations, have been solved by col- Argentina have revealed increased $32,300,000 was paid to holders of lective bargaining with the thirty- activities, and in Mexico RCA anti- preferred stock and $27,700,000 seven separate unions representing cipates augmented business through was paid on the common stock. He our workers. There were no the opening of a new phonograph said that during the same ten-year strikes in the RCA." record plant. period the net worth of the Corpo- RCA operations cover all phases "While the research facilities of ration was increased by $39,000,000, of radio — research, engineering, the RCA Laboratories Division are and is now in excess of $100,000,- manufacturing, broadcasting and again directed to peacetime pur-

[RADIO AGE 21] suits, we realize our responsibility in continued and intensified research pertaining to national security," the RCA President asserted. "The war, in which science had such a vital role, taught this nation that the study and application of science and invention to military, naval and aviation operations should never be neglected or under- estimated. Therefore, in applying GENERAL SARNOFF REPLIES TO A QUERY FROM A STOCKHOLDER. new knowledge and discoveries in science to peacetime services, we shall determine their relationship the American public will enjoy the trial progress," General Sarnoff to our national security." finest and most practical all-elec- continued. "Further economic ad- Progress in television was re- tronic television service in both justments may be expected. I as- ported being made by RCA on three black and white and color at the sure you that the Directors and fronts—research by RCA Labora- earliest possible date." Management of Radio Corporation tories, manufacturing by the RCA Plans for the mechanization of of America are alert to all such Victor Division, and telecasting by facilities of RCA Communications, trends. the National Broadcasting Com- Inc., have been partially completed, "There are few important indus- it disclosed, and conversion pany. was tries in America where competition an important from manual to printer operation "Television was is as wide and as keen as it is in of Philadel- is being made on the important factor in the selection radio. This is so, not only in the radio circuits York phia as a site for the Republican between New manufacture and sale of instru- 1948," de- Paris, Berne National Convention in and London, Rome, ments, but also in broadcasting, "That city and Stockholm. trans-pacific clared General Sarnoff. RCA communications, and all other line that circuits, operated Fran- is on the coaxial cable from San branches of the art and industry. Washington cisco, are on a printer basis. Sub- links New Yoi'k and The war has served to increase the Con- stantial improvements have been into a television network. The size and scope of competition in a in stations in vention w-ill be within view of made RCA the West radio and the struggle for survival Atlantic large audience along the Indies. The recent opening of a goes on alongside the struggle for circuit to seaboard from south of Washing- new radiotelegraph volume and profits. The profit mar- Television, Greece gives Communications ton to north of Albany. RCA gin in the radio business are among in- direct circuits 61 countries out- therefore, with its audience to the lowest in American industry. role States. creasing daily, will play a new side of the United No one in America has a monopoly in the 1948 national political cam- Marine Radar Tests Successful in radio. paign. "Radio is fortunate to have tele- "We demonstrated all-electronic It was reported that successful vision as a new postwar industry color television on a 15 x 20-inch demonstrations of marine radar, for it gives promise of a growing screen of home size on October 30, developed by engineers of Radio- business and affords constructive 1946. An important further step marine Corporation of America — opportunities for extended service was taken by RCA Laboratories a service of RCA — have led to and growth. Wherever a television last week when it successfully dem- sizable orders for equipping mer- station goes on the air, a new mar- onstrated its color television sys- chant ships. Thus radar has been ket for home receivers is immedi- tem on a 71/2 X 10-foot theater added to the RCA line of radiotele- ately opened. At the same time, screen at The Franklin Institute in graph and radiotelephone instru- other services of radio and elec- Philadelphia. This was the first ments and direction finders manu- tronics, modernized by wartime de- showing of color television pictures factured for marine use. Radio- velopments in science, are opening of this size, and as a result a new marine now operates eleven coastal new commercial opportunities. field is open for television enter- stations and serves ships through- tainment in theater and motion pic- out the world. "Our operations in every phase ture houses." It was announced that RCA In- of radio are built upon a firm He said that RCA believes that stitutes, Inc., today has more than foundation of long experience," he research and development work in 1,300 students, 70 per cent of w^hom concluded. "We believe that re- color television have by no means are war veterans, taking training search and developments in manu- been completed, and added: "Our courses in various branches of facturing, broadcasting, communi- scientists and engineers are build- radio, television and electronics. cations, television and electronics ing new instruments with which "While we are mindful that offer great opportunities to expand to explore the higher frequencies, American, as well as international business and increase our service conduct field tests and lay the economy, is subject to rapid shifts to the public. We have confidence groundwork for a complete service. in the years that follow war, we in the men and women who consti- We shall carry on these experi- believe that 1947 will be a vear of tute our organization. Our faith in ments energetically and hope that scientific achievement and indus- RCA and its future is strong."

[22 RADIO AGE RCA Institutes, Inc., the oldest HEADS RCA INSTITUTES technical training school in the field of radio and electronics in the United is General Ingles, former Chief Signal Officer, U. S. Army, Elected States, located at 75 Varick Street, New York. President and a Director of Technical Training School New Television Camera MAJOR GENERAL Harry C. Ingles, who served as Chief Works on 90% Less Light Signal Officer of the United States to March, Army from July, 1943, A new studio television camera 1947, was elected President and a which makes it possible to reduce Institutes, Inc. on Director of RCA present studio light requirements May 8. by as much as 90 per cent has been General Ingles, a native of Ne- announced by the RCA Engineering on braska, retired from the Army Products Department. "Eye" of the after a long career in March 31 improved studio camera is a new the Dis- military service. He holds type of image orthicon television tinguished Service Medal, awarded pickup tube. /or service in the Caribbean Thea- By operating with only one-tenth ter, and the Oak Leaf Cluster, the light demanded by the best pre- which he received in recognition of vious cameras, the new camera per- his wartime record as Chief Signal mits considerable savings on expen- Officer. In addition, he has been sive studio lighting decorated for distinguished service equipment and MAJOR GENERAL INGLES. by Great Britain, France, Vene- H. C. air conditioning units, according to zuela, and Colombia. W. W. Watts, Vice President in As Chief Signal Officer, General charge of the RCA Engineering De- In World War I, General Ingles Ingles was responsible for the partment. was in charge of military and tech- Army's world-wide communication The new studio-type image orthi- nical training of Signal Corps offi- system, the enormous supply pro- con pickup tube combines the light cers. Then he took over the Signal gram of communication and elec- sensitivity of the image Corps Reserve Officers Training RCA orthi- tronic equipment for the Army, as con tube the Corps and studied electrical engi- with sharp resolution well as the Signal Corps' research neering in the Graduate College of and contrast of the older kinescope. and development program. the University of Minnesota. It produces brilliant, sharply de- After serving on the War De- Subsequently, he became Signal fined pictures with excellent half- partment General Staff from 1935 Officer of the Philippine Division, tone shading at light levels of 100 to 1989, General Ingles was as- 1921-24; Director of the Signal to 200 foot candles. signed as Signal Officer to the Corps School, Fort Monmouth, N. Caribbean Area. This included the J., 1924-27; Instructor in Army Panama Canal Department, the Command and General Staff School, "hot spot" of pre-Pearl Harbor 1928-31; Director of the Signal years. Then, he commanded the Corps School, 1931-33, and Com- Mobile Force and served as Chief mander, 51st Signal Battalion, of Staff in the Caribbean Theater 1933-35. during the early part of the war. In 1942, he was selected by Lieu- Founded Signal Association tenant General Frank Andrews to serve as his Deputy Commander in General Ingles is the founder of the European Theater of Opera- the Army Signal Association, tions. which is regarded as an important General Ingles was born March contribution toward national pre- 12, 1888. He attended country paredness. On April 28, 1947, he grade school and was graduated was honored by the Association from High School at Lincoln, Neb. with a certificate as an Honorary He studied electrical engineering Life Member. In the educational at the University of Nebraska and, field, he holds the degrees of Bach- in 1910, received an appointment to elor of Science and Doctor of Engi- the United States Military Acad- neering. He is a graduate of the emy at West Point. After his grad- Army Signal School, a distin- uation from West Point in 1914, he guished graduate of the Army served in the infantry until his Command and General Staff School, transfer to the Signal Corps in and a graduate of the Army War 1917. College. LATEST TELEVISION CAMERA.

[RADIO AGE 23] BRIG. GENERAL D. L. WEART, (LEFT) OHIO RIVER DIVISION ENGINEER, CON- GRATULATES COL. B. B. TALLEY, DEVEL- OPER OF THE METHOD OF CHARTING IN- LAND WATERWAYS BY RADAR.

of the bugbears of river navigation —or other soupy weather. Each image on the radarscope, whether showing an island, shoreline cliff, a building or a cluster of gas storage tanks, will be recognizable as COMPARISON OF RADAR MOSAIC (TOP) WITH STANDARD CHART OF SAME though he could see the landmark SECTION OF RIVER SHOWS ACCURACY OF NEW MAPPING METHOD. itself."

The cost of charting a river by radar, it has been pointed out, BY RADAR would be low in comparison to the MAP-MAKING savings that owners of Radio- marine 3.2-centimeter radar equip- Charts through Method Rapid Preparation of River Navigation ment could make through the gen- Developed by Army Engineers, Is Made Possible by Use of RCA's eral speeding-up of traffic and the elimination of delays due to weather 3.2-Centimeter Radar Equipments conditions. PREPARATION of river navi- of standard navigation charts. On The 3.2-centimeter super-high- gation charts from radar pho- the assembled charts, engineers add frequency band on which Radio- tographs assembled in mosaic form dotted lines indicating the channel marine radar equipment operates, has been accomplished by the Army to be followed, together with fig- gives sharp, clearly-defined images Corps of Engineers, Ohio River ures showing the depth of water, that are easily photographed from Division, using 3.2-centimeter radar and brief identifying descriptions the radar's 12-inch scope by Colonel equipment manufactured by Radio- of important landmarks. Talley's method. The high - fre- marine Corporation of America. According to Brig. General Doug- quency beam hugs the surface of Col. B. B. Talley, Army Engineers las Weart, Ohio River Division En- the water and picks up buoys or Corps, developed the map-making gineer, the importance of this de- other small objects over distances method and conducted initial tests velopment in chart - making is twice as great as those afforded by of the apparatus aboard the U. S. "comparable only to the introduc- lower frequency radars of the type survey boat Cherokee. tion of steam power on the river." used in wartime. Two or more In making a radar mosaic, an closely spaced objects appear on the Knoll's Position At All Times automatic camera is attached to the Radiomarine radar scope as sepa- radar instrument and adjusted to "By using radar and radar rate, distinct targets in their true photograph images on the scope at charts," General Weart said, "it is relationship to each other. Locks, regular intervals. The prints are possible for a pilot to know exactly bridges, shorelines, channel mark- then matched to produce a continu- where he is and 'see' the obstacles ers and approaching tows can be ous strip-map reduced to the scale before him regardless of fog—one picked up by the radar.

[24 RADIO AGE] herent in common types of repro- LISTENING TASTES TESTED ducing systems. In his opinion, such distortions would be found RCA Laboratories Confirms Belief That Majority of Persons Prefers less objectionable when frequencies above 5,000 cycles are eliminated. Natural Music With Full-Range of Tone Quality These possibilities, he said, would be explored in future investiga- 40 preferred ALTHOUGH some surveys have ers between 30 and tions. XV indicated that music repro- the full frequency range of popular duced by loudspeakers is more ac- music while only 59% of those be- ceptable to the public when its tween 14 and 20 expressed an ap- USES OF TELEVISION tonal range is restricted, a sub- preciation for the unrestricted tonal (Continued from page 11) stantial majority of listeners pre- range in this classification of fer natural music in its full range music. by making numerous long-shots, of tones and overtones, Dr. Harry "The listeners in the latter age close-ups and other special camera F. Olson, section head of the Acou- group," Dr. Olson stated, "are prob- versions of the scenes involved in stics Research Laboratory of RCA ably influenced by listening to the working script. From the miles Laboratories, Princeton, N. J., re- radios, phonographs and juke of film resulting from this pro- ported to the Acoustical Society of boxes rather than orchestras and cedure, editors select the sections America at its meeting held in the are, therefore, conditioned to a re- of footage best adapted to the de- Hotel Pennsylvania, New York, on stricted frequency range." velopment of the story. With high May 9. Dr. Olson based his conclu- definition television cameras and a out the sions on tests carried at Popular Music Used in Tests motion picture television recorder Laboratories on more than 1,000 —a device that takes motion pic- persons of various ages and voca- Most of the tests were carried tures of television screen images— tions. out using popular dance music. The these costly and time-consuming it im- In making the tests. Dr. Olson small size of the room made operations could be eliminated. said, a small orchestra, consisting possible to play symphonic num- This is how such a system might of piano, trumpet, clarinet, violin, bers but listener preference in this work: direction was checked with a semi- contrabass, drums, and traps, was Instead of training a battery of classical selection. For all practical placed in a room acoustically motion picture cameras on the purposes, these results agreed close- treated to simulate conditions in an scene, an equal number of televi- ly with those obtained in the popu- average size living room. A parti- sion cameras would be focused on lar-music test. tion constructed of material that the action, at angles specified by absorbed all tonal frequencies above When tests were carried out on the director. The latter would then 5,000 cycles — the normal limiting speech, listeners preferred the full take his position in front of a range of radio reproduction—was frequency range whether the audi- group of television monitor screens placed between the musicians and ence was familiar with the speak- on which the pictures recorded by the audience. By revolving movable er's voice or when the voice was all cameras would be reproduced panels in the partition, this limi- being heard for the first time. simultaneously. As the director se- tation on tone quality could be re- In discussing the preferences of lected the best of the views shown, moved, allowing the music to reach listeners for mechanically repro- he would press a button and the the audience unchanged. duced music with restricted fre- output of the television camera Additional tests with subjects in quency range. Dr. Olson said that which produced that view would be various age groups. Dr. Olson this choice might be due to the dis- shifted instantly to a single screen. added, showed that 75% of listen- tortions of sound which are in- At the same instant, the motion picture television recorder would begin to record the images on a master film strip together with ACOUSTICAL FILTERS USED IN RADIO-MUSIC TEST. dialogue and sound effects. When all sequences were completed, the feature would be in its final edited form ready for the developing and printing laboratory. Television's contributions eventually will affect all branches of man's endeavor. As an efficient and effective selling tool, it has no equal. In television also can rest a good measure of the world's social des- tiny. An opportunity to lift the general welfare is a rare privilege, yet through television all this and more can be done.

[RADIO AGE 25] a

means of developing new audiences for classical records. Today the "Music You Want" broadcasts may he heard five nights a week on any line of 58 independent stations throughout the United States. This lialf-hour program opei-ates by means of a loan library of classical recordings which are made available to radio stations together with scripts prepared by the record company. It is a half-hour sustaining show, which has become so popular with independents that today a long list of stations wait for an opportunity to be added to the "Music You Want" circuit. The technique diff'ers from the disc jockey type of show, for each disc jockey maintains his own individ- uality and builds his show around his own personality.

Program Format Varies Tune into any one of a number of stations that remain on the air all night and you will hear the voice ROSALIE ALLEN, WHOSE "PRAIRIE STARS" PROGRAM OF RECORDINGS IS HEARD of the disc jockey, talking about NIGHTLY OVER STATION WOV, NEW YORK. and playing popular recordings just off the presses. The format of these "dawn patrol" shows is varied and informal. Top names in the music RADIOS RECORD SALESMEN field stop in to chat with the jockeys and manage, in the course of a few Nearly a Thousand "Disc Jockeys," Operating from minutes on the air, to get in some Broadcast Stations, Create New Markets for Recordings. effective plugs for their latest record releases. past decade has seen the spinner is no longer a THE phenomenon Visit an all-night restaurant that emergence of the radio "disc of radio. He is as much a part of possesses a radio, and you will hear jockey" as one of the most potent local station operations as comedy these marathon announcers. Five sales factors in the record business. headliners, audience participation minutes of news on the hour or half- Today programs, daytime serials approximately 1,000 rec- and mys- hour; a series of commercial plugs ord-playing announcers tery dramas on the networks. are heard between recordings. That's the way regularly on S. radio He has become the target of song U. stations. the disc jockey talks and plays his The overhead for disc pluggers, press agents and pro- jockey pro- way through the night, a boon to grams is moters. He is no longer the remarkably low; the disc last night-shift workers in plants that jockey's stock resort of the sponsor in trade is small— who can only do not have industrial music; a persuasive, friendly voice, afford low-cost air time. a turn- faithful friend of cab drivers, res- table, and a vast library of popular taurant countermen and other night and classical Stimulate Interest recordings which are in Classics owls whose working day starts when kept up-to-date through purchase of In the past year or two the disc other people are getting ready for the latest releases. jockey has turned to programs of bed. Once a low-cost method of filling classical music, and these broad- Turn on your radio at six in the air time for small-budget stations, casts have become increasingly pop- morning and you will hear voices the disc jockey program has mush- ular and are doing much to stimu- of disc jockeys, some greeting the roomed amazingly. Nationally late interest in symphonic and dawn with chatter and small talk, known announcers, willing to trade operatic recordings. others busily plugging their prod- the prestige of network affiliation Hand in hand with the interest ucts while people are still rubbing for the lucrative yield of disc joc- in classical music that has been sleep from their eyes. keying on small, independent sta- developed via ths disc jockey route What percentage of record sales tions, are gaily spinning platters is the program known as "Music can be attributed to the platter today. You Want" which RCA Victor spinner would be difficult to judge. For better or worse, the platter Records introduced in 1937 as a Some endorse and comment on the

[26 RADIO AGE] —

recordings they really like. Others These musicians are not "name" ing song. Lovers effect a reconcilia- maintain strict neutrality as re- bandleaders or vocalists. Some are tion via the disc jockey, who an- gards the merits of the new re- network affiliate house musicians, nounces the playing of Perry leases. But if the listener likes a others are "sidemen" in dance or- Como's "Prisoner of Love," for record when he hears it plugged on chestras. Quite a few are members "John Doe, dedicated to Jane Roe." the radio as a new record release, of symphony orchestras, who aug- it is reasonable to assume that ment their income by filling in on Listeners Keep Phones Busy someone in the familv may want to recording and transcription dates. Telephone switchboards buzz and aad that record to the collection, to The recent increase in the union flash throughout the night, and play it again whenever he wants to scale for recording, transcriptions Western Union teletypes located hear the tune. and radio performances has made in the disc jockey's studio, chatter this a lucrative calling. away, registering requests for pop- The end of the war brought back Revenue for Musicians ular and classical recordings. to the air one of the most popular The two-year ban on record man- devices of the early disc jockey How many of these requests, tele- are legiti- ufacture emphasized the fact that the request playing of "favorite phoned or telegraphed, percentage are the records and transcriptions generally tunes" of listeners. Banned during mate, and what songpluggers and used by the vast majority of small, war years as a possible means of artful practices of is matter of specula- independent radio stations through- code communication between enemy promotion, a out the country were an important agents stationed in the U.S., the tion. source of I'evenue to many musi- "all request" disc jockey program But the calls keep coming, the cians. The resumption of recording flashes through the night air once turntables keep spinning, and the restored the income of musicians, again. A couple about to be married record industry, producing in a number of whom are enjoying requests a special tune, played by greater quantity than ever before very comfortable standards of liv- a specific band. A group of con- in history, still cannot keep up with ing as a result of increased record- vivial tipplers in a neighborhood the demand for records, thanks to ing and transcription income. bar and grill want a favorite drink- the record salesmen of radio.

Plane-to-Shore Message Service Opened

Passengers aboard the Pan oceanic journey of the clipper daytime to 1,500 miles at night, American World Airways clipper America, they said, was the first in under all kinds of weather condi- America, on its inaugural round- which airborne radio communications. the-world flight, which was com- tions facilities were available to Also aboard the clipper was an pleted on June 30, were able to passengers of an American plane. RCA radar altimeter providing in- maintain contact with business as- Describing the system as a much- formation on absolute altitudes sociates, friends and relatives in all needed addition in service to the above the earth's surface. This in- parts of the United States by air-travelling public, they said the strument operates on a two-range means of a new global plane-to- global flight could serve to deter- scale, giving heights from zero to shore communications system enter- mine the practicability of install- 400 feet and zero to 4,000 feet. ing public service for the first time ing the service as a regular facility. PASSENGERS BOARD PAN AMERICAN CLIP- on this flight. In charge of the radio communi- PER AMERICA FOR INAUGURAL WORLD Arrangements for handling mes- cations equipment aboard the FLIGHT WHICH ALSO INTRODUCED RADIO- sages from the giant clipper were America, Flight Radio Officer Hugh MARINE'S PLANE-TO-SHORE MESSAGE completed by the air line with the E. Simpson, of Selma, Alabama, SERVICE FOR AIR TRAVELLERS. Radiomarine Corporation of Amer- handled the plane's operational ica, a service of the Radio Corpora- messages and outgoing correspon- tion of America. Radiomarine's dence which took the form of "Via powerful radio-telegraph station at RCA" radiograms. Chatham, Mass., capable of send- Plane-to-shore transmissions are ing and intercepting world - wide picked up by Radiomarine and re- messages, played the key role in layed to proper destinations. The the FCC-approved service. Other overall message rates for the serv- RCA stations in Manila, Honolulu ice are similar to those for ships at and Bolinas, Calif., assisted in sea. handling correspondence. Another modern feature aboard Announcement of the new serv- the America was an RCA loran re- ice was made jointly by James H. ceiver, providing electronic long- Smith, Vice President, Atlantic range air navigation. This equip- Division, Pan American World ment is capable of facilitating quick Airways, and the Radiomarine Cor- and accurate position3 of flight over poration of America. The trans- distances ranging from 700 miles in

[RADIO AGE 27] AN NBC CAMERAMAN FOCUSES THE IMAGE ORTHICON CAMERA ON A DUNGAREE-CLAD MEMBER OF THE SUBMARINE CREW AT ONE OF THE BATTLE STATIONS ABOARD THE "TRUMPETFISH."

up our cameras in the crowded in- SUBMARINE TELEVISION terior of a submarine. Tests must be conducted to determine how to NBC Stages and Produces First Stght-and-Sound Program from the illuminate the submarine interior; Cramped Quarters of a Submerged Underseas Craft and finally, we had to build a smooth-running program in order that viewers would gain clear INFINITE attention to every last a idea detail of the project combined of the action aboard a submarine with the enthusiastic cooperation while submerging. Two men were of the U. S. Navy made it possible charged with for the National Broadcasting solving these problems: Alfred E. Jackson, Company to stage the first televi- of the Engineering De- sion program ever to be transmitted partment, an assistant field super- from a submerged submarine. The visor on television programs, and Noel Jordan, a field program took place on April 10, WNBT pro- 1947 aboard the U.S.S. Trumpet- gram director. fish, at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, Since the Trumpetfish, then in exactly forty-seven years after the use by the Navy for public rela- Navy had purchased its first sub- tions work, was based at the Sub- marine, the U.S.S. Holland. marine Base, New London, Conn., By O. B. Hanson The remote pickup which lasted Jackson, Jordan and Bob Stanton, ninety minutes, was one of the most Vice President and Chief Engineer, television special events announcer, engrossing in television history. It National Broadcasting Co. went to the Base about ten days was also one of the most difficult. before the program. There they The fact that we managed to put got their first good look at the ship, it on at all is a tribute to the in- and-sound cable into a submerged learned what actions should be genuity and perseverance of our craft. A locale had to be chosen high-lighted in the pi'ogram, and engineers; and the fact that it that would have all the necessary discussed with the crew members turned out so well when it was qualifications, viz., direct line-of- the best methods to follow in get- viewed on television screens is a sight to the RCA Building or the ting the program on the air. As tribute to the programming ability Empire State tower; water that part of the preliminaries, Jordan of NBC's television field staff. was deep enough for submerging, and Jackson went to sea in the Five major problems faced us in and an adequate and dependable craft and were aboard during three planning the program. We had to source of power supply for light- dives. devise a way to get our camera- ing. We had to find out how to set The Navy first suggested putting

[28 RADIO AGE] —

room. There was but one the cables aboard the sub by taking erect high scaffolding on which to torpedo in the program. Just before out one of the hull plates, insert- place the lights. hitch mobile unit went on the air, ing the cables through the hole and The problem of getting our three the searchlights which were to il- then plugging the gap around the cameras into the submarine and the luminate the sub's "target" — a cables. Jackson, however, hesitated making them mobile in the cramped cruiser moored at a nearby dock — to subject the comparatively deli- interior was solved by the ingen- completely. As a result, cate cables to the pressure of the ious method, conceived by Jackson, failed viewers were deprived of a peri- clamps that would be necessary to of building special platforms on view of the intended "vic- render the gap watertight when wheels and bolting the cameras to scope tim." the ship submerged. Furthermore, them. By these means, the cameras the Navy was none too enthusias- could be rolled down the length of Except for this minor disap- the program proceeded tic about removing plates from one the submarine's interior, from one pointment, — of its submarines. compartment to another, merely by according to plan. Four cameras separating platform and camera one atop the mobile unit on the Spare Periscope Removed whenever a hatchway was encoun- dock, and three in the submarine The second suggestion proved tered. In this way, all three cameras registered every action from begin- of the dive. Three an- practicable. . This was to remove inside the sub could cover the maxi- ning to end the ship's spare periscope and drop mum amount of space, without be- nouncers — Stanton, Ray Forrest the cables through the empty tube. ing restricted to one particular and Rad Hall — supplied the com- Handled in this way, the cables watertight compartment. mentary and interviewed members would not be squeezed by deep- of the crew. Approval of the tele- we, water pressure, since the submarine Lighting Problem Complicated cast was general. Not only at would not submerge entirely and NBC, but the Navy as well, were the sub- the spare periscope tube, under The problem of lighting delighted, and letters from viewers such conditions, would remain a marine's interior was complicated were enthusiastic in praise of the few feet out of the water. From by the fact that our foto-flood event. the Navy's viewpoint, removing the lights would not fit Navy lamp periscope was an easier task than sockets. Adapters had to be made 31 of Then asbestos pads removing a hull plate. — them. COLOR TELEVISION The problem of finding a dock had to be placed over all parts of with enough depth of water, ade- the ship's interior that were likely FOR THEATERS to be blistered by the heat from quate electric power and a line-of- (Continued from page 20) sight view of Radio City was solved the foto-flood lights. when the Navy offered the use of a The programming side of the over an ultra-high frequency radio berth at the Brooklyn Navy Yard pickup is another story. The whole circuit before a special hearing of where all these specifications were show moved smoothly and provided the Federal Communications Com- met. Inasmuch as the program was a clear-cut account of how a sub- mission." to be put on at night, it was neces- marine is handled, including an Revealing the next big step to sary to use 60,000 watts of light- extremely convincing mock torpedo be expected in the evolution of ing for the outdoor scenes and to attack as seen from the forward color television, Mr. Engstrom said that cameras and other necessary apparatus are being developed at the Laboratories, which will enable a demonstration of color television featuring outdoor scenes in motion. He hinted that autumn tints on the countryside would afford ideal views to test the delicate and sensitive vision of the all-electronic color camera eye. In looking to the future, Mr. Engstrom said that it is the plan of Radio Corporation of America to perfect color television in such a manner that ultimately it will take its place alongside the RCA all- electronic black-and-white television system, which now is bring- ing news, entertainment, sports and events of national importance to observers in New York, Phila- delphia, Schenectady and along the Atlantic Seaboard as far south as TELEVISION CAMERA ON MOBILE UNIT RECORDS EXTERIOR SCENE AS SUBMARINE EMERGES AFTER ITS DIVE. Washington; D. C.

[RADIO AGE 29] resulting in even better I'esolution. The Story of 16mm. Sound In addition, RCA engineers developed, at about this same time, a magnetic film drive for sound re- From Its Start in This Field in 1931, RCA Has cording which provided smooth and Scored Many "Firsts" in Methods and Equipment oscillation-free passage of the film through the recording light. A corresponding improvement in the SIXTEEN years ago, the Radio reproduction of sound in the pro- Corporation of America intro- jector was also made possible by duced the first 16mm sound film RCA's development of the "rotary projector. Since that date, RCA, stabilizer" which passed the film at through its 16mm Motion Picture smooth and steady speed through Equipment Section, has carried out the projector, ironing out speed continuous development work in its variations which previously had laboratories out of which has come made all pianos sound out of tune the present perfected 16mm sound and introduced Hawaiian guitar projector as it is known to the in- effects into all music. dustry today. The first problem faced in the Grain in Film Caused Noise early Thirties, that of putting %" A source of interfering noise sound on the narrow film, only By W. W. Watts was graininess in in total width, was considered in- the film texture intensified by dirt and imperfec- superable but RCA solved it. From Vice President in charge of Engineering Products Dept., that starting point, the company tions on the sound track which RCA Victor Division registered as hissing, went on to score most of the signifi- crackling and "frying" noises. cant "firsts" in the 16mm industry. RCA engineers blanked out this static and The first 16mm sound projector The new mirror cast light of much chalked up a notable "first" in noise was developed by RCA in 1931. greater intensity and made possible reduction by devising an automatic Behind it lay years of pioneering an optical system of high resolving biasing system which, during low- effort aimed at solving the many power. This, in effect, was the level passages, keeps the clear area problems — optical, photographic, finer "paint brush" necessary to of the track no wider than electronic and mechanical — which needed get good resolution of the hair-fine at the moment to record the plagued photographic sound record- sound lines on the tiny 16mm track. The on the nim. ing. RCA's first innovation was greater light intensity also per- Reproducing sound from a film 16mm film with one row of sprocket mitted the use of finer-grain film. track requires an intense of holes which reserved the other side beam of the film for the sound track. In cooperation with the Eastman Com- G. A. DEL VALLE, RCA DESIGN ENGINEER, AND 0. V. SWISHER, GENERAL pany, the film was presented for MANAGER OF 16MM. ACTIVITIES, COMPARE THE 1931 MODEL PROJECTOR (left) standardization to the Society of WITH THE LATEST SOUND FILM UNIT. Motion Picture Engineers and after being adopted as the American standard, was later made world standard.

Film Speed a Problem The small area available for sound on 16mm film was further complicated by the fact that 16mm film runs at only 36 feet per minute against 90 feet per minute for 35mm film. This slower speed further reduced the linear space available on the 16mm film to only 40 percent of that on 35mm film. RCA's answer, in 1928, was a revolutionary new "dry" galvanometer, part of a greatly improved optical sound recording system. Outstanding feature of the new galvanometer was a mirror fifteen times larger than previously used on sound film recording systems.

[30 RADIO AGE] it in another new projector model. The new arrangement featured large 16-tooth sprockets and the passage of film in wide curves and long flowing lines to end crimping and tearing. In 1942, the RCA 16mm sound projector donned the olive-drab of the Armed Forces and went to war. As models PG-200 and PG-200A, it saw global service with Army and Navy. Improvements in these models included a slipping-clutch take-up which put the proper ten- sion on the film regardless of the LATEST MODEL 16MM. PROJECTORS MOVE ALONG THE PRODUCTION LINE AT RCA VICTOR'S CAMDEN PLANT. amount of film on the reel, thus extending film life.

During the war, the unusual re- light in the form of a sharp line plying sound to film tracks con- quirements of field use led to an- less than a thousandth of an inch tinued. The trouble with the white other step forward in 16mm sound wide. In 1932, RCA engineers light then used was that it pene- with the perfection by RCA tech- dipped into the magician's hat of trated the film emulsion, and nicians of the "closed-cavity" loud- optical science and came up with a "scattered", spreading the exposure speaker, a development that had radically different sound-reproduc- and unduly thickening the fine lines been simmering on the scientific ing optical system for the RCA proof the sound track. Although this fire for almost two decades. Rugged jectors. At the heart of the new was a real problem in 35mm film conditions imposed on 16mm sound sound - reproducing system were recording, it was even more seri- equipment had brought a request cylindrical lenses which have the ous in the exacting work of 16mm from the Army Signal Corps for peculiar ability to produce a line recording. Finally RCA labora- a loudspeaker that was weather- image of the incandescent lamp fil- tories found the solution. This was tight, small in size and capable of ament directly on the film. The ultra-violet light, first commercially improving the radiation of lower new lenses enabled RCA to get a introduced by RCA in 1936. In- tones. Overcoming the problems of more uniform image at the film stead of completely penetrating and cavity resonance, RCA technicians using an economical low-power scattering as white light had done, by 1943 had fulfilled the Army's lamp in its projector. The small ultra-violet light was absorbed be- request. This development put the lamp could be operated from an fore penetrating more than a quality of RCA 16mm sound far in oscillator built into the amplifier, minute distance into the emulsion, front of the field. producing a high-frequency cur- localizing the exposure to the exact rent which lights the lamp without area struck by the recording light Batsel Directed the Work flicker. beam. A wonder tool in 35mm sound The history of progress in 16mm recording, the benefits to 16mm motion pictures is the history of Developed Improved Printer sound recording were manifold. work done by a closely knit group In 1933 and 1934, improved The quality of 16mm sound was of scientists still functioning as a models of the original RCA 16mm boosted still further in 1938, with team in the Advanced Development sound projectors were placed on the introduction of the "electronic Laboratories and Design Engineer- the market, and in the latter year, mixer", or "compressor" by RCA. ig Section of the Camden plant. At RCA further improved 16mm sound By this method the full range of the head of the group is Max Bat- by designing an optical reduction sound was "compressed" onto the sel, Chief Engineer of the Engi- printer that made it possible for 16mm track making the weak neering Products Department. In film-processing laboratories to make sounds loud enough to be distinct addition to directing the work, Mr. 16mm prints of finer quality from without making the loud sounds of Batsel was a major force in 35mm negatives. such amplitude as to overload the achieving standardization of film In 1935, a novel camera, which sound track. in the Society of Motion Picture would be considered sensational Film Damage Reduced Engineers and the American even in a post-war year of won- Standards Association. ders, was introduced to the ama- At about this same time, RCA teur movie markets by RCA. This engineers broke the back of another As Chief of the Advanced De- was the RCA 16mm sound camera, problem that had been plaguing velopment Laboratories, Dr. E. W. in which pictures and sound were the 16mm industry. This was dam- Kellogg is responsible for the basic impressed simultaneously on a sin- age to film in 16mm projectors. studies and work in film motion. gle film. Casting previous threading ar- In addition, he holds the basic But RCA did not rest on its ac- rangements aside, RCA engineers patents on speakers used not only complishment. The search for an designed a much simplified thread- in motion pictures, but in radio and even finer "paint-brush" for ap- ing arrangement and incorporated sound-reproduction devices.

[RADIO AGE 31] !

or Complete Convention— packs dramatic puncii on sound ffifm

CAPTURE all the fire and technique reprinted for use in sales-training of the sales manager's hottest work throughout the distributor- sales talk. Use it over and over to in- dealer set-up. spire distributor and dealer salesmen Yes, sound films can be dynamic ... to increase sales. It is being done, sales tools — when presented by means with I6mm sound film and RCA of the finest projection equipment. Sound Film Projectors. For maximum effect, use an RCA Or, stage an entire convention on PG-201 l6mm Sound Film Projector. sound film . . . and present it with tell- Get vital realism in your show, with ing effect ... in less time, and at a crisp, brilliant screen images and much lower expense than by methods lifelike, full-range sound. Perform- usually employed. ance is comparable in every way to One manufacturer, famous for the professional theatre showings. RCA size and character of his distributor Sound Film Projectors are easy to get-togethers, recently put the meat set up, use, and maintain. They give of a whole week's show on sound plenty of sparkle and power to the film. He ran off his convention in a presentation of your sales story. single day. Results? Many millions of For details address l6mm Motion dollars in direct orders, and a high Picture Equipment, Dept. 66-J, Radio order of distributor enthusiasm. Fur- Corporation of America, Camden, thermore, briefs from the film were New Jersey.

16mm MOTION PICTURE EQUIPMENT RADIO CORPORATION of AMERICA ENGINEERING PRODUCTS DEPARTMENT. CAMDEN. N.J.

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