Emerging Nationalism in Portuguese Africa: a Bibliography of Documentary Epherema Through 1965

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Emerging Nationalism in Portuguese Africa: a Bibliography of Documentary Epherema Through 1965 Emerging nationalism in Portuguese Africa: a bibliography of documentary epherema through 1965 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20020 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Emerging nationalism in Portuguese Africa: a bibliography of documentary epherema through 1965 Author/Creator Chilcote, Ronald H. Publisher Hoover Institution Press (Stanford) Date 1969 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Mozambique, Portugal, Sao Tome and Principe, Angola, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Lusophone Africa (region) Coverage (temporal) 1959-1965 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, L016.9673 C535e Rights By kind permission of Ronald Chilcote. Description This is an extensive bibliography of pamphlets, newsletters, reports, and other material collected by Ronald Chilcote on nationalism in Portugal's African colonies. A selection of documents from the same set of materials appears in another book by Chilcote in the Aluka Digital Library. The material was collected over the period 1959-1965, and includes primarily documents from these years. Format extent 134 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20020 http://www.aluka.org Africana Africana L016. 967 C535e NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY EVANSTON ILLINOIS HOOVER INSTITUTION BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES; XXXIX EMERGING NATIONALISM IN PORTUGUESE AFRICA A Bibliography of Documentary Ephemera Through 1965 BY RONALD H. CHILCOTE .Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace Stanford University,- Stanford, California L_/-i, 9/ 73' The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, founded at Stanford University in 1919 by the late President Herbert Hoover, is a center for advanced study and research on public and international affairs in the twentieth century. The views expressed in its publications are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Hoover Institution. @ 1969 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 68-8810 Printed in the United States of America INTRODUCTION This bibliography is one product of a project to collect, translate, and edit a volume of documents issued by Portuguese African nationalist movements.* The project was formally initiated in 1963 with the encouragement of Dr. Peter Duignan, Curator of the African Collection at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, and with financial support granted by the Institution's Research and Publications Committee. Collection of ephemeral materials was actually begun by the editor as early as 1959, and continued during eight months' residence in Portugal during 1960-61, a visit to Brazil in the summer of 1964, and extensive travels throughout Africa in the summer of 1965. The bibliography includes the editor's comprehensive collection of ephemera but covers only the period through 1965.** For the most part these documents are written in French, Portuguese, and Spanish, although for some an English version is available. The material is separated into ephemera (generally mimeographed) and other sources (published pamphlets and articles in periodicals) and has been ordered into (1) a general section on Portuguese Africa; (2) individual sections for each territory; (3) a section on United Nations publications; and (4) a section drawn from the "International Development series" of the Joint Publications Research Service. Excluded are the hundreds of secondary references in periodicals and books which focus on nationalist activities but are written by non- Portuguese African authors. A number of persons and organizations have contributed significantly to this enterprise. For their assistance in building the documents collection, I wish to thank Abflio de Oliveira Aguas, Chairman of the Committee Pro-Democracy in Portugal; Lufs D'Almeida, representative of the Movimento Popular de Libertago de Angola (MPLA) in Algiers; Mirio de Andrade, Algiers; Perry Anderson, editor of New Left Review in London; Carlos Gonqalves of the Angola Office, New York; Eduardo Webber, editor of The Angolan Student; A.J. Bosgra of the Actiecomit6 Angola, Amsterdam; Aquino de Braganga, Algiers; the Centro de Estudos Angolanos, Algiers; Daniel-JMilio Chipenda, representative of the MPLA in Dar es Salaam; Jos6 Chipenda of Unido Nacional dos Estudantes Angolanos (UNEA) in New York; the Coordinating Secretariat of the International Student Conference (COSEC) of Leiden, Netherlands; *The accompanying volume of documents, Emerging Nationalism in Portuguese Africa: Documentary Ephemera through 1965, also will be published by the Hoover Institution. **Microfilm of the collection is deposited in the library of the Hoover Institution. For earlier published bibliographies of nationalist ephemera, see Ronald H. Chilcote, "African Ephemeral Materials: Portuguese African Nationalist Movements," Africana Newsletter, I (winter 1963), 9-17; and 'Nationalist Documents on Portuguese Guin6 and Mogambique," African Studies Bulletin (April 1967), 22-42. General bibliographic references may be found in Ronald H. Chilcote, Portuguese Africa (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1967), pp. 12941. Miguel Trovoada of the Comit6 de Libertago de Sdo Tom6 e Prfncipe (CLSTP) in Libreville; the Comit6 de Soutien A 'Angola, Paris; the Confederagdo das Organizag6es Nacionalistas das Col6nias Portugu8sas (CONCP) in Rabat; Johnny Eduardo of the Gouvernement R6volutionnaire de 'Angola en Exil (GRAE) office in Algiers; the Frente de Luta pela Independ~ncia Nacional da Guin6-Bissau (FLING) in Dakar; Gil Fernandes; various members of the Frente de Libertaqao de Moqambique (FRELIMO) in Dar es Salaam, including Dr. Eduardo Mondlane, Marcelino dos Santos, and the late Jaime Sikauke; Janet Mondlane and Betty King of the Instituto Moqambicano; the Frente Patri6tica de Libertaqfo Nacional (FPLN), including the late General Humberto Delgado, Piteiro Santos, and Manuel Sert6rio; Henrique Galvfo of Sao Paulo; David and Jim Grenfell in Moerueke Kwilu, Congo; Emmanuel Kounzika of the Partido Democrdtico de Angola (PDA) in Kinshasa; Jacques Lauret, Lausanne; Marcel Levaux, Paris; Jos6 Lima de Azevedo, former MPLA representative in Brazil; Joseph Massinga, FRELIMO representative in New York; Malcolm McVeigh; the Movimento de Defesa dos Interdsses de Angola (MDIA) in Kinshasa; the MPLA in Brazzaville; the Mogambique African National Union (MANU) in Khartoum; the leaders of the Partido Africano da Independ~ncia da Guin6 e Cabo Verde (PAIGC) in Conakry, especially Amfilcar Cabral, his brother Luiz Cabral, and Aristides Pereira; Abflio Duarte of the PAIGC office in Algiers; Paul Touba of UNEA; the COREMO in Lusaka and Cairo; Holden Roberto, Eduardo Pinnock, and the GRAE in Kinshasa; Jorge Valentim of Oegatgeest, Netherlands, S6rgio Vieira of the FRELIMO office in Algiers; and the World Assembly of Youth, Brussels. I am grateful to Mrs. Patricia Tsien, who assisted me in gathering United Nations documents. For permission to microfilm and photocopy their documents I am greatly indebted to Collin Gonze and George Hauser of the American Committee on Africa; Winifred Armstrong, New York; and John Cooley of Casablanca; as well as Professors James Duffy of Brandeis University, John Marcum of Lincoln University, Immanuel Wallerstein of Columbia University, Douglas Wheeler of the University of New Hampshire, and I. William Zartman of New York University. This extensive list is perhaps indicative of the great effort necessary to bring together a collection comprehensive in scope. Yet even after the generous efforts and cooperation of so many persons, there are still gaps in the collection. Assisting me in the task of organizing and cataloging the materials were Sally McBean Harms and Elsa Johnson. I am grateful for their help and especially wish to thank research assistant Natalie Lippman, whose months of persistent and precise work brought great improvement to the bibliography. I must also thank Russell Bartley for the translation of one document from Russian; Kathryn McCormick for extensive translation assistance in the initial phase of the project; Hildeliza Arias, who carefully typed the manuscript; and Eva Nyqvist, who edited the work for style and language consistency. Without the contribution of two other persons, Sarah K. Myers and my wife, Frances Bunker Chilcote, this project would have remained unfinished. Mrs.
Recommended publications
  • Portuguese Language in Angola: Luso-Creoles' Missing Link? John M
    Portuguese language in Angola: luso-creoles' missing link? John M. Lipski {presented at annual meeting of the AATSP, San Diego, August 9, 1995} 0. Introduction Portuguese explorers first reached the Congo Basin in the late 15th century, beginning a linguistic and cultural presence that in some regions was to last for 500 years. In other areas of Africa, Portuguese-based creoles rapidly developed, while for several centuries pidginized Portuguese was a major lingua franca for the Atlantic slave trade, and has been implicated in the formation of many Afro- American creoles. The original Portuguese presence in southwestern Africa was confined to limited missionary activity, and to slave trading in coastal depots, but in the late 19th century, Portugal reentered the Congo-Angola region as a colonial power, committed to establishing permanent European settlements in Africa, and to Europeanizing the native African population. In the intervening centuries, Angola and the Portuguese Congo were the source of thousands of slaves sent to the Americas, whose language and culture profoundly influenced Latin American varieties of Portuguese and Spanish. Despite the key position of the Congo-Angola region for Ibero-American linguistic development, little is known of the continuing use of the Portuguese language by Africans in Congo-Angola during most of the five centuries in question. Only in recent years has some attention been directed to the Portuguese language spoken non-natively but extensively in Angola and Mozambique (Gonçalves 1983). In Angola, the urban second-language varieties of Portuguese, especially as spoken in the squatter communities of Luanda, have been referred to as Musseque Portuguese, a name derived from the KiMbundu term used to designate the shantytowns themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics, Commerce, and Colonization in Angola at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century
    Politics, Commerce, and Colonization in Angola at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century John Whitney Harvey Dissertação em História Moderna e dos Descobrimentos Orientador: Professor Doutor Pedro Cardim Setembro, 2012 Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em História Moderna e dos Descobrimentos realizada sob a orientação científica do Professor Doutor Pedro Cardim e a coorientação científica do Professor Doutor Diogo Ramada Curto. I dedicate this dissertation to my father, Charles A. Harvey Jr. (1949-2009), whose wisdom, hard work, and dedication I strive to emulate. The last thing he knew about me was that I was going to study at FCSH, and I hope that I have made him proud. Acknowledgements There are so many people that were instrumental to the production of this dissertation that it would be impossible to include everyone in this space. I want to take the opportunity to thank everyone that supported me emotionally and academically throughout this year. Know that I know who you are, I appreciate everything done for me, and hope to return the support in the future. I would also like to thank the Center for Overseas History for the resources and opportunities afforded to me, as well as all of my professors and classmates that truly enriched my academic career throughout the last two years. There are some people whom without, this would not have been possible. The kindness, friendship, and support shown by Nuno and Luisa throughout this process I will never forget, and I am incredibly grateful and indebted to you both.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade and the Merchant Community of the Loango Coast in The
    Trade and the Merchant Community of the Loango Coast in the Eighteenth Century Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Hull by Stacey Jean Muriel Sommerdyk Honors BA (University of Western Ontario) MA (York University) May 2012 ii Synopsis This thesis explores the political, economic and cultural transformation of the Loango Coast during the era of the transatlantic slave trade from the point of contact with Europeans in the sixteenth century until the end of the eighteenth century, with particular focus on the eighteenth century. While a number of previous studies of the West Central African slave trade have focused principally on the role of the Portuguese on the Angola Coast, this thesis makes a new contribution by evaluating the balance of power between Dutch and Loango Coast merchant communities. In doing so, this thesis concludes that well into the eighteenth century, local African religious and political traditions remained relatively unchanged on the Loango Coast, especially in comparison to their southern neighbours in Angola. Drawing upon detailed records compiled by the Middelburgse Commercie Compangie (MCC), the thesis builds upon an original database which accounts for approximately 10,000 slaves sold by 640 identified African merchants to the Dutch Middelburg Company over the course of 5,000 transactions. Expanding upon the work of Phyllis Martin and other scholars, this thesis highlights a distinction between the Loango and the Angola coasts based on models of engagement with European traders; furthermore, it draws attention to the absence of European credit data in the MCC slave purchasing balance sheets; and, finally, it explores the difficulties involved in procuring slaves via long distance trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Coding Units
    INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) .
    [Show full text]
  • Saved by the Civil War: African 'Loyalists' in the Portuguese Armed Forces and Angola's Transition to Independence
    Saved by the civil war: African ‘loyalists’ in the Portuguese armed forces and Angola’s transition to independence Pedro Aires Oliveira Instituto de História Contemporânea, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1069-061 Lisboa [email protected] Abstract: The article examines the trajectories of ‘loyal’ African troops in Angola before and after the demise of Portugal’s authoritarian regime in 1974. It starts by placing the ‘Africanization’ drive of the Portuguese counterinsurgency campaign in a historical perspective; it then explores the rocky transition from colonial rule to independence in the territory between April 1974 and November 1975, describing the course of action taken by the Portuguese authorities vis-à-vis their former collaborators in the security forces. A concluding section draws a comparison between the fate of Portugal’s loyalists in Angola and the one experienced by similar groups in other ex-Portuguese colonies. The choice of Angola has the advantage of allowing us to look into a complex scenario in which the competition amongst rival nationalist groups, and a number of external factors, helped to produce a more ambiguous outcome for some of the empire’s local collaborators than what might have been otherwise expected. Keywords: Angola; colonial troops; Loyalists; counter-insurgency; Decolonization The dissolution of Portugal’s overseas empire in 1975 happened after a protracted counterinsurgency war which took place in three of its African territories (Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique), a 13 year conflict (1961- 74) that put an enormous strain on the limited demographic and economic resources of what was then Western Europe’s poorest and most undeveloped 1 state.
    [Show full text]
  • America's War in Angola, 1961-1976 Alexander Joseph Marino University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2015 America's War in Angola, 1961-1976 Alexander Joseph Marino University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Marino, Alexander Joseph, "America's War in Angola, 1961-1976" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1167. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/1167 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. America’s War in Angola, 1961-1976 America’s War in Angola, 1961-1976 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History by Alexander J. Marino University of California, Santa Barbara Bachelor of Arts in History, 2008 May 2015 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council ______________________________________ Dr. Randall B. Woods Thesis Director ______________________________________ Dr. Andrea Arrington Committee Member ______________________________________ Dr. Alessandro Brogi Committee Member ABSTRACT A study of the role played by the United States in Angola’s War of Independence and the Angolan Civil War up to 1976. DEDICATION To Lisa. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Debate on Race Relations in the Portuguese Empire and Charles R
    The Debate on Race Relations in the Portuguese Empire and Charles R. Boxer’s Position1 Diogo Ramada Curto2 Abstract How do we read Charles Boxer's Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire (1450- 1825)? In order to identify the author's intention, three main analytical contexts should be taken into account. In England, Basil Davidson, among other journalists, took the lead of an anti-colonial discourse. In the US, academics like James Duffy participated in the same kind of debate. Finally, under the pressure of the emerging war in Angola at the beginning of 1961, Portuguese circles of academics and politicians prepared a variety of responses. Boxer arrived late to the debate on race relations and the nature of Portuguese colonialism, and his conservative views prevented him from becoming an anti-colonial intellectual. By the same token, his noble dream of objectivity in using the past also prevented him to accept established myths on Portuguese life in the tropics. Keywords Colonialism, Race relations, Charles R. Boxer, Historiography Resumo Como ler As Relações Raciais no Império Colonial Português (1450-1825) de Charles B. Boxer? Para colocar a intenção do autor nos seus contextos de pertinência, três exercícios analíticos deverão ser considerados. Em Inglaterra, Basil Davidson, entre outros jornalistas, foi pioneiro na elaboração de um discurso anti-colonial. Nos Estados Unidos, foram universitários, tais como James Duffy, que participaram no mesmo tipo de debate. Finalmente, sob a pressão do início da Guerra em Angola em 1961, os círculos portugueses ligados à academia e à política prepararam uma variedade de respostas. Boxer chegou tarde ao debate sobre as relações raciais e a natureza do colonialismo português.
    [Show full text]
  • GENERAL PLENARY MEETING ASSEMBLY Thur.Day, 20 April 1961, FIFTEENTH SESSION (It 10.80 A.M
    J lfnil6d Nations *' BOOth GENERAL PLENARY MEETING ASSEMBLY Thur.day, 20 April 1961, FIFTEENTH SESSION (It 10.80 a.m. Official Records New York CONTENTS 4. At the very moment when world public opinion is Page Agenda itGIn 92: focused on the historic trial of the century, the new The situation in Angola............................ 381 trial at Jerusalem where a monster stands before his judges, at the very time when several Asian and American countries are working for the complete de­ , President: Mr. Frederick H. BOLAND (Ireland). colonization of all continents, Africa, the still down­ trodden Mrica, is wondering bitterly when the Eu,ropean nations will act to stay the butcher's ann of the tyrants among them, the A.(1olf Eichmanns in their midst. ' AGENDA ITEM 92 5. For day ~er day in these African lands Qf Angola The situation in Angola and Cabinda, the long, sad list of Mrican martyrs grows ever longer. Indeed, they are' t~rrible, the o ·1. The PRESIDENT: At the 966th meeting the butchers. of the Angolans and theCabindans. They ·Assembly decided that this item should be dealt· with began with, the shooting at Leopoldville on 4 January directly ,in plenary meeting. In connr-xion with this 1959. Congolese killed by Portuguese bullets were item, thirty-six Members of the Assembly, have sub­ buried. Yes, ,in the very heart of,Leppoldville, Por­ mitted a draft resolution [A/L.345 a:nd Add.1-5]. tuguese fired on Congolese during the riots at that 2; Mr. DADET (Congo, Brazzaville) (translated time. And today, with a truly Satanic cynical ""lee, they from French): On behalf of the.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races
    OufO 3 1924 074 488 234 All books are subject to recall after two weeks Olin/Kroch Library DATE DUE -mr -^ l99T 'li^^is Wtt&-F£SeiW SPRIHG 2004 PRINTED IN U.S.A. The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924074488234 In compliance with current copyright law, Cornell University Library produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 1994 (Kambtitrge i^istotical Series EDITED BY G. W. PROTHERO, LiTT.D. HONORARY FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. THE COLONIZATION OF AFRICA. aonbon: C. J. CLAY AND SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, Ave Maria Lane. ©lasBoiu: 263, ARGYLE STREET. Ecipjis: F. A. BROCKHAUS. jjefagorl:: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. JSomlaj: E. SEYMOUR HALE. A HISTORY OF THE COLONIZATION OF AFRICA BY ALIEN RACES BY SIR HARRY H. JOHNSTON, K.C.B. (author of "BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA," ETC.). WITH EIGHT MAPS BY THE AUTHOR AND J. G. BARTHOLOMEW. CAMBRIDGE: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1899 9 [All Rights reserved-^ GENERAL TREFACE. The aim of this series is to sketch tlie history of Alodern Europe, with that of its chief colonies and conquests, from about the e7id of the fifteenth century down to the present time. In one or two cases the story will connnence at an earlier date : in the case of the colonies it will usually begin later.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Angola
    Dickinson College Dickinson Scholar Faculty and Staff Publications By Year Faculty and Staff Publications 11-2017 A History of Angola Jeremy R. Ball Dickinson College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.dickinson.edu/faculty_publications Part of the African History Commons Recommended Citation Ball, Jeremy. "The History of Angola." In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. (Article published online November 2017). http://africanhistory.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/ 9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-180 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Dickinson Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The History of Angola Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History The History of Angola Jeremy Ball Subject: Central Africa, Colonial Conquest and Rule Online Publication Date: Nov 2017 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.180 Summary and Keywords Angola’s contemporary political boundaries resulted from 20th-century colonialism. The roots of Angola, however, reach far into the past. When Portuguese caravels arrived in the Congo River estuary in the late 15th century, independent African polities dotted this vast region. Some people lived in populous, hierarchical states such as the Kingdom of Kongo, but most lived in smaller political entities centered on lineage-village settlements. The Portuguese colony of Angola grew out of a settlement established at Luanda Bay in 1576. From its inception, Portuguese Angola existed to profit from the transatlantic slave trade, which became the colony’s economic foundation for the next three centuries. A Luso- African population and a creole culture developed in the colonial nuclei of Luanda and Benguela (founded 1617).
    [Show full text]
  • The Sociolinguistic Situation and National Identity of Cape Verde
    Undergraduate Review Volume 10 Article 24 2014 The oS ciolinguistic Situation and National Identity of Cape Verde Melissa Oquendo Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev Part of the Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics Commons Recommended Citation Oquendo, Melissa (2014). The ocS iolinguistic Situation and National Identity of Cape Verde. Undergraduate Review, 10, 116-119. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev/vol10/iss1/24 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Copyright © 2014 Melissa Oquendo The Sociolinguistic Situation and National Identity of Cape Verde MELISSA OQUENDO Melissa Oquendo is ape Verde is a West African country located in the Atlantic Ocean, a senior majoring in off the coast of Senegal. The archipelago is composed of 10 islands, 9 of which are populated (Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau, Sal, Sociology. Her research Boa Vista, Maio, Santiago, Fogo, and Brava). Santa Luzia is the only on the languages of Cuninhabited island. Cape Verde was colonized by the Portuguese and therefore Cape Verde began includes a rich mix of Portuguese and African cultures. during the winter of her junior year Because today’s Cape Verdeans are descendants of both the Portuguese and when she traveled to Cape Verde West Africans, there are elements of both in their languages, traditions, his- as a part of the Language Study tory, and development as a nation. These Portuguese and West African influ- ences are seen on a daily basis in Cape Verdeans’ choice of languages. This Tour with Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Struggle for Independence
    - ^) ?rcsutcenycaÀnê ^r.49, ,/.2O (n69) (E*gl;sheA.) p,26-tt6. THE STRUGGLEFOR INDEPENDENCE IN MOZAMBIQUE* DR. EDUARDOMONDLANE EARLYCONTACTS WITH PORTUGAL. The Portugüese claim that they were. in Mozambique since the encl of the 15th century. In fact, it rvould be more accurate to say that the Portuguese first touched the coast of Mozam- bique at the end of the 15th century, for it is one thing to touch a coast and another to establish an enduring relation- ship with the people in it. When Vasco de Gama landed in Natal, South Africa, on Christmas Day, 1197, later in Inham- bene and finally in Sofala, he was reallv groping for the way to India and not in the least interested in establishing any trading posts in East Africa. OnÌy in the 16th centurv did the Portuguese find it necessary to set these up in the country. The first post was established on the island of Mozambique, obviouslv to avoid direct contact with the people on the mainlancl, and for the supply of the ships sailing from Lisbon to India with fresh food. Later in the 16th centurv, the Portuguese attacked the various coastal city-states which were lrcginning to question their intrusion in the trade with India. Yet everv time the Portuguese talk about their telat- inship q'ith Mozambique they refer to a " five hundred vears' presence ", with the obvious implication that they had devel- oped <leep roots in the country that would be difficult, if not impossible, to uproot. It must be pointed out at the outset that this approach to history is typical of practically all colonial powers when they are pressed to show cause why they should not yield their imperial authority to the indigenous peoples.
    [Show full text]