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International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 10 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.710.359

Diversity and Distribution of in India with Reference to Central Indian

R.K. Verma1, Vimal Pandro1* and Abhishek Pyasi2

1Forest Pathology Discipline, Forest Protection Division, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur - 482 021, Madhya Pradesh, India 2Dayanand Anglo Vedic Public School, Burhar–484110, Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

An account of belonging to genus Russula reported from different part of India K e yw or ds is given. Total 124 species of the genus were compiled from literature with their records of

Agaricomycetes, habitat, distribution and references. Russula species were recorded from 13 states of India. Distribution , Ecto- Uttarakhand represent the maximum diversity of Russula species (57) followed by Kerala mycorrhiza, Russula, Sal (17), Himachal Pradesh (13), West Bengal (13), Jammu and Kashmir and Sikkim 10 forest species each, Madhya Pradesh (6) and Nagaland (6). Other states from where species Article Info recorded include Meghalaya (3), Punjab (2) while Maharashtram and Tamil Nadu are represented by only one species each. Six species of Russula namely: R. adusta, R. Accepted: cinerella, R. congoana, R. delicula, R. leelavathyi and R. michiganensis were recorded and 24 September 2018 Available Online: described for the first time from Sal forest of central India (Madhya Pradesh and 10 October 2018 Chhattisgarh). These fungi are known to form ectomycorrizal association with sal trees. Among them some species are edible and sold in the local market during rainy season. Introduction Rhododendron, Shorea, Tsuga, Vateria, etc. The genus is represented by about 130 taxa Members of the Russula ceae are from India (Das et al., 2014). North-western characterized by their fleshy and often brightly subtropical and temperate forests of coloured fruiting bodies with prominent Himalayan region of Uttarakhand state are lamellae, a heteromerous context traversed by represented most Russula species. There is a conducting hyphae, warted, light-colored large gap that exists with respect to knowledge amyloid basidiospores which exhibit various diversity of macro-fungi in India. For proper types of ornamentations. Russula ceae was planning and management of forests and the established by Roze in 1876 and it is one of conservation of their biodiversity, the largest ectomycorrhizal families. The characterization, systematics and ecology of members of this family form ectomycorrhizal these macro-fungi is essential. Many Russula association in different angiosperm and species for example, R. crustosa, R. lutea, R. gymnosperm trees like Abies, Acer, Betula, olivacea, R. parvovirescens, R. senecis, R. Diospyros, Hopea, Larix, Myristica, virescens are edible (Atri et al., 2010; Das et

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(10): 3078-3103 al., 2002; Bhatt and Lakhanpal, 1988a, b; Rawla, 2001; Rawla and Sarwal, 1983; Kalita et al., 2016; Khatua et al., 2015; Romagnesi, 1945; Saini et al., 2010; Saini and Semwal et al., 2014). The present paper Atri, 1981, 1984, 1989a, b; Saini et al., 1988, provides a comprehensive database of 1989; Sarwal, 1984; Sathe et al., 1980; diversity of Russula species in India. Shaffer, 1962; Shajahan and Samajpati, 1995; Sixspecies of Russula from central India are Sharma and Das, 2002; Varghese et al., 2010; alsodescribed. Edible species are also listed. Vishwakarma et al., 2012; Vrinda et al., Vrinda 1997a, b; Watling and Gregory, 1980)) Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Specimens of mushrooms were collected from Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh during Taxonomic description rainy seasons. Some parts of collected samples were preserved in 70% alcohol just after Russula adusta (Pers.) Fr. (Figures 1-4) collection for microscopic study. The fruit bodies of fungi were dried under the sun or in = Agaricusadustus Pers. = Omphaliaadusta the wooden box lighted with 100W electric Pers. bulb. Microscopic slides were prepared by using stain, mountant, clearing and softening Basidiome medium to large sized. Pileus 5- chemicals. Slides were observed under 8cm diam, with a deep depression at centre at advanced research microscope (Leica, maturity; margin in rolled when young, Germany) using 5x, 10x, 20x, 40x objectives becoming uplifted when fully expanded; and 10x and 15x eyepieces. surface dull white becoming grayish white then dark brown and finally black on handling Observations under phase contrast and dark or aging, non-striate. adnate, white field were also made whenever required. turning black on handling, more or less Photomicrography was done with the help of a crowded with lamellulae of different lengths, digital camera (make, Leica) attached to the sometimes bifurcated close to the ; edge advanced microscope. Identification of fungi smooth, entire. Stipe 4-6 x 1-2cm, central has been done with the help of published equal, solid; surface chalky white, literature, monographs, books, keys, etc. immediately turning black when handled, (Abraham et al., 1980; Atri and Kour, 2003; odour not distinctive. Context white Atriand Saini, 1986, 1990a; 1990b; 1990c; discolouring blackish on exposure, Atri et al., 1992, 1997, 2016; Berkeley, 1851, heteromerous with nests of sphaerocytes. 1856, 1876; Bhatt et al., 1995, 2007; 6-8 x 5-7µm globose to broadly ovoid, Buyckand Atri, 2011; Chaudharyand Tripathy, strongly amyloid with an ornamentation of 2016; Crouset al., 2016; Das, 2013; Das and prominently verrucose and connective forming Sharma, 2001, 2003, 2005b; Das et al., 2002c; a partial reticulum; supra-hilarplageinamyloid. 2005a, 2006, 2008; 2010; 2013a,b; 2014; Basidiaclavate 31-46 x 7-8µm, tetrasporate. 2017; Dhancholia, 2011; Duttaet al., 2015; Lamella-edge sterile with croweded Farooket al., 2013; Ghosh and Das, 2017; macrocystidia 59-80 x 6-8µm, clavate, Hedawoo, 2010; Joshi et al., 2012; Kauret al., mucronate with oleaginous refractive contents 2011; Kumar et al., 2014; Manimohanand discolouring black, pleurocystidia similar. Deepna, 2011; Mohanan, 2011, 2014; Haymenophoraltrama heteromorphous with Natarajanand Raman, 1983; Pavithra et al., sphaerocytes. Pileipellis an exocutis devoid of 2017; Pradeep and Vrinda, 2007, 2010; dermatocystidia. Caulocystidia, 30-45x5-7µm.

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Collection examined Russula congoana Pat. (Figures 8-11)

Mycorrhizal on sal (Shorearobusta), Basidiome small to medium sized.Pileus 4-5.5 Amarkantak-Achanakmar Biosphere Reserve, cm. diam, at first convex then expanded with Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, slight central depression; surface uniformely 24/07/2012, Mycology Herbarium, Tropical pastel red to red, smooth finely striate at the Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur TF 2789. margin, sticky. Lamellae adnate, white to pale cream exceeding the gills, up to 5mm wide, Russula cinerella Pat. (Figures 5-7) close; edge entire, concolourous to the sides. Context thin white. Stipe 2.5-3.5cm x 7-12 Basidiomesare small to medium sized, pileus mm, central cylindrical equal or slightly 4-7cm diam, convex to applanate, depressed at broader at the base, solid becoming stuffed the centre, surface light grey to brownish and hollow surface creamy white with a orange, silky, dry smooth, margin undulate pinkish fint at the base, smooth. Odour and incurved. Lamellae adnate, white pleasant, test met distinctive. Spores 4-6 x 3- becoming pale yellowish, crowded up to 5mm 5µm, subglobose ellipsoid to oblong, densely wide. Stipe 4-6 x 1.0-1.4cm, cylindric, solid; ornamented with coarse, amyloid, verrucose surface white. Context up to 5mm thick, white interconnected by a reticulate system. becoming pinkish brown on exposure. - Basidiaclavate, 29-39 x 10-14µm, 4-spored. print pale cream. Spores 5-8 x 5-7.5µm, sub- Macrocystidia scattered on both edges and globose to ovoid, hyaline, ornamented with sides of the lamellae, 33-51 x 9-12µm, clavate very fine, amyloid. Besidia 34-40 x 8-10µm, to fusiform, frequently mucronate, thin walled. clavate, bearing 4 sterigmata. Lamella-edge Subpellis slightly gelatinized. Suprapellis heteromorphous. Cheilocystidia 27-35 x 10- composed of eract, shortly cylindrical 12µm, cylindric to fusoid, often apically element, 3-5diam. Pileocystidia numerous, constricted or capitates, hyaline, with intermixed with hyphae, 33-200 x 4-8µm, numerous refractive contents. Pleurocystida cylindrical clavate to fusiform, obtuse or 31-41 x 8-9µm, sinuous, lanceolatefusoid, slightly constricted to fusiform, obtuse or often constricted or mucronate, with abundant slightly constricted at large apex. Clamp granular contents. Hymenophoraltrama connection absent. irregular and intermixed Pileal surface a disrupted trichodermium subtended by a broad Collection examined hypodermium. Trichodermium of more or less erect hyphae,2-3.5 µm diam., sometimes Mycorrhizal withsal, Amarkantak- agglutinated into fascicles; dermatocystidia Achanakmar Biosphere Reserve, Madhya absent. Hypodermium 110-130 µm thick, of Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, 24/07/2012, tightly interwoven hyphae, slightly Mycology Herbarium, Tropical Forest agglutinated. Research Institute, Jabalpur, TF2790.

Collection examined Russula delicula Romagn. (Figures 12-14)

Mycorrhizal on sal, Amarkantak-Achanakmar Bisidiome small to medium sized. Pileus 4.5- Biosphere Reserve, Madhya Pradesh and 5.5cm diam, convex becoming uplifted and Chhattisgarh, 24/07/2012. Mycology infundibula form at maturity margin inrolled Herbarium, Tropical Forest Research Institute, when young, becoming uplifted when fully Jabalpur TF 2788. expanded; surface yellowish grey with grayish

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(10): 3078-3103 orange tints, viscid when wet, otherwise dry, adnexed to subdecurrent, white up to 3mm non-striate. Lamellae subdecurrent, white, up white, heteromerous with thin walled hyaline to 4mm broad, often forked at or near the hyphae 2-6mm wide intermixed with stipe, interveinose, white to pale buff, close, sphaerocytes 17-23µm. Stipe 3-5cm x 5- without lamellulae; edge smooth, entire. 13mm, central, cylindrical, equal, solid, Context white. Stipe 15-32 x 1.2-2 mm; becoming stuffed; surface white, smooth. central, equal or slightly attenuated below, Basidiopores 7.5-6.25 x 7.5-7.5µm, solid; surface white, smooth, annulus absent. subglobose to broadly ovoid, hyaline with an ornamentation of coarse, amyloid, verrucose Odour not distinctive Spores 5.0-8.75 x 5.0- and scattered fine connectives forming a pilus 7.5µm, globose to broadly avoid strongly reticulum. Basidiaclavate 45-56 x 7-9 µm, amyloid with an ornamentation of moderately tetraspored. large verrucose& thin connectives forming a partial to complete reticulam. Basidia 36-41 x Lamella edge sterile, cheilocystidia 33-35 x 9- 4-7µm, clavate, tetrasporate. Cystidia 10µm, clavate, fusoid, lageniform often with scattered both on edges & sides of the actually pointed or mucronate apex. lamellae, 78-112 X 15-26µm clavate-fusoid Macrocystidia 73-87 x 4.7-6.5µm, ventricose, sometimes with a long, attenuated neck fusoid to acuminate, thin-walled, with bearing a small bulk apically, filled with granular contents, numerous both on sides and oleaginous refractive contents. Subhymenium edges of the lamellae. Hymenophoraltrama psendoparenchymatous. Hymenophoraltrama hateromerous composed of thin–walled, heteromorphous pileipellis with horizontally hyaline hyphae, intermixed with sphaerocytes. arranged non-gelatinized hyphre, devoid of Piliepellis distinctly two layered an upper dermatocystidia. epithelial layer and a lower loosely interwoven gelatinized layer. Stipitipellis with abundant Collection examioned caulocystedia 20-40 x 7-12µm similar to cheilocystedia. The furcated lamellae together Mycorrhizal on sal, Amarkantak-Achanakmar with lack of lamellulae are characteristic Biosphere Reserve, Madhya Pradesh and feature of this species. Chhattisgarh, 24/07/2012, Mycology Herbarium, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Collection examined Jabalpur, TF 2792. Mycorrhizal on sal, Amarkantak-Achanakmar Russula leelavathyi K.B. Vrinda, C.K. Biosphere Reserve, Madhya Pradesh and Pradeep & T.K. Abraham (Figures 15-17) Chhattisgarh, 24/07/2012, Mycology Herbarium, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Basidiome small to medium sized pilus 3-5cm Jabalpur, TF 2793. diam., fleshy, convex than expanded with a central depression; surface uniformely ivory to Russula michiganensis Shaffer (Figures 18- grayish white, areolately cracked forming 20) patches of ivory squamules on a off white ground, entire at the disk; margin radially Sporocarp small to medium sized. Pileus up to plicato-striate for two third of radium from the 2.5-6cm diam, convex to broadly convex with margin and cracking along radial striae to a central depression becoming uplifted in expose underlying white context below, older ones; surface grayish brown becoming gelatinized under wet weather. Lamellae black on aging, non-striate.

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Table.1 Distribution of Russula in India

S. Name of Habit Distribution Reference N. 1. Russula abbotensisK. - From Abbot Mount, Das and Das & J.R. Sharma Champawat, Sharma Uttarakhand (2005a) 2. Russula aciculocystis - Thiruvananthapura Pradeep and Kauffman ex Bills & m, Kerala Vrinda O.K. Mill. (2010); Mohanan (2011, 2014) 3. Russula adusta(Pers.) Fr. in leaf litter and From Kailana, Saini and ectomycorrhizal Chakrata, Atri (1984); with Vateriaindica Mayawati, Atri and Jageshwar, Saini Uttarakhand; (1990b); Das Malappuram and and Sharma Thiruvananthapura (2005b);Prad m, Kerala and eep and Mangalore, Vrinda, Karnataka (2010);Moha nan (2011, 2014); (Pavithra et al., (2017) 4. Russula - Puliebzie, Zakhama Kumar et al., aerugineaLindblad:-Fr. and Pherma forest (2014) ranges, Nagaland 5. Russula - Kailana, Chakrata, (Atri, Saini, alachuanaMurrill Uttarakhand 1986). 6. Russula albidaPeck - Nagdev-Jhandidhar Bhatt et al., Forest, Punjab and (1995) Khirsu Forest, Uttarakhand 7. Russula Ectomycorrhizal on sal in sal Deoban, Chakrata, Saini and albonigra(Krombh.) Fr. forest Uttarakhand, Atri (1984); Gidhani and Atri and Jhargram, West Saini (1986, Bengal 1990a);Shaja han and Samajpati (1995) 8. Russula alnetorum in leaf litter in the forest Mankoi and Kumar et al., Romagnesi range Chungtia, Nagaland (2014) 9. Russula alutacea (Fr.) on wood Gulmarg, Jammu Berkeley 3082

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Fr. ≡ alutaceus and Kashmir (1876) Fr., 10. Russula amoenaQuél. - Palakkad, Kollam, Vrinda et al., Wayanad, and (1997c); Thiruvananthapura Pradeep and m, Kerala Vrinda (2010; Mohanan (2011) 11. Russula amoenicolor - JabbarKhet, Rawla and Romagn. Mussoorie, Sarwal Uttarakhand (1983). 12. Russula amoenicolorvar. - Ramgarh, Nainital, Das et al., Ramgarhensis K. Das, Uttarakhand (2005a). J.R. Sharma & R.P. Bhatt 13. Russula amoenolens From Nagdev-Jhandidhar Khirsu, Uttarakhand Bhatt et al., Romagn. Forest (1995) 14. Russula anatine DafiaDhura, Das and Romagn. Pithoragarh; Sharma Dhakuri, (2003) Bageshwar, Uttarakhand 15. Russula appendiculata Associated with Pinus Gagar, Nainital, Das et al., K. Das, S.L. Mill. & J.R. Uttarakhand (2006a) Sharma 16. Russula arunii S. Paloi, On the base West Bengal, in Crous et A.K. Dutta& K. Acharya of Pterigotaalata (Stercaliace (Botanical Garden al., (2017) ae) of the Ballygunge Science College campus, Kolkata) 17. Russula atropurpurea In leaf litter and Chakrata, Atri, Saini (Krombh.) Britzelm. ectomycorrhizal Uttarakhand; 1986; Saini, with Vateriaindica Malappuram and Atri (1989b); Nilambur, Kerala Pavithra et and Mangalore, al., (2017); Karnataka Mohanan (2011, 2014) 18. Russula atropurpurea From dominated Gulmarg, Jammu Dar et al., Peck. forest under and Kashmir (2010) 19. Russula aurataFr. - Deoban, Chakrata, Atri and Uttarakhand Saini, (1986); Saini and Atri(1989b); Saini et al., (1989)

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20. Russula aurea Pers. From conifer dominated Gulmarg, Jammu Dar et al., forest and Kashmir (2010) 21. Russula aureorubra K. In temperate broadleaf forest Sikkim in Das et al., Das, A. Ghosh, associated with Lithocarpus (2017) Baghela&Buyck 22. Russula aurora - Chakrata, Saini et al., (Krombh.) Bres. Mussoorie, (1989) Uttarakhand 23. Russula azureaBres. Growing solitary on Churdhar, Himachal Saini et al., humicolous soil under Pradesh (2010) Juniperusrecurva 24. Russula brevipesPeck In forest areas Jageshwar,Mayawat Das and =Russula brevipesvar. i, Champawat, Sharma acriorShaffer Uttarakhand; (2005b); Nagaland Kumar et al., (Puliebzie, (2014); Zakhama, Chungtia) Watling and and Namcha forest Gregory ranges and Jammu (1980) and Kashmir 25. var. - Lohaghat, Das and acrior Shaffer Mayawati, Sharma Champawat; (2005b) Sandev, Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand 26. Russula Growing solitary on Narkanda, Himachal Kaur et al., brunneoviolaceaCrawsh humicolous soil in Pradesh (2011) ay var. macrosporaM. Abiespindrowforest Kaur, NS Atri, S. Sharma & Y. Singh 27. Russula buyckii K. Growing under Castanopsis Darjeeling, West Paloi et al., Acharya, S. Paloi& A.K. sp., among mosses Bengal (2016) Dutta 28. Russula Growing solitary on Hattu Peak, Kaur et al., brunneoviolaceavarrube humicolous soil in a broad Himachal Pradesh (2011) ogriseaRomang, leaved forest 29. Russula californiensis Growing on hard ground in Kasauli, Himachal Chaudhary, Burl August Pradesh Tripathy (2016) 30. Russula cinerellaPat. - Wayanad, Kerala Mohanan (2011, 2014) 31. Russula cinnabarina On clay bank Darjeeling, West Berkeley Berk. Bengal (1851) 32. - Amravati, Hedawoo

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Grove Maharashtra (2010) 33. Russula compactaFrost - Abbot Mt., Sandev, Das and DafiaDhura, Sharma Uttarakhand (2005b) 34. Russula congoanaPat. - Mussoorie, Sarwal Uttarakhand; (1984); Ernakulam, Kollam, Pradeep and Malappuram, Vrinda Wayanad and (2010); Thiruvananthapura Varghese et m, Kerala al., (2010); Mohanan (2011) 35. Russula consobrina (Fr.) - Jamnotri, Atri and Fr. Hanumanchatti, Saini (1986, Uttarakhand 1990a) 36. Russula - North West Sharma et al., cremeoavellanea Singer Himalayas, (2016) Himachal Pradesh 37. Russula crustosa Peck. Solitary-scattered Shimla, Himachal Bhatt and underPiseasmithiana, Pradesh Lakhanpal Pinuswalitiana, (1988a) Quercusincana and Rhododendron arboretum 38. Russula cyanoxantha Ectomycorrhizal on sal Gidhanisal forest, Shajahan and (Schaeff.) Fr. West Bengal; Samajpati Chakrata, Kailana; (1995); Atri Joshimath, Oli and Saini Forest; Ramgarh; (1986, Lohaghat, 1990c); Das Champawat; and Sharma DafiaDhura, Maitly, (2005b). Uttarakhand 39. Russula dafianusK. Das - Dhakuri, Das and & J.R. Sharma Bageshwar; Sharma DafiaDhura; (2005b) Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand 40. Russula decipiens - Mukteshwar, Das and (Singer) Bon Nainital, Sharma Uttarakhand (2005b) 41. Russula decolorans (Fr.) - Kumaon and Das and Fr. Champawat, Sharma Mayawati; (2003) Mornoulla, Almora; Nainital, Ramgarh;

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Uttarakhand 42. Russula delica Fr. Ectomycorrhizal on sal Gidhani and Shajahan and Jhargram, West Samajpati Bengal and (1995); Chakrata, Deoban Atri and and Saini (1986) NainapeakUttarakha nd 43. Russula - Thiruvananthapura Pradeep and deliculaRomagn. m and Wayanad, Vrinda Kerala (2010); Mohanan (2011, 2014) 44. Russula densifoliaSecr. - Jammu and Kashmir Watling and ex Gillet Gregory (1980) 45. Russula dhakurianaK. Associated with Dhakuri, Das et al., Das, J.R. Sharma & S.L. Rhododendron Bageshwar, (2006a) Mills Uttarakhand, Himalaya 46. Russula - Adwani Forest, Bhatt et al., dissimulansShaffer Uttarakhand (1995) 47. Russula dubdiana K. On ground under Sikkim Das et al., Das, Atri&Buyck Castanopsishystrix in (2013) subtropical to temperate broad-leaved forest 48. - Khasi Hills, Berkeley (Schaeff.) Pers. Meghalaya and clay (1856) ≡AgaricusemeticusSchae banks, Darjeeling, ff. West Bengal 49. Russula farinipesRomell Growing in the mixed forest Himachal Predesh Saini and dominated by Pinus Atri (1989) wallichiana and Quercus incana 50. Russula firmula Jul. - Jammu and Kashmir Watling, Schäff. Gregory (1980) 51. Russula flavidavar. - Dhakuri, Das and Dhakurianus K. Das, Bageshwar, Sharma J.R. Sharma & R.P. Uttarakhand (2005a) Bhatt 52. Russula flocculosaBurl. - Chobattakhal, Bhatt et al., Phaedkhal, (2007) PauriGarhwal, Uttarakhand

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53. Russula foetens Pers. On humicolous soil, under Joshimath, Nainital, Saini and Quercusincana, Chakrata, Deoban, Atri (1984); Jamnotri, Saini and Uttarakhand; Atri (1981) Summer Hills, Simla, Himachal Pradesh 54. Russula - Nongkham, Namcha Kumar et al., fragrantissimaRomagn and Tigit forest (2014); range, Nagaland and Watling and Jammu and Kashmir Gregory (1980) 55. Russula furcataPers. Clay banks Sinchal, Sikkim, Berkeley Himalayas (1856) 56. Russula Growing solitary on Thiruvananthapura Pradeep and grataBritzelm.=Russula humicolous soil under m, Kerala and Vrinda laurocerasiMelzer Quercusincana Himachal Pradesh (2010); Saini and Atri (1989) 57. Russula griseocarnosa - Sikkim in Das et al., X.H. Wang, Zhu L. (2010) Yang & Knudsen 58. Russula grossa Berk. on earth and mossy bank Darjeeling, West Berkeley Bengal (1851) 59. Russula On humus under Aesculus JabbarKhet, Rawla and himalayanaRawal&Sarw and Acer Mussoorie, Sarwal al Uttarakhand (1983) 60. Russula hookeri S. Paloi, Growing solitary - group of Darjeeling, West Paloi et al., A.K. Dutta& K. Acharya two, under Castanopsis sp. Bengal (2015) among the mosses 61. Russula - Ernakulam, Mohanan hygrophyticaPegler Perumbavoorand (2011, 2014) Thiruvananthapura m, Kerala 62. Russula indicaSathe& - Idukki, Kerala in Sathe et J.T. Daniel al., (1980); Florence (2004) 63. Russula indoarmeniaca From broadleaf forest Baniyakund, Ghosh et al., A. Ghosh, K. Das & R.P. Rudraprayag, (2016) Bhatt Uttarakhand 64. Russula Associated with Lodhasuli forest, in Crous et intervenosaPaloi, A.K. Shorearobusta PaschimMidnapur, al., (2016) Dutta& K. Acharya West Bengal 65. Russula kanadii A.K. Growing solitary under Gurguripal forest, Dutta et al.,

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Dutta& K. Acharya Shorearobusta tree West Midnapur (2015) District, West Bengal 66. Russula khanchanjungae in mixed forest with Sikkim in Das et al., Van de Putte, K. Das Abiesdensa, Betulautilis and (2010) &Buyck (as Rhododendronbarbatum 'khanchanjungae) 67. Russula leelavathyi K.B. On sandy soil, associated Thiruvananthapura Vrinda et al., Vrinda, C.K. Pradeep& with Hopeaparviflora m, Malappuram and (1997a); T.K. Abraham Wayanad, Kerala Pradeep and Madhya Pradesh Vrinda (2007, 2010); Mohanan (2011, 2014) 68. Russula lepidaFr. ectomycorrhizal on sal; on Gidhani and Shajahan and clay bank, Darjeeling, WB; Jhargramsal forest, Samajpati reported edible from West Bengal; (1995); Tapovan, Dehradun, Uttrakhand (Berkeley Uttrakhand (1851); Semwal et al., (2014) 69. Russula lepidicolor growing scattered on Nagar Forest, Saini et al., Romagnesi humicolous soil in Manali, Himachal (2010) Cedrusdeodara forest Pradesh 70. Russula lutea, Bhatt et Solitary-scattered, associated Shimla, Himachal Bhatt and al., 1988a, b with Cedrusdeodara, Pradesh and lower Lakhanpal Piceasmithiana, Shiwalik Hills of (1988b); Pinuswalitiana, Uttarakhand Semwal et Quercusincana and al., (2014I Rhododendron arboreum and humicolous soil in sal forests 71. Russula luteotacta Rea - Thiruvananthapura Pradeep and m, Ernakulam and Vrinda Perumbavoor, (2010); Kerala Mohanan (2011, 2014) 72. Russula mariae Peck On soil under Hopeaponga, Shenkily, Mohanan H. parviflora, Kulathupuzha, (2014) Vateriaindica,Diospyrosmala Wayanad, Kerala barica forming ectomycorrhiza 73. Russula martinica Pegler On soil Malappuram, Mohanan underHopeaparviflora Nilambur, Kerala (2011, 2014) 74. Russula mayawatianaK. Associated with Quercus and Champawat, Das K et al., Das, S.L. Mill. & J.R. Rhododendron Mayawati, (2006a) Sharma Uttarakhand

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75. Russula michiganensis Under Hopeaponga, H. from Wayanad and Mohanan Shaffer parviflora, Vateriaindicaand Ernakulam, Kerala (2011, 2014) Diospyrosmalabarica 76. Russula minutulavar. - Kailana, Dhobighat, Saini and Minutula Velen. Alumandi, Atri (1984); Mussoorie, Saini et al., Joshimath, (1989) Uttarakhand 77. Russula In close association with Uttarakhand, Das K et al., mukteshwaricaK. Das, Myrica, Quercus and Himalayas (2005) S.L. Mill., J.R. Sharma Rhododendron & R.P. Bhatt 78. Russula - from JabbarKhet, Rawla and mussooriensisRawla&Sa Mussoorie, Sarwal rwal Uttarakhand (1983) 79. Russula mustelinaFr., - Chakrata, Kailana, Saini and Oli Forest Uttarakhand Atri (1984); (Atri and Saini (1986, 1990c) 80. Russula natarjaniiK. Associated with Dhakuri, Das et al., Das, J.R. Sharma &Atri Quercus species in moist, Bageshwar, (2006b) temperate, deciduous/mixed Uttarakhand forests 81. Russula nauseosa (Pers.) On ground amongst pine Gulmatg, Jammu Abraham et Fr. litter and Kashmir al., (1980); Watling and Gregory (1980) 82. Russula nigricansFr. - Chakrata, Saini and Uttarakhand Atri (1984); Saini et al., (1988) 83. Russula nobilisVelen In forest Pherma and Kumar et al., Mankoi, Nagaland (2014) 84. Russula obscuricolor K. On soil in mixed broad leaf Sikkim (in Das et al., Das, A. Ghosh&Buyck forest associated with (2017) Castanopsis 85. In forest ranges Lahorijan, Kumar et al., (Pers.) FrGray. Puliebzie, Zakhama, (2014) Nagaland 86. Russula - Chakrata, Saini et al., ochroleuca(Pers.) Fr. Uttarakhand (1989) 87. Russula - JabbarKhet, Rawla and odorataRomagn. Mussoorie, Sarwal

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Uttarakhand (1983) 88. Russula In dense clusters, around Shyrwat, Shillong, Kalita et al., olivacea(Schaeff.) Fr. trunks, in pine forest Meghalaya (2016) 89. Russula parazurea Jul. - Chennai, Tamil Natarajan and Schäff. Nadu Raman (1983c) 90. Russula Solitary, on ground, in Pine Shyrwat, Shillong, Kalita et al., parvovirescensBuyck, D. forest Meghalaya (2016) Mitch. &Parrent 91. Russula pauriensis A. On soil in mixed broadleaf Uttarakhand in Das et al., Ghosh, K. Das &Buyck forest associated with (2017) Quercus 92. Russula peckii Singer - from North West Sharma et al., Himalayas, (2016) Himachal Pradesh 93. Russula pectinata(Bull.) - JabbarKhet, Rawla and Fr. Mussoorie, Sarwal Uttarakhand (1983) 94. Russula pectinataFr. On humicolous soil under Chakrata, (Saini SS, Quercusincana, mycorrhizal Uttarakhand and Atri NS, with sal Gidhanisal forest, 1989); West Bengal (Shajahan M and Samajpati N, 1995) 95. Russula periglypta Berk. On soil under Vateriaindica, Thiruvananthapura Pradeep and & Broome Hopeaparvifloraand m, Nilambur and Vrinda Diospyrosmalabarica Malappuram, Kerala (2010); Manimohan, Deepna (2011); Mohanan (2011, 2014) 96. Russula - Jammu and Kashmir Watling and persicinaKrombh. Gregory (1980) 97. Russula petersenii A. On the soil under Uttarakhand Ghosh and Ghosh& K. Das Rhododendron Das (2017) 98. Russula - Dhakuri, Sharma et al., praetervisaSarnari Bageshwar; (2005) Mayawati and Mornoula, Champawat, Uttarakhand 99. Russula - Phedkhal, Bhatt et al.,

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pseudolepidaSinger PauriGarhwal; (2007) Mandal, Chamoli, Uttarakhand 100. Russula Solitary on humicolous soil Narkanda, Himachal Kaur et al., puellarisvarpuellaria Fr. among Fragaria sp., under Pradesh (2011) Cedrusdeodara 101. Russula puellarisvar. Associated with Quercus and Dhakuri, Das et al., atriiK. Das, S.L. Mill. & Rhododendron Bageshwar, (2006a) J. R Sharma Uttarakhand, (Himalayas) 102. Russula - Teka, Gandera, Bhatt et al., pulverulentaPeck PauriGarhwal, (2007) Uttarakhand 103. Russula - Thiruvananthapura Pradeep and purpureonigraPetch m and Malappuram, Vrinda Kerala (2010); Manimohan and Deepna (2011) 104. Russula rajendraeA. On the soil under Quercus Uttarakhand Ghosh and Ghosh& K. Das Das (2017) 105. Russula raoultiiQuél. - DafiaDhura, Das and Pithoragarh; Sharma Mornoulla, Almora, (2003) Uttarakhand 106. Russula - Dhakuri, Das and rhodomelaneaSarnari Bageshwar, Sharma Uttarakhand (2001b) 107. Russula romagnesiana - Thiruvananthapura Pradeep and Schaffer m, Kerala Vrinda (2010) 108. Russula rubra(Lam.) - Punjab Atri and Fr.=Russula rubra var. Kour (2003) hymenocystidiataAtri& Kour 109. Russula In pine wood; on the Sikkim, Himalayas Berkeley sanguinaria(Schumach. ground and (1851a); )Rauschert =Russula Mussoorie,Uttarak Mundkur rosacea (Pers.) Gray hand (1938) ≡AgaricusroseusSchaeff . 110. Russula sarnarii A. Growing under Pinus Uttarakhand Ghosh et al., Ghosh, K. Das & R.P. forest (2017) Bhatt 111. Ru ssula sanguinea Fr. - from Jammu and Watling and

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=AgaricussanguineusB Kashmir Gregory ull. (1980) 112. Russula - Mussoorie, Rawla and schaefferinaRawla&Sar Uttarakhand Sarwal wal (1983) 113. Russula senecis S. Imai In association with Western Ghats Natarajan et Vateriaindica, dipterocarp Sikkim al., (2005); forests, and under West Bengal Das (2009); Lithocarpus and Castenopsis Das et al., (2010); Khatua et al., (2015) 114. Russula sharmaeK. Das, On ground under Sikkim Das et al., Atri&Buyck Lithocarpuspachyphyllus in (2013) mixed forest 115. Russula shingbaensis K. On ground, sub-alpine forest, North district, Das et al., Das & S.L. Mill. under Abiesdensa, Sikkim (2014). ShingbaRhododendron wildlife sanctuary 116. Russula sikkimensis K. On ground in Abiesdensa Sikkim Das et al., Das, Atri&Buyck sub-alpine mixed forest (2013) 117. Russula silvicolaShaffer, - PauriGrahwal, Bhatt et al., Beih., Khirsu Uttarakhand (2007) 118. Russula subfoetensW.G. Solitary on humicolous soil Chakrata, Atri and Sm. unerCedrusdeodaraand Uttarakhand Saini (1986); Quercusincana Saini and Atri (1989a) 119. Russula thindii K. Das & On ground, coniferous forest, North district, Das et al., S.L. Mill. Abiesdensa, Shingba Sikkim (2014) Rhododendron wildlife sanctuary, 120. Russula tsokae K. Das, Under Tsugadumosa forest Sikkim in Das et al., Van de Putte&Buyck (2010) 121. Russula vaurasiana K. Associated with Quercus in Uttarakhand Das and Das & J.R. Sharma temperate mixed forest Sharma (2005b) 122. Russula velenovskyi In Oli Forest Joshimath, Atri and Melzer&Zvára Uttarakhand Saini (1986); Saini and Atri (1989b) 123. Russula vescaFr. Ectomycorrhizal on sal, Gidhani and Shajahan and Balibhasasal forest, Samajpati West Bengal (1995) 124. Russula - Dhobighat, Saini et al., virescens(Schaeff.) Fr., Mussoorie; (1988)

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Chakrata, Deoban, Uttarakhand

Table.2 Distribution of 124 species of Russula in different states of India

S. No. State Number of species Percentage (%) 1. Himachal Pradesh 13 9.2 2. Jammu and Kashmir 10 7.1 3. Karnataka 2 1.4 4. Kerala 17 12.1 5. Madhya Pradesh 6 4.3 6. Maharashtra 1 0.7 7. Meghalaya 3 2.1 8. Nagaland 6 4.3 9. Punjab 2 1.4 10. Sikkim 10 7.1 11. Tamil Nadu 1 0.7 12. Uttarakhand 57 40.4 13. West Bengal 13 9.2 Toal 141 100

Table.3 Edible species of Russula

S. No. Name of species Place Reference 1. Russula crustosa Himachal Pradesh Bhatt and Lakhanpal (1988a, b) 2. Russula lepida Tapovan, Dehradun, Semwal et al., (2014) Uttarakhand 3. Russula lutea Himachal Pradesh and Bhatt and Lakhanpal (1988b); Uttarakhand Semwal et al., (2014) 4. Russula olivacea Meghalaya Kalita et al., (2016) 5. Russula parvovirescens Meghalaya Kalita et al., (2016) 6. Russula senecis West Bengal Khatua et al., (2015) 7. Uttarakhand Saini et al., (1988)

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Fig.1-4 Russula adusta, 1 , 2 basidia, 3 basisiospores (100x).

1 2

3 4

Fig.5-7 Russula cinerella, 4 , 6 basidia and 6 basidiospores

5 6

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7

Fig.8-11 Russula congoana, 8-9 basidiocarp habit, 10 basidia and 11 basidiospores

8 9

10 11

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Fig.12-14 Russula delicula, 12 basidiocarp, 13 basidia, 14 basidiospores

12 13

14

Fig.15-17 Russula leelavathyi, 15-16 basidiocarp, 17 basidia and basidiospores

15 16

17

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Fig.18-20 Russula michiganensis, 18 basidiocarps different developing statges, 19 tetrasporatebasidia with developing basidiospores, 20 basidiospores

18 19

20

Fig.21 Tribal women selling Russula species in local market at Bajag in Dindori, Madhya Pradesh along with other mushroom (Astraeushygrometricus)

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Lamellaeadnate, white turning grayish black trees in central India. Its ectomycorrhizal to black on handling, more or less crowded association were reported in trees like, with lamellulae of different lengths, with Hopeaponga, H. parviflora, plenty of bifurcations; edge smooth, entire. Myristicamalabarica, Vateriaindica, and Context white up to 5mm thick. Discolouring Diospyrosmalabarica. The species is blackish on exposure, heteromerous with distributed at different places in India: nests of sphaerosytes. Stipe 3-6-5cm x 9- Kailana, Chakrata, Lohaghat, Mayawati, 17mm central, equal, solid; surface chalky Jageshwar and Champawatin Uttarakhand white, turning black when handled. Annulus (Saini and Atri 1984; Atri and Saini 1990b); absent. Odour not distinctive. Spores 5-8 x 3- Malappuram, Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala 5 µm, subglobose to broadly ovoid (Pradeep and Vrinda, 2010; Mohanan, 2011, ornamentation hardly up to 0.4 µm high small 2014) and Mangalore in Karnataka (Pavithra to medium sized warts and thick and fine et al., 2017). In the present study it is being ridges are connected to form a partial reported from Amarkantak-Achanakmar reticulum; Suprahilar phage inamyloid. Biosphere Reserve in Madhya Pradesh and Basidiaclavate, 24-26 x 4-6µm, tetrasporate. Chhattisgarh, India. Lamella-edge sterile with macrocystidia and leptocystidia. Macrocystidia 26-29 x 5-10µm, Russula cinerella is being reported cylindric, thin-walled with refractive contents, mycorrhizal with salfrom Amarkantak- concentrated near tip. Pleurocystidia abundant Achanakmar Biosphere Reserve, Madhya 27-55 x 4-7µm subcylindric with capitate Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. It was also reported apices or round with 2 or 3 sub-apical from Wayanad, Kerala growing solitary or constriction, at times curved with scarcely scattered in large groups on soil under visible contents, projecting prominently Hopeaparviflora, Vateriaindica, and beyond the , very abundant. Sub- Diospyrosmalabarica (Mohanan, 2011; hymenium pseudoparenchymatous, 2014). The species is also reported to be hymenophoraltrama heteromorphous with distributed in Madagascar (Patouillard, 1924). sphaerocytes. Russula congoana and R. deliculaform Collection examined ectomycorrhizal asocoiarion with sal (Shorearobusta Gaertn.). R. congoana has Mycorrhizal on sal, Amarkantak-Achanakmar worldwide distribution. It was earlier Biosphere Reserve, Madhya Pradesh and recorded from moist deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh, 24/07/2012, Mycology India from Mussoorie, Uttarakhand (Sarwal Herbarium, Tropical Forest Research 1984) and Ernakulam, Kollam, Malappuram, Institute, Jabalpur, TF 2787. Wayanad and Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. It is also distributed in moist-deciduous to Russula mushrooms distributd in different evergreen forests and occurs solitary or states of India are presented in Table 1. Total scattered on soil under Hopeaponga, H. 124 species were recorded from 13 states. parviflora, Myristica malabarica, States-wise status of species is presented in Vateriaindica, and Diospyros malabarica Table 2. Edible species are presented in Table forming an ectomycorrhizal association. The 3. species can be easily recognized by distinct pastel red pileus and the heavy ornamented Russula adustaformed mycorrhizal the spores. Ir is an edible species (Pradeep association with sal (Shorearobusta Gaertn.) and Vrinda 2010; Varghese et al., 2010;

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Mohanan 2011, 2014). R.deliculais widely edible species include R. olivacea and R. distributedin moist deciduous forests of India parvovirescens growing in pine forest at and reported from Thiruvananthapuram and Shillong in Meghalaya (Kalita et al., 2016). Wayanad, Kerala (Pradeep and Vrinda 2010; R.senecisis collected by tribes in West Bengal Mohanan 2011, 2014). Russula leelavathyi (Khatua et al., 2015). has worldwide distribution in North America, andmoist deciduous forests of India it In the present study out of six species was reported growing on sandy soil and was reported some species for example, associated with Hopeaparviflora from R.congoana collected from sal forest of Thiruvananthapuram, Malappuram and Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are also Wayanad, Kerala (Vrinda et al., 1997a; edible, these mushrooms were collected by Pradeep and Vrinda 2007, 2010; Mohanan the local tribal people and sold in local market 2011, 2014). In the present study it was also (Figure 21). recorded from Amarkantaka-Achanakmarsal forest of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. Mushrooms belong to genus Russula are widely distributed in India. 124 species of the Russula michiganensis is recorded on salfrom genus are listed from 13 states. Uttarakhand Amarkantaka-Achanakmarsal forest of represent the maximum diversity of Russula Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. Earlier the species and over 40% species recorded from species was recorded from moist deciduous this state only. Six species namely: Russula forests of India forming ectomycorrhizal adusta, R. cinerella, R. congoana, R. delicula, association with Hopeaponga, H. parviflora, R. leelavathyi and R. michiganensis are Vateriaindica and Diospyrosmalabarica in described occurring in sal forest of central Wayanad and Ernakulam, Kerala (Mohanan India. These fungi form ectomycorrizal 2014). This mushroom has worldwide association with sal trees and some edible distribution. Russula senecis, an edible species are also collected by the local people mushroom grows in association with and sold in thelocal market. Vateriaindica plants among the dipterocarp forests of Western Ghats (Natarajan et al., Acknowledgements 2005), and in mixed forests in Sikkim (Das, 2009; Das et al., 2010) is collected from The authors are thankful to Dr. G. Rajeshwar forests and sold in West Bengal (Khatua et Rao, Director, Tropical Forest Research al., 2015) Institute, Jabalpur for providing the research facilities. The work presented here was Many of Russula species are edible. Russula conducted under project ID No. crustosais an edible mushroom reported from 224/TFRI/2016/Patho-1(22) funded by India Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (Bhatt and Council of Forest Research & Education Lakhanpal 1988a). R. luteais another edible (ICFRE), Dehradun. mushroom growing in associated with Cedrusdeodara, Piceasmithiana, References Pinuswalitiana, Quercusincana and Rhododendron arboreum in Shimla and lower Abraham SP, Kachroo JL, Kaul TN (1980). Shiwalik Hills of Uttarakhand (Bhatt and Fleshy fungi of Gulmarg forest -I. Kavaka Lakhanpal 1988b), another edible mushroom, 8(1): 29-39. R. lepida was recorded on humicolous soil Atri NS, Kour H (2003). Some unrecorded light from sal forests (Semwal et al., 2014). Other spored mushrooms from Punjab. Indian Journal of Mushrooms 21:1-4.

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Atri NS, Saini SS (1990a) Studies on Russula Bhatt RP, Lakhanpal TN (1988a). Russula Pers. Section Decolorantes (Maire) Sing. crustosa Pk. – An addition to Indian Geobios New Reports 9: 10–13. edible mushrooms. Current Science Atri NS, Saini SS (1990b). North Indian 57(10): 560–561. Agaricales–VIII.The section compactae Bhatt RP, Lakhanpal TN (1988b). A new record Fr. of Russula Pers. in India. Journal of of edible Russula from, India. Current the Indian Botanical Society 69, 343–346. Science 57(22): 1257-1258. Atri NS, Saini SS (1990c). North Indian Bhatt RP, Purnima S, Semwal KC (2007). New Agaricales-VIII. The Section Compactae records of Russula from Garhwal Fr. of Russula Pers. Journal of Indian Himalaya. Mushroom Research 16(2): botanical Society 69: 343-346. 55– 60. Atri NS, Saini SS, Gupta AK, Kaur A, Kour H, Buyck Bart, Atri NS (2011). A Russula Saini SS (2010). Documentation of wild (, Russula les) with an edible mushrooms and their seasonal unprecedented hymenophore availability in Punjab. In: and configuration from northwest Himalaya ecology of Indian fungi. (Eds.: Mukerji (India). Cryptogamie Mycologie. 32(2): K.G. and Manoharachary C.) I.K. 185-190. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. ChaudharyRohina, TripathyAstha (2016). pp. 161–169. Diversity of wild mushroom in Himachal Atri NS, Saini SS, Saini MK (1997). Studies on Pradesh (India). International Journal of genus Russula Pers. from North Western Innovative Research in Science, Himalayas. Mushroom Res. 6: (1) 1-6. Engineering and Technology 5(6): 10859- Atri NS, Saini SS, Saini MK, Gupta AK (1992). 10886. Two new records of the genus Russula Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Burgess TI et al., from India.Geobios new Reports 11: 101- (2017). Fungal Planet description sheets: 103. 558–624. Persoonia 38: 240-384. Atri NS, Saini, SS (1986). Further contributions Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Richardson DM et on the studies of northwest Himalayan al., (2016). Fungal Planet description Russula ceae. Geobios New Reports 5: sheets: 400-468. Persoonia 36: 316-458 100–105. Das K (2009). Mushrooms of Sikkim I: Barsey Atri NS, Sharma Samidha, Kaur M, Das K Rhododendron Sanctuary. India: (2016). Researches on Russula ceous Botanical Survey of India & Sikkim State Mushrooms - An Appraisal.Kavaka 47: Biodiversity Board. 63-82. Das K (2013). Diversity of Berkeley MJ (1851). Decades of fungi.Decades ectomycorrhizalmacrofungi in Sikkim XXXII, XXXIII.Sikkim Himalaya fungi, Himalaya with special reference to the collected by Dr. J.D. Hooker. Hooker’s genera and Russula. In: Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Biodiversity and environmental issues Miscellany 3: 39-49. (ed. MM Sheikh). LAP Lambert Berkeley MJ (1856). Decades of fungi.Decades academic publishing, Germany, pp 224– I-LXII. Indian fungi. Hooker’s London, 263. Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Das K, Atri NS, Buyck B (2013a). Three new Miscellany 8: 174-280. species of Russula (Russula les) from Berkeley MJ (1876). Three fungi from Kashmir. India.Mycosphere 4(4): 707–717. Grevillea 4(31): 137-138. Das K, Atri NS, Buyck B (2013b). Three new Bhatt RP, Bhatt VK, Gaur RD (1995). Fleshy species of Russula (Russula les) from fungi of Gahwal Himalaya: The genus Sikkim (India). Mycosphere4(4): 722– Russula. Indian Phytopathology 48: 402– 732. 411. 3100

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How to cite this article:

Verma, R.K., Vimal Pandro and Abhishek Pyasi. 2018. Diversity and Distribution of Russula in India with Reference to Central Indian Species. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(10): 3078-3103. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.710.359

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