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Diversity and Distribution of Russula in India with Reference to Central Indian Species

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Diversity and Distribution of Russula in India with Reference to Central Indian Species Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(10): 3078-3103 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 10 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.710.359 Diversity and Distribution of Russula in India with Reference to Central Indian species R.K. Verma1, Vimal Pandro1* and Abhishek Pyasi2 1Forest Pathology Discipline, Forest Protection Division, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur - 482 021, Madhya Pradesh, India 2Dayanand Anglo Vedic Public School, Burhar–484110, Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT An account of mushrooms belonging to genus Russula reported from different part of India K e yw or ds is given. Total 124 species of the genus were compiled from literature with their records of Agaricomycetes, habitat, distribution and references. Russula species were recorded from 13 states of India. Distribution, Ecto- Uttarakhand represent the maximum diversity of Russula species (57) followed by Kerala mycorrhiza, Russula, Sal (17), Himachal Pradesh (13), West Bengal (13), Jammu and Kashmir and Sikkim 10 forest species each, Madhya Pradesh (6) and Nagaland (6). Other states from where species Article Info recorded include Meghalaya (3), Punjab (2) while Maharashtram and Tamil Nadu are represented by only one species each. Six species of Russula namely: R. adusta, R. Accepted: cinerella, R. congoana, R. delicula, R. leelavathyi and R. michiganensis were recorded and 24 September 2018 Available Online: described for the first time from Sal forest of central India (Madhya Pradesh and 10 October 2018 Chhattisgarh). These fungi are known to form ectomycorrizal association with sal trees. Among them some species are edible and sold in the local market during rainy season. Introduction Rhododendron, Shorea, Tsuga, Vateria, etc. The genus is represented by about 130 taxa Members of the Russula ceae are from India (Das et al., 2014). North-western characterized by their fleshy and often brightly subtropical and temperate forests of coloured fruiting bodies with prominent Himalayan region of Uttarakhand state are lamellae, a heteromerous context traversed by represented most Russula species. There is a conducting hyphae, warted, light-colored large gap that exists with respect to knowledge amyloid basidiospores which exhibit various diversity of macro-fungi in India. For proper types of ornamentations. Russula ceae was planning and management of forests and the established by Roze in 1876 and it is one of conservation of their biodiversity, the largest ectomycorrhizal families. The characterization, systematics and ecology of members of this family form ectomycorrhizal these macro-fungi is essential. Many Russula association in different angiosperm and species for example, R. crustosa, R. lutea, R. gymnosperm trees like Abies, Acer, Betula, olivacea, R. parvovirescens, R. senecis, R. Diospyros, Hopea, Larix, Myristica, virescens are edible (Atri et al., 2010; Das et 3078 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(10): 3078-3103 al., 2002; Bhatt and Lakhanpal, 1988a, b; Rawla, 2001; Rawla and Sarwal, 1983; Kalita et al., 2016; Khatua et al., 2015; Romagnesi, 1945; Saini et al., 2010; Saini and Semwal et al., 2014). The present paper Atri, 1981, 1984, 1989a, b; Saini et al., 1988, provides a comprehensive database of 1989; Sarwal, 1984; Sathe et al., 1980; diversity of Russula species in India. Shaffer, 1962; Shajahan and Samajpati, 1995; Sixspecies of Russula from central India are Sharma and Das, 2002; Varghese et al., 2010; alsodescribed. Edible species are also listed. Vishwakarma et al., 2012; Vrinda et al., Vrinda 1997a, b; Watling and Gregory, 1980)) Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Specimens of mushrooms were collected from Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh during Taxonomic description rainy seasons. Some parts of collected samples were preserved in 70% alcohol just after Russula adusta (Pers.) Fr. (Figures 1-4) collection for microscopic study. The fruit bodies of fungi were dried under the sun or in = Agaricusadustus Pers. = Omphaliaadusta the wooden box lighted with 100W electric Pers. bulb. Microscopic slides were prepared by using stain, mountant, clearing and softening Basidiome medium to large sized. Pileus 5- chemicals. Slides were observed under 8cm diam, with a deep depression at centre at advanced research microscope (Leica, maturity; margin in rolled when young, Germany) using 5x, 10x, 20x, 40x objectives becoming uplifted when fully expanded; and 10x and 15x eyepieces. surface dull white becoming grayish white then dark brown and finally black on handling Observations under phase contrast and dark or aging, non-striate. Lamella adnate, white field were also made whenever required. turning black on handling, more or less Photomicrography was done with the help of a crowded with lamellulae of different lengths, digital camera (make, Leica) attached to the sometimes bifurcated close to the stipe; edge advanced microscope. Identification of fungi smooth, entire. Stipe 4-6 x 1-2cm, central has been done with the help of published equal, solid; surface chalky white, literature, monographs, books, keys, etc. immediately turning black when handled, (Abraham et al., 1980; Atri and Kour, 2003; odour not distinctive. Context white Atriand Saini, 1986, 1990a; 1990b; 1990c; discolouring blackish on exposure, Atri et al., 1992, 1997, 2016; Berkeley, 1851, heteromerous with nests of sphaerocytes. 1856, 1876; Bhatt et al., 1995, 2007; Spores 6-8 x 5-7µm globose to broadly ovoid, Buyckand Atri, 2011; Chaudharyand Tripathy, strongly amyloid with an ornamentation of 2016; Crouset al., 2016; Das, 2013; Das and prominently verrucose and connective forming Sharma, 2001, 2003, 2005b; Das et al., 2002c; a partial reticulum; supra-hilarplageinamyloid. 2005a, 2006, 2008; 2010; 2013a,b; 2014; Basidiaclavate 31-46 x 7-8µm, tetrasporate. 2017; Dhancholia, 2011; Duttaet al., 2015; Lamella-edge sterile with croweded Farooket al., 2013; Ghosh and Das, 2017; macrocystidia 59-80 x 6-8µm, clavate, Hedawoo, 2010; Joshi et al., 2012; Kauret al., mucronate with oleaginous refractive contents 2011; Kumar et al., 2014; Manimohanand discolouring black, pleurocystidia similar. Deepna, 2011; Mohanan, 2011, 2014; Haymenophoraltrama heteromorphous with Natarajanand Raman, 1983; Pavithra et al., sphaerocytes. Pileipellis an exocutis devoid of 2017; Pradeep and Vrinda, 2007, 2010; dermatocystidia. Caulocystidia, 30-45x5-7µm. 3079 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(10): 3078-3103 Collection examined Russula congoana Pat. (Figures 8-11) Mycorrhizal on sal (Shorearobusta), Basidiome small to medium sized.Pileus 4-5.5 Amarkantak-Achanakmar Biosphere Reserve, cm. diam, at first convex then expanded with Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, slight central depression; surface uniformely 24/07/2012, Mycology Herbarium, Tropical pastel red to red, smooth finely striate at the Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur TF 2789. margin, sticky. Lamellae adnate, white to pale cream exceeding the gills, up to 5mm wide, Russula cinerella Pat. (Figures 5-7) close; edge entire, concolourous to the sides. Context thin white. Stipe 2.5-3.5cm x 7-12 Basidiomesare small to medium sized, pileus mm, central cylindrical equal or slightly 4-7cm diam, convex to applanate, depressed at broader at the base, solid becoming stuffed the centre, surface light grey to brownish and hollow surface creamy white with a orange, silky, dry smooth, margin undulate pinkish fint at the base, smooth. Odour and incurved. Lamellae adnate, white pleasant, test met distinctive. Spores 4-6 x 3- becoming pale yellowish, crowded up to 5mm 5µm, subglobose ellipsoid to oblong, densely wide. Stipe 4-6 x 1.0-1.4cm, cylindric, solid; ornamented with coarse, amyloid, verrucose surface white. Context up to 5mm thick, white interconnected by a reticulate system. becoming pinkish brown on exposure. Spore- Basidiaclavate, 29-39 x 10-14µm, 4-spored. print pale cream. Spores 5-8 x 5-7.5µm, sub- Macrocystidia scattered on both edges and globose to ovoid, hyaline, ornamented with sides of the lamellae, 33-51 x 9-12µm, clavate very fine, amyloid. Besidia 34-40 x 8-10µm, to fusiform, frequently mucronate, thin walled. clavate, bearing 4 sterigmata. Lamella-edge Subpellis slightly gelatinized. Suprapellis heteromorphous. Cheilocystidia 27-35 x 10- composed of eract, shortly cylindrical 12µm, cylindric to fusoid, often apically element, 3-5diam. Pileocystidia numerous, constricted or capitates, hyaline, with intermixed with hyphae, 33-200 x 4-8µm, numerous refractive contents. Pleurocystida cylindrical clavate to fusiform, obtuse or 31-41 x 8-9µm, sinuous, lanceolatefusoid, slightly constricted to fusiform, obtuse or often constricted or mucronate, with abundant slightly constricted at large apex. Clamp granular contents. Hymenophoraltrama connection absent. irregular and intermixed Pileal surface a disrupted trichodermium subtended by a broad Collection examined hypodermium. Trichodermium of more or less erect hyphae,2-3.5 µm diam., sometimes Mycorrhizal withsal, Amarkantak- agglutinated into fascicles; dermatocystidia Achanakmar Biosphere Reserve, Madhya absent. Hypodermium 110-130 µm thick, of Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, 24/07/2012, tightly interwoven hyphae, slightly Mycology Herbarium, Tropical Forest agglutinated. Research Institute, Jabalpur, TF2790. Collection examined Russula delicula Romagn. (Figures 12-14) Mycorrhizal on sal, Amarkantak-Achanakmar Bisidiome small
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