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Black Lives Matter Als Dromenvanger in De Interventionistische Strijd Tegen Het Structureel Racisme in De Verenigde Staten

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Black Lives Matter Als Dromenvanger in De Interventionistische Strijd Tegen Het Structureel Racisme in De Verenigde Staten BLACK LIVES MATTER ALS DROMENVANGER IN DE INTERVENTIONISTISCHE STRIJD TEGEN HET STRUCTUREEL RACISME IN DE VERENIGDE STATEN EEN BEKNOPTE ZOEKTOCHT NAAR DE HEDENDAAGSE IDEOLOGIE VAN RACISME, MET ALS DOEL DE VISIE VAN DE BLM-BEWEGING TE KADEREN Wetenschappelijke verhandeling Aantal woorden: 26.787 Laurens Dickx Stamnummer: 01502822 Promotor: Prof. dr. Brecht De Smet Commisaris: Prof. dr. Koenraad Bogaert Masterproef voorgelegd voor het behalen van de graad master in de richting Politieke Wetenschappen afstudeerrichting Internationale Politiek Academiejaar: 2016 – 2017 “Toen de journaliste me naar mijn lichaam vroeg, leek het alsof ze me vroeg om haar uit haar fijnste droom te doen ontwaken. Ik heb die droom mijn hele leven gezien. Het is een Droom van mooie huizen met schitterende gazons. Met barbecues op Memorial Day, met buurtinitiatieven en opritten. Een Droom van boomhutten en padvinders. Een Droom die ruikt naar pepermunt en smaakt naar aardbeientaart. Ik heb lang in die Droom weg willen kruipen, mijn land als een deken over mijn hoofd willen trekken. Maar dat kon nooit, omdat de Droom op onze ruggen rust en op de bedding van onze lichamen is gemaakt. En met dit idee: dat de Droom blijft bestaan door met de wereld zoals die is in strijd te zien, voelde ik verdriet om de presentatrice, om al die gezinnen, om mijn land, - maar vooral, op dat moment, voelde ik verdriet om jou.” Ta-Nehisi Coates, Tussen de Wereld en Mij (2015, p. 16) I ABSTRACT De Verenigde Staten lijken zich maar niet te kunnen bevrijden uit de raciale wurggreep. De identiteit van het land is onlosmakelijk verbonden met een constante botsing op vlak van huidskleur. De zomer van 2014 bereikte een nieuwe climax met de protesten in Ferguson. Toch was er meer aan de hand dan louter de incidenten met de politie. Black Lives Matter ontstond als reactie op een nieuw soort racisme, namelijk een kleurenblinde versie, waarin het ideologisch aspect cruciaal blijkt. Tegen dat verdoken racisme bindt Black Lives Matter de strijd aan. In de thesis wordt dieper ingegaan op de ideologie van het hedendaags racisme om de beweegredenen van Black Lives Matter beter te kunnen kaderen. De thesis vangt aan met een onderzoek naar de visie van Black Lives Matter door gebruik te maken van interviews, speeches en lezingen. De zeven resulterende kenmerken vormen een referentiekader waarnaar in het verloop van de thesis wordt terugverwezen. In de overige hoofdstukken wordt het ideologische aspect van racisme bestudeerd. Concepten als het kleurenblinde racisme, cultuuressentialisme, abstract liberalisme of de sociale constructies rond zwart- en wit-zijn worden met de geschikte context onder de loep genomen. Het laatste deel van de thesis legt zich toe op de werken van drie auteurs, elk met hun eigen achtergrond: Ta-Nehisi Coates, Cornel West en Frantz Fanon. Het verloop van de zoektocht naar de ideologie van racisme en het telkens terugkoppelen naar het denken van Black Lives Matter vormen het resultaat van de thesis. De parallellen tussen de aangehaalde theorieën, concepten en inzichten zijn veelvuldig aanwezig. De raakvlakken strekken zich uit over tijd, ruimte en perspectief en kaderen de opkomst en het belang van Black Lives Matter als fragment binnen de langgerekte en continue strijd tegen het racisme in de Verenigde Staten. II DANKWOORD Allereerst wil ik mijn ouders bedanken. 23 jaar lang hebben mijn ouders me onvoorwaardelijk het nodige gegeven om mijn interesses na te jagen. Zonder hen zou me dit niet gelukt zijn. Vervolgens ben ik de Universiteit Gent dankbaar. Voor de professoren die me afgelopen twee jaar de nodige academische basis schonken om de thesis aan te vangen. Voor de bibliotheek waar ik me in alle stilte in de literatuur kon verdiepen en de cafetaria die me recht hield tijdens het schrijven. In het bijzonder richt ik een woord van dank aan mijn promotor, prof. dr. Brecht De Smet. Hij gaf me de kans om in alle vrijheid een onderwerp uit te spitten waar ik al langer door geïntrigeerd was. Zijn kritische opmerkingen zorgden ervoor dat ik telkens dieper ging graven. Voor inspiratie bij de aanpak van deze thesis loof ik prof. dr. Koen Bogaert. Hij heeft me geholpen om mijn onsamenhangende gedachtes in woorden om te zetten door eigen inzichten en geschikte literatuur te delen. Hopelijk wordt het eindresultaat gesmaakt. Uiteraard gaat mijn dank uit naar al mijn vrienden. Toch wil ik de schijnwerpers specifiek op Tiemon en Hannes richten. Tiemon, voor de ontelbare studie-uren en nodige pauzes die we de laatste twee jaar samen doorbrachten. Je discipline en toewijding zijn bewonderenswaardig. Ik mag van geluk spreken dat ik hierop kon meesurfen. En Hannes, voor de pseudofilosofische gesprekken met pint of Brug-spaghetti. De mens komt zonder handleiding en dat maakt ze net zo fascinerend. Laten we onze tanden nog jaren stukbijten op de ondoorgrondelijkheden des levens. Tot slot wil ik mijn oud-leraar Nederlands Luk Lazeure vermelden. Zijn onfeilbare blik heeft ervoor gezorgd dat (het leeuwendeel van) de thesis aan de normen van de Nederlandse taal voldoet. Een kwalitatieve meerwaarde, bedankt hiervoor. III INHOUDSOPGAVE Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. II Dankwoord ....................................................................................................................................................... III Inhoudsopgave.................................................................................................................................................. IV 1. Inleiding ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 A. Onderzoeksvragen.................................................................................................................................. 1 B. Zoektocht naar ideologie van racisme ..................................................................................................... 2 C. Methodologie: literatuurstudie ............................................................................................................... 5 D. Uitdagingen en tekortkomingen .............................................................................................................. 5 E. Structuur................................................................................................................................................ 6 2. Black Lives Matter ...................................................................................................................................... 8 A. Contextschets ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Black Lives Matter als organisatie of beweging? ..................................................................................................... 9 Uitbarsting van frustratie en woede ...................................................................................................................... 11 Trayvon Martin en het young black thug-stereotype ............................................................................................ 13 B. Visie op racisme ................................................................................................................................... 14 1. Racisme kan muteren .................................................................................................................................... 15 2. Racisme is institutioneel aanwezig ............................................................................................................... 16 3. Racisme omvat een witte blinde vlek ........................................................................................................... 16 4. Racisme als culturele perceptie en sociaal construct ................................................................................... 17 5. Racisme kent een historische context en langetermijn structuren .............................................................. 18 6. Racisme is een globaal fenomeen ................................................................................................................. 19 7. Racisme en intersectionaliteit ....................................................................................................................... 21 3. Theoretische benadering .......................................................................................................................... 23 A. Ideologisch perspectief op racisme........................................................................................................ 23 B. White supremacy als ideologie binnen racisme...................................................................................... 24 C. Colorblind Racism................................................................................................................................. 27 Wat houdt Colorblind Racism in? .......................................................................................................................... 27 1. Abstract liberalisme....................................................................................................................................... 29 2. Cultureel essentialisme ................................................................................................................................
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