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Home , Ben Pimlott, Clement Attlee, Ernest Bevin, Francis Beckett, Frank Owen (politician), Geoffrey Mander

Notes

Chapter 1 Coming to the Forefront, 1883–1931

1 Robert Pearce, Attlee (: Longman, 1997), p.4. 2 Kenneth Harris, Attlee (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984), p.110. 3 ‘s Diary, of Political and Economic Science, 29 Feb. 1940, 6838. 4 Francis Williams, Nothing so Strange: an Autobiography (London: Cassell, 1970), p.219, & Lord Beloff, ‘The Improbable Prime Minister’, Daily Telegraph, 23 Sept. 1982. 5 C.R. Attlee, Empire into Commonwealth: the Chichele lectures delivered at in May 1960 (London: , 1961), p.3. 6 C.R. Attlee, As it Happened (London: Heinemann, 1954), p.38. 7 Trevor Burridge, : a Political Biography (London: Jonathan Cape, 1985), p.42. 8 J.T. Murphy, Labour‘s Big Three: a Biographical Study of Clement Attlee, and (London: Bodley Head, 1948), pp.34–5. 9 Peggy Attlee, With a Quiet Conscience: a Biography of Thomas Simons Attlee (London: Dove & Chough, 1995), p.44. 10 Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (London: Cassell, 1948), p.137. 11 , 23 Nov. 1920, 9. 12 Harris, Attlee, p.48. 13 Pearce, Attlee, p.24. 14 Times Literary Supplement, 11 March 1920, 175. 15 Bernard Bosenquet to Editor, Times Literary Supplement, 22 April 1920, 256. 16 Harris, Attlee p.61. 17 159 HC Deb (Parliamentary Debates: Official Reports (Hansard) House of Commons, 5th series), 23 Nov. 1922, 96. 18 Attlee, As it Happened, p.59. 19 D.J. Heasman, ‘ “My Station and its Duties” – the Attlee Version’, Parliamentary Affairs, XXI (1967–8) 83. 20 J. Vernon Jensen, ‘Clement R. Attlee and Twentieth Century Parliamentary Speaking’, Parliamentary Affairs, XXIII (1969–70) 278. 21 The Times, 12 Sept. 1923, 8. 22 W. Golant, ‘The Political Development of C.R. Attlee to 1935’, unpubl. B.Litt. thesis, Oxford University, 1967, p.136. 23 Ibid., p.137. 24 161 HC Deb, 15 March 1923, 1897–1900. 25 Murphy, Labour’s Big Three, p.107–9. 26 The Times, 29 June 1923, 16. 27 Burridge, Clement Attlee, p.63. 28 171 HC Deb, 17 March 1924, 112–4. 29 180 HC Deb, 19 Feb. 1925, 1435.

172 Notes to Chapter 1 173

30 Leslie Hannah, Electricity before Nationalisation: a study of the Electricity Supply Industry in Britain to 1948 (London: Macmillan Press, now Palgrave, 1979), p.98– 100. 31 191 HC Deb, 18 Feb. 1926, 2280. 32 Harris, Attlee, p.77. 33 The Times, 27 Feb. 1926, 16. 34 Golant, ‘The Political Development of C.R. Attlee’, p.197. 35 Report of the Indian Statutory Commission, vol.II – Recomendations, , PSP Cmd. 3569, 21–2. 36 C.R. Attlee, Cabinet Memorandum, ‘The Problems of British Industry’, 29 July 1930, CAB24/214C.P.283(30). 37 Attlee, As it Happened, p.69. 38 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 1 Nov. 1930, C.R. Attlee’s Letters to his brother Tom, Bodleian Library, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.38. Reproduced by permission of Anne, Countless Attlee. 39 C.R. Attlee Memorandum, ‘Particular Application of the General Principle’, 1931, Attlee Family Papers. Reproduced by permission of Anne, Countess Attlee. 40 Lord Ponsonby to MacDonald, Jan. 1931, Ponsonby Papers, Bodleian Library, MS. Eng. hist. c. 672, fol.4. Reproduced by permission of Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede. 41 249 HC Deb, 19 March 1931, 2224. 42 , My Life (London: Nelson, 1968) p.232. 43 , Call Back Yesterday: Memoirs, 1887–1931 (London: Frederick Muller, 1953), p.259. 44 John Parker, Father of the House: Fifty Years in Politics (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982), p.35. 45 Pearce, Attlee, p.42. 46 Philip Williamson, National Crisis and National Government: British Politics, the Economy and Empire, 1926–1932 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p.214. 47 Sidey Webb, ‘What Happened in 1931: a Record’, Political Quarterly, III (1932) 3. 48 Attlee, As it Happened, p.74. 49 Williamson, National Crisis and National Government, p.17. 50 Keith Laybourn, Philip Snowden: a Biography, 1864–1937 (Aldershot: Temple Smith, 1988), p.120. 51 257 HC Deb, 2 Oct. 1931, 707–12. 52 Ibid., 726 and 771. 53 Memorandum, ‘The Labour Party in Opposition’, Nancy Astor Papers, Reading University, MS 1416/1/1/1027. Reproduced by permission of Reading University Archives and Manuscripts Office. 54 G.T. Garratt, The Mugwumps and the Labour Party (London: Hogarth, 1932), p.147. 55 Andrew Thorpe, The British General Election of 1931 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 254. 56 James Jupp, The Radical Left in Britain, 1931–41 (London: Frank Cass, 1982), p.4. 57 Pearce, Attlee, p.50. 174 Notes

58 David Jarvis, ‘ and the Ideology of the Consrvative Response to , 1918–31’, unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Lancaster University, 1991, p.540–1.

Chapter 2 Attlee and the Depression, 1931–5

1 Burridge, Clement Attlee, p.74. 2 G.D.H. Cole, ‘Memorandum on the Disposal of Profits and the Control of Expenditure of Socialised Undertakings’, 14 Dec. 1933, G.D.H. Cole Papers, Nuffield College, GDHC/D1/58/5/2. Reproduced by permission of R.J.D. Cole. 3 Herbert Morrison, An Autobiography (London: Odhams, 1960), p.122. 4 Labour Party, Report of the 32nd Annual Conference (London: Labour Party, 1932), p.205. 5 East London Advertiser, 5 Sept. 1931, 5. 6 R.H. Tawney, ‘The Choice before the Labour Party’, Political Quarterly, III (1932) 326. 7 H.V. Barry to Cripps, 16 Jan. 1935, Cripps Papers, Nuffield College, MSS. CRIPPS 554. Reproduced by permission of Lady Ann Cripps. 8 Pethick-Lawrence to Cole, 7 June 1932, Cole Papers, GDHC/D1/69/34/4. 9 Labour Party, Report of the 33rd Annual Conference (London: Labour Party, 1933), p.161. 10 Ibid., p.162. 11 The Economist, 10 June 1933, 1237. 12 Friday Group, Easton Lodge weekend, notes for discussion, 16–17 April 1932, Cole Papers, GDHC/D1/67/1/1–2. 13 Article, ‘Labour and the Banks’, and Nation, 14 Oct. 1932, 438. 14 Friday Group, Easton Lodge weekend, notes for discussion, 16–17 April 1932, Cole Papers, GDHC/D1/67/1/1–4. 15 Salisbury to Samuel, 5 Nov. 1932, Samuel Papers, Record Office, HLRO, Hist. Coll. 128, Samuel Papers, A92(1). Reproduced by permis- sion of the House of Lords Record Office. 16 Friday Group Minutes, 13 May 1932, Cole Papers, GDHC/D1/66/2/1. 17 Golant, ‘The Political Development of C.R. Attlee’, p.237–8. 18 C.R. Attlee Memorandum, ‘Cabinet Reconstruction’, 10 Nov. 1932, Cole Papers, GDHC/D1/68/5/2. 19 E. Shinwell, ‘Notes on Cabinet Reconstruction’, 26 Oct. 1932, Cole Papers, GDHC/D1/68/5/2. 20 Hugh Dalton, ‘Cabinet Reconstruction’, 10 Nov. 1932, Cole Papers, GDHC/D1/68/6/2. 21 Stephen Brooke, Labour’s War: the Labour Party during the Second World War (Oxford: Oxford Historical Manuscripts, 1992), p.19. 22 C. Clarke and C.R. Attlee Memorandum, ‘Industrial Reconstruction’, 1932 (date uncertain), Attlee Family Papers. 23 , Hugh Dalton (London: Macmillan, 1986), p.212. 24 C.R. Attlee, The Will and the Way to Socialism (London: Methuen, 1935) p.44–5. Notes to Chapter 2 175

25 Hugh Dalton Memorandum, ‘Finance and Trade Policy’, March 1933, Addison Papers, Bodleian Library, Box 128, File 172/4/710. Reproduced by permission of Viscount Addison. 26 Attlee, The Will and the Way to Socialism, p.45–6. 27 Dalton Memorandum, ‘Finance and Trade Policy’, March 1933, Addison Papers, Box 128, File 172/4/710. 28 Elizabeth Durbin, New : the Labour Party and the Economics of (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), p.59. 29 C.R. Attlee to John Parker, 2 August 1937, Cole Papers, GDHC/D1/56/5/1. 30 Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock (Oxford: OUP, 1989), p.112. 31 C.R. Attlee to J.E. Meade, n/d, Meade Papers, British Library of Political and Economic Science, MEADE 2/5. 32 Labour Party, For Socialism and Peace: the Labour Party’s Programme of Action (London: Labour Party, 1934), p.28. 33 Alan Booth, ‘How Long are Light Years in British Politics? The Labour Party’s Economic Ideas in the 1930s’, Twentieth Century British History, VII (1996) 22. 34 Harris, Attlee, p.102–4. 35 274 HC Deb, 16 Feb. 1933, 1305. 36 265 HC Deb, 26 April 1932, 332. 37 286 HC Deb, 22 Feb. 1934, 628. 38 Ibid., 640. 39 Daily Herald, 10 Oct. 1932, C.R. Attlee Newspaper Cuttings File, National Museum of Labour History. 40 272 HC Deb, 25 Nov. 1932, 378. 41 267 HC Deb, 20 June 1932, 836. 42 Ibid., 640. 43 261 HC Deb, 10 Feb. 1932, 1589. 44 270 HC Deb, 7 Nov. 1932, 140. 45 277 HC Deb, 8 May 1933, 1303. 46 Ibid., 1324. 47 272 HC Deb, 25 Nov. 1932, 382. 48 Unsigned Memorandum, ‘Co-operative Societies and Income Tax’, Sept. 1931, Astor Papers, MS 1416/1/1/978. 49 George Gentry to Snowden, 5 Sept. 1931, Astor Papers, MS 1416/1/1/978. 50 A.V. Alexander, ‘Points to Elaborate to Sir ’, n/d,Cripps Papers, MSS. CRIPPS 526. 51 277 HC Deb, 26 April 1933, 113–14. 52 278 HC Deb, 31 May 1933, 1952. 53 Golant, ‘The Political Development of C.R. Attlee’, p.252–3. 54 Attlee, The Will and the Way to Socialism, p.47. 55 Ibid., p.54. 56 Friday Group, Easton Lodge weekend, notes for discussion, 16–17 May 1932, Cole Papers, GDHC/D1/67/1/3. 57 261 HC Deb, 4 Feb. 1932, 301. 58 265 HC Deb, 27 April 1932, 463. 176 Notes

59 259 HC Deb, 17 Nov. 1931, 736. 60 262 HC Deb, 25 Feb. 1932, 740, and 261 HC Deb, 16 Feb. 1932, 1584. 61 270 HC Deb, 7 Nov. 1932, 140. 62 262 HC Deb, 25 Feb. 1932, 596. 63 261 HC Deb, 4 Feb. 1932, 300. 64 C.R. Attlee, ‘Debate on Tariffs’, 2 Dec. 1932, Broadcast Scripts, BBCWAC. 65 279 HC Deb, 13 June 1933, 38. 66 261 HC Deb, 4 Feb. 1932, 305. 67 New Statesman and Nation, 20 Feb. 1932, 218. 68 John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds), The Empire at Bay: the Diaries, 1929–45 (London: Hutchinson, 1988), 4 Feb. 1932, p.229. 69 264 HC Deb, 7 April 1932, 366. 70 Sankey Diary, 25 May 1932, Sankey Papers, Bodleian Library, MS. Eng. hist. e. 286. 71 Snowden to Samuel, 23 August 1932, HLRO, Hist. Coll. 128, Samuel Papers, A/89(1). 72 Pearce, Attlee, p.52. 73 267 HC Deb, 16 June 1932, 638. 74 269 HC Deb, 19 Oct. 1932, 181. 75 Sankey Diary, 29 Sept. 1932, MS. Eng. hist e. 286. 76 277 HC Deb, 10 May 1933, 1653. 77 Helen Jones, (ed.), Duty and Citizenship: the Correspondence of Violet Markham, 1896–1953, 2 Jan. 1935 (London: Historians’ Press, 1994), p. 123. 78 , : a Biography (London: Macgibbon & Kee, 1976), p.205. 79 286 HC Deb, 27 Feb. 1934, 1072. 80 297 HC Deb, 14 Feb. 1935, 2206. 81 Ibid., 2206. 82 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 25 April 1932, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.47. 83 Sir Henry Clay, Lord Norman (London: Macmillan, 1957), p.400–1. 84 A.J.P. Taylor, English History, 1914–45 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975), p. 418. 85 Paul Einzig, The Sterling – Dollar – Franc Tangle, (London: Kegan Paul, 1933), p.46. 86 The Times, 2 June 1933, 15. 87 Paul Einzig, World Finance, 1935–7 (London: Kegan Paul, 1937), p.106. 88 Harris, Attlee, p.104. 89 277 HC Deb, 26 April 1933, 111. 90 266 HC Deb, 25 May 1932, 405. 91 266 HC Deb, 9 June 1932, 2199–2200. 92 Ibid., 2200. 93 Ibid., 2201. 94 265 HC Deb, 27 April 1932, 519. 95 Ibid., 520. 96 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 25 April 1932, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.47. 97 264 HC Deb, 20 April 1932, 1495. 98 Durbin, New Jerusalems, p.222, and unsigned memorandum, ‘The Conference at Southport’, Oct. 1934, Astor Papers, MS 1416/1/1/1291. Notes to Chapter 3 177

99 Labour Party, ‘The Labour Party’s Call to Power’, F.W.S. Craig (ed.), British General Election Manifestos, 1918–66 (: Political Reference Publications, 1970), pp.81–3. 100 272 HC Deb, 25 Nov. 1932, 330.

Chapter 3 and Imperial Affairs, 1931–5

1 Partha Sarathi Gupta, Imperialism and the British , 1914–64 (London: Macmillan, now Palgrave), 1975), p.260. 2 Leonard Woolf, Downhill All the Way: an Autobiography of the Years 1919–39 (London: Hogarth, 1968), p.234. 3 Report of the Indian Statutory Commission, vol.II – Recomendations, May 1930, PSP Cmd. 3569, p.21–2. 4 B.R. Tomlinson, The and the Raj, 1929–42 (London: Macmillan, now Palgrave), 1976), p.7. 5 R.J. Moore, Escape from Empire: the Attlee Governments and the Indian Problem (Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1983), p.3. 6 Gupta, Imperialism, p.255. 7 Woolf, Downhill all the Way, p.225. 8 Sinclair to Samuel, 18 July 1933, HLRO, Hist. Coll. 128, Samuel Papers, A/95(1). 9 Sankey, personal note, 30 Nov. 1931, Sankey Papers, MS. Emg. hist. c. 539, fol.87. 10 276 HC Deb, 27 March 1933, 731. 11 Barnes & Nicholson, Leo Amery Diaries, 27 March 1933, p.291. 12 Tomlinson, Indian National Congress, p.29. 13 Evidence of Col. Wedgwood, Joint Select Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform, PSP, 1932–3(112)vi, 133. 14 Louis Fischer, The life of (London: Grafton Books, 1982), p.383. 15 Evidence of Col. Wedgwood, PSP, 1932–3(112)vi, 133. 16 302 HC Deb, 4 June 1935, 1824. 17 Evidence of , PSP, 1932–3(112)vi, 1799. 18 Sankey Diary, 18 July 1933, MS. Eng. hist. e. 287. 19 Evidence of Sir J.P. Thompson, PSP, 1932–3(112)vi, 538. 20 Evidence of Sir Michael O’Dwyer, PSP, 1932–3(112)vi, 414. 21 C.R. Attlee Memorandum on Responsibility at the Centre, 15 March 1934, PSP, 1933–4(5)viii, 387. 22 Mr Attlee’s Draft, PSP, 1933–4(5)vii, 254. 23 H.V. Brasted & Carl Bridge, ‘The British Labour Party and , 1907–47’, South Asia, XI (1988), 92. 24 Report of the Joint Select Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform, PSP, 1933–4(5)vii, 330. 25 Ibid., 372 and 384. 26 Tom Stannage, Baldwin Thwarts the Opposition: the British General Election of 1935 (London: Croom Helm, 1980), p.41. 27 296 HC Deb, 10 Dec. 1934, 69. 178 Notes

28 297 HC Deb, 6 Feb. 1935, 1174. 29 302 HC Deb, 27 May 1935, 857. 30 297 HC Deb, 6 Feb. 1935, 1175. 31 296 HC Deb, 10 Dec. 1934, 70. 32 297 HC Deb, 6 Feb. 1935, 1169. 33 302 HC Deb, 30 May 1935, 1402. 34 300 HC Deb, 8 April 1935, 849. 35 297 HC Deb, 6 Feb. 1935, 1173. 36 298 HC Deb, 5 March 1935, 1780. 37 Ibid., 1782. 38 Report of the Committee of Privileges, 6 June 1934, PSP, 1933–4(90)viii, 599. 39 290 HC Deb, 13 June 1934, 1755. 40 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 18 June 1934, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.61. 41 Carl Bridge, ‘Churchill, Hoare, Derby and the Committee of Privileges, April to June 1934’, Historical Journal, XXII (1979) 227. 42 300 HC Deb, 2 April 1935, 313. 43 Attlee, As it Happened, p.79. 44 Raymond Postgate, The life of (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1951), p.281. 45 Sir , The Indian Problem, 1833–1935 (Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1942), p.132. 46 Ibid., p.133. 47 Sankey Diary, 31 Dec. 1934, MS. Eng. hist. e. 288. 48 296 HC Deb, 10 Dec. 1934, 68. 49 Labour Party, Report of the 35th Annual Conference (London: Labour Party, 1935), p.240. 50 Ibid., p.241. 51 Ibid., p.242. 52 Attlee, Empire into Commonwealth, p.18. 53 284 HC Deb, 14 Dec. 1933, 729. 54 284 HC Deb, 12 Dec. 1933, 229–30. 55 284 HC Deb, 14 Dec. 1933, 631. 56 Ibid., 640. 57 Ibid., 729. 58 Gupta, Imperialism and the British Labour Movement, p. 260. 59 C.R. Attlee, Clem Attlee: the Granada Historical Records Interview (London: Panther Record, 1967), p.41. 60 Sankey Diary, 31 Dec. 1935, MS. Eng. hist. e. 289. 61 C.R. Attlee, ‘The India Report’, New Statesman and Nation, 24 Nov. 1934, 745.

Chapter 4 Atlee and Defence and Foreign Policy

1 C.R. Attlee Memorandum, ‘Can We Prevent the Air War’, 1935, Attlee Family Papers. 2 Sankey Diary, 31 Oct. 1932, MS. Eng. hist. e. 286. 3 279 HC Deb, 13 June 1933, 34. Notes to Chapter 4 179

4 Ibid., 40. 5 Burridge, Clement Attlee, p.102. 6 268 HC Deb, 4 July 1932, 103. 7 C.R. Attlee to Editor, The Times, 4 July 1932, 17. 8 270 HC Deb, 10 Nov. 1932, 526. 9 279 HC Deb, 13 June 1933, 32. 10 286 HC Deb, 8 March 1934, 2045. 11 Manchester Guardian, 11 Oct. 1933, C.R. Attlee Newspaper Cuttings File. 12 Daniel Waley, British Public Opinion and the Abyssinian War, 1935–6 (London: Maurice Temple Smith, 1975), p.12. 13 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 1 Jan. 1933, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fols.52–3. 14 284, HC Deb, 13 Dec. 1933, 474. 15 W. Golant, ‘The Emergence of C.R. Attlee as Leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party in 1935’, Historical Journal, XIII (1972–3), 326. 16 284 HC Deb, 13 Dec. 1933, 478 and 482. 17 305 HC Deb, 22 Oct. 1935, 38. 18 Daily Herald, 23 Sept. 1935, C.R. Attlee Newspaper Cuttings File. 19 Ann Trotter, Britain and East Asia, 1933–7 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p.3. 20 C.R. Attlee private note, ‘Prophecies’, 10 Nov. 1933, Attlee Family Papers. 21 299 HC Deb, 11 March 1935, 37. 22 , Winds of Change, 1914–39 (London: Macmillan, 1966), pp.401–2. 23 , Facing the Dictators (London: Cassell, 1962) p.127. 24 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 6 Nov. 1933, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.60. 25 Ponsonby to General Montgelas, 1931, Ponsonby Papers, MS. Eng. hist. c. 672, fol.143. 26 Manchester Guardian, 11 Oct. 1933, C.R. Attlee Newspaper Cuttings File. 27 Harris, Attlee, p.115. 28 276 HC Deb, 13 April 1933, 2742. 29 281 HC Deb, 7 Nov. 1933, 145. 30 Ben Pimlott (ed.), The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1918–40, 1945–60 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), entry for 8 June 1933, p.177. 31 281 HC Deb, 7 Nov. 1933, 150. 32 Ibid., p145. 33 C.R. Attlee, A. Sinclair and J. Buchan, circular letter to MPs, ‘The ’, 14 Dec. 1933, Attlee Family Papers. 34 292 HC Deb, 13 July 1934, 688. 35 Labour Party, Nazis, Nazism, Nazidom (London: Labour Party, 1934), pp. 7 and 17. 36 270 HC Deb, 10 Nov. 1932, 532–3. 37 292 HC Deb, 13 July 1934, 690. 38 John F. Naylor, Labour’s International Policy: the Labour Party in the 1930s (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969), pp.70–1. 39 287 HC Deb, 14 March 1934, 466. 40 292 HC Deb, 13 July 1934, 691. 41 Martin Caedel, ‘The First Communist “Peace Society”: the British Anti-War Movement, 1932–5’ Twentieth Century British History, I (1990), 84. 42 Labour Party, For Socialism and Peace, p.16. 180 Notes

43 Labour Party, Report of the 34th Annual Conference (London, Labour Party, 1934), p.174–5. 44 C.R. Attlee, ‘The Socialist View of Peace’, in William E. Rappard, et al., Pacifism is not Enough: Lectures Delivered to the Geneva Institute of International Relations, August, 1934 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1935), p.125. 45 The Economist, 6 Oct. 1934, 623. 46 Lansbury to Ponsonby, 23 October 1933, Ponsonby Papers, MS. Eng. hist. c. 675, fol.49. 47 Lansbury to Middleton, 1934, Middleton Papers, , MID 54, fol.48. 48 The Economist, 6 Oct. 1934, 623. 49 Cecil to Ponsonby, 10 April 1934, Cecil of Chelwood Papers, British Library Manuscripts, Add. 51169 fol.82. Reproduced by permission of Professor A.K.S. Lambton. 50 Ponsonby to Henderson, 3 June 1932, Ponsonby Papers, MS Eng. hist. c. 673, fol.109. 51 Henderson to Ponsonby, 7 June 1932, Ponsonby Papers, MS Eng. hist. c. 673, fol.111. 52 Harry to Ponsonby, 23 August 1936, Ponsonby Papers MS Eng. hist. c. 678, fol.92. 53 Crozier to Ponsonby, 7 Jan. 1937, Ponsonby Papers, MS Eng. hist. c. 679, fol.13. 54 B.R. to Ponsonby, 11 March 1938, MS Eng. hist. c. 680, fol.34. 55 Stafford Cripps, The Struggle for Peace (London: Gollancz, 1936), p.54. 56 Labour Party, Report of the 34th Annual Conference, p.175. 57 Charles Loch Mowat, Britain Between the Wars, 1918–40 (London: Methuen, 1956), p.478. 58 The Economist, 9 March 1935, 516. 59 299 HC Deb, 11 March 1935, 46. 60 G.M. Young, Stanley Baldwin (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1952), p.194. 61 Daily Herald, 18 March 1935, C.R. Attlee Newspaper Cuttings File. 62 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 12 March 1935, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.67. 63 Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1955), p.509; and David Dutton, : Gentleman in Politics (Bolton: Ross Anderson Publications, 1985), p.312. 64 302 HC Deb, 22 May 1935, 374. 65 Ibid., 409. 66 The Times, 25 May 1935, 13. 67 302 HC Deb, 22 May 1935, 382. 68 287 HC Deb, 15 March 1934, 679–80. 69 John Ellis, Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War (London: Andre Deutsch, 1990), p.xviii. 70 287 HC Deb, 15 March 1934, 681–2. 71 275 HC Deb, 9 March 1933, 1379. 72 Ibid., 1390. 73 287 HC Deb, 19 March 1934, 1221. 74 Ibid., 1226 75 Ibid., 1228. 76 302 HC Deb, 22 May 1935, 382. Notes to Chapter 5 181

77 287 HC Deb, 15 March 1934, 681. 78 Dean E. McHenry, The Labour Party in Transition, 1931–8 (London: Routledge, 1938), p.171. 79 Lord Gage to Cecil, 19 May 1931, Cecil Papers, Add. 51167, fol.71. 80 Cecil to Erith Rotary Club, 8 Nov. 1934, Cecil Papers, Add. 51169, fol.229. 81 Astor to Mrs. Noel Baker, 17 Oct. 1934, Astor Papers, MS 1416/1/1/1292. 82 Alfred , (London: Readers Union, 1955), p.172. 83 Donald S. Birn, The Union (Oxford, Clarenden Press, 1981), p.148. 84 Cecil to Benes, 19 July 1935, Cecil Papers, Add. 51170, fol.231. 85 , Baldwin (London: Collins, 1987), p.137. 86 Burridge, Clement Attlee, p.109. 87 Jerry H. Brookshire, Clement Attlee (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), p.160. 88 Ibid., p160; and Labour Party, Report of the 35th Annual Conference, p.173. 89 287 HC Deb, 14 March 1934, 465.

Chapter 5 From Deputy Leader to Leader 1931–5

1 Thomas Jones, A Diary with Letters, 1931–50 (London: OUP, 1954), p.156. 2 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 15 July 1932, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.48. 3 Dalton to Ponsonby, 19 Feb. 1932, Ponsonby Papers, MS. Eng. hist. c. 673, fol.30. 4 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 1 Sept. 1932, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.50. 5 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 16 Nov. 1931, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.44. 6 288 HC Deb, 16 April 1934, 849–50. 7 Thom Young and Martin Kettle, Incitement to Disaffection (London: Cobden Trust, 1976), p.65. 8 Gerald D. Anderson, Fascists, Communists and the National Government: Civil in Great Britain, 1931–7 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1983), p.84. 9 The Economist, 21 April 1934, 865. 10 286 HC Deb, 8 March 1934, 2120. 11 East London Advertiser, 8 June 1935, 5. 12 The Times, 7 May 1934, 16. 13 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 26 Feb. 1933, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.57. 14 C.R. Attlee to Cripps, 30 Dec. 1933, Attlee Family Papers. 15 Cripps to Attlee, 30 Dec. 1933, Attlee Family Papers. 16 Attlee to Cripps, 30 Dec. 1933, Attlee Family Papers. 17 Miss Wace to Attlee, 30 Nov. 1931, 910 CRA File 1, BBCWAC. Reproduced by permission of the B.B.C. Written Archives Centre. 18 C.R. Attlee, ‘The Week in ’, 25 May 1933, 1, Broadcast Scripts, BBCWAC. 19 Ibid., 2. 20 C.R. Attlee, ‘The Week in Westminster’, 12 Feb. 1932, 1, Broadcast Scripts, BBCWAC. 182 Notes

21 C.R. Attlee, ‘The Week in Westminster’, 1 Dec. 1932, 3 & 18, Broadcast Scripts, BBCWAC. 22 Wace to Attlee, 13 July 1933, 910 CRA File 1, BBCWAC. 23 C.R. Attlee, ‘The Budget’, 19 April 1934, 4, Broadcast Scripts, BBCWAC. 24 Morning Post, 23 April 1934, C.R. Attlee Newspaper Cuttings File. 25 C.R. Attlee, ‘Post Office Reform’, New Statesman and Nation, 7 Nov. 1931, 565. 26 C.R. Attlee, ‘A Critic of the Post Office’, New Statesman and Nation, 27 August 1932, 236. 27 Attlee to Cripps, 30 Dec. 1933, Attlee Family Papers. 28 Minutes of PLP Meeting, 25 April 1934. 29 Labour Party, Report of the 35th Annual Conference, p.242. 30 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 18 Oct. 1934, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.65. 31 C.R. Attlee, ‘The Future of the SSIP’, SSIP News, August 1932, Cole Papers, GDHC/D4/7/9/4. 32 Bevin to Cole, 24 Sept. 1932, Cole Papers, GDHC/D4/8/33/2. 33 Cripps to Reith, 6 June 1935, Cripps Papers, MSS. CRIPPS. 541. 34 The Economist, 19 August 1933, 352. 35 Lloyd George to Addison, 12 Dec. 1934, Lloyd George Papers, House of Lords Record Office, HLRO, Hist. Coll. 192, Lloyd George Papers, G/141/2/1. Reproduced by permission of the Clerk of Records of the House of Lords Record Office on behalf of the Beaverbrook Foundation Trust. 36 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 15 Feb. 1933, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.56. 37 Contribution of Lord Leatherhead, Geoffrey Dellar (ed.), Attlee as I Knew Him (London: Borough of Tower Hamlets, 1983), p.1. 38 Pearce, Attlee, p.60. 39 Ibid., p.64. 40 Beatrice Webb’s Diary, 23 Oct. 1935, 6083. Reproduced by permission of the London School of Economics and Politics. 41 Stannage, Baldwin Thwarts the Oppostion, p.11. 42 The Economist, 12 Oct. 1935, 692. 43 New Statesman and Nation, 9 Nov. 1935, 246. 44 Sankey Diary, 13 Feb. 1935, MS. Eng. hist. e. 289. 45 Cohen Memorandum, ‘Summary figures of all By Elections’, Nov. 1934, Conservative Research Department (CRD) Papers, Bodleian Library, CRD 1/7/16. Reproduced by permission of the Conservative Policy Forum. 46 Muirhead Memorandum, ‘Influence of Unemployment and the Regulations on the Date of the Election’, 22 July 1935, CRD Papers, CRD 1/7/28. 47 Ben Pimlott, Labour and the Left in the 1930s (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976), p.74. 48 Roger to Ponsonby, 9 May 1935, Ponsonby Papers, MS. Eng. hist. c. 676, fol.64. 49 Paul Rotha, Documentary Diary: an Informal History of the British Documentary Film, 1928–39 (London: Secker & Warburg, 1973), p.113. 50 J.A. Ramsden, ‘Baldwin and Film’, in Nicholas Pronay and D.W. Spring (eds), Propaganda, Politics and Film, 1918–45 (London: Macmillan Press, now Palgrave, 1982), p.137. Notes to Chapter 6 183

51 Labour Party, ‘The Labour Party’s Call to Power’, pp.82–3. 52 Stannage, Baldwin Thwarts the Opposition, p.137. 53 A.W.W. Memorandum, ‘Socialist Manifesto’, 28 Oct. 1935, CRD Papers, CRD 1/7/28. 54 305 HC Deb, 22 Oct. 1935, 39. 55 Ibid., 45. 56 Ibid., 58, & 305 HC Deb, 23 Oct. 1935, 221. 57 Lancaster Guardian, 18 Oct. 1935, 19. 58 Ibid., 19. 59 Taylor, English History, 1914–45, p.472. 60 Daily Herald, 1 Nov. 1935: C.R. Attlee Newspaper Cuttings File. 61 C.R. Attlee, ‘Election Broadcast’, the Listener, 6 Nov. 1935, 820. 62 Ibid., 821. 63 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 13 Nov. 1935, MS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.71. 64 East London Advertiser, 26 , 5. 65 Joe Jacobs, Out of the Ghetto: My Youth in the East End: and , 1913–39 (London: Janet Simon, 1978), p.183. 66 Ball to Hailsham, 8 Nov. 1935, CRD Papers CRD 1/7/28. 67 Ball to , 31 Oct. 1935, CRD Papers, CRD 1/7/28. 68 The Times, 13 Nov. 1935, 7. 69 Neville Chamberlain, ‘Election Broadcast’, the Listener, 6 Nov. 1935, 828. 70 Daily Telegraph, 10 Oct. 1935, 14. 71 Daily Telegraph, 9 Nov. 1935, 12. 72 Daily Telegraph, 14 Nov. 1935, 12. 73 John Stevenson and Chris Cook, The Slump (London: Quartet, 1979), p.258. 74 Cyril Clemens, The Man from : Clement Richard Attlee (Missouri: International Mark Twain Society, 1946), p.30. 75 Pimlott, The Political Diaries of Hugh Dalton, 26 Nov. 1935, p.196. 76 Daily Telegraph, 25 Nov. 1935, 10. 77 , Change and Fortune: a Political Record (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p.57. 78 The Economist, 30 Nov. 1935, 1063. 79 New Statesman and Nation, 23 Nov. 1935, 764. 80 Manchester Guardian, 27 Nov. 1935, 11. 81 East London Advertiser, 30 Nov. 1935, 5. 82 Beatrice Webb’s Diary, 27 Nov. 1935, 6094. 83 Roy Jenkins, Mr Attlee: an Interim Biography (London, Heinemann, 1948), p.149. 84 302 HC Deb, 22 May 1935, 371.

Chapter 6 Attlee and the International Crisis, 1935–40

1 Gillies to Attlee, 18 Dec. 1935, Gillies Papers, National Museum of Labour History, WG/ITA/382. 2 Viscount Templewood, Nine Troubled Years (London: Collins, 1954) p.161. 184 Notes

3 Mary Agnes Hamilton, Remembering My Good Friends (London: Jonathan Cape, 1944) p.291. 4 307 HC Deb, 19 Dec. 1935, 2017. 5 Ibid., 2018. 6 Robert Rhodes James (ed.), Chips: the Diaries of Sir Henry Channon (London: Weidenfeld, 1993), 19 Dec. 1933, p.49. 7 Dutton, Austen Chamberlain, pp.316–17. 8 New Statesman and Nation, 28 Dec. 1935, 1007. 9 Daily Herald, 23 Dec. 1935: C.R. Attlee Newspaper Cuttings File. 10 313 HC Deb, 23 June 1936, 1607. 11 The Times, 29 June 1936, 8. 12 Pearce, Attlee, p.79. 13 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 16 April 1936, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.73. 14 The Economist, 11 July 1936, 51. 15 German Ambassador to Cecil, 1 April 1936, Cecil Papers, Add. 51173, fols.1 and 6. 16 Ian Colvin, Vansittart in Office (London: Gollancz, 1965), p.105. 17 Minutes of PLP Meeting, 18 March 1936. 18 Minutes of PLP Executive Committee, 16 March 1936. 19 310 HC Deb, 26 March 1936, 1532. 20 309 HC Deb, 9 March 1936, 1842. 21 Daily Herald, 16 March 1936, C.R. Attlee Newspaper Cuttings File. 22 309 HC Deb, 9 March 1936, 1845. 23 310 HC Deb, 26 March 1936, 1536. 24 Brookshire, Clement Attlee, p.161. 25 The Times, 14 Sept 1936, 9. 26 K.W. Watkins, Britain Divided: the Effects of the on British Public Opinion (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1963), p.163. 27 Naylor, Labour’s International Policy, p.164. 28 , The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, vol.1, Leader, 1881–1940 (London: Heinemann, 1960), p.587. 29 Labour Party, Report of the 36th Annual Conference (London: Labour Party, 1936), p.258. 30 Ibid., p.259. 31 The Times, 10 Oct. 1936, 14. 32 The Times, 22 Oct. 1936, 16. 33 316 HC Deb, 29 Oct. 1936, 139. 34 Ibid., 142 and 152. 35 322 HC Deb, 12 April 1937, 597. 36 Watkins, Britain Divided, p.145. 37 Brookshire, Clement Attlee, p.161. 38 330 HC Deb, 13 Dec. 1937, 823. 39 Manchester Guardian, 14 Dec. 1937, 10. 40 Burridge, Clement Attlee, p.127. 41 Sinclair to Lloyd George, 13 Dec. 1937, HLRO, Hist. Coll. 192, Lloyd George Papers, G/22/3/15. 42 Jim Fyrth, The Signal was Spain: the Spanish Aid Movement in Britain, 1936–9 (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1986), p.209. Notes to Chapter 6 185

43 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 27 Dec. 1937, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.84. 44 The Times, 13 Dec. 1937, 13. 45 Lord Butler, The Art of the Possible (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1971), p.74. 46 Lloyd George to Strabolgi, 15 May 1939, Hist. Coll. 192, Lloyd George Papers, G/19/4/2. 47 Naylor, Labour’s International Policy, p.227. 48 344 HC Deb, 28 Feb. 1939, 1101 & 1107. 49 Ibid., 1109. 50 Ibid., 1210. 51 The Times, 27 Feb. 1939, 7. 52 The Times, 12 July 1937, 14. 53 Taylor, English History, p.489. 54 Baxter to Middleton, 17 Feb. 1937, Middleton Papers, MID 59, fol.14. 55 Burridge, Clement Attlee, p.124. 56 319 HC Deb, 19 Jan. 1937, 167. 57 Bullock, Ernest Bevin, p.625. 58 Manchester Guardian, 30 March 1936, C.R. Attlee Newspaper Cuttings File. 59 Daily Herald, 4 August 1936, C.R. Attlee Newspaper Cuttings File. 60 Foot, Aneurin Bevan, p.227. 61 Labour Party, Report of the 36th Annual Conference, pp.205–6. 62 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 26 Oct. 1936, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.76. 63 Bullock, Ernest Bevin, p.586. 64 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 26 Oct. 1936, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.76. 65 Brookshire, Clement Attlee, p.164. 66 C.R. Attlee Memorandum, ‘Votes in Supply’, NEC Minutes, 2 Oct. 1936. 67 Hugh Dalton, The Fateful Years: Memoirs, 1931–45 (London: Frederick Muller, 1957), p.135. 68 Naylor, Labour’s International Policy, p.196. 69 Harris, Attlee, p.151. 70 The Economist, 30 July 1938, 222–3. 71 The Times, 26 March 1938, 20. 72 332 HC Deb, 7 March 1938, 1662. 73 Pearce, Attlee, p.80. 74 330 HC Deb, 21 Dec. 1937, 1796–7. 75 Ibid., 1803. 76 Labour Party, Report of the 37th Annual Conference, (London: Labour Party, 1937), pp.140–1. 77 The Times, 18 Oct. 1937, 16. 78 Mao Tse Tung and Chu Teh to Attlee, 1 Nov. 1937, Attlee Family Papers. 79 John Harvey (ed.), The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey, 1937–40 (London: Collins, 1970) 12 March 1938, p.115. 80 Skegness News, 23 March 1938, Addison Papers, Box 130, File 169. 81 333 HC Deb, 14 March 1938, 54. 82 Ibid., 166. 83 The Times, 14 March 1938, 9. 84 The Economist, 26 March 1938, 670. 85 Harris, Attlee, p.150. 186 Notes

86 Andrew Roberts, ‘The Holy Fox’: a Life of Lord Halifax (London: Papermac, 1992), p.49. 87 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 17 Oct. 1937, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.82. 88 332 HC Deb, 21 Feb. 1938, 66–71. 89 Anthony Aldgate, Cinema and History: British Newsreels and the Spanish Civil War (London: Scolar Press, 1979), p.175. 90 Jonathan Lewis, ‘Before Hindsight’, Sight and Sound, XXXXVI (1977) 72. 91 Richard Cocket, Twilight of the Truth: Chamberlain, and the Manipulation of the Press (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989), p.51. 92 The Times, 26 Feb. 1938, 7. 93 The Times, 22 April 1938, 7. 94 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 29 April 1938, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.82. 95 333 HC Deb, 24 March 1938, 1415. 96 332 HC Deb, 22 Feb. 1938, 223. 97 Naylor, Labour’s International Policy, p.228. 98 The Economist, 10 Sept. 1938, 488. 99 Attlee to Middleton, 24 August 1938, Middleton Papers, MID 60, fol.85. 100 The Economist, 10 Sept. 1938, 482. 101 The Times, 14 Sept. 1938, 12. 102 East London Advertiser, 24 Sept. 1938, 1. 103 The Times, 19 Sept. 1938, 14. 104 NEC Minutes, 21 Sept. 1938. 105 339 HC Deb, 3 Oct. 1938, 51–3. 106 The Times, 10 Oct. 1938, 21. 107 C.R. Attlee, Britain’s Shame and Danger (London, Labour Party, 1938), p.2. 108 Conservative Party, How the Peace was Saved: the Story of the Great Crisis (Tiptree: Anchor Press, 1938), p.11. 109 Cecil to Sinclair, 31 Oct. 1938, Cecil Papers, Add. 51181, fol.197. 110 Ponsonby to Chamberlain, 19 Feb. 1939, Ponsonby Papers, MS. Eng. hist. c. 681, fol.59. 111 Pearce, Attlee, p.84. 112 339 HC Deb, 6 Oct. 1938, 543. 113 Pearce, Attlee, p.86. 114 Lord Citrine, Men and Work: an Autobiography (London: Hutchinson, 1964), p.367. 115 The Times, 10 Oct. 1938, 21. 116 339 HC Deb, 6 Oct. 1938, 542. 117 Pearce, Attlee, p.86. 118 340 HC Deb, 1 Nov. 1938, 70. 119 345 HC Deb, 14 March 1939, 223. 120 346 HC Deb, 13 April 1939, 18. 121 Barnes and Nicholson, Leo Amery Diaries, 21 Oct. 1938, 532. 122 James, Chips, 26 April 1939, 194. 123 R.J. Minney, The Private Papers of Hore-Belisha (London: Collins, 1960), p.201. 124 Macmillan, Winds of Change, p.594. 125 346 HC Deb, 27 April 1939, 1358 & 347 HC Deb, 8 May 1939, 145–52. 126 346 HC Deb, 27 April 1939, 1353. Notes to Chapter 7 187

127 347 HC Deb, 19 May 1939, 1824. 128 James, Chips, 19 May 1939, p.200. 129 P.M.H. Bell, The Origins of the Second World War in (London: Longman, 1986), p.108. 130 Cooper, Old Men Forget, p.250. 131 352 HC Deb, 12 Oct. 1939, 568. 132 Ibid., 569; and 353 HC Deb, 16 Nov. 1939, 568. 133 355 HC Deb, 28 Nov. 1939, 28. 134 Ibid., 38. 135 C.R. Attlee, ‘Labour and the War’, 10 Oct. 1939, Broadcast Scripts, BBCWAC. 136 Beatrice Webb’s Diary, 29 Feb. 1940, 6836. 137 Pimlott, The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, mid-Feb. 1940. pp.318–19. 138 C.R. Attlee, Labour’s Peace Aims (London: Labour Party, 1939), p.3.

Chapter 7 Imperial and Home Affairs, 1935–40

1 C.R. Attlee, The Labour Party in Perspective (London: Gollancz, 1937), p.246. 2 Gupta, Imperialism, p.259. 3 339 HC Deb, 6 Oct. 1938, 543. 4 Attlee, The Labour Party in Perspective, pp.239–41. 5 N.A. Rose (ed.), Baffy: the Diaries of Blanche Dugdail, 1936–47, (London: Valentine, Mitchell, 1973), 14 May 1936, p.19. 6 341 HC Deb, 10 Nov. 1938, 303. 7 344 HC Deb, 23 Feb. 1939, 606–7. 8 Nicholas Bethell, The Palestine Triangle: the Struggle between the British, the Jews and the Arabs, 1935–48 (London: Andre Deutsch, 1979) p.74. 9 340 HC Deb, 1 Nov. 1938, 67. 10 344 HC Deb, 27 Feb. 1939, 911. 11 Labour Party, Labour’s Immediate Programme (London: Labour Party, 1937), pp.1–3. 12 Durbin, New Jerusalems, p.247. 13 Labour Party, Report of the 37th Annual Conference, pp.181–6. 14 The Economist, 9 Oct. 1937, 55. 15 New Stateman and Nation, 13 March 1937, 397. 16 The Economist 26 Dec. 1936, 629; and 6 March 1937, 509. 17 310 HC Deb, 6 April 1936, 2457. 18 The Times, 10 Oct. 1938, 21. 19 315 HC Deb, 22 July 1936, 900–4. 20 John Campbell, Nye Bevan and the Mirage of British Socialism (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987), p.59. 21 The Times, 9 Nov. 1936, 9. 22 Clarke to Director, 27 Jan. 1939 & 19 May 1939, CRD Papers, CRD 1/7/37. 23 338 HC Deb, 18 July 1938,1833. 24 Barnes and Nicholson, Leo Amery Diaries, 18 July 1938, p.508. 25 322 HC Deb, 20 April 1937, 1623. 26 Naylor, Labour’s International Policy, p.190. 27 C.R. Attlee, ‘The Budget’, 27 April 1938, Broadcast Scripts, BBCWAC. 188 Notes

28 335 HC Deb, 26 April 1938, 67–9. 29 G.C. Peden, British Rearmament and the Treasury, 1932–9 (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Pree, 1979) pp.43–4; and , ‘British Military Preparations for the Second World War’, in David Dilkes (ed.), Retreat from Power: Studies in British Foreign Policy of the Twentieth Century, vol. 1, 1906–39 (London: Macmillan Press, now Palgrave, 1981) p.116. 30 Betty D. Vernon, (London: Croom Helm, 1982), pp.148–50. 31 Noreen Branson and Margot Heinemann, Britain in the Nineteen Thirties (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), p.237. 32 The Economist, 5 March 1938, 492. 33 Vernon, Ellen Wilkinson, pp.150–1. 34 310 HC Deb, 6 April 1936, 2452–3. 35 Ibid., 2455–7. 36 Ibid., 2478–9. 37 Labour Party, Report of the 36th Annual Conference, p.116. 38 Vernon, Ellen Wilkinson, p.97. 39 Harris, Attlee, pp.133–4. 40 Robert Rhodes James (ed.), Memoirs of a Conservative: J.C.C. Davidson’s Memoirs and Papers (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969), n/d. p.416. 41 318 HC Deb, 10 Dec. 1936, 2187. 42 Minutes of PLP Meeting, 16 Dec. 1936. 43 New Statesman and Nation, 2 May 1936, 660. 44 Sankey Diary, 31 Dec. 1935, MS. Eng hist. e. 289. 45 Minutes of PLP Meeting, 20 May 1936. 46 313 HC Deb, 11 June 1936, 419–24. 47 Rose, Baffy, 11 June 1936, p.22. 48 The Times, 26 July 1938, 7. 49 Robert Rhodes James, Churchill: a Study in Failure, 1900–39 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970), p.331. 50 Ibid., 332. 51 New Statesman and Nation, 27 March 1937, 511. 52 322 HC Deb, 12 April 1937, 651. 53 Ibid., 660–1. 54 Ibid., 670. 55 323 HC Deb, 29 April 1937, 617. 56 Rob to Bernard, 5 June 1937, Attlee Family Papers. 57 Manchester Guardian, 13 Dec. 1937, 8. 58 Keith Laybourn, Britain on the Breadline: a Social and Political History of Britain between the Wars (Gloucester: Allan Sutton, 1990), pp.161–2. 59 Anderson, Fascists, Communists and the National Government, pp.138 and 158. 60 Jacobs, Out of the Ghetto, p.257. 61 Gladys Gibson, ‘London’, in Nigel Gray, (ed.), The Worst of Times, an Oral History of the Great Depression in Britain (London: Wildwood House, 1985), p.60. 62 Branson and Heinemann, Britain in the Nineteen Thirties, pp.292–4. 63 The Economist, 9 Oct. 1937, 60. Notes to Chapter 8 189

64 Richard Thurlow, Fascism in Britain: a History, 1918–85 (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1987), p.115. 65 318 HC Deb, 26 Nov. 1936, 687. 66 Labour Party, Report of the 37th Annual Conference, p.215. 67 East London Advertiser, 5 Nov. 1938, 6. 68 Manchester Guardian, 27 Sept. 1937, 11. 69 The the Economist, 31 July 1937, 226. 70 Attlee, Clem Attlee, p.17. 71 Kevin Jefferys, ‘: the Downfall of Neville Chamberlain’, Parliamentary History, X (1991) 368. 72 P.C. Gordon Walker, ‘The Attitude of Labour and the Left to the War’, Political Quarterly, XI (1940) 81. 73 The Economist, 30 March 1940, 562. 74 L.M. ‘Your Constituencies in Wartime: an Interview with Rt. Hon. C.R. Attlee’, The Labour Candidate: Journal of the Society of Labour Candidates, Winter 1939, 2, Attlee Papers, Bodleian Library, MS. Attlee dep136/1. 75 C.R. Attlee, Adress to , 17 Jan. 1940, Attlee Papers, MS. Attlee dep 1, fol.51. 76 , Why We Fight: Labour’s Case (London: Routledge, 1940), p.139. 77 Brooke, Labour’s War, p.41. 78 The Economist, 7 Oct. 1939, 2. 79 351 HC Deb, 26 Sept. 1939, 1247–8. 80 The Listener, 18 April 1940, 766. 81 C.R. Attlee, ‘We Must Go All Out’, Reynolds News, 14 Jan. 1940, C.R. Attlee Newspaper Cuttings File. 82 Labour Party, Report of the 39th Annual Conference (London: Labour Party, 1940), p.93. 83 The Economist, 30 March 1940, 562. 84 New Statesman and Nation, 30 Dec. 1939, 947. 85 356 HC Deb, 1 Feb. 1940, 1415. 86 Ibid., 1429. 87 New Statesman and Nation, 23 Dec. 1939, 921. 88 Brooke, Labour’s War, p.40. 89 Butler, The Art of the Possible, p.83.

Chapter 8 The Leader of the Opposition

1 328 HC Deb, 10 Nov. 1937, 1803–4. 2 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 30 Nov. 1937, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.183. 3 PLP Executive Committee Minutes, 28 April 1936. 4 Minutes of PLP Meeting, 13 May 1936. 5 Ponsonby to Lady Marley, n/d, Ponsonby Papers, MS. Eng. hist. c. 675, fol.170. 6 Labour Party, The Proposed ‘United Front’ (London: Labour Party, 1934), p.3. 7 Labour Party, The United Front (London: Labour Party, 1934), p.1. 8 Pimlott, Labour and the Left in the 1930s, p.5. 190 Notes

9 Attlee, Clem Attlee, p.17. 10 Francis Williams, A Prime Minister Remembers, the War and Post-War Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. (London: Heinemann, 1961), p.19. 11 Morrison, An Autobiography, p.166. 12 Minutes of PLP Meeting, 4 Feb. 1936. 13 Manchester Guardian, 24 Sept. 1936. 14 Labour Party, Report of the 37th Annual Conference, p.270. 15 Attlee, The Labour Party in Perspective, p.125. 16 Ibid., 136. 17 G.D.H. Cole, The People’s Front (London: Gollancz, 1937), p.17. 18 Cole Memorandum, ‘Problems of Unity and the People’s Front’, 14 Feb. 1937, Cole Papers, GDHC/D5/1/2/2. 19 Cecil to Dalton, 18 Jan. 1937, Cecil Papers, Add. 51175, fols.12–3. 20 John Strachey, What are we to do? (London: Gollancz, 1938), p.179. 21 Morrison to Cripps, 15 April 1937, and Cripps to Morrison, 17 April 1937, Cripps Papers, MSS. CRIPPS, 514. 22 Rogers to Cripps, 30 May 1937, Cripps Papers, MSS. CRIPPS, 503. 23 Rogers to Cripps, 7 April 1937, Cripps Papers, MSS. CRIPPS, 503. 24 Jacobs, Out of the Ghetto, p.205. 25 Watkins, Britain Divided, p.181. 26 New Statesman and Nation, 23 Jan. 1937, 108. 27 Rogers to Cripps, 30 May 1937, Cripps Papers, MSS. CRIPPS, 503. 28 Harris, Attlee, p.158. 29 Cripps to Jarret-Kerr, 12 Oct. 1938, Cripps Papers, MSS. CRIPPS, 572. 30 Resume of letter and Memorandum sent by Cripps to NEC, 9 Jan. 1939, Cripps Papers, MSS. CRIPPS, 512. 31 Pimlott, The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 23 Jan. 1939, p.256. 32 C.R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 23 Feb. 1939, MSS. Eng. c. 4792, fol.88. 33 Foot, Aneurin Bevan, pp.277–8. 34 Labour Party, Report of the 38th Annual Conference (London: Labour Party, 1939), pp.302–3. 35 Attlee to Dodds, 2 Feb. 1939, Guardbook of Letters, Bodleian Library, MS. Eng. Lett. c. 469. 36 The Economist, 21 Jan. 1939, 117. 37 Ibid., 25 March 1939, 610. 38 The Times, 25 Jan. 1939, 9. 39 Parker, Father of the House, p.52. 40 Cripps to Editor, , 2 March 1939, Cripps Papers, MSS. CRIPPS, 508. 41 Note of interview with Sinclair, 28 July 1938, Cecil Papers, Add. 51180, fol.167. 42 Campbell, Nye Bevan, p.74. 43 Labour Party, Stalin’s Men ‘About Turn’ (London: Labour Party, 1940), p.3. 44 Pimlott, Labour and the Left in the 1930s, pp.77–8. 45 Pearce, Attlee, p.76. 46 Williams, A Prime Minister Remembers, p.21. Notes to Chapter 8 191

47 Bruce P. Lenman, The Eclipse of Parliament: Appearance and Reality in British Politics (Sevenoaks: Edward Arnold, 1992), p.143. 48 Clarke to Director, 28 Nov. 1938, CRD Papers, CRD 1/7/35. 49 Iain McLean, ‘Oxford and Bridgwater’, in Chris Cook and John Ramsden (eds), By Elections in British Politics (London: Macmillan, 1973), p.162. 50 The Economist, 9 Oct. 1937, 54. 51 Labour Party, Report of the 38th Annual Conference, p.303. 52 Shinwell to Attlee, 14 June 1939, Attlee Family Papers. 53 Manchester Guardian, 10 Sept. 1937, 11. 54 Attlee, As it Happened, p.105. 55 Attlee, Clem Attlee, p.21. 56 Manchester Guardian, 16 Nov. 1939, 10. 57 Shinwell to Attlee, 14 June 1939, Attlee Family Papers. 58 Harris, Attlee, p.165. 59 Cripps to Jenkins, 5 Sept. 1939, Cripps Papers, MSS. CRIPPS, 569. 60 Cripps to Littlechild, 25 October 1939 and Cripps to Payne, 31 Oct. 1939, Cripps Papers, MSS. CRIPPS, 586. 61 The Economist, 30 March 1940, 562. 62 The Times, 2 Jan. 1940, 8. 63 D.G. to Attlee, 16 Dec. 1939, 910 CRA File 1, BBCWAC. 64 C.R. Attlee, ‘British Labour and the War’, the Listener, 18 Jan. 1940, 113. 65 C.R. Attlee, ‘The War and the Moral Issue’, 3 Feb. 1940, Broadcast Scripts, BBCWAC. 66 Burridge, Clement Attlee, p.142. 67 Patricia Strauss, Bevin and Co. the Leaders of British Labour, (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1941) pp.8–9. 68 360 HC Deb, 7 May 1940, 1093–4. 69 John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–55 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1985), 7 May 1940, p.117; and Barnes and Nicholson, Leo Amery Diaries, 7 May 1940, p.592. 70 Rose, Baffy, 7 May 1940, p.168. 71 360 HC Deb, 7 May 1940, 1130–3. 72 Trevor Burridge, British Labour and Hitler’s War (London: Andre Deutsch, 1976), pp.45–6. 73 Sinclair to Cecil, 8 May 1940, Cecil Papers, Add. 51185, fol.214. 74 Pimlott, The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 9 May 1940, p.343. 75 Attlee, Clem Attlee, p.22. 76 Lord Citrine, Two Careers: Volume Two of the Autobiography of Lord Citrine (London: Hutchinson, 1967), p.41. 77 Brooke, Labour’s War, pp.51–2. 78 Labour Party, Report of the 39th Annual Conference, pp.124–5. 79 Zita Crosman, ‘The 1940 ’, in Angus Calder and Dorothy Sheridan (eds), Speak for Yourself: a Mass-Observation Anthology, 1937–49 (Oxford, OUP, 1985), p.193. 80 New Statesman and Nation, 18 May 1940, 635. Conclusion

1 Ben Pimlott (ed.), The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1940–45 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), 15 Jan. 1941, p.142. 2 Brooke, Labour’s War, p.164. 3 Pearce, Attlee, p. 121. Bibliography

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Government publications Parliamentary Debates: Official Reports (Hansard) House of Commons, 5th Series. ‘Report of the Indian Stautory Commission, Vol.II – Recommendations’, May 1930, P.S.P. Cmd.3569. ‘Report of the Committee of Privileges’, 11 April 1933, P.S.P. 1932–3 (95) ix, 809. ‘Report of the Committee of Privileges’, 6 June 1934, P.S.P. 1933–4 (90) viii, 577. ‘Report of the Committee of Privileges’, 30 June 1938, P.S.P. 1937–8 (146) vii, 593. ‘Report of the Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform’, November 1933, P.S.P. 1932–3 (112) v, 1. ‘Report of the Select Committee on the Civil List’, April 1936, P.S.P. 1935–6 (74) v, 719. ‘Report of the Broadcasting Committee (Ullswater Report)’, March 1936, P.S.P. 1935–6 Cmd.5091, vii, 617. ‘Government of India Bill’, January 1935, P.S.P. 1934–5 (17) i, 1.

Whole series Daily Telegraph, Oct.-Nov. 1935. East London Advertiser, 1931–45. Bibliography 195

The Economist, 1931–40. The Listener, 1932–40. Manchester Guardian, 1935–45. New Statesman and Nation, 1931–45. Political Quarterly, 1931–5. The Times, 1931–45.

Books, articles and pamphlets Clement R. Attlee, The Social Worker (London: G. Bell & Sons Ltd, 1920). Clement R. Attlee, The Will and the Way to Socialism (London: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1935). Clement R. Attlee, ‘The India Report: the Labour minority view’ (Proceedings of the East India Association), Asiatic Review, XXI (1935) 247–259. Clement R. Attlee, The Labour Party in Perspective (London: Ltd/, 1937). Clement R. Attlee, Britain’s Shame and Danger (London: Labour Party, 1938). Clement R. Attlee, Labour’s Peace Aims (London: Labour Party, 1939). Clement R. Attlee, What Labour has done (London: Labour Party, 1946). Clement R. Attlee, As it Happened (London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1954). Clement R. Attlee, Empire into Commonwealth: the Chichele Lectures Delivered at Oxford in May 1960 (London: Oxford University Press, 1961). Clement R. Attlee, Clem Attlee: the Granada Historical Records Interview (London: Panther Record, 1967). C.R. Attlee, A. Greenwood, H. Dalton, H. Morrison, P. Noel-Baker, L. Woolf and H. Laski, Labour’s Aims in War and Peace (London: Lincoln’s Prager, 1941). Clement R. Attlee and William A. Robson, The Town Councillor (London: The Labour Publishing Co., 1925). Philip Noel Baker, Hawkers of Death: the Private Manufacture and Trade in Arms (London: Labour Party, 1934). John Barnes and David Nicolson, The Empire at Bay: the Leo Amery Diaries, 1929–1945 (London: Hutchinson, 1988). John Barnes and David Nicolson, The Leo Amery Diaries, Vol.I, 1896–1929 (London: Hutchinson, 1980). 196 Bibliography

Ernest Bevin, The Job to Be Done (London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1942). Maurice Bourguin, : a Record of the Seventh & Eighth International Studies Conferences, Paris 1934 – London 1935 (Paris: International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation, 1936). and Frederic Mullally, Death Pays a Dividend (London: , 1944). Lord Butler, The Art of the Possible (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1971). Angus Calder and Dorothy Sheridan, Speak for Yourself: a Mass- Observation Anthology, 1937–49 (Oxford: University Press, 1985). G.F.M. Campion, An Introduction to the Procedure of the House of Commons (London: Philip Allan & Co. Ltd, 1929). ‘Cato’, (Frank Owen, Michael Foot and Howard) (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1940). Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, Vol.I, The Gathering Storm (London: Cassell & Co., 1948). Winston S. Churchill, Step by Step, 1936–39 (London: Odhams Press Ltd, 1947). Lord Citrine, Men and Work: an Autobiography (London: Hutchinson, 1964). Lord Citrine, Two Careers: Volume Two of the Autobiography of Lord Citrine (London: Hutchinson, 1967). G.D.H. Cole, The People’s Front (London: Left Book Club/Gollancz, 1937). John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–55 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1985). Conservative Party, How the Peace was Saved: the Story of the Great Crisis (Tiptree: Anchor Press Ltd, 1938). Alfred Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (London: Readers Union. Rupert Hart-Davies, 1955). F.W.S. Craig, (ed.), British General Election Manifestos, 1918–1966 (Chichester: Political Reference Publications, 1970). Stafford Cripps, Up-to-date: Some Practical Suggestions for the Reorganisation of the Political and Parliamentary system (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1939). Stafford Cripps, The Struggle for Peace (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1936). Hugh Dalton, Call back Yesterday: Memoirs, 1881–1931 (London: Frederick Muller Ltd, 1953). Hugh Dalton, The Fateful Years: Memoirs, 1931–1945 (London: Frederick Muller Ltd, 1957). Bibliography 197

Geoffrey Dellar (ed.), Attlee as I knew him (Tower Hamlets: London Borough of Tower Hamlets Directorate of Community Services, 1983). David Dilks, (ed.), The Diaries of Sir , 1938–45 (London: Cassell, 1971). John Dugdale, (ed.), War comes to Britain: speeches of the Rt. Hon. C.R. Attlee, M.P. (London: Victor Gollancz, 1940). Anthony Eden, Facing the Dictators (London: Cassell, 1962). Paul Einzig, The Sterling-Dollar-Franc Tangle (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1933). Paul Einzig, World Finance, 1935–7 (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1937). William Gallacher, The Chosen Few: a sketch of men and events in Parliament (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1940). G.T. Garratt, The Mugwumps and the Labour Party (London: Hogarth Press, 1932). Victor Gollancz, Is Mr Chamberlain saving peace? (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1939). Nigel Gray (ed.), The Worst of Times, an Oral History of the Great Depression in Britain (London: Wildwood House, 1985). Arthur Greenwood, Why We Fight: Labour’s Case (London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd, 1940). Mary Agnes Hamilton, Remembering My Good Friends (London: Jonathan Cape, 1944). Wal Hannington, The Problem of the Distressed Areas (London: Victor Gollancz/Left Book Club, 1937). Wal Hannington, Never on Our Knees (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1967). John Harvey, (ed.), The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey, 1937–40 (London: Collins, 1970). Joe Jacobs, Out of the Ghetto: My Youth in the East End: Communism and Fascism, 1913–1939 (London: Janet Simon, 1978). Robert Rhodes James, (ed.), Chips: the Diaries of Sir Henry Channon (London: Weidenfeld, 1993). Robert Rhodes James, (ed.), Memoirs of a Conservative: J.C.C. Davidson’s Memoirs and Papers, 1910–37 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969). Douglas Jay, Change and Fortune: a Political Record (London: Hutchinson, 1980). Roy Jenkins, (ed.), Purpose and Policy: Selected Speeches by the Prime Minister the Rt. Hon. C.R. Attlee (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1946). 198 Bibliography

Helen Jones, (ed.), Duty and Citizenship: the Correspondence of Violet Markham, 1896–1953 (London: Historians’ Press, 1994). Morgan Jones, Whither India (London: Labour Party, 1935). Thomas Jones, A Diary with Letters, 1931–1950 (London: Oxford University Press, 1954). Labour Party, For Socialism and Peace: the Labour Party’s Programme of Action with Amendments, &c., Proposed by Affiliated Societies (London: Labour Party, 1934). Labour Party, The Proposed ‘United Front’ (London: Labour Party, 1934). Labour Party, The United Front (London: Labour Party, 1934). Labour Party, Nazis, Nazism, Nazidom (London: Labour Party, 1934). Labour Party, Labour’s Immediate Programme (London: Labour Party, 1937). Labour Party, We Saw in Spain (London: Labour Party, 1939). Labour Party, Stalin’s Men ‘About Turn’ (London: Labour Party, 1940). B.H. Liddell-Hart, Memoirs, Vol.II (London: Cassell, 1965). Dame Adelaide Livingstone, Marjorie Scott Johnston and Walter Ashley, The Peace Ballot: the Official History (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1935). Michael MacAlpin, Mr Churchill’s Socialists: the Evidence and Some Conclusions (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1941). Harold Macmillan, Winds of Change, 1914–1939 (London: Macmillan, 1966). , We Were Not All Wrong (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1941). Dean E. McHenry, The Labour Party in Transition, 1931–38 (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1938). Herbert Morrison, An Autobiography (London: Odhams Press Ltd, 1960). Herbert Morrison, Government and Parliament: a Survey from the Inside (London: Oxford University Press, 1964). Sir Oswald Mosley, My Life (London: Nelson, 1968). Malcolm Muggeridge, The Thirties (London: Collins, 1967). Nigel Nicolson, (ed.), : Diaries and Letters, 1939–45 (London: Collins, 1967). , Down and out in London and Paris (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989). George Orwell, The road to Wigan Pier (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989). George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989). John Parker, Father of the House: Fifty Years in Politics (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982). Bibliography 199

Robert Pearce (ed.), : Political Diaries, 1932–1971 (London: Historians’ Press, 1991). Ben Pimlott, (ed.), The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton: 1918–40, 1945–60 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986). Ben Pimlott (ed.), The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1940–45 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986). William E. Rappard, A.E. Zimmern, E. Dennery, G.P. Gooch, C.R. Attlee, Sir N. Angel, E.J. Phelan, J.B. Condliffe, R. Maciver and L.R. Robinson Pacifism is Not Enough: Lectures Delivered at the Geneva Institute of International Relations, August 1934 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1935). N.A. Rose (ed.), Baffy: the Diaries of Blanche Dugdale, 1936–47 (London: Valentine, Mitchell, 1973). Paul Rotha, Documentary Diary: an Informal History of the British Documentary Film, 1928–1939 (London: Secker & Warburg, 1975). Frederick Spotts (ed.), Letters of Leonard Woolf (London: , 1992). John Strachey, What are we to do? (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd/Left Book Club, 1938). Patricia Strauss, Bevin and Co. The Leaders of British Labour (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1941). Viscount Templewood, Nine Troubled Years (London: Collins, 1954). Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1955). Patrick Gordon Walker, ‘The Attitude of Labour and the Left to the war’, Political Quarterly, XI (Jan.–March 1940), 74–88. Francis Williams, A Prime Minister Remembers: the War and Post-war Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Earl Attlee (London: Heinemann, 1961). Francis Williams, Nothing so strange: an Autobiography (London: Cassell, 1970). Philip Williamson, (ed.), The Modernisation of Conservative Politics: the Diaries and Letters of William Bridgman, 1904–35 (London: The Historians’ Press, 1988). Leonard Woolf, Downhill All the Way: an Autobiography of the Years 1919–1939, (London: Hogarth Press, 1968).

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Anthony Adamthwaite, ‘The British Government and the media, 1937–1938’, Journal of Contemporary History XVIII (1983) 281–297. Anthony Aldgate, Cinema and History: British Newsreels and the Spanish Civil War (London: Scolar Press, 1979). 200 Bibliography

David G. Anderson, ‘British rearmament and the “Merchants of Death”: the 1935–36 Royal Commission on the Manufacture of and Trade in Armaments’, Journal of Contemporary History XXIX (1994) 5–36. Gerald D. Anderson, Fascists, Communists and the National Government: in Great Britain, 1931–37 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1983). Peggy Attlee, With a Quiet Conscience: a Biography of Thomas Simons Attlee (London: Dove & Chough Press, 1995). Stuart Ball, Baldwin and the Conservative Party: the Crisis of 1929–31 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988). Stuart Ball, ‘The Politics of Appeasement: the Fall of the Duchess of Atholl and the Kinross and West Perth by-election, December 1938’, Scottish Historical Review LXIX (1990) 49–83. Clem Attlee (London: Richard Cohen Books, 1997) P.M.H. Bell, The Origins of the Second World War in Europe (London: Longman, 1986). Nicholas Bethall, The Palestine Triangle: the struggle between the British, the Jews and the Arabs, 1935–48 (London: Andre Deutsch, 1979). Uri Bialer, The Shadow of the Bomber: the Fear of Air Attack and British Politics: 1932–1939 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1980). Donald S. Birn, The , 1918–45 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981). A.H. Booth, British Hustings, 1924–1950 (London: Frederick Muller Ltd, 1956). Alan Booth, ‘How Long are Light Years in British politics? The Labour Party’s Economic Ideas in the 1930s’, Twentieth Century British History VII (1996) 1–26. Andrew Boyle, Montagu Norman: a Biography (London: Cassell, 1967). Noreen Branson and Margot Heinemann, Britain in the Nineteen Thirties (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971). H.V. Brasted and Carl Bridge, ‘The British Labour Party and Indian Nationalism, 1907–1947’, South Asia XI (1988) 69–99. Carl Bridge, ‘Churchill, Hoare, Derby and the Committee of Privileges, April to June 1934’, Historical Journal XXII (1979) 215–27. , Clement Attlee (London: Lincoln’s Prager, 1949). Stephen Brooke, Labour’s War: the Labour Party during the Second World War (Oxford: Oxford Historical Monographs, 1992). Colin Brooks, The Devil’s Decade: Portraits of the 1930s (London: Macdonald & Co. 1948). Bibliography 201

Jerry H. Brookshire, Clement Attlee (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995). Alan Bullock, The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, Vol.1, Trade Union leader, 1881–1940 (London: Heinemann, 1960). Trevor Burridge, Clement Attlee (London: Jonathan Cape, 1985). Trevor Burridge, British Labour and Hitler’s War (London: Andre Deutsch, 1976). John Campbell, Nye Bevan and the Mirage of British Socialism (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987). Martin Ceadel, ‘The First Communist “Peace Society”: the British Anti- War Movement, 1932–1935’, Twentieth Century British History I (1990) 58–86. John Clark, Margot Heinemann, David Margolies and Carole Snee, (eds.), Culture and Crisis in Britain in the 30s (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1979). Sir Henry Clay, Lord Norman (London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd, 1957). Anthony Clayton, The as a Superpower, 1919–39 (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, now Palgrave, 1986). Cyril Clemens, The Man from Limehouse: Clement Richard Attlee (Missouri: International Mark Twain Society, 1946). Richard Cockett, Twilight of the Truth: Chamberlain, Appeasement and the Manipulation of the Press (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989). G.D.H. Cole, A History of the Labour Party from 1914 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1948). Ian Colvin, Vansittart in Office (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1965). Chris Cook and John Ramsden, (eds), By-Elections in British Politics (London: Macmillan, 1973). Sir Reginald Coupland, The Indian Problem, 1833–1935 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1942). David Dilks, (ed.), Retreat from Power: Studies in British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century (London: Macmillan, 1981). Bernard Donoughue and G.W. Jones, Herbert Morrison: Portrait of a Politician (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973). Elizabeth Durbin, New Jerusalems: the Labour Party and the Economics of Democratic Socialism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985). David Dutton, Austen Chamberlain: Gentleman in Politics (Bolton: Ross Anderson Publications, 1985). John Ellis, Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War (London: Andre Deutsch, 1990). Louis Fischer, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi (London: Grafton Books, 1982). 202 Bibliography

C. Fleay and M.L. Sanders, ‘The Labour Spain Committee: Labour Party policy and the Spanish Civil War’, Historical Journal, XXVIII (1985) 187–197. Micheal Foot, Aneurin Bevan: a Biography, Vol.1, 1897–1945 (London: Macgibbon & Kee, 1962). James Fyrth, The Signal was Spain: the Spanish Aid Movement in Britain, 1936–39 (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1986). W. Golant, ‘The political development of C.R. Attlee to 1935’, unpubl. B.Litt. Thesis, Oxford University, 1967. W. Golant ‘The emergence of C.R. Attlee as Leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party in 1935’, Historical Journal, XIII (1970) 318–332. Partha Sarathi Gupta, Imperialism and the British Labour Movement, 1914–1964 (London: Macmillan Press, now Palgrave), 1975). Leslie Hannah, Electricity before Nationalisation: a Study of the Electricity Supply Industry in Britain to 1948 (London: Macmillan Press, now Palgrave), 1979). Kenneth Harris, Attlee (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984). Robert Rhodes James, Churchill: a Study in Failure, 1900–1939 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970). David Jarvis, ‘Stanley Baldwin and the ideology of the Conservative response to Socialism, 1918–31’, unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. Kevin Jefferys, ‘May 1940: the Downfall of Neville Chamberlain’, Parliamentary History, X (1991) 363–78. Kevin Jefferys, The Churchill Coalition and Wartime Politics, 1940–1945 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991). Roy Jenkins, Mr Attlee: an Interim Biography (London: William Heinemann Ltd 1948). Roy Jenkins, Baldwin (London: Collins, 1987). J. Vernon Jensen, ‘Clement R. Attlee and Twentieth Century Parliamentary speaking’, Parliamentary Affairs, XXIII (1969–70) 277–85. James Jupp, The Radical Left in Britain: 1931–1941 (London: Frank Cass, 1982). Keith Laybourn, Britain on the Breadline: a Social and Political History of Britain between the Wars (Gloucester: Allan Sutton, 1990). Keith Laybourn Philip Snowden: a Biography, 1864–1937 (Aldershot: Temple Smith, 1988). Bruce P. Lenman, The Eclipse of Parliament: Appearance and Reality in British Politics Since 1914 (Sevenoaks: Edward Arnold, 1992). Jonathan Lewis, ‘Before hindsight’, Sight and Sound XLVI (1977) 68–73. Bibliography 203

David Lukowitz, ‘George Lansbury’s peace mission to Hitler and Mussolini in 1937’, Canadian Journal of History, XV (1980) 67–82. Madelaine Mayhew, ‘The 1930s nutrition controversy’, Journal of Contemporary History, XXIII (1988) 445–64. R.J. Minney, Viscount Addison: Leader of the Lords (London: Odhams Press Ltd, 1958). R.J. Minney, The Private Papers of Hore-Belisha (London: Collins, 1960). R.J. Moore, Escape from Empire: the Attlee Government and the Indian problem (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983). Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989). Charles Loch Mowat, Britain between the Wars (London: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1956). J.T. Murphy, Labour’s Big Three: a Biographical Study of Clement Attlee, Herbert Morrison and Ernest Bevin (London: Bodley Head, 1948). John F. Naylor, Labour’s International Policy: the Labour Party in the 1930s (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969). Robert Pearce, Attlee (London: Longman, 1997). G.C. Peden, British Rearmament and the Treasury: 1932–1939 (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1979). G.C. Peden, Keynes, the Treasury and Political Economic Policy (Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988). Ben Pimlott, Labour and the Left in the 1930s (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976). Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (London: Macmillan, 1986). Raymond Postgate, The Life of George Lansbury (London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1951). Lawrence R. Pratt, East of Malta, West of Suez: Britain’s Mediterranean Crisis, 1936–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). Nicholas Pronay and D.W. Spring, (eds), Propaganda, Politics and Film, 1918–45 (London: Macmillan, 1979). Andrew Roberts, ‘The Holy Fox’: a Life of Lord Halifax (London: Papermac, 1992). Andrew Roberts, Eminent Churchillians (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994). Tim Rooth, British Protectionism and the International Economy: Overseas Commercial Policy in the 1930s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Robert Paul Shay, Jr, British Rearmament in the Thirties: Politics and Profits (Princeton: Press, 1977). 204 Bibliography

Tom Stannage, Baldwin Thwarts the Opposition: the British General Election of 1935 (London: Croom Helm, 1980). John Stevenson and Chris Cook, The Slump (London: Quartet Books, 1979). A.J.P. Taylor, English History, 1914–45 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975). Andrew Thorpe, The British General Election of 1931 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). J.A. Thompson, ‘The “Peace Ballot” and the “Rainbow” Controversy’, Journal of British Studies, XX (1981), 150–70. Richard Thurlow, Fascism in Britain: a History, 1918–85 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987). B.R. Tomlinson, The Indian National Congress and the Raj, 1929–1942: the Penultimate Phase (London: Macmillan, 1976). Ann Trotter, Britain and East Asia, 1933–1937 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975). Betty D. Vernon, Ellen Wilkinson, 1891–1947 (London: Croom Helm, 1982). Daniel Waley, British Public Opinion and the Abyssinian War, 1935–1936 (London: Maurice Temple Smith, 1975). K.W. Watkins, Britain Divided: the Effect of the Spanish Civil War on British Public Opinion (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd 1963). Philip Williamson, National Crisis and National Government: British politics, the economy and empire, 1926–32 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). C.M. Young, Stanley Baldwin (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1952). Thom Young and Martin Kettle, Incitement to Disaffection (London: Cobden Trust, 1976). Index

Abyssinia, 59, 76–7, 91, 92, racial views, 56–7 98–100, 101, 103, 107, 113 radio broadcasts, 128, 154 Addison, Christopher, 22, 27 and the rise of Hitler, 61, Amery, Leo, 32, 43, 127, 155, 156 66–9 Argentine Trade Agreement, 34 salary, 134–5 Astor, Nancy, 75 The Social Worker, 7–8 Attlee, Clement Richard speaking skills, 9 calls for Ministry of Defence, views of the BUF, 135–7 10 views on economic questions, character, 3, 5, 10 9, 12–13, 16, 17–37, 128: and Churchill’s wartime exchange controls, 35–7; coalition, 163–5 , 33–4; and constitutional reform, , 18–20, 19–22, 24 125; planning, 23–4, 28–9, and the crisis of 1931, 14–16, 31, 126; tariffs, 28, 30–3 19 views on foreign policy, 60–73, defending co-operatives, 29–30 77–8, 98–121: early career, 1, 5–16 appeasement, 112–19; education, 4–5, 6 collective security, 61–6, financial abilities, 86 67–8, 71, 73, 77, 99–119; and the General Strike, 11 conscription, 118; and imperial affairs, 5, 11, disarmament, 9–10, 60–1, 55–7, 122–5: India: 11–12, 62, 67–8, 72–3, 74–5, 77, 35, 39–54, 122–3, 165; 101; , 119–20, Newfoundland, 54–5, 56; 137–41; rearmament, 72–3, Palestine, 123–5, 164–5; 106–9, 128 see also India views on frontism, 144–51 The Labour Party in Perspective, views on unemployment, 8, 12, 122, 145 28–9, 34–5, 84, 92, 126–7: leadership skills, 3, 4, 6, 7, 16, Household Means Test, 79–97, 104, 108–9, 130–1, 27–9, 92, 126 132, 138, 140–1, 142–58, The Will and the Way to 160–1, 165: leadership Socialism, 23 ballot, 95–7; leadership , 59, 71 challenges, 152–4 Anschluss, 111–12, 114 and , 7, 10, 11 Baker, Philip Noel, 102–3 mayor of , 7 Baldwin, Stanley, 16, 43, 52, and military affairs, 9–10, 60, 68, 74, 76, 88, 89, 90–1, 73–5 97, 99, 103, 130, 131, 135, military experiences, 6 156 as party reformer, 169–71 Bartlett, Vernon, 149 prime minister, 165–8 Beaverbrook, Lord Max, 131

205 206 Index

Ben Gurion, D., 124 Daily Herald, 92, 101 Bevan, Aneurin, 27, 108, 166, Daily Telegraph, 94, 96 169, 171 Dalton, Hugh, 13, 20, 22, 23, 24, Beveridge, W., 164 59, 66, 77, 80, 88, 89, 96, Bevin, Ernest, 3, 19, 20, 59, 66, 101, 108, 120, 121, 148, 150, 77, 86, 88, 95, 107–8, 120, 153, 156, 162 121, 150, 152, 162 Defence White Paper Blair, Tony, 169–70 1935, 72–3, 94, Bridgeman Committee, 80 1938, 109 Bridgwater by-election, 149 Dugdale, Blanche, 155 Britain’s Shame and Danger, 115 Durbin, Evan, 25 BBC, 80, 83, 84, 86, 154 British Union of Fascists (BUF), East Fulham by-election, 61 122, 135–7 East London Advertiser, 82, 93, 96 Burgin, Leslie, 29 Economist, 20, 69, 72, 87, 89, 96, Butler, R.A., 105, 111, 141 108, 125, 126, 128, 129, 137, 138, 139, 149, 151, 152, Cecil, Lord Robert, 145, 152 154 Chamberlain, Austen, 53, 73, 75, Eden, Anthony, 64, 92, 112–13, 99 115, 150, 151–2 Chamberlain, Neville, 27, 29–30, Edward VIII, 131–2 35, 36, 37, 83, 93, 99–100, Elliot, Walter, 28 104 equal pay, 130–1 as prime minister, 105, 109, exchange controls, 35–7 112–19, 133, 135, 137–41, 142 Fabian Society, 5, 14 downfall, 154–8 Family Allowances, 127 , 59, 62, 63, 109–11 For Socialism and Peace, 25–6, 38, Churchill, Winston, 1, 130, 150, 68 151, 155, 156, 157, 158 Friday Group, 20–1, 22, 24, 31, 85 and India, 43, 45, 51–2 view of Attlee, 6, 159 Gaitskell, Hugh, 25, 169 wartime coalition, 163–5 Gandhi, M.K., 41, 44, 56 Citrine, W., 116 general elections, Cole, G.D.H., 13, 18, 145 1922, 8 Colville, John, 155 1931, 15, 20 Communist Party of Great 1935, 38, 77, 79, 88, 89–95, Britain, 81, 87, 93, 104, 136, 106, 144, 162 142, 144–51 1945, 4 Cooper, Alfred Duff, 75 , 89, 90 Co-operative Party, 29 George VI, 140 co-operatives, 29–30, 83, 86 Greenwood, Arthur, 3, 27, 95–6, Cranborne, Lord Robert, 103, 102, 118, 134–5, 138, 153, 105 156 Cripps, Stafford, 15, 19, 20–1, 26, Grenfell, David, 80 29, 71, 76, 77, 80, 83, 85, 86–7, 88, 89, 146, 147–50, Haileybury Club, 5, 6 151, 153, 154 Halifax, Lord, 111, 156 , 114–17, 120 Hall, George, 80 Index 207

Henderson, Arthur, 9, 11, 59, 70, 67–8, 119–20; 144 disarmament, 9–10, 60–1, hire purchase, 129 62, 67–8, 77, 119–20; Hitler, Adolf, 61, 66–9, 71, 72, pacifism, 69–71, 77, 88, 100–2, 106, 107, 111, 116 119; rearmament, 106–9, Hoare, Samuel, 128 and India, 45, 51 the Left, 71–2, 103–4, 106, 107, Hoare-Laval pact, 98–100, 131, 136, 144–51, 160 156, 161 imperial policy, 39–40, 53, 122 Hobson, J.A., 24 Labour Party conferences Hore-Belisha, L., 133 1923, 9, 60 1931, 14 (ILP), 1932, 19, 93, 94 10, 15, 80, 86, 145 1933, 88 India, 11–12, 35 1934, 68–9, 88 , 11–12, 1935, 53, 70–1, 76, 77, 85, 88 40–1, 42 1936, 102, 107, 130 Government of India Bill, 1937, 110, 125, 137 42–54, 122–3, 165 1939, 148 Joint Select Committee, 42–9, 1940, 138, 157 51 The Labour Party’s Call to Power, Attlee Draft, 46–7, 53 38, 91 the parliamentary debate, Labour’s Immediate Programme, 49–53 125–6, 140, 163–4 Incitement to Disaffection Bill, Labour’s Peace Aims, 120 81 Lansbury, George, 15, 26, 69, 70, Inskip, Thomas, 74 71, 76, 77, 80, 85, 87, 88, 92, Ireland, 61 95 Laski, Harold, 22 Japan, 59, 62, 63, 64, 109–11 Lawson, Jack, 81 Jay, Douglas, 96 League of Nations, 55, 59, 61, 62–6, 67, 68, 71, 72, 75, 76, Keyes, Admiral, 156 77, 99–100, 102, 110, 111, Keynes, J.M., 25 115, 117 League of Nations Union (LNU), Labour governments, 75, 76 1924, 10 Liddall, W.S., 104 1929–31, 12–15 Limehouse, 7, 82, 93, 114, 136, Labour Party; 146 conferences, see Labour Party Linlithgow, Marquis of, 48 Conferences Lloyd George, David, 6, 7, 16, 87, economic policy, 17–26, 92, 105, 157 125–9 , 7, 94, electoral prospects, 3, 15, 95, 96 89–90, 148, 151–2, 157 foreign policy, 9, 58–66, 75, MacDonald, James Ramsay, 1, 77–8, 91–2, 98, 112–21: 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17–18, appeasement, 112–19; 74, 81, 83, 87, 94, 143, collective security, 61–6, 167 208 Index

Macmillan, Harold, 64, 118 Peace Ballot, 71, 75–6 Manchester Guardian, 96, 104, Peace Pledge Union, 70 135, 153 Percy, Lord Eustace, 29, 38, 48, Manchuria, 59, 62, 63, 64 63 Morning Post, 51, 84 Phoney War, 119–21, 137–40, Morrison, Herbert, 19, 88, 95–7, 154–8 143, 144, 146, 150, 151, 153, electoral truce, 137–8 156, 157, 167 , 118, 119 Mosley, Oswald, 13, 82 Ponsonby, Lord Arthur, 13, 65, agreement, 114, 121 70, 115, 144 Mussolini, Benito, 59, 67, 92, Popular Front, 144–51 98–9, 106, 111, 112–13 Privileges Committee, 51–2, 80, 133 National Council of Civil Liberties, 35 Raeburn Committee, 29–30 National Council of Labour Rathbone, Eleanor, 81 (NCL), 102, 114, 150 Rhineland, 100–2, 111, 114 National Executive Committee Roosevelt, P.D., 110 (NEC), 19, 79, 85, 88, 106, 108, 114, 143, 145, 146, Samuel, A.M., 37 147–9, 165 Sandys, Duncan, 133–4, 162 National Government, 3, 14, 29, Sankey, Viscount John, 33, 34, 41, 42–3, 54, 59, 60, 63–4, 43, 45, 60, 90 76, 89, 92, 161 Shepherd, Dick, 70 National Unemployed Workers’ Shinwell, Emmanuel, 22, 152, Movement (NUWM), 34–5, 153, 166, 168 127 Silverman, Sidney, 143 Nazi-Soviet Pact, 150 Simon, John, 63, 126, 127, 134, New Fabian Research Bureau 139 (NFRB), 14 Sinclair, Archibald, 90–1, 135, Newfoundland, 54–5 156 New Statesman and Nation, 21, 32, Snowden, Philip, 14–15, 18, 30, 84, 89, 96, 99, 125, 132, 134, 33 139, 140, 147, 157 Socialist League, 18, 70–2, 83, 86, Non-Intervention Committee, 146–7 103 Society for Socialist Information Norman, Montagu, 36 and Propaganda (SSIP), 13, 86 Orr, John, 126 Spanish Civil War, 102–6, Orwell, George, 126 109, 110–11, 112, 114, 146 Parker, John, 149 Stepney, 5, 7, 146 Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP), Strachey, L, 146 3, 16, 26–37, 53–4, 63, 69, 72, 75, 76, 79, 80, 85–7, 88, Thomas, J.H., 54–5, 83, 132–3 95–7, 103, 104, 107–8, 112, The Times, 7, 25, 36, 73, 104, 105, 118, 123, 128–9, 130–1, 154 132–4, 137–40, 143, 152, TUC, 85, 156 153, 154, 156, 160, 165 , 6, 65, 67 Index 209

Ullswater Committee, 80 Wedgwood, Josiah, 44, 51, unemployment, 7, 25, 34–5, 90, 143 92 Weizmann, C., 124 United Front, see Popular Front Wilkinson, Ellen, 129–30, 152–3, USA, 62, 65, 109, 110, 112, 167 161 USSR, 23, 24, 65, 117, 118, 121 Williams, Tom, 80 Winterton, Earl Edward, 92 Vansittart, Robert, 73 World Disarmament Conference, 59, 60 Walker, Patrick Gordon, 149 , 6 Webb, Beatrice, 3, 88, 96, 120, 153 XYZ Club, 19