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Home , Exchequer of the Jews, William of Norwich

ENGLISH HISTORY BY CONTEMPORARY WRITERS

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DOCUMENTS A~D RECORDS

FRO~Il.ATIN AND HEBREW SOURCES ,.; .., PRINTED AND MANUSCRIPT

~ u FOR THE FIRST TI~IE II .. COLLECTF.D AND TRANSLATED ~ .;

~ BY ur ·a .. ~ JOSEPH JACOBS ... :; u. Corresponding ./Jiember of the Royal Acat!emy of History, Madrid, and of the American :Jewish Ht'slori'cal Society. Washington.

LONDON

'\ DAVID NUTT, z7o, qr, STRAND 1893 xxii. INTRODUCTION.

and Jew to express his regret both that Angevin England saw no other means of giving its employment except as thumb-screws of the Royal Treasury, and that the medi

[Entries in italics relate to translations from the Hebrew. The remainder are from Latin nnless otherwise mentioned. An asterisk indicates that the extract is from a source still inedited, wholly or in part. Items within inverted commas preserve the original titles in the Records. The passages in the Addenda are inserted as far as possible in proper chronological order and are marked off by square Lrackets.]

~-. PAGE Bef. 6go The laws of the Church about the Jews ... 810 :Jews flee f.-om Germany toEngland ...... 4 107J•5 Jews settle in Oxford and Cambridge ...... 4 1074 [Decree of the Council of Rouen .. 00. ... 255 1079 [Jews are repulsed from Ireland...... 255 I086 A Jew in Domesday ...... 5 C. IOC)O The impiety of William the Red...... 6 Bef. Iog6 [ ?] Friendly Dispute of Jew and Christian ...... 7 Some of the Arguments . 00 oo• oo• ... 8 Bef. uoo How to treat a Convert ...... 12 c. IUS First mention of the London Jewry 00. ... 13 1120 Jews as Owls [Norm. F•·enck] ...... 13 UJO•I How Jews contribute to the Treasury [Pipe Roll items '-5] ...... oo• oo• ...... 14 c. JI40 Laws of the Church about the Jews oo. oo. 15

Church view of Usury oo• 00. • •• • • • 16 II4I Jews at Oxford are mulcted by Maud and Stephen 18 [A Jew burnt at Oxford ...... oo. ... 256 II44 The :Martyrdom of William of ...... 19 [•Thomas of Monmouth's account of the Martyr- dom ...... 256 The details ofthe Martyrdom 350 yean later... 19 ' CONTENTS. XXV, xxiv. CONTENTS. PAGE PAGH II73 The Plate of Lincoln Minster is redeemed from 1146 St. Bernard's plea to the people of England on Aaron of Lincoln ...... 57 behalf of the Jews 22 II75 The Abbot of Peterborough pledges relics with English 7ews t'n Germany 23 the Jews ... 57 258 1147 [Stephen protects lite 7ews II76 The first Shetar on record ss c. uso [A Recon·versz"on by Rubigotsce ... 259 II7J-8o How the Abbey of St. Edmund became in debt 200 Bef. 1152 [Jews tenants of St. Paul's ... to the Jews ...... 59 Bef. 1154 Early Bible Crt"lit:t"sm of'' Rubi Go/see,,. 23 II77 Sepulchres granted to the J ewries ... 62 c. nso •The 7ews and lite Chatelaine ... 25 "79 The provisions of the Lateran Council about the 52 1155 When Flemings go, Jews come out of their Jews ...... retreats .. , ...... 27 How to treat Christian Usurers ... 6J Jews spread through England [Pipe Roll items II77·79 • Jews are sent across the straits [P.R. 28-33] 64 1155·00 28 6-Io] ...... 1179 •Early l.O.U.'s ...... 66 May, 1158 Abraham /Dn Esra [Browning's 'Rabbi Ben c. u8o From "The Laws of Edward the Confessor" 68 Esra '] dediCates ltJs wot'-k u resod A-lorelt " to The Punishment of a Jewish Scoffer ... 68 7oseplt ben 7acob t'n London ...... 29 How the Jews' Debts get into the hands of the The State of Hebrew Learnz'11g among Englt'slt King ...... •.. 70 7ews JO u8o-2 Jewish Contributions to the Treasury [P.R. 34-47] 72 Tlte Laws of Moses 33 n81 Assize of Arms ...... 75 The a.·m of Life ... 34 St. Robert, Boy and Martyr ... 75 Dec. 1158 lnti-oduction to Abraham Jh,z Esra's u Sabbath July, II82 Jews expelled from France 75 Epistle" ...... 35 n82 A Receipt, Latin and Heb•·ew 76 :Isg-6J Richard of Anesty gets into debt J8 I5 Nov. II82 One of the Causes of the York j\1assacre [partly c. 1164 Cities and Jews have their own Laws 42 Heb1·ew] ...... 77 Bef. tx66 [A Jewish Knight ... 200 II82 The Jews favour William the Sacristan, and what Bef. n67 [A braham Ibn Ezra and t!te Demons 262 followed ...... 78 n67 [A False Jew a False Prophet 264 Bef. n83 The Boasting of Aaron of Lincoln ... 79 n66-o •Jews as ferro-gatherers [Pipe Roll items II-IS] 43 n83 [A Receipt, Latin and Heb•·ew <.. 268 c. n68 An Israelite Bishop without guile ... 45 II Nov. u83 Deed of Mortgage [part Heb•·ew] ... So n68 Harold, the Hoy-Martyr, of Gloucester 45 Bef. u84 Deodafus wn'tes an asfrononu'cal work 8I How to obtain money from the Jews 47 Israel as Bt"l(fe and as Beggm~ ... 8I Bef. II70 Canon of a Rabbi>ttc Synod o~•·fhWest ( 0 English 7ews drz1zk with Gentiles ... 269 Eu•·ope ...... ;. . .. 47 n8•-s •The King finds his Jews profitable [P.R. 48-66] 82 c. 1170 From ''The Dialogue of the " ... 49 c. n85 Awittv lPw II70 A Jew finances the Conquest of Ireland [P.R. II~3-5 • J!ron1issary Notes ... 87 items I6- I 7] SI c. n86 •Earliest List of London Jews 88 Bef. II7I A Dzfficult Question ... 52 I;86-7 0 Jurnet the Jew pays dearly for marrying a A point of 7ewz'sh Law 53 Christian heiress [P.R. 67-72]. .. 90 A Weight_v DeczStOn 54 Aaron's Treasures are lost at sea ... 91 The 7ews of England t'nquire wheflw· they may Bef. n87 [The Misdeeds of William Wibert 272 eat Ba1·nacle·geese ... 54 C. II87 [The Vision of Roger of Estreby ... 272 1171 [E>tglz:rh 7rws moum the iJ./arlyrs of Blois 265 II88 Barnacle-geese should convince the Jews of the 1172 A Decree of the Council of Avranches ... 55 Immaculate Conception ...... 92 II72-6 •Jewish Contributions to the Treasury [P.R. Jews minister to the Monks of Canterbury, and 20-27] 55 pay a heavy contribution to the Crusade 93 CONTENTS. xxvii. xxvi. CONTENTS. PAGV. PAGB The result of entering a Jewish House '53 [• Aids to relieve a Lord from the Jews Bef. 1193 269 Jewish ·contributions to the Treasury [P.R. Henry favours the Jews ...... 1193 Bef. 1189. II. 94 12j-8] ...... tSJ [Early History of the Norwich Jewry ... 274 Form of Procedure in the Pleas of the King's •Feet of Fin< ·vitb J urnet of Norwich 1194 94 Crown ...... •. ... ISS •Jewish Contributions to the Treasury [P.R. u88-9 The Jewry is organised : " The Ordinances of the 73•92] ...... 95 Jewry''...... 156 Bef. 1189 Biblr'cal Comments of Rabbi Jacob g8 John of Rrompton's Account 159 [Walter Mapes refuses to be just to Jews and 0 The Debts of Aaron [P.R.129-138] 159 Cistercians ...... 275 •H~/lrewGt·at~rmar of Samuel fe Poinlur of •Deed of Belaset the J ewess of Oxford ... 96 Bef. 1194 ...... 162 [•Contributions to the Treasury (P.R. 189-204) ... 265 Bristol [Commen!J D.v R. Be1r.fanrin 281 ["Early Lawsuits ...... 274 1189 •Gift of the Jews of England to King Richard 162 J, 4.Sept. 1189 The Massacre at Richard I.'s Coronation 1194 99 [lnlroducfz'on to Bmedict of Oxford's "Pox- 8 Sept. 1189 Baptism or Death ; a Relapse ...... lOS c. 1195 278 A Poet's account of the London Massacre Fa/Jles" ...... Pa/Jie Ike Wolf and Ike Animals" 165 [Mza.-Eng.] ...... 100 "The of " The Fable Ike Pox, lite Carl, and lk~ A Jewish Account the Massacre 107 of of 170 16 Nov. u8g Charter of Monks of the Cistercian Order to be Ft'sltes"...... Bmedt'cl Oxj01·d's 'llforals ,. 172 quits of their debts to Aaron of Lincoln 108 of •Jewish Transactions [P.R. 140-t48] 174 Bef. 1190 • A Penrlentz'al Hymn of R. Yomlob of York 109 1195-7 A Queslfon of Warmth ...... Ill 1194•9 Early Lawsuits ...... 175 Peter the Jew becomes a London I.andowner 177 lJ90. "I Slaughter of the Jews at Norwich, Stamford, 177 York, and St. Edmunds ...... 112 c. 1197 The Abbey of Meaux takes up Debts to Jews ... Learned daugkle.·s of a learned fa/her ... 178 Feb. 1190 "What was done against the insolence of the Bef. 11g8 " Perfidy " Jews at Lynn" ...... 113 Against the of the Jews by Peter of ...... 179 "What was done against the Jews at Stam- Blois ...... 7 March, 1190 182 ford" ...... 115 1198 •Jews and the Treasury [P.R. rso-162] 184 A Decision Rabbi Elias, the Marlyr Be£. 11g8 Laws of the Church about the Jews Bef. 1190 of of 186 York ...... u6 ug8 "Innocent III. to all Christian Princes" There were Jews in Cornwall .. 186 Mar. 1190 "What was done against the Jews of Lincoln c. 1198 [Additional items from the (P.R. no-18) 276 and York" ...... 117 Hef. 1199 A complicated Transaction 188 16, 17 Mar. 1190 "Of the fate ofthe Jews of York " 123 1199 A Jewish Account of Ike Massacre 130 Early Lawsuits .. . .. , 191 "Of the King's ire against the slayers of the JIQ9-I200 "The [P.R. 16J-172] ... 192 Jews'' ...... 131 Bef. 1200 Be~mlt'clof Oxfm·d lra11slale~Adelard's "Qu.,s- lg6 Winchester does not join in the Massacres IJJ tiones Naturales" . .. . :. . .. He lrattslafes a wm·k on Afiueralogy rg8 22 Mar. 1190 "A Charter by which many liberties are granted 198 and confirmed to the Jews " ...... 134 He comments on Job ...... 28J uSg-91 •Contributions to the Treasury [P.R. 91-104"] 138 [Two Cistercian Monks tum Jews [Jews falsify l\1SS. of Josephus 2Bs 1190 Abbot Samson get• the Jews expelled from Edmundsbury ...... 141 [''RulesofPunclunfi'on," D;•R. Mosps/J~:nYomfo/J .a. 199 10 Oct. 1191 [William Longchamp fleeces the Jews 281 Bef. uoo English Jews in Grrmany ...... 286 1191•2 •Contributions to the Treasury [P.R. 105·122] 142 [English Jews m·e Models of 0•·1/rodoxy ... 287 Bef. 1192 De mt"nimis non cut at Lex Talmutlica ... 146 [Rab!Ji,!fmnclrrm of Lo11don ... 288 1192 Allel{ed Martyrdom of a Boy at Winchester ... 146 [• Decisz'ons of RaDin' Me11acAem ... CONTENTS. xxix. PAGR. xxviii. CONTENT~. PAC. F. APPENDIX. flll Itt: StT'l!I.Cf' 289 [R. llfosrs (If London I Passo"'rr I. J-ist of Latin Authorities ... 297 291 [• DrctSlons t'f R. Afous {If Lflndcm II. The Rolls ... JOJ 292 [HoU!'<'S in the Oxford Jewry III. Jewish Business and Deeds ... 307 11 1199-1200 ]<"rom the Oblate' Rolls" ... 199 List of .Manors, &c., held by J cws. J08 t2-JI July, 1200 Appointml"nt of an 1\r('hpricst of th<' ]C'WS ... 202 IV. llloney and Value in Twelfth Century JI6 23 July, 1200 The King l·onfirms the ~alcof a ::.\Ianor to a List of Prices. 318 Jew 204 V. Jewish Contributions to the Treasury J20 IH)Q-1202 The King is kind to Earl na,·id at the J ows' List of Fines 3.nd Amerdaments. J2I 204 c>xpcnsC' .. VI. The Assize ol Jewry in the Twelfth Century 329 The King grants Jews' houses to his sC'n·ants 206 1200 VII. Manners and Customs 33 7 LC"o thP ... 206 the Jew, King's goldsmith VIII. Jewish Education 3·12 The Jt~wsmourn the dl·ath of Hugh, Bishop of Code of Education, 3-IJ 207 Lincoln ... IX. Name-List of English Jews of XII. Century .H.I 208 Bailiffs of the Jews appninl<'d .. Supplementary List. J64 208 10 Jun£', uoo ~lnrryor remain in Debt X. The Jewish Bishops and Communal Organisation 372 209 8 Sept. 1200 A J ow and his Lord XI. The English Jewries of the Twelfth Century J7J 210 1200~1 From the Pipe Rolls 2, 3 Jo. [P.R. 173-6] XII. Jewish Population ...... j81 1201 From the Fine and Oblate .Rolls 211 List of towns, with number of names. J82 11 212 10 .1\pril, 1201 Confirmation ofthl' Charters of the Jt·w~" XIII. The Jews' Houses J8J The Pri(.'c of the Charters...... 215 XIV. The York Riots ... .]85 1201 •] urnct 's Daughter in Business [part 1/rh.] 215 XV. Isaac of York ... 392 216 d; 1 1202 A stmnge Charge ... XVI. Jewish Sources ... 396 10 June, 1203 Rubigotsc<''s House at Roucn 217 XVII. Anglo- Jewish Literature in the XII. Century 401 22 July, 1204 Anti~scmitismin London ... 217 XV III. Was Sir Leon ever in London ? 4o6 218 1202~4 From the Pipe Rolls, 4-6 Jo. [P.R. 180-188] XIX. List of Anglo-Jewish Rabbis, XII. Century 416 221 Ref. 1204 "Except to Jews and :Monks" ... XX. Additions and Corrections 422 1202-4 From the Patent Rolls 221 15 April, 1204 A General Release, exc£'pt for Jews 223 ILLUSTRATIONS. Englr''sk :Jeu•s are m 1/wt!ox 224 Hef. 1204 Clifford's Tower, York...... FnJHtr:rjn'rct". c. 1204 A Dt'scusstCm ahoul Ustt1J' 224 [From Pcnnyfarthing's Archdt•ctural Slu·tches, 1812.] 1205 Clipping ;\Ioney .. 225 A Cyrograph Bond 227 Martyrdom of St. William, of Norwich 7<• face p. 19 1202-6 From the Liberate Rolls 228 [From Prof. Earle 77t•o A nglo-Sa:t:tm Cltro11.] 26 120-t-6 From the Fine and Oblate Rolls 2Jl Seal, with Arabic Inscription, of Solomon b"n Isaac [From the original in possession of the Scottish SociC"ty of 1205 •The London Synagogue 2J4 Antiquaries.] 1204-6 From the Close .Rolls 237 The Royal Ten per Cent 2J9 A Jewish Starr [from original in llrit. ~Ius.] ... 77 Early XIII. Cent. The Rile of Abraham 241 Aaron of Lincoln's House [from a photo] .. to fm;e 91 Christ redeemed the Church from the Jews Clifford's Tower before 1668, from the Gentleman's 1llagazlne, to face 123 Seal of Richard I. [from original in Hrit. :Museum]...... 137 [Jficl. Et~g.] 242 :Jew/sit Code of Hdru.:aHon 243 ?tloyse Hall, Hury St. Edmund's to filer 141 /ulrodm:ticm ld Afost•s of England's 11 OIIJ'X [From a sketch dated 1782, in the British :\Iuscum.] 1/ook" ... 251 Jew stabbing Boy-Z\Iartyr ... '53 [From a liiS. in llrit, Jlluseum.] llef. 1215 A Hl'brew lnscnjJIICJn 253 1279 A Long Anglo-J cwish Pedigree 25J (Alleged Jewish Projlagandism ... 29J