. VIMP Report 23
Early Cretaceous stratigraphy along the northern margin of the Otway Basin, Victoria
G.J. Parker
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Contents
1 Introduction 2 2EMHFWLYHV
2 Otway Basin Stratigraphy 7 &DVWHUWRQ)RUPDWLRQ &UD\ILVK*URXS (XPHUDOOD)RUPDWLRQ &UD\ILVK*URXS(XPHUDOOD)RUPDWLRQ%RXQGDU\ 6KHUEURRN*URXS 7HUWLDU\
3 Conclusions 15 References 16 Appendix 1 18 :HOO)RUPDWLRQ7RSVOLVWLQJ
Appendix 2 19 :HOOGHVFULSWLRQVKHHWV
Victorian Initiative for Minerals and Petroleum (VIMP) report series 69
List of Figures
1 Line of stratigraphic well correlation 5 2 Tullich 1 to Warracbarunah 2 regional well correlation (back pocket) 3 Stratigraphic column for northern Otway Basin units 6 4 Geological cross section from Tullich 1 to Warracbarunah 2 7 5 Time - rock relationship diagram for the northern Otway Basin 9 6 Seismic line OPX86A - 41 across Moyne Falls 1 10 7 Eumeralla / Crayfish boundary vs hughesii / wonthaggiensis palynological zones 14 2 NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN
Abstract
A regional well correlation across the northern margin of the Otway Basin has shown that the earliest stratigraphic unit in the basin, the Casterton Formation, shows different lithological and age characteristics between half grabens. Overlying this, the Early Cretaceous Crayfish Group units cannot be reliably correlated across the basin. Three broad subdivisions can be observed and another informal one is proposed here. However, detailed stratigraphic analyses of the Crayfish Group can be achieved within individual half grabens, each with its own unique section of Early Cretaceous units. The overlying Eumeralla Formation is continuous across the Otway Basin but mappable units within it are sparse and no regional subdivision can be made. Late Cretaceous and Tertiary units were not studied.
A succession of palynological zonation schemes has had a large impact on stratigraphic classification in the basin. Problem areas still exist, such as the C. hughesii / F. wonthaggiensis Zone boundary. This boundary is affected by extensive erosion in the western Otway Basin where it lies within the Crayfish Group NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN 3
1 Introduction 1.1 Objectives
6WUDWLJUDSKHUVZRUNLQJLQWKH2WZD\%DVLQ In order to identify and perhaps solve some of the KDYHIDFHGDZLGHJDPXWRIFRQIOLFWLQJ problems in Otway Basin stratigraphy it was VWUDWLJUDSKLFQRPHQFODWXUHDQG necessary to gain a regional point of view. To do ELRVWUDWLJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQRYHUWKH\HDUV this a regional well log correlation was constructed 6HYHUDOSUREOHPVKDYHGHYHORSHGZLWKWKH beginning from Tullich 1 in the far west of the VWUDWLJUDSKLFQRPHQFODWXUHLQFOXGLQJDQH[FHVV Victorian Otway Basin and terminating at RIURFNXQLWQDPHV 7KRPVRQ :DONHU Warracbarunah 2 at its eastern end. The line of 0RUWRQHWDO PDQ\RIZKLFKKDYHEHHQ section can be seen in Figure 1 and the well UHGHILQHGPDQ\WLPHV6RPHXQLWVDOVRKDYH correlation in Figure 2. The details of the VHYHUDOLQIRUPDOQDPHVDQGLQVRPHFDVHVWKH construction of the section are described in the VDPHQDPHKDVEHHQDSSOLHGWRYHU\GLIIHUHQW section entitled 'Methodology'. XQLWVE\YDULRXVZRUNHUV More detailed objectives are as follows: The reasons for such problems are varied and are not discussed in detail in this report. However, · Revision of formation tops using all available two contributing factors are the introduction of new data (see Appendix 1 for final formation tops): stratigraphic names and of new palynological zonation schemes. Several palynological zonation · Examination of the relationships between schemes are currently used for Cretaceous units depocentres along the northern rift margin: in the Otway Basin today (Alley, 1993). Although improved zonation schemes are continually In the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous the emerging the differences between them can be Otway Basin consisted of a series of rift quite significant. basins stretching from offshore South Australia to the eastern edge of the basin. In the past there has been a lack of Little is known about the nature of deposition communication between government bodies and in these early depressions. The earliest with industry. This has created an environment identified sedimentary unit, the Casterton where stratigraphic classification of Otway Basin Formation (Wopfner et al., 1971) is thought to units has developed independently between occur only in these depressions. However, Victoria and South Australia. Part of the work of very little is known about this formation the National Geoscience Mapping Accord (NGMA) because relatively few wells have reached it. has been an attempt to reconcile many of the The units now defined as Crayfish Group differences in rock unit nomenclature across the (Morton et al., 1994) have also been border and close consultation between state and deposited here. However, it is uncertain if industry bodies has been crucial to its progress. formations within the group can be correlated throughout the basin or if the group was laid This report discusses some of the work done by down in a series of discreet depocentres, each the Geological Survey of Victoria as part of its with a unique sedimentary style. commitment to the NGMA. The well correlation (Fig. 2) was constructed in an effort to create a · Combination of Victorian and South Australian regional picture from which many of the problems rock unit names into a single stratigraphic in Otway Basin stratigraphy could be outlined. scheme: Though the correlation concentrates on the Victorian side of the basin, due recognition and Several problems were identified regarding incorporation of work performed in South differences between named formations in Australia, particularly Mines and Energy South South Australia and in Victoria before the Australia (MESA), was crucial in this endeavour. project commenced. This is particularly so for the Crayfish Group units, especially the This report pays particular attention to the nature prospective Laira and Katnook formations. and distribution of Early Cretaceous units. As a result, the section has been constructed to follow · Examination of lithostratigraphic and those Early Cretaceous rifts on the northern palynological data and how they relate: margin containing thick Casterton and Crayfish formations. Late Cretaceous to Tertiary units are One of the most problematic areas of Otway not examined in detail. Basin stratigraphy is the Crayfish Group / Eumeralla Formation boundary and its 4 NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN
relationship with the Cyclosporites hughesii/ stratigraphic and lithological descriptions from well Foraminisporis wonthaggiensis palynological completion reports and examination of cores and zonation boundary. In some cases the cuttings. available data place the rock unit boundary between the palynological zones. In others Additional palynological datings were obtained the Zone boundary lies above or below the where considered necessary. rock unit boundary. One of the aims of this report is to identify such problems and their When the formation tops were finalised, several causes, particularly with reference to the problems were identified and are discussed later. various palynological zonation schemes. Appendix 1 gives a listing of the final formation tops for each well. 1.2 Methodology The final well log correlation was then reproduced on Geolog using the new formation tops (Fig. 2). Construction and interpretation of the well log A stratigraphic column (Fig. 3) and a geological correlation was performed as follows: interpretation incorporating the structural elements map from Perincek et al. (1994; Fig. 4) are also A well log section display was produced on enclosed. Geolog 5 software with a datum at sea level (Fig. 2). This consisted of the following petroleum, stratigraphic investigation and groundwater wells in the order in which they appear:
Tullich 1 Bus Swamp 1 McEachern 1 Heathfield 1 Casterton 2 Casterton 1 Mocamboro 11 Hotspur 1 Greenbanks1 Moyne Falls 1 Hawkesdale 1 Woolsthorpe 1 Ballangeich 1 Garvoc 1 Stoneyford 1 Tirrengowa 1 Warracbarunah 2
Well description sheets for each of these can be found in Appendix 2.
Existing formation tops were marked on the sections. These came from several sources. Those in the eastern Otway Basin came from Geological Survey of Victoria (1995); many of those in the western part of the basin came from Ahmad Tabassi (pers comm.) All well completion report formation tops were incorporated across the basin.
All available palynological information was then transcribed onto the section.
An attempt was then made to correlate the formations in the wells using all available data, including the palynological assignments, NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN 5 5 800 000 mN 5 700 000 mN 144 00 E 3016/1 CRESSY COLAC 1527 WARRACBARUNAH 2 WARRACBARUNAH Melbourne 1203 700 000 mE 1273 TIRRENGOWA 1 TIRRENGOWA STONEYFORD 1 STONEYFORD 100 PORT CAMPBELL PORT 143 00E GARVOC 1 GARVOC 1535 80 60 1250 1971 WARRNAMBOOL WOOLSTHORPE 1 WOOLSTHORPE 1 : 1 000 1 : KILOMETRES BALLANGEICH 1 40 HAWKESDALE 1 HAWKESDALE 1774 CENTRAL MERIDIAN 141 00 00E AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL SPHEROID NATIONAL AUSTRALIAN PORT FAIRY UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION TRANSVERSE MERCATOR UNIVERSAL 20 1008 HAMILTON 600 000 mE MOYNE FALLS 1 FALLS MOYNE 0 142 00 E PORTLAND 2968 NORTH EUMERALLA 1 NORTH GREENBANKS 1 1226 MOCAMBORO 11 MOCAMBORO 1435 HOTSPUR 1 HOTSPUR 1350 2499 CASTERTON 1 CASTERTON BUS SWAMP BUS 1850 2384 MCEACHERN 1 MCEACHERN CASTERTON 2 CASTERTON 1526 2286 1635 TULLICH 1 HEATHFIELD 1 HEATHFIELD 500 000 mE 141 00 E 39 00 S 38 00 S 37 25 S 6 NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN
CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY BIOSTRATIGRAPHY TECTONIC TIME ROCK UNIT Ma SERIES DIVISION STAGES SPORE POLLEN TIME DINOFLAGELLATE STAGES HOLOCENE PLIOCENE - PLEISTOCENE 5 9 MIOCENE T. bellus 17 24 HEYTESBURY GROUP Late OLIGOCENE P. tuberculatus Early 33 34 Upper
Late PRIABONIAN Middle COMPRESSION NIRRANDA GROUP D. heterophylcta BARTONIAN Lower FAST
Middle asperus N. EOCENE LUTETIAN 47 P. asperopolus 50
YPRESIAN M. diversus 53 54 WANGERRIP GROUP A. hyperacantha Late THANETIAN L. balmei A. homomorphom SEA SPREADING TASMAN PALEOCENE Early DANIAN 65 65 M. druggii T. longus MAASTRICHTIAN 69
T. lilliei I. korojonense
CAMPANIAN
80 X. australis N. senectus N. aceras SHERBROOK 83.5 Late T. apoxyexinus I. cretaceum SANTONIAN GROUP 85 O. porifera
CONIACIAN SOUTHERN OCEAN SPREADING C. striatoconus P. mawsonii SLOW RIFTING TURONIAN P. infusorioides 93.5
CENOMANIAN A. distocarinatus TASMAN SEA TASMAN 99 99.5 CRETACEOUS P. pannosus 104
ALBIAN C. paradoxa 109
EUMERALLA FORMATION C. striatus 113
APTIAN C. hughesii SAG 121 120.5 UNDIFF LAIRA BARREMIAN SAND/SHALE FORMATION Early BASAL UNDIFFERENTIATED PRETTY HILL PRETTY HILL HAUTERIVIAN SANDSTONE SAND/SHALE F. wonthaggiensis
BASAL VALANGINIAN SANDSTONE
CASTERTON 136 FORMATION BERRIASIAN C. australiensis 144 CASTERTON FORMATION 144
JURASSIC Late TITHONIAN R. watherooensis RIFTING
150.7
300 300
PALAEOZOIC
)LJXUH 6WUDWLJUDSKLFFROXPQIRUQRUWKHUQ2WZD\%DVLQXQLWV NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN 7 3016-4 Pretty Hill TROUGH Sand / shale WARRACBARUNAH 2 WARRACBARUNAH GELLIBRAND Undifferentiated HIGH STONEYFORD Sandstone Basal Pretty Hill Eumeralla Formation Eumeralla ELINGAMITE GRABEN HIGH Heytesbury / Nirranda Groups / Nirranda Heytesbury FRAMLINGHAM NORTHERN EMBAYMENT TYRENDARRA HIGH FALLS MOYNE DATUM = Sea Level DATUM Formation Casterton NORTHERN EMBAYMENT TYRENDARRA HIGH Basement Wangerrip Group Wangerrip Sherbrook Group LAKE CONDAH TROUGH ARDONACHIE MERINO HIGH Laira Formation PENOLA TROUGH TULLICH 1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 T E E S R M 8 NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN
Thick Casterton Formation is observed on 2 Otway Basin structural highs such as the Moyne Falls High and Stratigraphy the Hawkesdale High. This is an unusual phenomenon if these structures are Early The regional well correlation (Fig. 2) was Cretaceous in age and allows speculation on constructed in order to study chiefly pre-Late whether the Casterton Formation formed as the Cretaceous units in the Otway Basin. Of particular earliest rift sediments or was deposited before concern were known problems with the Early rifting. Ballangeich 1 and Moyne Falls 1 show an Cretaceous Crayfish Group and the little known absence of C. australiensis Zone at the boundary Casterton Formation. The following discussion between the Casterton Formation and overlying therefore emphasises these sequences with little units. In the latter there are no Crayfish Group reference to later units. A stratigraphic column is units but Casterton Formation is directly overlain found in Figure 4. by Eumeralla Formation. This, along with seismic evidence (Dogan Perincek, pers comm.) indicates that an unconformity may exist between the 2.1 Casterton Formation Casterton Formation and the overlying Crayfish Group. First named the Casterton Beds by Wopfner et al. (1971), this unit is the earliest known sedimentary A lack of available data and the great depths often sequence in the Otway Basin. needed to reach Casterton Formation highlight an area where future investigation is required. In the eastern Otway Basin the Casterton Formation comprises a mixture of volcanics and shaly units. In the west it is basically a shaly unit 2.2 Crayfish Group with little or no volcanogenic input (Morton et al., 1994). Current evidence suggests that the Most of the problems associated with Otway Basin Casterton Formation is confined to the northern stratigraphic nomenclature pertain to the Early margin rift basins (Perincek et al., 1995, Perincek Cretaceous units above the Casterton Formation & Cockshell., 1994). Its volcanogenic origin and and below the Eumeralla Formation. Two units, limited areal extent imply that it was laid down in the Geltwood Beach Formation and "Pretty Hill an active volcanic province with lakes the sites of Sandstone" were recognised by Reynolds et al. deposition. Early continental rifting would provide (1966). The name Geltwood Beach Formation such conditions. was discarded by Wopfner et al. (1971) in favour of the Pretty Hill Sandstone. However, it was Two sites of deposition are observed on the well revived as a facies of the newly named Crayfish correlation, one in the Penola Trough and the Formation by Sprigg (1986). Kopsen & other in the Moyne Falls High/Northern Tyrendarra Scholefield (1990) proposed an alternative Embayment areas (Figs 2 and 4). These have classification and divided the sequence into four traditionally been defined by the presence of distinguishable packages based largely on volcanogenic units and by age dating. palynological information. Tabassi & Menhennitt (1991a, b) recognised two major sequences, a From Figure 5 it can also be seen that the basal sand and an overlying sand/shale unit. Casterton Formation in the Tyrendarra Geological Survey of Victoria (1995) simplified the Embayment area (centre of section) appears to rock unit nomenclature for the eastern Otway be, in part, younger than in the Penola Trough. In Basin by using the all inclusive term Pretty Hill fact it seems to be similar in age to the Crayfish Formation. In South Australia, with the drilling of Group units, being at least as young as the Katnook wells, two more terms have been Cicatricosisporites australiensis Zone. Those added to the lexicon, the Laira Formation and the wells that intersect Casterton Formation in the Katnook Sandstone (Morton, 1990). Penola Trough show it as being older than C. australiensis Zone. There is also a significant Following Morton et al. (1994) the name Pretty Hill increase in volcanogenic content in the eastern Formation has been adopted here for strata Otway wells. The deeply weathered nature of the units in these wells, along with their location in a different depocentre, may cast doubt on whether the more easterly occurrence of Casterton Formation corresponds to that defined from the Casterton 1 well.
NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN 9
TASMAN SEA SPREADING SEA TASMAN Insert Figure 5 A3 RIFTING SEA TASMAN
3016/5
SOUTHERN OCEAN SPREADING OCEAN SOUTHERN Compression
SAG RIFTING
Slow STAGES Fast TECTONIC O. PoriferaO. N. aceras N. M. druggii M. X. australis X. I. cretaceum I. I. korojenense I. C. striatoconus C. P. infusorioides P. D. heterophlycta D. hyperacantha A. A. homomorphum A. DINOFLAGELLATE 9 17 47 65 33 53 69 80 85 136 300 104 109 113 50.5 83.5 93.5 99.5 TIME 144.2 150.7 120.5 BIOSTRARIGRAPHY T. lilliei T. T. bellus T. L. balmei L. longus T. C. striatus C. N. asperus N. C. hughesii C. M. diversus M. N. senectus N. mawsonii P. C. paradoxa C. P. pannosus P. C. australiensis C. A. distocarinatus A. SPORE/POLLEN R. watherooensis R. P.tuberculatus F. wonthaggiensis F. P. asperopolus P. T. apoxyexinus T. E S/SH GROUP WANGERRIP TROUGH GELLIBRAND PRETTY HILL UNDIFFERENTIATED SANDSTONE GRABEN ELINGAMITE BASAL PRETTY HILL NO DATA AREA NO DATA PORT CAMPBELL EMBAYMENT PORT FORMATION CASTERTON HEYTESBURY - NIRRANDA GROUPS - NIRRANDA HEYTESBURY BASAL PRETTY BASEMENT HILL SANDSTONE HIGH UNDIFFERENTIATED PRETTY HILL S/SH UNDIFFERENTIATED MOYNE FALLS MOYNE EUMERALLA FORMATION GROUP GROUP SHERBROOK WANGERRIP LAKE CONDAH HIGH LAKE CONDAH BASAL SANDSTONE PRETTY HILL
UNDIFF. PRETTY HILL SAND/SHALE UNDIFF. SHERBROOK GROUP SHERBROOK PENOLA TROUGH GROUP GROUPS
NIRRANDA
LAIRA FORMATION WANGERRIP GROUP CRAYFISH FORMATION CASTERTON HEYTESBURY - HEYTESBURY W Albian Aptian Danian Lutetian Turonian Ypresian Tithonian Bartonian Selandian Coniacian Thanetian Berriasian Santonian Barremian Priabonian Hauterivian Campanian Valanginian Cenomanian Maastrichtian Late Late Late Late Late Early Early Early Early Middle DIVISION STAGES CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY SERIES EOCENE MIOCENE JURASSIC HOLOCENE OLIGOCENE PALEOCENE PALAEOZOIC CRETACEOUS PLIOCENE-PLEISTOCENE 5Ma 99Ma TIME 24Ma 34Ma 54Ma 65Ma 121Ma 144Ma 300Ma Time-rock relationship diagram for the northern Otway Basin 10 NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN
Insert Figure 6 A3 NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN 11
above the Casterton Formation and below the its vicinity. The Katnook Sandstone is confined to Laira Formation. However, two discontinuous the South Australian part of the Penola Trough. informal units, a basal sandstone and an overlying Similarly, the distinct sandstone packages undifferentiated sand / shale unit, are recognised observed in Casterton 1 have not been observed within the formation (Fig. 3). The Pretty Hill elsewhere. None of the sands in these wells can Formation, Laira Formation and Katnook be correlated to other nearby wells such as Sandstone appear to be conformable and together McEachern 1 with any confidence as in many form the Crayfish Group (Morton et al., 1994). cases the biostratigraphic and lithological information disagree. The Geltwood Beach Formation was first described by Dellenbach and Hawkins (1965a) 2.3 Eumeralla Formation and named by Reynolds et al. (1966). It is a thick shaly sequence interbedded with quartz The Eumeralla Formation appears to retain sandstone stratigraphically below the Eumeralla relatively constant thickness from east to west Formation. The type section was defined as the along the basin, though it thickens in areas like the interval 2729 - 3748 m in the Geltwood Beach No. Penola Trough and thins substantially across 1 well in the far southwestern Otway Basin. It has basement highs such as the Moyne Falls High since been shown that Geltwood Beach No. 1 did where erosion is evident (see Fig. 6 - Seismic Line not penetrate the base of the Eumeralla Formation OPX86a - 41) and onto a high in the Hawkesdale (Morton et al., 1994). The Geltwood Beach area. Examination of Figure 5 also shows that the Formation has also been recognised in Garvoc 1 Eumeralla Formation varies in age at the top (1048.2 - 1362.0 m; WCR), Woolsthorpe 1 (1081.7 where it is affected by erosion or, in the case of - 1459.5 m; WCR) and North Eumeralla 1 (2224.0 the top in the eastern Otway Basin, appearing to - 2696.6 m; WCR). The first two wells are on the be as old as top Crybelosporites striatus Zone, regional section (Fig. 2). Palynological due to insufficient data, i.e.thick sections of upper assignments for these intervals in Woolsthorpe 1 Eumeralla Formation have not been dated. and Garvoc 1 show C. hughesii Zone extending down to these levels. The intervals are fairly Efforts to correlate sand units within the Eumeralla similar lithologically, with grey carbonaceous Formation have been unsuccessful. The siltstone and white sandstone interbeds. Coaly Heathfield Sandstone was first recognised by beds, common in the Eumeralla Formation, have Wopfner et al. (1971) as a clean sand within the also been identified in the Geltwood Beach Eumeralla Formation. This sandstone has been Formation. In Ballangeich 1 the Geltwood Beach defined from Heathfield 1 (1254 - 1263 m), though Formation has been recognised from 844 to 1150 a formal type section does not exist, and identified m. Lithologically, this interval is similar to the in numerous wells, including Ballangeich 1 and sand / shale unit of the Crayfish Group and Windermere 1. The unit cannot be correlated assigning it to this group puts the top of the group basinwide or even regionally. Similarly, the within the lower C. hughesii Zone. Thus - what Windermere Sandstone Member, first defined by has been described as the Geltwood Beach Kopsen and Scholefield (1990) as a coarse- Formation can be assigned to either the Eumeralla grained sandstone at the base of the Eumeralla Formation or the sand / shale unit of the Pretty Hill Formation, cannot be correlated over any great Formation. It was recommended by Morton et al. distance. The Windermere Sandstone is not (1994) that the name Geltwood Beach Formation discussed in detail in this report. Though the be discarded. Figures 2 and 4 support a common Eumeralla Formation appears to represent the sag view that the Crayfish Group was deposited in a phase in the Otway Basin development the series of half grabens, each with its own depositional history of the formation is complex depositional history. The basal sandstone and still problematic for stratigraphers. recognised by Tabassi and Menhennitt (1991a, b), though common, does not extend basinwide. From the time - rock relationship diagram (Fig. 5) it also appears to become progressively younger toward the east, moving from C. australiensis to F. wonthaggiensis Zone in age. In the western Otway Basin the basal sandstone lies within the C. australiensis Zone whereas to the east it is within the F. wonthaggiensis Zone. Additional evidence for different depositional histories within half grabens is the restriction of the Laira Formation and Katnook Sandstone to the Penola Trough and 12 NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN
2.4 Crayfish Group / Eumeralla ceased earlier in the western Otway Basin than in the east. Formation Boundary Wells such as North Eumeralla 1 show One of the major problems in Otway Basin F. wonthaggiensis within the Eumeralla Formation. stratigraphy is the definition of the This well was originally given to contain Geltwood Eumeralla/Crayfish boundary and its relationship Beach Formation where most of the Zone to the C. hughesii / F. wonthaggiensis assignment resides. However, the Zone also palynological Zone boundary. Figure 7 shows the corresponds to the lower reaches of the Eumeralla relationship between the C. hughesii and F. Formation. This goes against the common trend wonthaggiensis zones based on available described above and is unexplainable at this palynological data in wells from Figure 2. Most of stage. the wells in Figure 2 are represented here, except those without Crayfish Group or either C. hughesii Also complicating things is the definition of the C. or F. wonthaggiensis zones. All of the wells hughesii and F. wothaggiensis zones. Helby et al. contain Eumeralla Formation. Datum is the (1987) defined the F. wonthaggiensis / C. hughesii boundary between the Eumeralla Formation and Zone boundary as marked by the first appearance Crayfish Group. From Figure 7 it can be seen that of Foraminisporis asymmetricus at base Aptian in the western Otway Basin, especially the Penola level. They also defined the first appearance of Trough and its immediate vicinity, the Eumeralla / Pilosisporites notensis in eastern Australia as Crayfish boundary is equivalent to the C. hughesii coinciding with that of F. asymmetricus. Morgan / F. wothaggiensis Zone boundary. In the eastern (1985, 1986 and later) recognised the Zone Otway Basin the Eumeralla / Crayfish boundary boundary at the first appearance of P. notensis lies within the C. hughesii Zone. Hotspur 1 and since F. asymmetricus is so rare at its base and Garvoc 1 both have insufficient information to therefore a poor indicator species (R. Morgan, place the boundary exactly. written Comm., 25.11.1993). Alley (1993), however, showed P. notensis as being at least 5 It is likely that deposition of the Crayfish Group million years older than F. asymmetricus, placing continued in the western Otway Basin during the the boundary within the Hauterivian. Based on early Aptian C. hughesii Zone time (Dogan this, Morgan et al. (1995) redefined the Perincek, pers comm.) but that these sediments palynological zones as F. wothaggiensis Zone were removed by later erosion. There is evidence overlain by P. notensis Zone, noting that this of an angular unconformity in this region, places the boundary coincidentally with the base indicating an erosional event at the end of the Eumeralla Unconformity in South Australia. This Barremian Stage (Perincek et al., 1994). In the cannot be equated with the C. hughesii concept of eastern Otway Basin, east of Moyne Falls 1, the Helby et al. (1987) however, as it places the Eumeralla Formation is either conformable or only boundary within the Hauterivian Stage and not the weakly unconformable on the Crayfish Group base Aptian. Thus, it is uncertain whether in the (Geological Survey of Victoria., 1995; Tickell et al., Otway Basin the first appearance of P. notensis is 1992). As a result, the early Aptian section at the distinctly older than that of F. asymmetricus or top of the Crayfish Group is preserved here and is whether it only appears so because of the rarity of represented by C. hughesii Zone. From Figure 2 it F. asymmetricus at the base of its range. For the is clear that the Pretty Hill Formation of the moment it seems best to retain the name Crayfish Group becomes younger in the east, C. hughesii as the Zone between progressing from F. wonthaggiensis Zone to C. F. wonthaggiensis and F. asymmetricus, placing hughesii Zone. However, the Crayfish Group is the C. hughesii / F. wothaggiensis boundary at the still represented in the west by the Laira base of the Aptian. Formation, which never becomes younger than F. wonthaggiensis Zone. Examination of wells such as Katnook 1 in the centre of the Penola Trough also shows Crayfish Group never younger than F. wonthaggiensis Zone. This may indicate that the top of the Crayfish Group becomes younger toward the east despite the effects of erosion, as presumably these wells have a more complete section than most others. However, this is not conclusive as post-Barremian erosion cannot be excluded from the history of these wells. This evidence raises the question of whether rifting NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN 13
2.5 Sherbrook Group
A Late Cretaceous megasequence resulting from the first major marine incursions into the Otway Basin lies unconformably on the Eumeralla Formation. The greatest thickness of Sherbrook Group is basinward of major, down to the south normal faults such as the Tartwaup Fault. Sherbrook Group was also deposited in the north, particularly in the Penola Trough, on the Lake Condah High and in the northern Tyrendarra Embayment. Along the northern margin of the eastern Otway Basin the group is represented by a thin veneer of Timboon Sand Member.
2.6 Tertiary
The Wangerrip, Nirranda and Heytesbury groups are difficult to distinguish along the northern margin of the Otway Basin due to their limited extent and thickness. They are usually within the near surface seismic noise Zone, and the majority of wells are cased within what is usually defined as "undifferentiated Quaternary / Tertiary". 14 NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN E 3016-7 Wa 2 Ti 1 Zone St 1 Zone Ga 1
C. hughesii C. wonthaggiensis F. which total depth Wells Group within Crayfish Ba 1 Wo 1 Ha 1 Ho 1 datum = Eumeralla / Crayfish boundary / Crayfish datum = Eumeralla Moc 1 Ca 1 Crayfish Group Crayfish Hawkesdale Woolsthorpe Ballangeich Garvoc Stoneyford Tirrengowa Warracbarunah Eumeralla Formation Eumeralla Ha Wo Ba Ga St Ti Wa Tullich Bus Swamp McEachern Heathfield Casterton Mocamboro Hotspur Tu BS McE He Ca Moc Ho Tu 1Tu BS 1 McE 1 He 1 W NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN 15
than the commonly accepted sag phase 3 Conclusions model suggests. At present the formation can be subdivided only into palynological zones. · The Casterton Formation may be a pre-rift sequence, as indicated by its presence on · Some palynological zonation values occur Early Cretaceous structural highs. elsewhere in the basin which cannot be explained easily. One such example is in · The Casterton Formation is shaly in the west North Eumeralla 1 where Eumeralla but contains more volcanic material eastward. Formation is observed to extend down into the However, very few wells have penetrated the F. wonthaggiensis Zone. formation and relatively little is known about it. · Several palynological zonation schemes are in · It is possible that the Casterton Formation use today. The differences between them can recognised in the central Otway wells such as have significant consequences for age dating Moyne Falls 1 and Hawkesdale 1 is not and assignment of rock unit names. equivalent to that defined in the Casterton 1 well.
· The strata above the Casterton Formation and below the Eumeralla Formation are called the Crayfish Group. This comprises three main formations, the Pretty Hill Formation, the Laira Formation and the Katnook Sandstone.
· The Pretty Hill Formation can be subdivided informally into two lithological units, a basal sandstone and the overlying undifferentiated sand/shale unit. These units are diachronous. Neither can be correlated basinwide.
· Units previously assigned to the Geltwood Beach Formation are, in most cases, lithologically and palynologically similar to the Eumeralla Formation or the sand / shale unit of the Pretty Hill Formation. The term Geltwood Beach Formation should be discarded.
· The formations within the Crayfish Group cannot be correlated basinwide. The deposition of the group was probably controlled by individual half graben formation.
· The Crayfish / Eumeralla boundary varies in age. In the west it lies between the F. wonthaggiensis and C. hughesii zones, whereas in the east it lies within the C. hughesii Zone. This may indicate that Crayfish Group deposition continued longer in the east or that significant erosion has taken place in the western Otway Basin to destroy all Crayfish Group strata belonging to the C. hughesii Zone. This is supported by observed erosional truncation on seismic. Further work is required.
· No units within the Eumeralla Formation can be correlated basinwide. Controls on deposition of the formation may be more local 16 NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF VICTORIA., 1995. The References Stratigraphy, Structure, Geophysics and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Eastern Otway AKBARI, V., 1990. Well Completion Report, Basin, Victoria. Geological Survey of McEachern No. 1, Otway Basin, Victoria. Victoria Report 103. Gas and Fuel Exploration N.L. (Unpublished) HELBY, R., MORGAN, R., & PARTRIDGE, A.D., 1987. A palynological zonation of the Australian ALLEY, N.F., 1993. Palynological dating and Mesozoic. Association of Australasian correlation of samples from Bus Swamp 1, Palaeontologists Memoir 4, pp. 1-94. Otway Basin, Victoria. In Appendix 9 Bus Swamp Well Completion Report. KOPSEN, E. & SCHOLEFIELD, T., 1990. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Prospectivity of the Otway Supergroup in Report 1993/23. the central and western Otway Basin. Australian Petroleum Exploration CUNDILL, J.R., 1964. Well Completion Report, Association Journal 30, pp. 263-279. Heathfield No. 1, Otway Basin, Victoria. Planet Exploration Company Pty. Ltd. LESLIE, R.B., & SELL, B.H., 1968. Well completion (Unpublished) report, Woolsthorpe No. 1, Otway Basin, Victoria. Interstate Oil Limited CUNDILL, J.R., 1964. Well Completion Report, (Unpublished) Tullich No. 1, Otway Basin, Victoria. Planet Exploration Company Pty Ltd. LESLIE, R.B., & SELL, B.H., 1968. Well completion (Unpublished) report, Garvoc No. 1, Otway Basin, Victoria. Interstate Oil Limited (Unpublished) CUNDILL, J.R., 1965. Well Completion Report, Casterton No. 1, Otway Basin, Victoria. MORGAN, R., 1985. Palynology review of selected Planet Exploration Company Pty Ltd. oil drilling, Otway Basin, South Australia. (Unpublished) Unpublished Report for Ultramar Australasia Inc. CUNDILL, J.R., 1967. Well Completion Report, Casterton No. 2, Otway Basin, Victoria. MORGAN, R., 1986. Otway Basin oil drilling: A Planet Exploration Company Pty Ltd. selective palynology. In Connard. P.D. (Unpublished) (ed.). The petroleum geology of the Otway Basin. DAVEY, L.K., 1984. Well Completion Report, Stoneyford No. 1, Otway Basin, Victoria. MORGAN, R., ALLEY, N.F., ROWETT, A.I., & WHITE, Gas and Fuel Exploration N.L. Technical M.R., 1995. Biostratigraphy. In J.G.G. Report 10 (Unpublished) Morton & J.F. Drexel (eds) Petroleum Geology of South Australia Volume 1 Otway DELLENBACH, J., & HAWKINS P.J., 1965. A Basin petrological study of sediments from Frome- Broken Hill Port Campbell No. 1 and No. 2 MORTON, J.G.G., HILL, A.J., PARKER, G.J. & wells, Otway Basin, Victoria. Bureau of TABASSI, A., 1994. Towards a unified Mineral Resources, Geology and stratigraphy for the Otway Basin. In D.M. Geophysics Record (unpublished) 1965/41. Finlayson (ed.). NGMA/PESA Otway Basin Symposium, Melbourne, extended DETTMANN, M.E., & PLAYFORD, G., 1969. abstracts. Australian Geological Survey Palynology of the Australian Cretaceous: a Organisation, Record 1994/14. review. In K.S.W. Campbell (ed). Commonwealth Government of Australia, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology: Essays in Canberra. pp. 7-12. Honour of Dorothy Hill. Australian National University Press, Canberra. pp. 174-210. NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN 17
MORTON, J.G.G., 1990. Revisions to stratigraphic Otway Basin, Victoria. Geological Survey of nomenclature of the Otway Basin, South Victoria Unpublished Report 1991/65. Australia. Quarterly Notes of the Geological Survey of South Australia 116(19). TABASSI, A. & MENHENNITT. C. E., 1991b. Well Completion Report, Warracbarunah No. 2, PARKER, G.J. & ROONEY, S., 1993. Well Otway Basin, Victoria. Geological Survey of Completion Report, Bus Swamp No. 1, Victoria Unpublished Report 1991/66. Otway Basin, Victoria. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Report 1993/23. THOMSON, B.R. & WALKER, G.M., 1985. Development of a Stratigraphic Data File for PERINCEK, D., & COCKSHELL, C.D., 1994. The the Otway Basin. Otway 85, Earth Otway Basin: Early Cretaceous Rifting to Resources of the Otway Basin - Summary Neogene Inversion. Australian Petroleum papers and excursion guides. Exploration Association Journal 35(1), pp. 451-466. TICKELL, S.J., EDWARDS, J. & ABELE, C., 1992. Port Campbell Embayment 1:100 000 map REYNOLDS, M.A., EVANS, P.R., BRYAN, R. & geological report. Geological Survey of HAWKINS, P.J., 1966. The stratigraphic Victoria Report 95. nomenclature of Cretaceous Rocks in the Otway Basin. Australasian Oil and Gas WALKER, G., 1984. Well Completion Report, Journal 13(3), pp. 26-33. Hotspur 1, Otway Basin, Victoria. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished RYAN, S.M., KNIGHT, L.A. & PARKER, G.J., 1995. Report 1984/11. The Stratigraphy and Structure of the Tyrendarra Embayment, Otway Basin, WILLIAMS, A.J., 1987. Well Completion Report, Victoria. Victorian Initiative for Minerals and Ballangeich No. 1, Otway Basin, Victoria. Petroleum Report 15. Department of Phoenix Oil and Gas N.L. (Unpublished) Agriculture, Energy and Minerals
POLL, J.J.K., 1970a. Well completion report, Moyne Falls No. 1, Otway Basin, Victoria. Shell / Frome-Broken Hill, Shell Development (Australia) Report.
POLL, J.J.K., 1970b. Well completion report, Hawkesdale No. 1, Otway Basin, Victoria. 1970b. Shell / Frome-Broken Hill, Shell Development (Australia) Report. 110.
SHORT, D.A. & HARRIS, R.I., 1987. Well Completion Report, Tirrengowa No. 1, Otway Basin, Victoria. Hartogen Energy Ltd. And Gas And Fuel Exploration N.L. (Unpublished)
SPRIGG, R.C., 1986. A history of the search for commercial hydrocarbons in the Otway Basin complex. In R.C. Glenie (ed). Second South-Eastern Australia Oil Exploration Symposium. The Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Victorian & Tasmanian Branch, Melbourne, pp. 173- 200.
TABASSI, A., 1983. Well Completion Report, Greenbanks No. 1. Otway Basin, Victoria. Beach Petroleum N.L. (Unpublished) TABASSI, A. & MENHENNITT, C. E., 1991a. Well Completion Report, Mocamboro No. 11, 18 NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN
Appendix 1
Well Formation Tops Listing 1526 2286 2384 1635 1527 1971 15141209 1535 1226 1300 1350 1374 1435 11871250 1203 1273 BASEMENT DEPTH All Measurements in Metres N 718 939 1099 1799 1825 1850 1363 844 1163 1173 1223860 1250 1055 1205968 1165 1740 1774 866 1490 1260 1276 1121 1100 1222 1080 1635 1823 UNIT NOT REACHED 474 663 326 160335 1110425 1425381 105 2125710 317 1163 2343 1475 LATE EARLY E.CRET - PALAEO - 30 228 407 532 UNIT ABSENT GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP FORMATION FORM. SAND/SH SANDST FORMATION BORE YEAR ELEV. TERTIARY CRETACEOUS CRETACEOUS JURASSIC ZOIC TOTAL NAME & No. H'SBURY NIRRANDA W'RRIP SHERBROOK EUMERALLA LAIRA P.H Undiff. P. H Basal CASTERTO GL = Ground Level KB = Kelly Bushing BALLANGEICH 1BUS SWAMP 1 1970CASTERTON 1 GL=98 1993CASTERTON 2 KB=91 1965GARVOC 1 37 KB=144 1967GREENBANKS 1 GL=66HAWKESDALE 1 385 1983 1968HEATHFIELD 1 GL=105 GL=107 1969HOTSPUR 1 GL=135 40 1964 27McEACHERN 1 GL=70 26 MOCAMBORO 11 1981 1990MOYNE FALLS 1 518 GL=89 1990 KB=81STONEYFORD 1 GL=145 1969 35TIRRENGOWA 1 3 KB=150 0 1984TULLICH 1 GL=148 1987 55 WARRACBARUNAH 2 275 100 GL=139 1991 32WOOLSTHORPE 1 GL=115 1964 15 46 1968 155 144 KB=83 51 KB=125 324 436 18 276 317 46 237 891 385 1420 1345 1050 503 512 1472 270 1799 1750 46 3 2220 2450 2499 NORTHERN MARGIN - OTWAY BASIN 1
Appendix 2
Well description sheets
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