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Otway Basin, Structural Permeability, Eumeralla Formation, Fracture Mechanics, Fault

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Otway Basin, Structural Permeability, Eumeralla Formation, Fracture Mechanics, Fault Fault and Fracture Networks in the Otway Basin, Victoria; Implications for Structural Permeability Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Adelaide for an Honours Degree in Geology Joshua Matthew Sage November 2013 Fault and Fracture Networks in the Otway Basin ABSTRACT Over 1900 naturally occurring fractures were recorded in the field, from outcrop of the Eumeralla Formation in the Otway Basin, Victoria, Australia. Two distinctive fracture sets were identified with strike orientations of N-S and NE-SW. Natural fractures were further characterised as open or closed. A total of 623 open fractures in two dominant sets were observed at surface, with mean strikes of N-S and WNW-ESE. A total of 892 closed fractures (generally cemented) in two dominant sets were also observed at surface, also with mean strikes of N-S and WNW-ESE. Further investigation showed that despite a majority of fractures being optimally aligned with the present-day stress field, they remained closed. Six discrete fracturing events were interpreted in total; Two Cretaceous bedding perpendicular Mode 1 sets; a late Cenozoic vertical Mode 1 set; a late Cenozoic bedding parallel set; a Miocene continuous crack-seal related set; and finally an Early Cretaceous Fault related set, reactivated during the Miocene. Thin sections revealed multiple generations of fracture cement inferring a crack-seal history or that mineral cement renders the fractures stress insensitive. Failure of fractures to reactivate and remain open to fluid flow in the favourable stress conditions of the Otway Basin has potential to adversely affect and limit the secondary permeability of the system. This also validates the hypothesis that the in-situ stress regime is not always the dominant factor in the propensity for a fracture to be open to fluid flow. KEYWORDS Otway Basin, structural permeability, Eumeralla Formation, fracture mechanics, fault. 1 Fault and Fracture Networks in the Otway Basin TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 1 Keywords .......................................................................................................................... 1 List of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 8 Background ..................................................................................................................... 10 Geological Setting .......................................................................................................... 10 Diagenesis ....................................................................................................................... 16 Geomechanical Background ........................................................................................... 17 Stress Field Direction ..................................................................................................... 17 Horizontal and Vertical Stress Magnitudes .................................................................... 18 Pore Pressures ................................................................................................................. 19 Rock Strength (Host Rock and Fracture Fill) ................................................................. 20 Mechanical Stratigraphy ................................................................................................. 21 Methods .......................................................................................................................... 22 Observations and Results ............................................................................................... 23 Fracture Orientations at Field Sites in the Otway Basin ................................................ 26 Moonlight Head .............................................................................................................. 26 Castle Cove ..................................................................................................................... 26 Cape Otway .................................................................................................................... 26 Crayfish Bay ................................................................................................................... 27 Marengo .......................................................................................................................... 27 Skenes Creek .................................................................................................................. 27 Wongarra ........................................................................................................................ 27 Smythes Creek ................................................................................................................ 27 Cape Patton ..................................................................................................................... 28 Cumberland River .......................................................................................................... 28 Lorne ............................................................................................................................... 28 Satellite Comparison ...................................................................................................... 28 Fracture Fills and Porosity in the Otway Basin from Thin Section Microscopy ........... 31 Mechanical Stratigraphy and Variations in Lithology ................................................... 34 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 41 Variation in Fracture Patterns around Local Structures ................................................. 41 Fold at Cape Otway and Associated Fracture Pattern .................................................... 41 Fracture Orientations across the Wild Dog Shear Zone ................................................. 44 Fractures Associated with the Castle Cove Fault ........................................................... 46 2 Fault and Fracture Networks in the Otway Basin General Field Trends of Fracture Sets ............................................................................ 49 Tilt Corrected Fracture Sets ............................................................................................ 49 Implications of Fractures in the Otway Basin: From Past to Present ............................. 51 Mechanical Stratigraphy of the Eumeralla Formation ................................................... 51 Fracture Generation History ........................................................................................... 52 Implications for Structural Permeability ........................................................................ 55 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 64 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... 66 References ...................................................................................................................... 67 Appendix A: Extended Methods .................................................................................... 72 Field Mapping ................................................................................................................ 72 Structural Data Collection .............................................................................................. 77 Structural Analysis ......................................................................................................... 77 Structural Permeability ................................................................................................... 84 Slide Preparation ............................................................................................................ 86 Petrology ......................................................................................................................... 87 Porosity ........................................................................................................................... 90 Wyllie Time Average Calculations ................................................................................ 93 Appendix B: Face Maps and transects ........................................................................... 94 Appendix C: Satellite Images ....................................................................................... 115 Marengo ........................................................................................................................ 116 Skenes Creek ................................................................................................................ 117 3 Fault and Fracture Networks in the Otway Basin LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1. Location map of the Otway Basin, Victoria, Australia. Locations of wells referred to in this study are also shown (Olangolagh-1, Minerva-1 and Bellarine-1). ... 12 Figure 2. Stratigraphic column for the Otway Basin (after Krassay et al. (2004)), including lithostratigraphy (Geary & Reid 1998) and basin phases and super-sequences (Krassay et al. 2004). .....................................................................................................
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