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Shantytowns in the City of Barcelona: Can Valero, La Perona and El Carmel Ethnohistory Research Group on Shantytowns1 CATALAN INSTITUTE of ANTHROPOLOGY

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Shantytowns in the City of Barcelona: Can Valero, La Perona and El Carmel Ethnohistory Research Group on Shantytowns1 CATALAN INSTITUTE of ANTHROPOLOGY 18 COMPILATION Revista d’Etnologia de Catalunya Juny 2015 Núm. 40 Shantytowns in the City of Barcelona: Can Valero, La Perona and El Carmel Ethnohistory Research Group on Shantytowns1 CATALAN INSTITUTE OF ANTHROPOLOGY Presentation of the Study names and memories, is evidence that and in collaboration with the Institut their footprint has been undervalued in Català d’Antropologia (ICA). he social history of explaining the city’s history. the phenomenon The object of study of this research is of shantytowns in For this reason, in late 2004 a research shantytowns understood as a process Barcelona through- team of historians, anthropologists and of informal appropriation of land to out the 20th cen- geographers from the Universitat de build substandard housing (without tury represents an Barcelona was formed, and we began prior planning for the land, lacking essential legacy for understanding the the study entitled “Shantytowns in infrastructure, built with wood, mud, process of building the city. However, the City of Barcelona. Ethnohistori- brick and/or recycled materials) as a T cal Study of Three Cases: Can Valero, spontaneous response to a lack of acces- the fragmentary and scattered infor- 2 mation that exists about the phenom- La Perona and El Carmel” within the sible housing in urban areas. Starting enon and the recent disappearance of framework of the Ethnological Her- from this premise, the research team major shantytowns in the city, of their itage Inventory of Catalonia (IPEC) proposed: Xavi Camino Vallhonrat Max Díaz Molinaro He has a PhD in Urban Anthropology from the Rovira i Virgili He has a Master in Digital Documentation from the University, Tarragona. He has focused his research on the study Pompeu Fabra University, and a BA in History from of sport in public space, and on processes of social exclusion in the University of Barcelona. His professional career the city of Barcelona. He is currently the head of the Social Sci- has focused on the study of shanty-town neighbour- ences area at ELISAVA, Barcelona School of Design and Engi- hoods in Barcelona during the 20th century, while he neering (UPF), and works in the Office for the Plan of Non-Regulated Settlements, has also studied archives and documentary processes. He works in City of Barcelona. the library system of the University of Barcelona, and occasionally col- laborates with MUHBA - Museu d’Història de Barcelona (Museum of Òscar Casasayas Garbí the History of Barcelona). With a BA in History from the University of Barcelona, he has researched shanty-town conditions in the city of Barcelona in Mercè Tatjer Mir the 20th century. He is currently a social sciences teacher in She has degrees in modern and contemporary His- Barcelona’s official secondary education system. tory (1971) and PhD in Geography (1987) by the University of Barcelona. Nowadays she is Profes- sor Emeritus of Didactics of the Social Sciences in Flora Muñoz Romero this University. Expert in geography and urban his- Master in Sociology of the Territory by the ICSTE of Lisbon, tory, she has collaborated and collaborates at present with differ- she has degrees in Sociology by the Autonomous University ent groups of planning and research as well as with public, civic and of Barcelona and in History by the University of Barcelona. pedagogic institutions and in numerous programs of research of the She combines her professional activity in business and ar- cultural and industrial heritage. chitecture with the historical research of urban processes, including the building of the shanty-town areas of Barcelona in the first half of the 20th century or the history of the porter’s lodges of the city. Cristina Larrea Killinger She is Professor of Social Anthropology at the Uni- Pilar Diaz Giner versity of Barcelona. In the last years she has col- laborated with the La Habana University (Cuba), the She has degrees in Anthropology by the University of Barce- Federal University of Bahia (Brazil) and the Federal lona, Technical Certificate in Social Work from the UNED and University (Brazil). She has also worked with other Postgraduate studies in Mediation by Pere Tarrés University. institutions of research in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia. Nowadays, She has been member of the team of research about shanty- she is member of the Food Observatory of the University of Bar- town areas in the city of Barcelona. Nowadays she works as celona. She is interested in the study of the relationship between Social Worker in a Center of Social Services of the Town Council of Barcelona. health, development and environment. COMPILATION 19 • Creating a database inventory of the different processes by which the to how public opinion about shanty- the documentation found in the three shantytowns were configured towns was constructed and what were archives on the shantytown phe- and disappeared, the three case stud- the municipal policies on intervention nomenon in Barcelona in the 20th ies could not serve, for the moment, and the role of the church.4 century. to explain the global phenomenon of • Analyzing the shantytown phenom- shantytowns in Barcelona in the 20th During this first phase, conversations enon in the city throughout the 20th century. In this regard, we hope that with archivists, historians, social work- century. our findings serve to motivate new ers, clergy and so on put us in contact • Reconstructing the social history of studies reconstructing the uniqueness with shanty dwellers and other special- three shantytowns: La Perona, Can of other shantytowns that allow for a ists from which a network of interview- Valero and El Carmel. cross-disciplinary study to address the ees was built. At the same time, survey- • Creating an oral collection of inter- phenomenon globally. ing the different housing estates the views with shantytown inhabitants. shanty dwellers had been relocated to, The ethnographic study of a disap- visiting different neighborhood organi- Three historically and geographically peared phenomenon, as is the case zations and disseminating information well-differentiated shantytowns were here, precludes the use of one of leaflets about the research brought new chosen for the ethnographic study anthropology’s fundamental methods: interviewees into the network. of the shantytown phenomenon. La participant observation. To address Perona was chosen because it was one this shortcoming, documentary and Although the archival search was ongo- of the last shantytowns to disappear bibliographic research that helped us ing throughout the study, the second from the city in 1989 and because of to contextualize and complete the use phase was based mainly on obtaining the characteristics of the process of of oral history in reconstructing the oral information based on the lived relocating its inhabitants. Can Valero three disappeared shantytowns was experience of those who were there. was chosen because of its size; its slum indispensable. For this reason, our main tool was in- dwelling population was the largest and depth interviews (92) and, to a lesser most extensive of the city during the The first phase of the search for litera- extent, focus groups (6). Two guides period of the Franco dictatorship up to ture and compilation of primary and were produced, the one for shanty its eradication in the 1970s. Finally, El secondary documentation that was dwellers differing from the one for Carmel was interesting because a large undertaken in 26 public and private persons linked to the phenomenon, number of its inhabitants succeeded archives3 enabled us to contextualize but these were flexible and adapted to in being relocated within the same the phenomenon, learn about the the unique experience of each inter- neighborhood through local strug- existence and location of different viewee. This flexibility in the use of gle and neighborhood associations. shantytowns and understand how in-depth interviews allowed for a better We are aware that while searching the they were eradicated and how those channel of communication, charac- archives enabled us to contextualize affected were relocated in addition terized by the use of more eloquent statements and greater trust between researcher and interviewee. On more Barcelona’s Shantytowns, existing El barraquisme a Barcelona, existent des than one occasion a single interviewee from the beginning of the 20th century de principis dels segle XX fins a llur virtual was interviewed a number of times to until their virtual eradication in time for eradicació a l’època dels Jocs Olímpics delve more deeply into a specific topic the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, de Barcelona de 1992, fou un fenomen relevant to the research. Usually a single urbà que va jugar un important paper were an urban phenomenon that played person was interviewed, but in some an important role in the city’s social en el desenvolupament social i urbà de and urban development. By means of la ciutat. Mitjançant la metodologia de cases two people participated. A total Ethnohistorical research methodology la recerca etnohistòrica utilitzant arxius, of 63 interviews were conducted with using archives, field research, oral treball de camp, història oral i bases shanty dwellers and 29 with persons history and databases, researchers have de dades, els investigadors van poder been able to reconstruct the social life reconstruir la vida social en tres nuclis de barraques i analitzar-ne la importància en Keywords: Shantytowns, Public housing, in three shanty towns and analyse the Neighbourhood associations, Social la història de Barcelona. Aquest article és importance of these districts in the history exclusion, Urban segregation of Barcelona. This is a summary of the un resum de la monografia Barraquisme. Paraules clau: barraquisme, habitatge dissertation titled Barraquisme. La ciutat La ciutat (im)possible. (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2011). públic, associacions veïnals, exclusió social, (im)possible. Generalitat de Catalunya. segregació urbana Barcelona, 2011. 20 COMPILATION Revista d’Etnologia de Catalunya Juny 2015 Núm. 40 linked to the phenomenon (27 on La Brief History of the Can Valero number of topographic maps from the Perona, 31 on Can Valero and 34 on Neighborhood of Montjuïc period (Roca, 2002: 327).
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