How the Americas Conquered the World

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CONTRIBUTIONS IN NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 14 Contributions in New World Archaeology ( ISSN 2080-8216 ) is a semi-annual journal dealing with various aspects of North and South American archaeology, anthropology and ethnohistory. Its main aim is to publish results of archaeological excavations and surveys conducted in various parts of the New World as well as to present papers devoted to the studies of collections of archaeological artefacts discovered in either American continent. Moreover, the journal addresses such subjects as theory, methodology and practice in New World archaeology. www.cnwajournal.org E-mail: [email protected]

EDITORIAL OFFICE: EDITORS: 'HSDUWPHQWRI1HZ:RUOG$UFKDHRORJ\ -DQXV].U]\V]WRI.R]áRZVNL ,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\ -DURVáDZħUDáND -DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\ 5DGRVáDZ3DORQND *ROHELD6WUHHW 0LFKDá:DVLOHZVNL .UDNRZ 3RODQG Telephone: +48 126631595

EDITORIAL BOARD: Robert H. Brunswig Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, USA Víctor González Fernandez Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia Christophe Helmke ,QVWLWXWHRI&URVV&XOWXUDODQG5HJLRQDO6WXGLHV8QLYHUVLW\RI&RSHQKDJHQ'HQPDUN 0LFKDá.REXVLHZLF] ,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\DQG(WKQRORJ\RIWKH3ROLVK$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHV 3R]QDĔ%UDQFK 3RODQG .U]\V]WRI0DNRZVNL 3RQWL¿FLD8QLYHUVLGDG&DWyOLFDGHO3HU~/LPD3HUX $OHNVDQGHU3RVHUQ=LHOLĔVNL 'HSDUWPHQWRI(WKQRORJ\DQG&XOWXUDO$QWKURSRORJ\$GDP0LFNLHZLF]8QLYHUVLW\3R]QDĔ 3RODQG 0DULXV]6=LyáNRZVNL &HQWUHIRU3UHFROXPELDQ6WXGLHV8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUVDZ3RODQG

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CONTRIBUTIONS IN NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 14

Proceedings of the 24th European Maya Conference Cracow, November 11-16, 2019 3DUW

Edited by &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH+DUUL.HWWXQHQDQG-DURVáDZħUDáND

.UDNyZ Cover image: Details of the murals from the chapel of Santa María Xoxoteco, Mexico. 3KRWRE\0LNNHO%¡J&OHPPHQVHQ

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ISSN 2080-8216 '2,FQZD

The print version of Contributions in New World Archaeology is the primary, reference version of this journal

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=ZLĊNV]HQLHSR]LRPXXPLĊG]\QDURGRZLHQLDRUD]SRSUDZDGRVWĊSQRĞFLF]DVRSLVPD Contribtutions in New World Archeology ]DGDQLH¿QDQVRZDQHZUDPDFKXPRZ\ QU3'81]HĞURGNyZ0LQLVWHUVWZD1DXNLL6]NROQLFWZD:\ĪV]HJR SU]H]QDF]RQ\FKQDG]LDáDOQRĞüXSRZV]HFKQLDMąFąQDXNĊ

Indexed on Contents

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9DVLMDVQRFRQTXLVWDGDV3DWURQHVGHFRQWLQXLGDGGHODFHUiPLFDPD\D Dora Maritza García Patzán

33 Didactics and cosmos: heaven and hell in the early colonial murals of Santa María Xoxoteco, Hidalgo, Mexico Mikkel Bøg Clemmensen

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/LQJXLVWLFDUFKDHRORJ\LQWKH3RTRPFKL¶VSHDNLQJDUHDWUDFLQJODQJXDJHFRQWDFWV before and after the conquest Igor Vinogradov

97 New World words and things LQWKH2OG:RUOGKRZWKH$PHULFDVFRQTXHUHG the world Harri Kettunen

7KHSHQLQVXODU0D\D¶VXQ¿QLVKHGVSLULWXDOFRQTXHVW Lorraine A. Williams-Beck

FROM THE EDITORS

This issue of the Contributions in New World Archaeology journal contains the second set of papers presented at the 24 th (XURSHDQ 0D\D &RQIHUHQFH (0& WKDW WRRN SODFH LQ .UDNyZEHWZHHQWKH th and 16 th of November, 2019. The title of the 24 th EMC was Contact and Conquest in the Maya World and Beyond , and it concentrated on the events 500 years ago, since the start of the conquest of Mexico, as well as the colonization and collision of cultures from the early sixteenth century onwards, the changes it brought about, and the dawn of globalization. The conference also addressed the subject of conquests and contacts between GL൵HUHQW0HVRDPHULFDQVRFLHWLHVDQGFXOWXUHVEHIRUHWKH(XURSHDQDUULYDO 'XULQJ WKH FRQIHUHQFH PRUH WKDQ WZHQW\ SDSHUV ZHUH SUHVHQWHG 7KH ¿UVW SDUW RI contributions has been published in volume 13 of CNWA. The present volume contains another set of six papers that are mostly concentrated on the subject of Spanish conquest and changes it brought to Mesoamerica as seen in the art, ceramic production, languages, and religion, and how WKH&ROXPELDQH[FKDQJHLQÀXHQFHGQRWRQO\WKH1HZ:RUOGEXWDOVRWKH2OG 7KH YROXPH EHJLQV ZLWK DQ DUWLFOH E\ 'RUD 0DULW]D *DUFtD 3DW]iQ WLWOHG Vasijas no conquistadas: Patrones de continuidad de la cerámica maya . The author describes changes brought by conquest and colonization in the process of ceramic production in Guatemala and Mexico. The author also shows that despite the introduction of new European ceramic modes, many production techniques and decorations of pre-Columbian origin were maintained in the manufacture of ceramics not only during the colonial period but even up until today. The following article, Didactics and cosmos: heaven and hell in the early colonial murals of Santa María Xoxoteco, Hidalgo, Mexico E\0LNNHO%¡J&OHPPHQVHQUHSRUWVRQ the fascinating colonial period murals that were used in the process of evangelization and conversion of indigenous people of central Mexico. Clemmensen concentrates on presenting many iconographic elements of pre-Columbian origin that were used by friars and local artists to describe the most important concepts and elements of the Christian religion. 7KHQH[WSDSHULQWKHYROXPHLVE\%UXFH/RYHDQGLVWLWOHG Chilam Balam ‘prophecies’ and the Spanish invasion and occupation of Yucatan . The author discusses the famous passages IURPWKH%RRNVRI&KLODP%DODPDWWULEXWHGWR¿YH ah kin , the ritual specialists and diviners who LQWHUSUHWHGWKHZRUGVRIWKHJRGVLQVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\they urged their old enemy, the Itza Maya, to accept the new religion and people from the HDVW7KHSDSHUUHH[DPLQHVWKH6SDQLVKLQYDVLRQDQGRFFXSDWLRQRI

,JRU9LQRJUDGRY¶VSDSHU Linguistic archaeology in the Poqomchi’-speaking area: tracing language contacts before and after the conquest focuses on language contacts in the Maya DUHDE\DQDO\]LQJHDUO\FRORQLDOPDQXVFULSWVZULWWHQLQ3RTRPFKL¶7KHVHZULWWHQGRFXPHQWV FDQEHXVHGLQUHFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHVRFLDOFRQWH[WRIWKHVSHDNHUV)RUH[DPSOHVLPLODULWLHVLQ WKHJUDPPDWLFDOGHYHORSPHQWGXULQJWKHFRORQLDOSHULRGFDQEHREVHUYHGEHWZHHQ3RTRPFKL¶ DQG4¶HTFKL¶,QWHUHVWLQJO\KRZHYHU3RTRPFKL¶PDLQWDLQVWKHWHQGHQF\WRERUURZOLQJXLVWLF VWUXFWXUHV UDWKHU WKDQ LQGLYLGXDO OH[HPHV ZKLFK PD\ EH GXH WR WKH GHOLEHUDWH H൵RUWV RI WKH VSHDNHUVWRSUHVHUYHWKHLUOLQJXLVWLFLGHQWLW\ In the next paper, New World words and things in the Old World: How the Americas conquered the world, +DUUL .HWWXQHQ H[DPLQHV WKH OLQJXLVWLF DQG ELRORJLFDO H൵HFWV RI WKH Columbian exchange by analyzing the history of lexical borrowings from Indigenous languages RIWKH$PHULFDVDURXQGWKHZRUOGDVZHOODVWKHKLVWRU\RI1HZ:RUOGLWHPVLQWKH2OG:RUOG Whereas the Columbian exchange brought numerous plants and animals, as well as technology DQGGLVHDVHVWRWKH1HZ:RUOGWKHÀRZRI1HZ:RUOGLWHPVWRWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOGZDVPXFK more restricted, involving primarily cultivated plants. However, the author points out that if we consider the Columbian exchange to be an ongoing process, there are numerous species RIÀRUDDQGIDXQDWKDWDUHFRQWLQXDOO\VSUHDGLQJWRQHZDUHDVPDLQO\ZLWKWKHLQWHQWLRQDORU XQLQWHQWLRQDOKHOSRIKXPDQV)XUWKHUPRUH.HWWXQHQSRLQWVRXWWKDWXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHRULJLQV of the species and cultigens, the history of their global dispersal, and the Indigenous methods that foster diversity, provides us with better tools to understand the interconnectedness of culture DQGELRGLYHUVLW\,QDGGLWLRQXQOLNHWKHµLWHPV¶WKHPVHOYHVWKHFXOWXUDONQRZOHGJHDQGGLYHUVLW\ RI1HZ:RUOGSODQWVDQGIRRGVWX൵VGLGQRWDOZD\VWUDYHODORQJZLWKWKHSURGXFWVOHDGLQJDW times, to unwanted consequences, as in the case of malnutrition or famines caused by maize in Africa and potatoes in Ireland. Besides these, the study discusses loanwords that originate in Indigenous American languages and reveals interesting generational patterns in their usage outside the area of the origin of the terms: some terms that were common a few decades ago have all but disappeared today, while others have started a new life in popular culture. 7KHYROXPHFORVHVZLWKDQDUWLFOHE\/RUUDLQH$:LOOLDPV%HFNWLWOHG The peninsular Maya’s XQ¿QLVKHG VSLULWXDO FRQTXHVW The author continues with the topic of indigenous responses WR WKH LGHRORJLFDO DQG UHOLJLRXV FKDQJHV EURXJKW WR WKH

NEW WORLD WORDS AND THINGS IN THE OLD WORLD: HOW THE AMERICAS CONQUERED THE WORLD

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Dedicated to the memory of Mike Coe (1929–2019)

Abstract What would world cuisine be without New World ingredients? What would pizza be without tomatoes, oriental food without chili, and Spanish omelette or NOXVNLĞOąVNLH without potatoes? How would vanilla ice cream taste without vanilla? And what would movie nights be without popcorn and life without chocolate? New World products have enriched the lives of people globally for the past half a millennium, but how did all this happen? How did chili travel to $VLD"$QGZK\LVWXUNH\FDOOHG turkey in English, hindi LQ7XUNLVK peru LQ3RUWXJXHVHDQG³5RPDQFKLFNHQ´LQ$UDELF" This article explores the ongoing conquest of the world by New World words and things, tracing their origins and travel routes, as well as the ever-changing nature of indigenous American loanwords in the languages of the world, including VFKRROFKLOGUHQ¶VSHUFHSWLRQVRIWKHVHZRUGVZK\LVRFHORWD³0LQHFUDIWFDW´DQDQRUDND³¿QHMDFNHW´DQGDWRPDKDZN a “tactical intercontinental missile”?

.H\ZRUGV loanwords from Indigenous American languages, Columbian exchange

Resumen ¿Qué sería de la cocina mundial sin los ingredientes del Nuevo Mundo? ¿Qué sería de la pizza sin tomates, de la comida oriental sin chiles y de la tortilla española o NOXVNLĞOąVNLH sin papas? ¿A qué sabría el helado de vainilla sin YDLQLOOD"¢

Palabras clave: SUpVWDPRVOLQJtVWLFRVGHODVOHQJXDVLQGtJHQDVGH$PpULFDLQWHUFDPELRFRORPELQR 98 Harri Kettunen

INTRODUCTION

The Conquest of the Americas was shortly followed by the conquest of the world by New :RUOGLWHPVVXFKDVSODQWVDQGIRRGVWX൵VDVZHOODVZRUGVDQGFRQFHSWV$WWKHVDPHWLPHDV the conquest and colonization of the Americas, the spread of New World items continued – and still continues to this day – around the world. While the initial introduction of new things from the New World was relatively rapid in Europe, these were mostly treated as novelty items until quite late. It was really not until the 18th and 19th centuries when most of the cultivated plants so common in our cuisine today, such as potatoes and tomatoes, became common in Europe – QRWWRVSHDNRIOX[XU\LWHPVVXFKDVSLQHDSSOHFDFDRFKRFRODWHDQGYDQLOOD±RUQHZFRPHUV such as avocado, papaya, pitaya, chia, quinoa, and cashew nuts. Exceptions include the relatively fast adoption of maize in Africa, chili in southern parts of Asia, and tobacco around the world. While the Columbian exchange brought numerous plants and animals, as well as technology DQGGLVHDVHVWRWKH1HZ:RUOGWKHÀRZRI1HZ:RUOGLWHPVWRWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOGZDVPXFK more restricted, involving primarily cultivated plants. The only considerable early exception EH\RQGÀRUDLVWKHWXUNH\ 1. However, if we consider the Columbian exchange to be an ongoing SURFHVVWKHUHDUHQXPHURXVVSHFLHVRIÀRUDDQGIDXQDWKDWDUHFRQWLQXDOO\VSUHDGLQJWRQHZDUHDV mainly with the intentional or unintentional help of humans. Relatively recently introduced fauna from the New World to, e.g., Europe include the white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ), the North American beaver ( Castor canadensis WKH$PHULFDQPLQN Neovison vison WKHPXVNUDW (Ondatra zibethicus ), the eastern cottontail ( 6\OYLODJXV ÀRULGDQXV ) the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis ), the pond slider ( Trachemys scripta ), the American bullfrog ( Lithobates catesbeianus WKH EODFN EXOOKHDG Ameiurus melas WKH HDVWHUQ PRVTXLWR¿VK Gambusia holbrooki DQGWKHPRQNSDUDNHHW Myiopsitta monachus ), just to name a few. What is interesting about the spread of New World species around the world, is that in most SODFHVWKHNQRZOHGJHRIWKHLURULJLQV LILQWURGXFHGHDUO\ LVORVWLQKLVWRU\7KLVLVHVSHFLDOO\ the case with chili peppers in southern and southeastern Asia where the plant is considered by many to be native to the area. While most European languages use the Nahuatl-origin word for the fruit of the plant, southern and southeastern Asian languages have their own words for FKLOLSHSSHUVLQPRVWFDVHVGHULYHGIURPYDULRXVWHUPVIRU EODFN SHSSHU7KHFRQIXVLRQRI WKHRULJLQVLVDOVRDSSDUHQWLQWKHVFLHQWL¿FQDPHRIDFKLOLVSHFLHVLQZKLFKHJWKHKDEDQHUR belongs, the Capsicum chinense , or the “Chinese chili.” Another confusing example is the DERYHPHQWLRQHGWXUNH\,Q(QJOLVKWKLVLQWHUQDWLRQDOELUGRIP\VWHU\LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK7XUNH\ LQ7XUNLVKDQGPDQ\(XURSHDQODQJXDJHVWR,QGLDLQ3RUWXJXHVHWR3HUXLQ6FRWWLVK*DHOLFDQG .KPHUWR)UDQFHLQ0DOD\WR+ROODQGLQ%UHWRQWR6SDLQLQSDUWVRI*UHHFHWR(J\SWDQGLQ (J\SWWR³5RPH´ LQUHDOLW\*UHHFHDQG7XUNH\ 2. Today New World things are relatively common outside the Americas. This is especially the case with edible plants – but also with a variety of animals that have become familiar to us IURPERRNVQDWXUHGRFXPHQWDULHVDQGPRYLHV7KHVDPHJRHVIRUFXOWXUDOREMHFWVDQGFRQFHSWV

1 Lexical LWHPVRQWKHRWKHUKDQG LQFRQWUDVWWRDFWXDO1HZ:RUOGSK\VLFDOLWHPVWKDWWUDYHOHGWRWKH2OG :RUOG WKDWDUHQHLWKHUÀRUDRUIDXQDDUHREYLRXVO\QXPHURXVDQGLQFOXGHWHUPVVXFKDV cannibal , canoe , hurricane , and totem . 2 These will be explored in more detail towards the end of the article. New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 99

IURPWKH1HZ:RUOG+RZHYHUZKLOHVRPHRIWKHVHLWHPVZHUHDOOEXWXQNQRZQDGHFDGHDJR outside the Americas, some that were familiar to us in Europe in the 20th century are becoming obsolete in the 21st century. Consequently, in order to understand how and why these concepts DUHLQFRQVWDQWFKDQJHDQRQJRLQJORDQZRUGVWXG\LVEHLQJFDUULHGRXWE\WKHDXWKRULQGL൵HUHQW countries and languages, primarily in elementary schools. In many cases, the familiarity is tied WRWKHFKDQJLQJFXOLQDU\KDELWVDQGWKHDYDLODELOLW\RI³H[RWLF´IRRGVWX൵VDVZHOODVWRWKH LQIRUPDWLRQRIÀRUDDQGIDXQDDQGLQGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQFRQFHSWVDQGREMHFWVLQGL൵HUHQWPHGLD Revealing examples from the surveys carried out in schools include the following answers: cannibal ³HDWVKXPDQV ,NQRZLWIURP7KH)RUHVWJDPH ´ opossum ³DQLPDONQRZQIURPWKH Ice Age movies,” and tomahawk ³VNDWHERDUG´DQG³WDFWLFDOLQWHUFRQWLQHQWDOPLVVLOH´2WKHU revealing examples include: avocado : “nasty vegetable, green and disgusting” vs. “a yummy RPHJD¿OOHGSLWWHGYHJHWDEOH´DQG tequila ³DOFRKROWKDWQRERG\RYHU\HDUVGULQNV´ The etymologies in this article have been quarried from the earliest sources available and NQRZQWRWKHDXWKRU+RZHYHUDVQHZVRXUFHVDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVVXUIDFHSHUSHWXDOO\WKHVH HW\PRORJLHVDUHLQFRQVWDQWÀX[7KHREMHFWLYHKRZHYHUKDVEHHQWRJR ad fontes whenever possible, although in some cases the very earliest source has already been lost. Wikipedia and Wiktionary (and even many authoritative etymological dictionaries) are great sources for the RULJLQ RI PDQ\ WHUPV EXW SHULRGLFDOO\ WKH\ DUH HLWKHU HUURQHRXV PLVOHDGLQJ RU ODFNLQJ D GHWDLOHGDQDO\VLV7RTXRWH-DQ1RRUGHJUDDI ³>R@YHUFRQ¿GHQFHOD]LQHVVRU>WKH IDFWRIPDWWHUVEHLQJ@MXVWEH\RQGRQH¶VFRQWURORIWHQSUHYHQWVWKHUHVHDUFKHUIURPJRLQJDG fontes.” 3$VWKHWDVNRIWUDFLQJWKHWHUPLQRORJLFDODQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\RIDOOWKH1HZ:RUOG FRQWULEXWLRQVDOORYHUWKHJOREHLVDQLQVXUPRXQWDEOHXQGHUWDNLQJVRPHLWHPVLQWKLVDUWLFOHDUH GLVFXVVHGPRUHH[WHQVLYHO\WKDQRWKHUV3DUWLFXODUHPSKDVLVLVJLYHQWRWKH1HZ:RUOGLWHPV WKDWKDYHVSUHDGZLGHVWDQGIXUWKHVWLQFOXGLQJFKLOLFKRFRODWHSRWDWRDQGWXUNH\ 7KH¿UVWVHFWLRQRIWKHDUWLFOHGLVFXVVHVJHQHUDOSDWWHUQVDQGSURFHVVHVRIOH[LFDOERUURZLQJV ZLWK H[DPSOHV IRU FRPSDUDWLYH SXUSRVHV IURP GL൵HUHQW ODQJXDJHV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH GL൵HUHQW VWUDWDRI,QGR(XURSHDQORDQVLQ)LQQLVKDQGLWVDQFHVWUDOODQJXDJHV7KLVLVIROORZHGE\DQ introduction to loanwords from indigenous American languages, followed by a systematic study of the most common terms from each area that produced a substantial number of loanwords to GL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG±IROORZLQJWKHFKURQRORJLFDOSURJUHVVLRQRI(XURSHDQ contact with – and conquest of – the Americas: from the Caribbean to Mesoamerica, the Andes, Brazil, and northeastern North America (concentrating on major donors of loanwords, HVSHFLDOO\7DLQR1DKXDWO4XHFKXD2OG7XSLDQG$OJRQTXLDQODQJXDJHVUHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KHVH are followed by a discussion of terms that originate in languages that have produced only a few loanwords to distant languages, along with loanwords of debated origins. The last two sections RIWKHDUWLFOHFRQFHQWUDWHRQ1HZ:RUOGÀRUDDQGIDXQDZLWK2OG:RUOGµODEHOV¶LHµLWHPV¶ WKDWRULJLQDWHLQWKH1HZ:RUOGEXWUHFHLYHG2OG:RUOGQDPHVIRURQHUHDVRQRUWKHRWKHU DQG¿QDOO\GHOLEHUDWLRQVRQWKH&ROXPELDQ([FKDQJH,QGLJHQRXVNQRZOHGJHDQGWKHJOREDO PDUNHW

3 ³(HQWHJURRWYHUWURXZHQJHPDN]XFKWRIGRRGJHZRRQRYHUPDFKWYHUKLQGHUHQGHRQGHU]RHNHUYDDNRP ad fontes te gaan” in the original text. 100 Harri Kettunen

DISTRIBUTION OF INDIGENOUS AMERICAN LOANWORDS

While loanwords from Indigenous American languages are relatively frequent in Spanish HVSHFLDOO\LQWKHYDULRXVGLDOHFWVWKURXJKRXW/DWLQ$PHULFD 4 and somewhat numerous in the

4 &RURPLQDV DQG 3DVFXDO '(&+ OLVW ORDQZRUGV RI ,QGLJHQRXV $PHULFDQ RULJLQ LQ their six-volume Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (for the analysis of the terms in the volumes, see Carriazo Ruiz 2014), while, for example, Montemayor et al . (2009) list over 2,600 Nahuatlisms, i.e., terms in (Mexican) Spanish that derive from Nahuatl, in their Diccionario del náhuatl en el español de México ,Q&RURPLQDVDQG3DVFXDO '(&+ WHUPVDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREH from the Andes (86 from Quechua and four from Aymara), 76 from the Caribbean (41 from Taino, 17 IURP &DULE IURP$UDZDN DQG WZR IURP &XPDQDJRWR 7KHSUREOHPZLWK WKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRI WKH ODQJXDJHVLVWKDWLWLVQRWFOHDUZKHWKHU&RURPLQDVDQG3DVFXDODUHUHIHUULQJWRODQJXDJHVRUODQJXDJH JURXSVIDPLOLHV RU LI WKH\ KDYH XQGHUVWRRG WKH UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ WKH ODQJXDJHV DV 7DLQR LV DQ $UDZDNDQODQJXDJHDQG&XPDQDJRWRLVD&DULEDQODQJXDJH WKHWHUPVLQ&RURPLQDVDQG3DVFXDO> 1991] are taíno , arahuaco , caribe , and cumanagoto 7KHVDPHDSSHDUVWREHWKHFDVHZLWK&DUULD]R5XL]¶V (2014) analysis of the Indigenous American loanwords in the aforementioned volumes in his article Los indigenismos en el Diccionario Crítico Etimológico Castellano e Hispánico de Joan Corominas y José Antonio Pascual . After the Andean and Caribbean languages, the most frequent Indigenous American donor language in the DECH is Nahuatl with 41 loanwords, followed by Tupi-Guarani languages with 25 loanwords, and various other lexical donors with fewer terms. Based on these entries, Quechua has provided over twice as many loanwords to Spanish than Nahuatl. Although the author of this article is a Mesoamericanist and might have a bias towards Nahuatl-derived loanwords based on personal experience, RQHPXVWZRQGHUZKDWZDVWKHXOWLPDWHORJLFRI&RURPLQDVDQG3DVFXDOZKHQWKH\VHOHFWHG,QGLJHQRXV American loanwords to their dictionary, i.e., which terms were (are) considered to be acceptable to an HW\PRORJLFDOGLFWLRQDU\RIWKH6SDQLVKODQJXDJH/RRNLQJDWWKHLQYHQWRU\RIWKHVHORDQZRUGVRQHFDQ QRWLFHWKDWPDQ\WHUPVUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHGRQRUODQJXDJHDUHTXLWHUDUHDQGRUUHJLRQDO)RUH[DPSOH basically all the eight terms of Araucanian, as noted by Carriazo Ruiz (2014) are Chilenisms ( chilenismos ) ZLWKYHU\OLPLWHGGLVWULEXWLRQZKLOHDWOHDVWDTXDUWHURIWKHWHUPVGHULYHGIURP1DKXDWODUHZHOONQRZQRU UHODWLYHO\ZHOONQRZQRXWVLGHRI0H[LFRQDPHO\ aguacate , cacahuete ~ cacahuate , cacao , chicle , chile , coyote , guacamole , ocelote , tiza , and tomate )XUWKHUPRUHDVWKH'(&+LVDQHW\PRORJLFDOGLFWLRQDU\ of Spanish, the compilers have chosen to include words of Indigenous American origin that were passed directly into Spanish. This means that all loanwords originating from north of Mexico are missing in the dictionary, including most of the areas in the modern United States that once used to be part of Mexico or New Spain – except for one term, cíbolo IURP=XQLVSRNHQLQ1HZ0H[LFRDQG$UL]RQDDQGUHIHUULQJWR a bison (an abbreviated term from ganado de Cíbola or toro de Cíbola ), according to DECH, from Zuni šiwona , referring to the territorio de Cíbola . In his Diccionario de mejicanismos , Santamaría (1974: 240) has “Nombre que se daba a los habitants de una ciudad, país o reino imaginario, llamado Cíbola, que los españoles buscaron con afán hacia el norte, sin encontrarlo nunca” (“Name given to the inhabitants of an LPDJLQDU\FLW\FRXQWU\RUNLQJGRPFDOOHG&tERODZKLFKWKH6SDQLDUGVHDJHUO\VHDUFKHGQRUWKZDUGV QHYHU¿QGLQJLW´ DQG³'DVHHOPLVPRQRPEUHDODSLHOGHODQLPDOFXUWLGDGHTXHSRUORHVSHVR\EODQGR GHVXSHORVROtDQVHUYLUVHORVFDPLQDQWHVHQYH]GHFROFKyQ´ ³7KHVDPHQDPHLVJLYHQWRDWDQQHGDQLPDO KLGHZKLFKGXHWRLWVWKLFNDQGVRIWIXUWUDYHOHUVXVHGWRXVHLWLQVWHDGRIDPDWWUHVV´ 6PHDG TXRWLQJ5XEHQ&RERV¶ A Dictionary of New Mexico and Southern Colorado Spanish , adds that in “New Mexico and southern Colorado Spanish, the animal is also called vaca de Cíbola µFRZIURP&tEROD¶´ Carlisle (1939: 81) has also cibolero IRU³RQHZKRKXQWVEX൵DOR´DQGDGGVDTXRWHIURP6WDQOH\9HVWDO¶V ERRNKit Carson, the Happy Warrior of the West S ³%X൵DORDSSHDUHGDQGIRUWKH¿UVWWLPH .LWHQFRXQWHUHGWKH6SDQLVKEX൵DORKXQWHUVFLEROHURV´)XUWKHUPRUH&DUOLVOH KDVDJORVVIURP 6XVDQ(:DOODFH¶VERRN Land of the Pueblo S ³&LEROD,QGLDQQDPHIRUEX൵DOR´7KHKLVWRU\ RIWKHWHUPLVUDWKHUPXUN\,IWKHVKLSZUHFNHG6SDQLVKH[SORUHUVRIWKH1DUYiH]H[SHGLWLRQRI± ÈOYDU1~xH]&DEH]DGH9DFD$ORQVRGHO&DVWLOOR0DOGRQDGR$QGUpV'RUDQWHVGH&DUUDQ]DDQG0XVWDID $]HPPRXUL>DND(VWHYDQLFR'RUDQWHVGH&DUUDQ]D¶V0RRULVKVHUYDQW@ SLFNHGXSWKHQDPH³&tEROD´ during their travels across the Southwest, from Texas to New Mexico and Arizona, and whether that happened in the Zuni region, is still debatable. Zuni has si:wolo IRUµEX൵DOR¶ (QJOLVK±&LEROD/DQJXDJH New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 101

YDULDQWVRI(QJOLVKDQG)UHQFKVSRNHQLQWKH$PHULFDVWKH\DUHIDUOHVVIUHTXHQWLQDQ\ODQJXDJH outside the Western Hemisphere. This, of course, is due to a natural process: languages and cultures that have co-existed for a long time tend to borrow words and ideas (and things) from HDFKRWKHU$QGZKHQWKLVFRQQHFWLRQGRHVQRWH[LVWWKHERUURZLQJSURFHVVLVYHU\GL൵HUHQW JHQHUDOO\VFDUFHRIWHQLQYROYLQJVHYHUDOLQWHUPHGLDU\ODQJXDJHVDQGFXOWXUHV/LNHZLVHZKHUHDV WKH¿UVWRIWKHVHORDQZRUGVHQWHUHG6SDQLVKDQG3RUWXJXHVHULJKWDIWHUWKH¿UVWFRQWDFWZLWKWKH indigenous peoples in the Americas, these words reached the majority of the other languages TXLWHODWHLQPRVWFDVHVGXULQJWKHWKDQGWKFHQWXULHV$VDQH[DPSOH)LQQLVKKDVERUURZHG words from Indigenous American languages predominantly via neighboring Indo-European languages, primarily via Swedish. As in the case of other languages, most of these words (ca. KDYHWRGRZLWKWKHÀRUDDQGIDXQDRIWKH$PHULFDV±RUWKHQDWXUDOZRUOGLQJHQHUDO ,WLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWWKHVWDWXVRIWKHVHZRUGVLVLQFRQVWDQWÀX[ZKDWXVHG to be an uncommon word decades or centuries ago is nowadays an everyday word in many ODQJXDJHV:RUGV DQGLWHPVSURGXFWV VXFKDV avocado , cashew , and even chili were rare in most languages until very recently. And although introduced in Europe already in the 16th FHQWXU\ZRUGVLWHPVOLNH potato and tomato became household names only in the 18th and 19th centuries. As in many other parts of the world, people and cultures are rather resistant to changes LQGLHWXQOHVVWKHLQWURGXFHGIRRGVWX൵VDQGGULQNVDUHFRQVLGHUHGRQDSDUZLWK±RUVXSHULRUWR± the native products. Besides cultural preferences and habits, also social status, religion, beliefs, and mistrust play an important role in the history of the introduction of exotic plants, foods, and GULQNVDURXQGWKHZRUOG)XUWKHUPRUHLQPHGLDHYDODQGHDUO\PRGHUQ(XURSHZLGHVSUHDGLGHDV EDVHGHJRQLQWHUSUHWLQJ$ULVWRWOHDQG*DOHQ RIZKDWLVKHDOWK\DQGZKDWLVQRWD൵HFWHGDOVR the reception of newly introduced plants. A revealing example of existing preconceptions is a SDVVDJHIURP)UDQFLVFR1XxH]GH2ULD¶V Regimiento y aviso de sanidad from 1586:

“But let us not bring examples from distant lands, but come to our lands instead, in ZKLFKE\H[SHULHQFHZHVHHWKDWWKRVHZKRPDNHIRRGIURPVDODGVDQGYHJHWDEOHVKDYH more colors in their complexions and faces than a rainbow, and this I do not say, to stop SHRSOHIURPXVLQJVDODGVEXWWRGRVRLQPRGHUDWLRQDQGWRPDNH>WKHIRRG@IURPKRW and cold vegetables, so that they temper each other.” 5

With regard to the lexical ERUURZLQJVWKHSRSXODULW\RILQWURGXFHGWHUPVVHHPVWRÀXFWXDWH a great deal as well. In many cases, the familiarity is tied to the changing culinary habits of GL൵HUHQWFRXQWULHVRUDUHDVEXWDOVRWRIDVKLRQDQGOLWHUDWXUH$FDVHLQSRLQWRIWKHODWWHUWZRLQ )LQQLVKEDVHGRQWKHVXUYH\V 6GRQHLQVFKRROVOHVVWKDQRIWKHVFKRROFKLOGUHQLQ)LQODQG

=XxL9RFDEXODU\6KLZL¶PD'LFWLRQDU\>QG@ EXWRQHZRXOGKDYHWRH[SODLQKRZWKLVWHUPFDPHWRUHIHU to the Zuni settlement and then to the legendary “Seven Cities of Cibola.” 5 ³0DVHPSHURQRWUD\JDPRVH[HPSORVGHWLHUUDVOH[DQDVǕLQRYƝJDPRVDQXHǕWUDVWLHUUDVHQODVTXDOHV SRUH[SHULHQFLDYHPRVTXHORVTXHKD]ƝFRPLGDGHHQǕDODGDV\RUWDOL]DVWLHQHQHQǕXVJHǕWRV\FDUDVPDV GLXHUǕRVFRORUHVT ѺHODUFRFHOHǕWLDO\HǕWRQRORGLJRSRUTXLWDUHOYǕRGHODVHQǕDODGDVǕLQRSDUDTXHHQHOODV ǕHSRQJDPRGHUDFLRQ\TXHǕHKDJDGHRUWDOLoDVFDOLHQWHV\IULDVSDUDTXHODVYQDVǕHWLHPSOHQDODVRWUDV´ 1XxH]GH2ULDIROLRVYU 6 7KHWRSRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQWHUPVIURPHLJKWVFKRROVLQIRXUFRXQWULHV )LQODQG3RODQG0H[LFR DQGWKH86 LVDWSUHVHQW WKHIROORZLQJ LQUDQNLQJRUGHU FKLOLLJORRFDQRHDYRFDGRMDJXDU hurricane, coyote, llama, puma, and piranha. These are, however, conditioned to change the more answers, areas, countries, and languages are added to the survey in the future. 102 Harri Kettunen

NQHZ ZKDW anorakki DQRUDN PHDQV DQG RQO\ ZHUH IDPLOLDU ZLWK WKH WHUP mokkasiini PRFFDVLQ DOWKRXJKERWKWHUPVDUHFRPPRQNQRZOHGJHWRWKHSUHYLRXVJHQHUDWLRQRI)LQQV 7KHUHDVRQPD\EHWKDWDQRUDNVZHUHLQIDVKLRQVRPHGHFDGHVDJREXWQRWVRPXFKDQ\PRUH $QG PRFFDVLQV ZHUH NQRZQ WR HYHU\RQH ZDWFKLQJ PRYLHV DQG UHDGLQJ VWRULHV ERRNV DQG FRPLFVRQ1DWLYH$PHULFDQVLQWKHWKFHQWXU\EXWOHVVVRWRGD\/LNHZLVHLIVRPHRQHZHUH to read this article a few decades or centuries from now, we can expect that many rare words have probably turned into common words whereas many common words might have ceased being in daily use.

PATTERNS OF LEXICAL BORROWINGS

2QHLQWHUHVWLQJIHDWXUHRILQWURGXFHGLWHPVLVWKDWVRPHWLPHVWKH\UHWDLQRQHRIWKHWHUPV LQWKHVRXUFHGRQRUODQJXDJHZKLOHRFFDVLRQDOO\DQHZWHUPLVFUHDWHGLQWKHWDUJHWUHFLSLHQW language. There are historical, accidental, and linguistic reasons why, for example, cacao , chili , coca , maize , papaya, and tomato KDYHNHSWWKHLU,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQOH[LFDORULJLQLQPRVW of the languages of the world, while, for example, allspice , peanut , vanilla , turkey , and guinea pig have not. The case of turkey is particularly interesting, and will be discussed further down. In general, the frequency of loanwords varies considerably among the languages of the ZRUOG$FFRUGLQJWRWKH:RUOG/RDQZRUG'DWDEDVH +DVSHOPDWKDQG7DGPRU 0DQGDULQ &KLQHVH KDV WKH ORZHVW QXPEHU RI ORDQZRUGV ZKLOH 6HOLFH 5RPDQL KDV WKH KLJKHVW )RUDUHIHUHQFHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHVDPHVRXUFH(QJOLVKKDVERUURZHGRILWVOH[LFDO LQYHQWRU\+RZHYHUWKHWHUPµORDQZRUG¶LWVHOILVVRPHZKDWSUREOHPDWLFDVWKHUHLVDQLQGH¿QLWH continuum of words that start as foreign words and end up as common vocabulary of a given language (following the progression foreign word ! uncommon loanword ! common >XVXDOO\ nativized] loanword )72QWKHRWKHUKDQGDV/\OH&DPSEHOO SHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ QRWHV³LIDZRUG¶VRULJLQLVNQRZQWREHYLDERUURZLQJWKHQLWLVFRQVLGHUHGDORDQZRUGQR matter how long ago or how integrated it may be into the language that received it.” Consequently, we might go even further in history and consider all words that are not derived from a proto-language of a given language to be loanwords (with the exception of LQYHQWHGDQGVRXQGV\PEROLFZRUGV±DQGZRUGVRIXQNQRZQRULJLQ )RUH[DPSOHRXWRIWKH

7 7KH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ GL൵HUHQW ³OHYHOV´ RI IDPLOLDULW\ RI ORDQZRUGV LV UDWKHU DPELJXRXV ± DQG XOWLPDWHO\ HYHQ LPSRVVLEOH ± DV GL൵HUHQW SHRSOH ZRXOG VXUHO\ UHDFW GL൵HUHQWO\ WR DQ\ TXHVWLRQQDLUH UHJDUGLQJIDPLOLDULW\ZLWKDQ\YRFDEXODU\)XUWKHUPRUHWKHVHWHUPVDUHLQFRQVWDQWÀX[DVWKHORDQZRUG studies carried in schools have demonstrated (see the results of the surveys below). Moreover, what is considered a foreign word , jargon , or uncommon vs. common loanword GL൵HU QRW RQO\ IURP SHUVRQ WRSHUVRQEXWDOVREHWZHHQOLQJXLVWVDQG³QRQH[SHUWV´FOHDUFDVHVRIORDQZRUGVDUHXVXDOO\LGHQWL¿HG LQWXLWLYHO\E\DVSHDNHURIDJLYHQODQJXDJHZKHUHDVRQO\DQH[SHUWPD\EHDEOHWRWHOOZKHWKHUDZRUG (usually of great antiquity) is a loanword or not. Consider, e.g., the following sentences: “Because people MXVWXVHGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHV´DQG³9DULDWLRQLQJHQHWLFGLYHUVLW\RISK\WRSKWKRUDLQIHVWDQVSRSXODWLRQVLQ 0H[LFRIURPWKHFHQWHURIRULJLQRXWZDUGV´ WKHODWWHUWDNHQIURPWKHWLWOHRI6KDN\D et al >VHHWKH UHIHUHQFHVFLWHG@ 7KHIRUPHUKDVORDQZRUGV IURP)UHQFK ZKLOHWKHODWWHUKDVRQO\ /DWLQDWH >YLD)UHQFK@*UHHNDQG1DKXDWORULJLQ ORDQZRUGVZKLOHWKHUHVW in , of , from , the , and outwards ) are LQKHULWHG QDWLYH*HUPDQLF ZRUGV)XUWKHUPRUHLQWKHFDVHRIWKHIRUPHUVHQWHQFHWKH¿UVWIRXUZRUGV DUHDPRQJWKHPRVWFRPPRQZRUGVLQ(QJOLVK 2(&&2&$ &RQVHTXHQWO\,ZRXOGDVVXPHWKDWD QDWLYH(QJOLVKVSHDNHUZRXOGLQWXLWLYHO\FRQVLGHUWKDWWKHODWWHUVHQWHQFHLVPRUH³IRUHLJQ´ RUFRPSRVHG of foreign words or loanwords ), although technically (linguistically) it is the other way around. New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 103

QRQ,QGR(XURSHDQODQJXDJHVRI(XURSH)LQQLVKDQGLWVDQFHVWUDOODQJXDJHVKDYHERUURZHG terms from the neighboring Indo-European languages since the earliest contact between the VSHDNHUV RI WKH WZR IDPLOLHV DQG LW LV HVWLPDWHG WKDW RQO\ DURXQG ZRUGV FDQ EH WUDFHG EDFN WR 3URWR8UDOLF +lNNLQHQ 8 +RZHYHU DOWKRXJK WKH 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ FRUSXVLVPRUHWKDQWZLFHWKHVL]HRIWKH3URWR8UDOLFFRUSXVWKHUHDVRQVIRUWKHGL൵HUHQFHPD\ be numerous, including the fact that there are a lot more languages within the Indo-European language family (and, consequently, more materials for the study of the proto-language), and that some Indo-European languages were recorded in written format at an early stage, as well DVWKHVKHHUQXPEHURIOLQJXLVWVZRUNLQJRQERWKIDPLOLHV .DOOLR+lNNLQHQ $QDGGLWLRQDOFKDOOHQJHPD\GHULYHIURPWKHGL൵HUHQWDFDGHPLFWUDGLWLRQVLQVWXG\LQJ ,QGR(XURSHDQDQG8UDOLFODQJXDJHVDVZHOODVWKHGL൵HUHQWPRGHOVRIWKHFROODSVH EUHDNXS RI3URWR8UDOLFE\GL൵HUHQWVFKRODUV 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDOWKRXJKWKHQXPEHURIZRUGVWKDWFDQEHWUDFHGEDFNWRWKHSURWR ODQJXDJHPD\EHVFDUFHPDQ\RIWKHVHZRUGVDUHYHU\FRPPRQ)RUH[DPSOHLWLVHVWLPDWHG +lNNLQHQ WKDWDURXQGRIWKHPRVWFRPPRQ EXWRQO\RIWKH PRVWFRPPRQ ZRUGVLQ)LQQLVKDUHIRXQGLQWKH3URWR8UDOLFFRUSXV)XUWKHUPRUHDOWKRXJK WKHUHLVDFRQVLGHUDEOHQXPEHURIORDQZRUGVLQ)LQQLVKWKDWFDQEHWUDFHGWRGL൵HUHQWSKDVHVDQG ODQJXDJHVIRUWKHSDVW\HDUVWKHUHDUHDOVRQDWLYHZRUGV HJLQ3URWR)LQQLF WKDWFDQQRW EH WUDFHG EDFN WR 3URWR8UDOLF EXW FDQQRW EH LGHQWL¿HG DV ORDQZRUGV HLWKHU ,Q FRPSDULVRQ (QJOLVKKDVLQKHULWHGQXPHURXVZRUGVYLDGL൵HUHQWVWDJHVIURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQDQGZKLOH WKHQXPEHULVVRPHZKDWKLJKHUWKDQLQWKHFDVHRI)LQQLVKDQG3URWR8UDOLFWKHGL൵HUHQFHLV that there are fewer non-Indo-European loanwords in English than Indo-European loanwords LQ)LQQLVK 9. Consequently, although it is often claimed that the majority of English words are ORDQZRUGVRQHPXVW¿UVWGH¿QHZKDWµORDQZRUG¶PHDQV,QWKHFDVHRI(QJOLVKFDRIWKH PRGHUQYRFDEXODU\LVJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHGWREHRI/DWLQRU)UHQFKRULJLQ HLWKHUGLUHFW>ROG@ ORDQZRUGVIURP/DWLQ)UHQFKORDQZRUGVZLWK/DWLQRULJLQRU/DWLQEDVHGVSHFLDOVFLHQWL¿F OHJDORUPHGLFDOYRFDEXODU\ +RZHYHUDOWKRXJKµIRUHLJQ¶WR(QJOLVKVSHDNHUVSUHWKHVH WHUPVDUH,QGR(XURSHDQQRQHWKHOHVV&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHFRQFHSWRIµORDQZRUG¶RXJKWWRKDYHDW least two levels: (1) loanwords that are borrowed from languages in the same language family, DQG ORDQZRUGVWKDWDUHERUURZHGIURPDQXQUHODWHGODQJXDJH)XUWKHUPRUHDVLVWKHFDVHRI )LQQLVKPDQ\FRPPRQZRUGVLQ(QJOLVKDUHLQGHHGµQDWLYH¶LHLQWKHFDVHRI(QJOLVK:HVW *HUPDQLF,QIDFWLIZHORRNDWWKHPRVWFRPPRQZRUGVLQ(QJOLVKWKHYDVWPDMRULW\ RIWKHPDUHRI*HUPDQLFRULJLQ &2&$2(& 10 ). *RLQJEDFNWRWKHKLVWRU\RIOH[LFDOERUURZLQJVLQ8UDOLFODQJXDJHVWKHIDFWLVWKDWWKH direction of borrowings between the two language families was almost exclusively one-way, from ,QGR(XURSHDQWR8UDOLFVSHDNVIRUVSHFL¿FFXOWXUDODQGKLVWRULFDOFLUFXPVWDQFHV)XUWKHUPRUH WKH GL൵HUHQW VWUDWD RI ,QGR(XURSHDQ ORDQZRUGV LQ GL൵HUHQW 8UDOLF ODQJXDJHV SURYLGHV XV D ZLQGRZRIORRNLQJLQWRWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\RIWKHVHSHRSOHV:KDWW\SHRIORDQZRUGVDUHWDNHQ into the lexical inventory of the recipient language in a given time of history, always has a

8 'HSHQGLQJRQFULWHULDWKHQXPEHURI3URWR8UDOLFZRUGVYDULHVIURPDVORZDVWRDVKLJKDVFORVH WR +lNNLQHQ 9 This does not mean that there is not a considerable number of non-Indo-European loanwords in English, some even very common, such as alcohol , FRৼHH , cotton , jar , magazine , soda , and zero IURPYLD$UDELF amen and cider IURP+HEUHZ tea IURP&KLQHVH ketchup IURP&KLQHVHYLD0DOD\ tattoo IURP3RO\QHVLDQ 6DPRDQ7DKLWLDQ DQG sauna IURP)LQQLVK 10 See the References Cited for the abbreviations of dictionaries and other linguistic sources. 104 Harri Kettunen rationale behind it. Do we always understand the rationale, is another question. Before going EDFNWRWKHSURFHVVHVRIOH[LFDOERUURZLQJVIURP,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQODQJXDJHVZHVKDOOWDNH DORRNDWWKHKLVWRU\RI,QGR(XURSHDQORDQZRUGVLQ)LQQLVKDQGLWVDQFHVWUDOODQJXDJHVJRLQJ EDFNWR3URWR8UDOLF (DUO\ SUH %& ,QGR(XURSHDQ ORDQZRUGV IURP 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ WR 3URWR Indo-Iranian) 11 WRWKH8UDOLF 3URWR8UDOLFWR3URWR)LQQR8JULF ODQJXDJHVLQFOXGHHJWKH IROORZLQJUHÀH[HVLQ)LQQLVK jyvä µJUDLQNHUQHOFRUQ¶XOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ \pZHV a \pZRV >µJUDLQ FHUHDO¶@ marras DUFKDLF IRU µGHDG SHUVRQ¶ DQG µRPHQ RI GHDWK¶ SRVVLEO\IURP,QGR,UDQLDQDQGXOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ PUࡢ WyV>µGHDGPRUWDO¶@ mehiläinen µEHH¶ IURP 3UH3URWR)LQQLF PHãL DQG 3URWR)LQQR8JULF PHNãH ERUURZHG IURP ,QGR,UDQLDQ PpNã RU PiNã ZLWK DQ XQFHUWDLQ RULJLQ porsas µSLJOHW¶ IURP 3URWR )LQQLF SRUFDV ERUURZHG IURP 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ SyUN ࡂ RV >µSLJOHW¶ OLWHUDOO\ ³GLJJHU´ @ sata µKXQGUHG¶ IURP 3URWR)LQQR8JULF ĞDWD ERUURZHG IURP 3URWR,QGR,UDQLDQ üDWiP DQGXOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ N ࡂ mࡢ WyP varsa µIRDO¶IURP3URWR)LQQLF YDUVD ERUURZHGIURP3URWR,QGR,UDQLDQ ZĚࡢ ãƗDQGXOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ ZHUVƝQ >µPDOH¶@ vasara µKDPPHU¶ IURP 3URWR)LQQLF YDVDUD ERUURZHG IURP 3URWR,QGR,UDQLDQ µDQJHU DQGғ viha ZH۪>µVWURQJOLYHO\¶@ Ziଏ UDVDQGXOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ KDWUHGKRVWLOLW\¶DQGµZDU¶>DUFKDLFREVROHWH@IURP3URWR)LQQLF YLKDDQG3UH3URWR)LQQLF ZLãDERUURZHGIURP3URWR,QGR,UDQLDQ GZLãD 0RVWWHUPVSRLQWWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHOHQGHU DQGWKHERUURZHUZHUHHQJDJHGLQGL൵HUHQWOLYHOLKRRGV The same pattern, and intensive relationship, continues in loanwords (ca. 150-200 in QXPEHU IURP%DOWLF DQGVSHFL¿FDOO\IURP3URWR%DOWR6ODYLF ODQJXDJHV VWDUWLQJFD± 2000 BC). These include the following: ansa µWUDS¶3URWR%DOWLF ąVD">FI/LWKXDQLDQ ąVD , µH\HRIDQHHGOH¶/DWYLDQ ùosaµKDQGOHH\HOHW¶DQG2OG3UXVVLDQ ansis µKRRN¶@XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ KၷHQVHKೈ µKDQGOH¶ hammas µWRRWK¶ IURP 3URWR%DOWR6ODYLF ĨiPEDV heimo µWULEH¶IURP3URWR%DOWLF ãHLPD>FI/LWKXDQLDQ šeimà DQG/DWYLDQ sàime , µ PHPEHUVRID IDPLO\KRXVHKROG¶@ hirvi µHONaPRRVH¶IURP3URWR%DOWR6ODYLF ĞLUZDV µGHHU¶ XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ রpUKၷV µKRUQ¶ kirves µD[H¶ FI /LWKXDQLDQ kir vis˾ DQG /DWYLDQ círvis µD[H¶ XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ >V@NHU µFXW >R൵@¶ laiha µOHDQVOLP¶FI3URWR%DOWLF OLHVDV/LWKXDQLDQ líesas DQG/DWYLDQ liess µWKLQOHDQ¶@ metsä µIRUHVW¶ SRVVLEO\ IURP 3URWR%DOWLF PHGåLDV" µIRUHVW ZRRGV¶ morsian µEULGH¶ IURP3URWR%DOWLF PDUWL"FI/LWKXDQLDQ martì >³EULGHGDXJKWHULQODZ´@DQG2OG3UXVVLDQ PƗUWLQ >³EULGH´@ siemen µVHHG¶ IURP 3URWR%DOWR6ODYLF VƝ௧PHQ XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR ,QGR(XURSHDQ VpKၶPHQµVHHG¶ tarha µJDUGHQ¶FI/LWKXDQLDQ daråDV˾ DQG/DWYLDQ GƗU]V , µJDUGHQ¶ terva 12 µWDU¶ tyttö, tytär µGDXJKWHU¶3URWR%DOWLF GXNWƝFI/LWKXDQLDQGXNWơH XOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ GހXJKၷWখU DQG villa µZRRO¶3URWR%DOWLF ZLO௧QƗ௧FI /LWKXDQLDQYuOQDXOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ KၷZĎ ࡢ KၶQHKၷa ZĎ ࡢ KၷQHKೈ 13 /RDQZRUGVIURP(DUO\*HUPDQLF (DUO\3URWR*HUPDQLF 14 3UH3URWR*HUPDQLF3DOHR Germanic 15 DUHHYHQPRUHQXPHURXV FD LQ)LQQLVK7KHERUURZLQJVWDUWVDURXQG± 1000 BC (and in some cases possibly even earlier), and includes, e.g., the following terms:

11 7KH3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQIRUPVDUHSUHGRPLQDQWO\IURP0DOORU\DQG$GDPV 12 (LWKHUIURP%DOWLF 3URWR%DOWR6ODYLF GpUZD" RU*HUPDQLF 3URWR*HUPDQLF WHUZą 13 .DOOLR-XQWWLOD'HUNVHQ+RORSDLQHQ66$ 14 Van Coetsem 1994. 15 Vennemann 1984. New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 105 hallita µWRUXOHJRYHUQ¶ 3*PF KDOGDQąµWRKROG¶ kuningas µNLQJ¶ 3*PF NXQLQJD] kansa µSHRSOH IRON¶ " 3*PF KDQVƗ µJDWKHULQJ FRPSDQ\ FURZG WURRS¶ rikas µULFK¶ 3*PF UƯND] UƯNLMD]µNLQJO\QREOHSRZHUIXOULFK¶ valta ZDOGąµSRZHUPLJKW¶ runo µSRHP¶ 3*PF UǌQǀµVHFUHWP\VWHU\UXQHOHWWHU¶ hauta µJUDYHWRPE¶ 3*PF VDXìD] µZHOOSLWIRXQWDLQ¶ kangas µFORWKIDEULF¶ 3*PF JDQJD]µZDUS¶" raha µPRQH\¶ 3*PF VNUDKƗµVTXLUUHOVNLQ¶ ruoka µIRRG¶ 3*PF UǀNƗµFDUH¶ leipä µEUHDG¶ 3*PF KODLED] µ>XQOHDYHQHG"@ EUHDG aura µSORXJK¶ 3*PF DUìUą µSORXJK¶ karja µFDWWOH¶ " 3*PF KDUMD]µDUP\¶ lammas µODPE¶ 3*PF ODPED]µODPE¶ kauppa µVKRSWUDGH¶ 3*PF NDXSD] 2OG 1RUVH NDXSD laiva µVKLS¶ 3*PF ÀDZMą µVKLS¶ kulta µJROG¶ 3*PF JXOìąµJROG¶ laina µORDQ¶ 3*PF ODLKQąµORDQ¶ rengas µULQJ¶ 3*PF KUHQJD]µULQJ FLUFOH¶ miekka µVZRUG¶ 3*PF PƝNLMD]µVZRUG¶ tauti µGLVHDVH¶ 3*PF GDXìX]3URWR 1RUVH GDXÿLµGHDWK¶ varas µWKLHI¶ 3*PF ZDUJD]µRXWODZ¶DQGµZROI¶ ja µDQG¶ 3*PF MDKZµDQGDOVR¶ DQG äiti µPRWKHU¶ 3*PF DLì༎ ࡃ). 16 /RDQZRUGVIURP6ODYLFODQJXDJHVDUHODWHUDQGIHZHUEXWQRQHWKHOHVVLQWHUHVWLQJLQKLVWRULFDO DQGFXOWXUDOUHVSHFW2OG(DVW6ODYLF WKFHQWXU\$'RQZDUGV KDVSURYLGHGHJWKHIROORZLQJ terms: lusikka µVSRRQ¶ 2(6ɥɴɠɶɤɚ>OǎåƱND@µVSRRQ¶ pappi µSULHVW¶ 2(6ɩɨɩɴ>SRSǎ@ µSULHVW¶ DQG pakana µSDJDQ¶ 2(6 ɩɨɝɚɧɴ >SRJDQǎ@ UDDPDWWX µELEOH¶ 2(6 ɝɪɚɦɨɬɚ >JUDPDWDJUDPRWD@ µOHWWHU>V@ ZULWLQJ¶ DQG risti µFURVV¶ 2(6 ɤɪɶɫɬɴ >NUƱVWǎ@ µFURVV¶ 17 . $OWKRXJKUHODWLYHO\IHZWKHZRUGVSRLQWWRWKHHDUO\&KULVWLDQL]DWLRQRI)LQQV/RDQZRUGVIURP Swedish are, on the other hand, particularly frequent. Numerous loanwords of Swedish origin, from 9 th until the 20 th century, and many terms from other (more distant) languages have arrived LQWR)LQQLVKYLD6ZHGLVKLQFOXGLQJPDQ\WHUPVIURP,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQODQJXDJHV6ZHGLVK has contributed, e.g., the following terms: housut µWURXVHUV¶ 2OG6ZHGLVK hosaµOHJJLQJV WURXVHUV¶ mestari µPDVWHU¶ 6ZHGLVK mästare µPDVWHU¶ mylläri µPLOOHU¶ 2OG 6ZHGLVK myllare ~ mylnare lääkäri µPHGLFDO GRFWRU¶ 6ZHGLVK OlNDUH µPHGLFDO GRFWRU¶ renki µIDUPKDQG¶ 2OG6ZHGLVK dräng µER\VHUYDQW¶ naapuri µQHLJKERU¶ 2OG6ZHGLVK nabor, µQHLJKERU¶ katu µVWUHHW¶ 2OG6ZHGLVK gataµVWUHHWURDG¶ kellari µFHOODU¶ 6ZHGLVK källare , µFHOODU¶ sali µKDOO¶ 6ZHGLVK sal µKDOOODUJHURRP¶ talli µVWDEOH¶ 6ZHGLVK stall µVWDEOH¶ uuni µRYHQ¶ 2OG 6ZHGLVK ughn µRYHQ¶ tuoli µFKDLU¶ 2OG 6ZHGLVK VWǀO µFKDLU VHDW¶ sänky µEHG¶ 6ZHGLVK säng 2OG6ZHGLVK siang µEHG¶ lamppu µODPS¶ 6ZHGLVK lampa , µODPS¶ peili µPLUURU¶ 6ZHGLVK spegel µPLUURU¶ lasi µJODVV¶ 6ZHGLVK glas µJODVV¶ vaaka µZHLJKLQJVFDOHV¶ 2OG6ZHGLVK YƗJK µZHLJKLQJVFDOHV¶ koulu µVFKRRO¶ 6ZHGLVK skola , µVFKRRO¶ paperi µSDSHU¶ 2OG6ZHGLVK paperµSDSHU¶ kumina µFDUDZD\3HUVLDQFXPLQ¶ 6ZHGLVK kummin µFDUDZD\3HUVLDQFXPLQ¶ neilikka µFORYHFDUQDWLRQ¶ 6ZHGLVK nejlika , µFORYH FDUQDWLRQ¶ pippuri µSHSSHU¶ 2OG 6ZHGLVK pipar µSHSSHU¶ sinappi µPXVWDUG¶ 6ZHGLVK senap µPXVWDUG¶ DQG tilli µGLOO¶ 6ZHGLVK dill µGLOO¶ 18 . Besides these, the most recent loanwords are of English origin, as is the case with many other languages around the world. The interesting issue to consider, in regard with the topic of this article, is: when does a ZRUGEHFRPHDFRPPRQORDQZRUGDQGVWRSEHLQJD³IRUHLJQZRUG´"0RVW)LQQVZRXOGQHYHU WKLQNWKDWZRUGVVXFKDV äiti µPRWKHU¶ kansa µSHRSOH¶ DQG ja µDQG¶ DUHORDQZRUGVDVWKH\ DOO¿WWKH)LQQLVKSKRQRORJ\±DQGWKHUHDUHQR SKRQHWLFDOO\ VLPLODUH[LVWLQJZRUGVLQWKH

16 66$.DOOLR VHHDOVR.RLYXOHKWR 17 SSA2-3. 18 66$+lNNLQHQ.RSRQHQ 106 Harri Kettunen modern languages 19 . The same may also be true of peruna µSRWDWR¶ DOWKRXJKERWKWKHWHUPDQG WKHSODQWDUHQRWQDWLYHWRWKHDUHD+RZHYHUPRUHUHFHQWORDQZRUGVDQGµH[RWLF¶SODQWVVXFKDV chili or bataatti (sweet potato), are much easier to recognize as foreign words, especially if they FRQWDLQVRXQGVRUJUDSKHPHVWKDWDUHQRWQDWLYHWR)LQQLVK2OGHUORDQZRUGVIURP,QGLJHQRXV American languages, such as suklaa µFKRFRODWH¶ tomaatti µWRPDWR¶ DQG tupakka WREDFFR¶ DUHQRWFRQVLGHUHGWREHH[RWLFDVERWKWKHLWHPVDQGWKHWHUPVKDYHEHHQµQDWXUDOL]HG¶LQWRWKH language and the everyday life. +RZHYHUWKHVLWXDWLRQLVTXLWHGL൵HUHQWLQDUHDVZKHUHFRQVWDQWFRQWDFWZLWKVSHDNHUVRI other languages or language families have not occurred. A notable case is the history of isolation RI,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQODQJXDJHVIURPWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOGXQWLOWKH¿UVWFRQWDFWZLWK(XURSHDQ settlers. The loanwords that were introduced to various European languages (mainly Spanish, 3RUWXJXHVH(QJOLVKDQG)UHQFK DQGIURPWKHVHWRYDULRXVRWKHUODQJXDJHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG had lived in isolation from the rest of the world (although obviously not from other Indigenous languages in the area), so the borrowing process from these languages to other languages in WKHZRUOGLVFRQVLGHUDEO\GL൵HUHQW:KLOHQHLJKERULQJ RUFROLYLQJ FXOWXUHVDQGODQJXDJHV have shared ideas, customs, and words for decades, centuries, or millennia, many terms from Indigenous American languages were introduced to a few European colonists in the New World DQGVXEVHTXHQWO\LQWURGXFHGLQ(XURSHWRDIHZSHRSOHDQGWKHUHDIWHUTXLFNO\RUVORZO\ to the rest of the population and the rest of the world. This process is still underway, as new lexical items are introduced to new areas all the time. Also, some of these terms have always UHPDLQHGH[FOXVLYHWRVSHFL¿F³DXGLHQFHV´ HJQDPHVRIUDUHÀRUDDQGIDXQDRUJHRJUDSKLF terminology) while others have been quite widespread (words such as chili , cacao , chocolate , tomato , coca , and jaguar ). Similar processes of introducing loanwords from distant languages (with a minimal number of intermediary languages or a long time span) have occurred elsewhere and earlier as well, especially after the beginning of maritime explorations. These include especially terms of East, 6RXWKHDVWDQG6RXWK$VLDQRULJLQVXFKDVWKHGL൵HUHQWWHUPVIRU tea in various languages, based RQWKH+RNNLHQZRUGIRUWHD te ) or the Cantonese term ( cha ) or the Northern Chinese(?) variant WKDWZDVERUURZHGLQWR3HUVLDQLQWKHIRUP chai 2WKHUVLQFOXGHZRUGVVXFKDV curry (from Tamil ୷௣ > ND܄L µVDXFH¶ZLWKFRJQDWHVLQVHYHUDO'UDYLGLDQODQJXDJHV@ shampoo (from Hindi ýĭŁčļ >FKƗPSR @DQG tattoo (from Samoan tatau >µWRWDSVWULNH¶@ +RZHYHUPDQ\RWKHUORDQZRUGV of Asian origin had a lengthy route via numerous intermediary languages before they arrived LQGLVWDQWSODFHVVXFKDV(XURSH,QPDQ\RFFDVLRQVWKHLQWHUPHGLDU\ODQJXDJHVZHUH3HUVLDQ and Arabic. In the case of Indigenous American loanwords, the terms arrived directly into the European ODQJXDJHVVSHDNHUVRIZKLFKKDGH[SORUHGFRQTXHUHGDQGFRORQL]HGWKHUHVSHFWLYHDUHDV)URP these languages, the terms were borrowed into other European languages, and later also to other languages around the world. A good example is the word cacao cocoa : while the etymology JRHVEDFNWR3URWR0L[H=RTXHDQ NDNDZD WKHGRQRUODQJXDJHIRUWKHZRUOGZLGHVSUHDG RI WKH WHUP ZDV &ODVVLFDO 1DKXDWO cacahuatl> kakawatl ZLWK 6SDQLDUGV LQ 1HZ 6SDLQ DFWLQJDVLQWHUPHGLDULHV)URP6SDQLVK cacao , the term spread to other European languages, LQFOXGLQJ%DVTXH)UHQFKDQG,WDOLDQ cacao , German Kakao , Swedish kakao )LQQLVK kaakao , Russian ɤɚɤɚɨ *UHHN țĮțȐȠ , Arabic ᓆቲᝏቲᝣᑢቨ (kakao 3HUVLDQϮ΋Ύ̯Ύ̯ (kakao ), Hindi øļøļ ( NǀNǀ ),

19 $V-RKDQQD/DDNVR KDVQRWHG³,WLVZLGHO\NQRZQWKDWLQWKHFDVHRIYHU\LQWHQVLYHODQJXDJH FRQWDFWVSUDFWLFDOO\DQ\WKLQJFDQEHERUURZHGIURPZRUGVWRD൶[HVDQGVWUXFWXUHV´ New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 107

Tamil ஗୷ஏ୷ஜ஗୷ஏ ( NRNNǀ ), Khmer ȗȗʹ (kakav ), Chinese ⏖⏖ ( NČNČ ), Japanese: カカオ NDNDR .RUHDQ 카카오 NDNDR 4XHFKXD kakau , and Kivalliq kuku . As one can easily see, the term has not really changed either in time or from one language to another, however distant and unrelated. This is typical for exotic luxury items in lexical borrowings, and less so with initially exotic but later commonplace items, such as potato. &RQWUDU\ WR FDFDR RU FKRFRODWH SRWDWR ZDV PRUH µPXQGDQH¶ DQG DIWHU WKH LQLWLDO VORZ reception by European farmers, potato became a staple in many European countries, especially in the 19th century (i.e., almost 300 years after its initial introduction in Europe). In general WHUPV µSRWDWR¶ LQ (XURSHDQ ODQJXDJHV LV HLWKHU D ORDQZRUG IURP 7DLQR RU 4XHFKXD batata and papaUHVSHFWLYHO\ D³WXEHU´RU³WUX൷H´³HDUWKDSSOH´RU³HDUWKSHDU´7KHWXEHUWUX൷H grouping can be seen, e.g., in Aragonese trunfa , German .DUWRৼHO DQG 5XVVLDQ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ NDUWRIHO DOOLQLWLDOO\IURP,WDOLDQ tartufolo DQGXOWLPDWHO\IURP/DWLQ terrae tuber 3RWDWRDV “earth apple” is manifested in Dutch aardappel:HVW )ULVLDQ LHUGDSSHO a HDUSHO a LHUSHO a MLUSHOaLHUDSSHO)UHQFK pomme de terre , as well as Basque lursagarra 3RWDWRDV³HDUWKSHDU´ appears, e.g., in Bosnian krompir (from German Grundbirne ), Swedish jordpäron DQG)LQQLVK peruna (from the Swedish term, but leaving out the jord -part). ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ DOWKRXJK H[SHFWHGO\ LQ FXOWXUDO FURVVURDGV WKHUH DUH D ORW RI GL൵HUHQW WHUPVIRUSRWDWR/RPEDUGVSRNHQLQ1RUWKHUQ,WDO\DQGSDUWVRI6RXWKHUQ6ZLW]HUODQG DQG marginally also in Southern Brazil), exhibits a variety of these forms: pòm da tèra , tartúfola , and patàta ZKLOH2FFLWDQVSRNHQLQ6RXWKHUQ)UDQFH:HVWHUQ3LHGPRQWLQ1RUWKZHVWHUQ,WDO\ 0RQDFRDQG9DOG¶$UDQLQ1RUWKHUQ6SDLQSDUDGHVDZKROHVSHFWUXPRISRWDWRWHUPLQRORJ\ including trifa , trifòla , tripola , WURÀD , WUzÀD , WUXHÀD , trufa , trufe , truha , tura , turra , WRÀD , trefa , trèfa , WUHÀD , WUqÀD , trefòla , WDUWLÀD , WDUWLÀH , patana, pom de tèrra , poma ar tèrra , poma de tèrra , pomeitèrrapoma-pòrc , pompira , mandòrra , and coca . English is somewhat more restricted, but also shows some variety of potato terminology. The term potato has also changed over time in English. Variant forms include botata , bat(t)ata , potato , potaton , potade, and potatus (16th to 17th centuries), patata (16th to 18th centuries), potatoe (16th to 19th centuries), partato , potado, potata , pottato , and puttato (17th century), and dialectal or regional tater , tatie , tattie DQGVSXG 2('>KHQFHIRUWK2('@ )XUWKHU meanings in English for (or incorporating) potato include US slang term potatoes IRUµPRQH\¶ DQG³VPDOOSRWDWRHV´IRUVRPHWKLQJWKDWLVLQVLJQL¿FDQWRURIOLWWOHYDOXHZKLOHLQ$XVWUDOLDQ rhyming slang, potater is a girl or a woman (from potato peeler , rhyming with Sheila 2(' )XUWKHUPRUHDOWKRXJKWKHWHUPLQ)LQQLVKIRUµSRWDWR¶LV peruna (as explained above), there DUH D QXPEHU RI FROORTXLDO WHUPV LQ )LQQLVK WKDW VKRZ D൶QLW\ WR WKH WHUP µSRWDWR¶VXFK DV potaatti and pottu 7KHVHWHUPVDUULYHGLQWR)LQQLVKYLD6ZHGLVKLQWKHWKFHQWXU\ 66$ Early accounts mention “potatoesten istuttamisen muoto” (1729) and “potatin caali” (1776), with the former being very close to the abovementioned (16th to 19th century) English form potatoe 20 – a potential source for the Swedish form potatis / potat WKDWSURYLGHGWKH)LQQLVK ZRUG 0RUHRYHU WKH LPSRUWDQFH DQG ZLGH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI SRWDWRHV LQ )LQODQG KDV SURGXFHG an abundance of dialectal variants of the term. These include such forms as potaatti , potatti , potaati, poteeti , potjetti , putaatti , putietti , pottu , potu, potto , poto, potti , pota, putti , potas , potes , poteri , potakka , potokka , potikka , and potko ,WNRQHQDQG-RNL66$

20 6HHHJ6HUHQLXV 327$72( 6MRUGSlURQHQQlUDQGHURWI|UǕWNRPPHQLIUnQGH:LOGDL :HǕW,QGLHQ ! 108 Harri Kettunen

LOANWORDS FROM INDIGENOUS AMERICAN LANGUAGES

Expectedly, the vast majority of loanwords from indigenous American languages are related WRÀRUDIDXQDDQGIRRGVWX൵V±DVRQHZRXOGH[SHFWHQWHULQJDSUHYLRXVO\XQNQRZQWHUULWRU\,Q (QJOLVKFDIDOOLQWRWKLVFDWHJRU\ FDÀRUDIDXQDDQGIRRGVWX൵V ZKLOH the rest is composed of cultural (e.g., canoe, moccasin) and geographic or climatological (e.g., savanna, hurricane) terminology. 7KHFLUFXPVWDQFHVEHKLQGWKHLQLWLDOERUURZLQJVDUHVRPHWLPHVNQRZQLQJUHDWGHWDLOZKLOH LQRWKHUFDVHVZHFDQRQO\VSHFXODWHKRZWKHZRUGZDVSDVVHGIURPDVSHDNHU RUVSHDNHUV RIDJLYHQ,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQODQJXDJHWRDVSHDNHURI SUHGRPLQDQWO\ (XURSHDQGHVFHQW VSHDNLQJLQPRVWFDVHVRQHRIWKH,QGR(XURSHDQODQJXDJHV7KHURXWHDQGVSHHGRIWKHVHQHZ words to new areas and languages around the world varies considerably, from oral communication WRZULWWHQUHFRUGV OHWWHUVDFFRXQWVUHSRUWVDUWLFOHVERRNVDQGPDSV DQGIURPIDVWWRVORZ GLVWULEXWLRQ2EYLRXVO\LIWKHUHIHUHQWIROORZHGWKHWHUPLHLIWKHQHZLWHPZDVLQWURGXFHGLQ the new area alongside the new term, the borrowing process was more intense than in the cases where only the term entered the recipient language. In other words, when the tomato plant was introduced in Europe, alongside the word tomato, the success of the dispersal of the term was usually more successful than with words that were only described in, e.g., geographic treatises. +RZHYHULWZDVQRWDOZD\VQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHµLWHP¶WRIROORZWKHWHUPHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHFDVHRI H[RWLFDQLPDOVWKDWZHUHLOOXVWUDWHGLQERRNVGHVFULELQJWKHQHZO\GLVFRYHUHGDUHDV:RUGVVXFK as jaguar , cannibal , or eskimo entered the vocabulary of European languages with little or no FRQWDFWWRWKHUHIHUHQWV,QPDQ\FDVHVWKHFRQFHSWVZHUH³NQRZQ´WR(XURSHDQVFUDYLQJIRU VWRULHVIURPODQGVDIDUIURPLOOXVWUDWHGERRNVDQGPDSV 6RPHWLPHVLWLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRSLQSRLQWWKHH[DFWWLPHZKHQWKHERUURZLQJWRRNSODFHRU ZKHQWKHWHUPZDV¿UVWLQWURGXFHGWRDZLGHUDXGLHQFHLQWKH2OG:RUOGDQGZKHQDQGKRZ the word arrived to distant languages. However, in most cases, there are considerable gaps in WKHVWRU\OLQHWKDWPD\RUPD\QRWEH¿OOHG$VDQH[DPSOHWKHZRUG moccasin was borrowed IURP DQ$OJRQTXLDQ ODQJXDJH SUREDEO\ 0DOLVHHW RU 0L¶NPDT WR )UHQFK LQ WKH HDUO\ WK FHQWXU\7KH¿UVWNQRZQDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHWHUP LQWKHIRUP mekezin LVLQ0DUF/HVFDUERW¶V Histoire de la Nouvelle-France IURP)URPWKFHQWXU\)UHQFKWKHZRUGZDVERUURZHG to other European languages with varying success. As is the case with many other loanwords, WKHVXFFHVVGHSHQGVRQWKHXVDJHRIWKHWHUPDQGRULWVUHIHUHQW&RQVHTXHQWO\DOWKRXJKNQRZQ LQPDQ\ODQJXDJHVDQGE\PDQ\JHQHUDWLRQVNQRZOHGJHRIWKHZRUGDSSHDUVWREHWLHGHLWKHU with using footwear that has been labeled as “moccasin” or with literature, cartoons, and movies on Native American cultures, including Westerns. Based on a survey on Indigenous American ORDQZRUGV VHHEHORZ WKHZRUGZDVUHODWLYHO\XQNQRZQWRPDQ\\RXQJSHRSOH H[FHSWIRUWKH 86$ ZKLOHWKHSUHYLRXVJHQHUDWLRQKDGQRSUREOHPLGHQWLI\LQJWKHWHUP7KLVLVTXLWHOLNHO\ DUHVXOWRIWKHSRSXODULW\RIWKLQJV:HVWHUQ :HVWHUQPRYLHVERRNVDQGFRPLFV LQ(XURSHLQ WKHWKFHQWXU\EXWOHVVVRLQWKHVWFHQWXU\2EYLRXVO\WKHVDPHLVWUXHZLWKPDQ\RWKHU W\SHV RI ORDQZRUGV LQFOXGLQJ WKH QDPHV RI SODQWV DQG IRRGVWX൵V ZKRVH SRSXODULW\ FRPHV and goes. Returning to the topic of the processes involved in borrowing words from the New World, there are two important things to consider: one is that these loanwords originate in a rather UHVWULFWHGDUHDLQWKH$PHULFDV±DQGWKDWWKH\DUULYHG¿UVWWRUHVWULFWHG(XURSHDQODQJXDJHV PRVWO\6SDQLVKDQG3RUWXJXHVH DQGODWHU(QJOLVKDQG)UHQFK 7KHRWKHULVWKDWRQO\DERXW RIDOOLQGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQODQJXDJHVKDYHSURYLGHGORDQZRUGVWRODQJXDJHVRXWVLGHWKH New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 109

Americas. We will next see what these restricted areas and languages are, in chronological order following the initial European contact with these areas. 2QHRIWKHNH\DUHDVLVWKHUHJLRQWKDWZDV¿UVWRFFXSLHGDQGLQKDELWHGE\WKH(XURSHDQV LHWKH&DULEEHDQLVODQGV)URPKHUHVWDQGDUG(QJOLVKKDVUHFHLYHGFDRILWV,QGLJHQRXV ORDQZRUGV$OPRVWDOORIWKHPDUHRI$UDZDNDQ PRVWO\7DLQR RULJLQ:KDWLVXQLTXHDERXWWKLV DUHDDQGWKHHDUO\ERUURZLQJVLVWKDWPDQ\RIWKHPZHUHXVHGE\WKH¿UVWZDYHRI&RQTXLVWDGRUV and used later throughout the Americas, while later Nahuatl and Quechua loanwords rarely spread across the equatorial isogloss (Zamora 1982). This, according to Zamora (1982), points to the Caribbean loanwords as “prestige” items that signaled to the later waves of Conquistadors WKDWWKH¿UVWZDYHKDGEHHQWKHVSHDUKHDGRIWKH&RQTXHVW7KHVHORDQZRUGVLQFOXGHWHUPVVXFK as cacique , maize , and tobacco ( cacique , maiz , and tabaco in Spanish, from Taino kasike , mahis , and tabako >"@UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKDWZHUHQRWUHSODFHGE\RWKHUWHUPVHYHQGXULQJDQGDIWHUWKH Conquest of Mexico when Spanish received hundreds of loanwords from Nahuatl. 2WKHU ORDQZRUGV IURP$UDZDNDQ ODQJXDJHV LQFOXGH barbecue , caiman , canoe , cassava , cay , ceiba , guava, hammock , hurricane , iguana , maguey , mamey , manatee , pitaya ~ pitahaya , savanna ~ savannah , mangrove , and papaya in English and related terms in numerous other ODQJXDJHVDVZHOODVGL൵HUHQWWHUPVIRUVZHHWSRWDWRLQYDULRXVODQJXDJHVEDVHGRQWKH7DLQR word batata , which also provided us with the word potato (via Spanish patata ) (Granberry and Vescelius 2004). These will be discussed further down in separate entries. 2WKHU$UDZDNDQWHUPVLQWR6SDQLVK EXWQRWWRRWKHUODQJXDJHV LQFOXGH ají µFKLOLSHSSHU¶ from Taino ahi21 bejuco 22 µOLDQD¶IURP7DLQREHKXNR guanábana23 µVRXUVRSFXVWDUGDSSOH¶ Annona 24 spp. from Taino wanabana guanajo &XEDQ'RPLQLFDQDQG3XHUWR5LFDQ6SDQLVK

21 7KH HQWU\ µFDSVLFXP¶LV JORVVHG DV D[L DML DJHV! LQ 0DUWLXV ZKLOH /DV &DVDV Chapter XII) has “el axi que es la pimienta.” Granberry and Vescelius (2004: 102) provide the phonetic IRUPDKLIRUWKHVRXUFHIRUP D[L!+RZHYHU*UDQEHUU\DQG9HVFHOLXV DOVRSRLQWRXWWKDW ³>W@KH OHWWHU [! SRVHV VRPHWKLQJ RI D SUREOHP LQ WKDW LWV SUHFLVH SKRQHWLF YDOXH LQ VL[WHHQWK FHQWXU\ 6SDQLVKFRXOGÀXFWXDWHEHWZHHQ>K@>V@DQG>ã@>«@1RDWWHPSWKDVFRQVHTXHQWO\EHHQPDGHWRVWDWHLWV SKRQHWLFSKRQHPLFVWDWXVDQGLWKDVVLPSO\EHHQOHIWDV [!WKRXJKZKHQIRUPLQLWLDORUIRUP¿QDO [! ZDVXVXDOO\LQWHUSUHWHGDV>K@DQGZULWWHQLQRXUWUDQVFULSWLRQDV K!>«@EDVHGRQWKHPRUSKHPHLQWHUQDO characteristics of the form and the phonetic nature of its cognates, if any, in related Northern Maipuran $UDZDNDQODQJXDJHV´ 22 /DV &DVDV &KDSWHU ;,, ZULWHV WKH WHUP DV EH[XFR! DQG SURYLGHV XV ZLWK WKH IROORZLQJ GHVFULSWLRQ³2WUDFRVDSDUDSXUJDUQRVpSDUDTXpHQIHUPHGDGHVKD\HQHVWD,VOD\VRVSHFKRTXHGHEH VHUSDUDPDOHVGHÀHPD\pVWDHVXQDFRUUHDyUDt]QRSRUTXHHVWpGHEDMRGHWLHUUDVLQRTXHWLHQHVX raíz debajo della y encarámase por los árboles de la manera de la hiedra, y así parece algo, no en la hoja, SRUTXHQRODWLHQHVLQRHQSDUHFHUFRUUHD\HQFDUDPDUVHFRPRODKLHGUDOODPiEDQODORVLQGLRVEH[XFROD SHQ~OWLPDVtODEDOXHQJD3XHGHQDWDUFXDOTXLHUDFRVDFRQHOODFRPRXQDFXHUGDSRUTXHHVQHUYRVD\WLHQH yEUD]DV\PiVGHOXHQJRJHQHUDOPHQWHKD\PXFKRVEH[XFRVHQWRGRVORVPRQWHV\VLUYHQSDUD todas cosas de atar y son muy provechosos.” 23 /DV&DVDV &KDSWHU;,, QRWHVWKHIROORZLQJ³+D\RWUDHQHVWD,VODTXHOODPDQJXDQDEDQDVOD SHQ~OWLPDVtODEDEUHYHTXHVRQWDQJUDQGHVFRPRXQDVERODVGHMXJDUELUORVODFRUWH]DWLHQHYHUGHFODUD \XQDVFRPRWHWLOODVGHQLxRFRQXQDVHVSLQLWDVHQHOODVORGHGHQWUR\TXHHVGHFRPHUDOJRDPDULOOR\ FRPRXQPX\PDGXUR\WLHUQRPHORQ6RQPX\VDEURVDVFRQXQSRFRGHDJURTXHOHGiHOEXHQVDERUKD\ en cada una que comer dos hombres.” 24 The term annonaLVXVHGE\/DV&DVDVLQUHIHUHQFHWRDIUXLWWKDWKHGHVFULEHVMXVWSULRUWRGHVFULELQJ guanabana7KHUHDSSHDUVWREHVRPHFRQIXVLRQDVWRWKHVSHFL¿FVSHFLHV/DV&DVDVLVUHIHUULQJWR,QERWK cases, however, we are dealing with genus Annona /DV&DVDV &KDSWHU;,, KDVWKLVWRVD\DERXW annona: “Habia otra mucho buena y suave, muy sabrosa, puesto que no odorífera, tan grande como un PHPEULOORTXHQRHVRWUDFRVDVLQRXQDEROVDGHQDWDVyPDQWHTXLOODV\DVtHVEODQFR\PiVUDORyOtTXLGR 110 Harri Kettunen

IRUµWXUNH\¶IURP$UDZDNDQ>7DLQR"@ wanaxu " DQG jaiba 6SDQLVKYDULDQWVRI/DWLQ$PHULFD IRU µFUDE¶ IURP D 7DLQR VRXUFH SRVVLEO\ xaiba ). Another term, tuna µSULFN\ SHDU IUXLW¶ from Taino tuna 25 , has been incorporated into other languages via Spanish, although with a rather restricted distribution. And yet another Taino-derived term, mani RUµSHDQXW¶ *UDQEHUU\ and Vescelius 2004: 109) has been borrowed in the form maní to some variants of Spanish (including the Caribbean, Central America, South America, and the Canary Islands), along with 7DJDORJLQ WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV ZKLOH LQ 0H[LFR WKH WHUP LV cacahuate and in Spain cacahuete , both from Nahuatl WOƗOFDFDKXDWO ( WOƗONDNDZDWO ), where the WOƗO PHDQVµHDUWK¶LH³HDUWKFDFDR´ (Karttunen 1992: 18) 26 . Besides the early Taino terms, also Cariban languages introduced a few loanwords into (XURSHDQODQJXDJHV$VWKH&DULEDQVSHDNHUVKDGVWDUWHGH[SDQGLQJLQWRWKH/HVVHU$QWLOOHV (from the South American mainland) just prior to the Conquest, and as they habitually adopted DQ$UDZDNDQODQJXDJHRIWKHH[LVWLQJSRSXODWLRQLQWKHDUHD DQGRQO\SUHVHUYLQJDOLPLWHG vocabulary from Cariban), the borrowing processes are not that straightforward to understand. ,WLVOLNHO\WKDWVRPHRIWKHWHUPLQRORJ\ZDVFRPPXQLFDWHGRQWKHFRDVWRIWKHPDLQODQGZLWK &DULEDQVSHDNHUVOLYLQJLQWKHVHDUHDV7KH$UDZDNDQODQJXDJHRIWKH,VODQG&DULEV ,VODQG &DULE,JQHUL,xHUL WKDWFRQWDLQHGDUHGXFHG&DULEDQYRFDEXODU\EHFDPHH[WLQFWE\V +RZHYHUWKH*DULIXQDODQJXDJH VSRNHQE\WKH*DULIXQDRIPL[HG$UDZDN&DULEDQG$IULFDQ ancestry in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua), retains some Cariban-derived words DOWKRXJKEHLQJ$UDZDNDQODQJXDJH>ZLWKLQÀXHQFHVIURP)UHQFK(QJOLVK'XWFK6SDQLVKDQG African languages]). 0DUWLXV OLVWV DQQRWRFRXWVDXZH!DV Bixa Orellana as part of the “Dictionnaire *DOLEL'LFWLRQDULXPJDOOLFHODWLQHHWJDOLEL3ODQWDH´VHFWLRQRIKLV Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas zumal Brasiliens, II 7KHWHUP DQQRWR!LVFOHDUO\WKHVDPHZRUG ¿UVWUHFRUGHGE\5REHUW+DUFRXUWLQKLV A relation of a voyage to Guiana (Harcourt 1613: 32):

“There bee many rare and singular commodities for Diers, of which sort there is a red Berry called Annoto, which being rightly prepared by the Indians, dyeth a perfect and VXUH2UDQJHWDZQ\LQVLONHLWKDWKEHHQVROGLQ Holland for twelue shillings starling the pound, and is yet of a good price.”

This word is also the source of the most frequent term for Bixa Orellana (besides the Nahuatl- derived term achiote ) in the languages around the world, i.e., annatto 7KH FRXWVDXZH!

TXHHVSHVRFRPRPDQWHFDPX\EODQGDORTXHGHOODHVFRPHVWLEOHWLHQHGHQWURDOJXQDVSHSLWDVQHJUDV\ OXFLDVFRPRVLIXHUDQGHD]DEDMDWDQJUDQGHVFRPRSLxRQHVFRQVXVFiVFDUDVDXQTXHPX\PiVOLQGDVOD FiVFDUDyEROVDGRQGHHVWiORFRPHVWLEOHHVFRPRHQWUHYHUGH\SDUGDODFXDOOODPDEDQORVLQGLRVDQQRQD ODSHQ~OWLPDOXHQJD´ 25 2QHRIWKHHDUOLHVWPHQWLRQVRI tuna LVIURP/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU;,, ³(QODVULEHUDVGHODPDU hay una fruta que llamaban los indios tunas, de hechura de las bolsas en que están las adormideras, pero VRQYHUGHVFODUDV\OOHQDVODVFiVFDUDVGHXQDVHVSLQLWDVGHOJDGDViWUHFKRVSRUyUGHQELHQSXHVWDVQDFHQ HQXQRVDUEROLOORVGHKDVWDiFXDWURSDOPRVSRFRPiVDOWRVGHOVXHORWRGRVHVSLQRVRV\¿HURVORTXH WLHQHGHQWURHVWDIUXFWDTXLWDGDODFiVFDUDHVGH]XPR\FDUQHFRPRORGHODVPRUDVGHQXHVWUDWLHUUD comiéndola, toda va á parar al orina, y á los principios, cuando no sabíamos qué era, la comieron algunos, no sin gran miedo, creyendo que era sangre lo que salia y que se debian de haber rompido todas las venas.” 26 Interestingly, besides maní , Granberry and Vescelius (2004: 107) have kakawete FDFDKXHWH!DQG kawe - FDJXH!IRUµSHDQXW¶LQ7DLQR New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 111

KRZHYHUXQGRXEWHGO\UHÀHFWVWKHDWWHVWHG&DULEDQWHUP kusewe (see Courtz 2008: 307, 451) for Bixa Orellana . This leaves open the question where the term annatto derives from. )XUWKHUPRUH DOWKRXJK QRW UHDOO\ D WHUP LQ GDLO\ XVH WKH ERWDQLFDO JHQXV QDPH bixa of DQQDWWRDFKLRWH Bixa orellana DWUHH RUDVKUXE EHVWNQRZQDVWKHVRXUFHRIDQDWXUDORUDQJH UHGFRQGLPHQWDQGIRRGFRORULQJGHULYHVIURPWKH7DLQRZRUG EL[D! 27 (e.g., Martius 1867: 318) or biha (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 104) 28 , while the epithet orellana refers to the explorer RIWKH$PD]RQ)UDQFLVFRGH2UHOODQD$QQDWWRZDV DQGVWLOOLV XVHGIRUFRORULQJIRRGVWX൵V DQGGULQNVLQFOXGLQJFKRFRODWHULFHPHDWV 29 , and today also cheese (e.g., Cheddar), butter, and PDUJDULQH 0RUWRQ %HVLGHVLWZDVXVHGDVDSDLQWLQ3UH&ROXPELDQDQG&RQWDFW 3HULRGPDQXVFULSWVLQ0HVRDPHULFDDQGKDVEHHQXVHGDVDQLQVHFWUHSHOOHQWDQGVXQVFUHHQDQG as a ritual and decorative body painting, e.g., among the Brazilian Indigenous people and beyond New World also by various West African cultures, as well as in Samoa and Caroline Islands LQWKHZHVWHUQ3DFL¿F2FHDQ 0RUWRQ $FFRUGLQJWR0RUWRQ DQQDWWR ZDVRQHRIWKH¿UVW1HZ:RUOGSODQWVWREHLQWURGXFHGLQWRVRXWKHUQ$VLDDQGWURSLFDO$IULFD 3URVSHFWLYH&DULEDQGHULYHGORDQZRUGV RXWVLGHWKHFRUH&DULEDQDUHD DUHYHU\IHZ2QH ¶\SDNLUD>SDJLݐD@ IRUµFROODUHGSHFFDU KDVSDNLUD of them is peccary &RXUW] or Tayassu tajacu in Carib 30 ZKLOH WKH µZKLWHOLSSHG SHFFDU\¶ > Tayassu pecari ] is called pyinko ). Another, but more regional, term from Carib(an) is the Spanish araguato ~ zaraguato ~ saraguato ~ saraguate µKRZOHUPRQNH\¶> Alouatta spp.]) 31 . Courtz (2008: 465) has arawata IRUµKRZOHUPRQNH\¶ Alouatta seniculus ). The species are not present (at least today) in the Antilles, except for Trinidad close to the South American continent, so if the animal was seen by WKH6SDQLVKDQGWKHWHUPVXEVHTXHQWO\ERUURZHGWKLVRXJKWWRKDYHWDNHQSODFHLQWKHVRXWKHUQ /HVVHU$QWLOOHVRUPRUHOLNHO\RQWKHFRDVWRIWKHPDLQODQG6RXWK$PHULFD 3RVVLEOH VSHFLHV IRU WKH VRXUFH RI WKH 6SDQLVK araguato ~ zaraguato ~ saraguato ~ saraguate DUHOLNHO\OLPLWHGWRWKUHH RXWRIWKH¿IWHHQNQRZQ KRZOHUPRQNH\VSHFLHVZKRVH GLVWULEXWLRQRYHUODSVZLWKWKH&DULEDQVSHDNLQJDUHDVWKDWWKH6SDQLVKKDGFRQWDFWZLWK$OO of them belong to the Alouatta seniculus JURXSDQGDUHWKHIROORZLQJ9HQH]XHODQ&RORPELDQ red howler ( Alouatta seniculus >ZHVWHUQPRVW$PD]RQ%DVLQZHVWHUQPRVWSDUWRI9HQH]XHOD &RORPELD ZHVWHUQ (FXDGRU QRUWKZHVWHUQ 3HUX DQG QRUWKHDVWHUQ %UD]LO@ XUVLQH KRZOHU (Alouatta arctoidea >QDWLYH WR 9HQH]XHOD@ DQG *X\DQDQ UHG KRZOHU Alouatta macconnelli >HDVWHUQ9HQH]XHOD7ULQLGDG6XULQDPH*X\DQD)UHQFK*XLDQDDQGQRUWKHUQ%UD]LO %RXEOL et al %LFFD0DUTXHV et al 8UEDQL et al . 2018).

27 In Catalan, the term for Bixa Orellana is simply bixa ±WKHRQO\ODQJXDJHNQRZQWRWKHDXWKRUWKDWXVHV directly the Taino term (or, more precisely, its 16th century Spanish orthographic variant). 28 A derivative of the term, bixin DOVR NQRZQ DV E,4 E,6 E,8 E,10E,12E,14E,16Z,18E)-20-methoxy- 4,8,13,17-tetramethyl-20-oxoicosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-nonaenoic acid, is an apocarotenoid found in annatto (Mercadante et al 7D\$JER]R et al . 2018). 29 Including the cochinita pibil IURP

$QRWKHU UHJLRQDO WHUP IRU KRZOHU PRQNH\ LQ 6SDQLVK LV carayá , from a Tupi-Guarani source. Ruiz de Montoya (1640: 99) glosses “caí, carayâ 32 , cambí” under Spanish mono . The VSHFLHV LQ TXHVWLRQ LV H[SHFWHGO\ WKH EODFN KRZOHU Alouatta caraya )33 QDWLYH WR 3DUDJXD\ northeastern Argentina, eastern Bolivia, and eastern and southern Brazil (Bicca-Marques et al $GGLWLRQDOUHJLRQDOWHUPVIRUKRZOHUPRQNH\VIURP&HQWUDO$PHULFDWRWKHJUHDWHU Amazon area that potentially or unquestionably originate in Indigenous languages include coto , guariba , and manechi . )XUWKHUPRUHDPRUHZLGHO\GLVWULEXWHGWHUPLQ6SDQLVKLV mico , a general term for small ORQJWDLOHGPRQNH\VWKDWOLNHO\GHULYHVIURPRQHRIWKH&DULEDQODQJXDJHV&RXUW] has meku µEURZQFDSXFKLQPRQNH\¶> Cebus apella ] for the Carib dialects in eastern Suriname, Guyana, and Venezuela, as well as for Aparai, Wayana, Waiwai, and Sranantongo (an English- EDVHG FUHROH ODQJXDJH VSRNHQ LQ 6XULQDPH ,Q DGGLWLRQ 7DXVWH KDV DOVR mico for “niño parvulo, ù del pecho” and Acevedo Torrealba (2017: 79) miko and miku for “niño, SiUYXOR´LQ&KDLPD DND&KD\PD&XPDQDJRWR&XPDQRJRWD&XPDQi.XPDQiD&DULEDQ ODQJXDJHVSRNHQLQQRUWKHDVWHUQ9HQH]XHOD ZKLFKPLJKWDFWXDOO\GHULYHIURPWKHZRUGIRU µOLWWOHPRQNH\¶LHE\H[WHQVLRQDOVR³EDE\´ Another Spanish term, loro µSDUURWSDUDNHHW¶ PLJKWDOVREHRI&DULEDQRULJLQ7KHWHUP appears in Chaima as roro 7DXVWH5DPtUH]0RURFRLPDQG TXLWHOLNHO\DVRXQG V\PEROLFWHUP7KHIDFWWKDW)UD\)UDQFLVFRGH7DXVWHUHFRUGHGLWLQKLV6SDQLVKWR&KDLPD YRFDEXODU\LQDVORUR URURPHDQVWKDWWKHWHUPZDVDOUHDG\NQRZQDV loro in Spanish. $VLWKDSSHQV)HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpVKDGDOUHDG\UHFRUGHGWKHWHUPLQKLVHGLWLRQ RIWKH+LVWRULDJHQHUDOGHODV,QGLDVDOWKRXJKZHFDQQRWNQRZKRZIDUEDFN DQGZKHUH WKH DFWXDOERUURZLQJWRRNSODFHDVLVWKHFDVHZLWKPDQ\RWKHUHDUO\ORDQZRUGVIURPWKH&DULEEHDQ DQGHQYLURQV:KDWLVLQWHUHVWLQJDERXWWKHWHUPLVWKDWWKHLQLWLDOVRXQGDSSHDUVWREHUUDWHU WKDQOLQ&KDLPD+RZHYHUDFORVHUORRNDWWKHSKRQRORJ\RIWKHODQJXDJHUHYHDOVWKDWZRUG LQLWLDOO\WKHUEHFRPHV³VRIW´³>V@RQLGRVXDYHGH³HUH´HQWRGDVODVSDODEUDVGRQGHDSDUHFH como inicial” (Ramírez Morocoima n.d.). Martinique, p. 71), and does not seem to be an Indigenous Caribbean term. Esnault (1912) proposes that the term could originate in the word IRUµVQDNH¶LQ5RPDQFHODQJXDJHVUHSUHVHQWLQJLQPDQ\FDVHVWKHVDPHFRQVRQDQWDOVRXQGV c-l-br (Spanish culebra 2FFLWDQFROREUDERWKIURP/DWLQ coluber colubra JHQLWLYHFROXEUƯ +RZHYHU&157/DOVRQRWHVWKDWWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIWKHZRUGEURXJKWWRWKH:HVW,QGLHVE\WKH )UHQFKVHWWOHUVLVGL൶FXOWIURPWKHSKRQHWLFDQGVHPDQWLFSRLQWRIYLHZ34

32 Montoya (1640: 167) has also aycârâî IRU µUDVFDU¶ µWR VFUDWFK¶ DQG y cârâî haguê IRU µUDVFDGXUD¶ µVFUDWFKLQJVFUDSLQJ¶ WHPSWLQJO\ EXWQRWQHFHVVDULO\ UHODWHGWRWKHWHUP carayâ . 33 Interestingly, Carib (an unrelated language but a neighbor to some Tupi-Guarani languages) has karai IRUµEODFNFRORUEODFNQHVV¶ &RXUW] 34 ,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHZRUOG¶VVPDOOHVWELUG ±JUDPV WKHEHHKXPPLQJELUGRU+HOHQDKXPPLQJELUG (Mellisuga helenae ) is called (sound-symbolically) zunzuncito in its native Cuba. A similar-sounding word IRUµKXPPLQJELUG¶LVDOVRIRXQGLQWKH0D\DQODQJXDJHVUHÀHFWLQJ3URWR0D\DQ W]¶XXQX௧Q6LPLODU VRXQGLQJWHUPV LQWKLVFDVHUHSUHVHQWLQJWKH³KXPPLQJ´RIWKHELUG¶VZLQJV DUHW\SLFDOO\JLYHQWRYDULRXV DQLPDOVHVSHFLDOO\ELUGVLQGHSHQGHQWO\LQGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHV New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 113

Another bird of mystery is the guacamayo ~ guacamaya RUµVFDUOHWPDFDZ¶> Ara macao ]). While the genus name ara and the English term macaw ERWKGHULYHIURP2OG7XSL ara and macavuana, respectively), the term guacamayo ~ guacamaya has been suggested to originate HLWKHUIURP7DLQRRUIURP4XHFKXD)RUWKHODWWHU Diccionario quechua-español-quechua (2005: KDV ³ZDNDPD\X Ara ararauna Linneo , Ara chloroptera Gray , Ara macao Linneo )35 . 3DSDJD\RJXDFDPD\RZDNDPD\R´ZKLOH/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU/;;;,9 UHIHUULQJWR the second voyage by Columbus in 1493, writes that

“Allí hallaron los primeros papagayos que llamaban guacamayos, tan grandes como JDOORV GH PXFKRV FRORUHV \ OR PiV HV FRORUDGR SRFR D]XO \ EODQFR HVWRV QXQFD chirrían ni hablan, sino de cuando en cuando dan unos gritos desgraciados, y solamente VHKDOODQHQWLHUUD¿UPHHQODFRVWDGH3DULD\SRUDOOtDGHODQWH´

&RQVHTXHQWO\LWVHHPVWKDWERWK7DLQR SURYLGHGWKDWWKLVLVWKHVRXUFHRIWKHWHUPLQ/DV &DVDV±DQGDOVRLQ)HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpV>@ DQG4XHFKXDKDYHWKHWHUP,VLW possible that both languages have it independently – or did one pass it on via Spanish to the RWKHU"/RJLFDOO\RQHZRXOGDVVXPHWKDWDELUGVSHFLHVZKRVHKDELWDWLVLQWKHKXPLGORZODQG subtropical rain forests and open woodlands, would lend its name from its native area. However, ZHPXVWDOVRWDNHLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKDWPDFDZVZHUHWUDGHGDQGEUHGLQFDSWLYLW\DOUHDG\LQ the pre-Columbian times – as far north as New Mexico. The dilemma here is that the term is attested in modern Quechua andUHSRUWHGLQWKH&DULEEHDQGXULQJWKH&RQWDFW3HULRGIURP where the term (and the bird) was subsequently lost. Nonetheless, until more research has been FDUULHGRXWRQWKHRULJLQVRIWKHWHUP,ZRXOGNHHSWKH7DLQRWHUPDVWKHLQLWLDOVRXUFHZKLOHWKH Quechua term may very well be a loan from Taino via Spanish. In addition, similar to many areas in the New World, there are many toponyms and ethnonyms that can be regarded as lexical borrowings if they, one way or another, appear in other languages. I.e., e.g., Guanaja chocolate, ÀRUGH-DPDLFD ( +LELVFXVVDEGDULৼD ), Havana cigar, 0DOLEXOLTXHXU0DQKDWWDQFRFNWDLO%DKDPDVKRUWVRU0RKDZNKDLUVW\OH VHHEHORZIRUIXUWKHU discussion). In the case of Taino toponyms, at least the following have been used internationally LQGL൵HUHQWFLUFXPVWDQFHV+DEDQD IURP aba+na ! abana³¿UVWVPDOO>VHWWOHPHQW@´ *UDQEHUU\ DQG 9HVFHOLXV *XDQDKDQt IURP wa +na +ha +ni ! ZDQDKDQL ³VPDOO XSSHU ZDWHUV ODQG´ *UDQEHUU\ DQG9HVFHOLXV DQG %DKDPD IURP ba +ha +ma ! EDKDPD ³ODUJH XSSHUPLGGOH>ODQG@´ *UDQEHUU\DQG9HVFHOLXV The more common loanwords of Caribbean-origin will be discussed below, with references WRWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\VFDUULHGRXWLQHLJKWVFKRROVLQ)LQODQG3RODQG0H[LFRDQGWKH8QLWHG 6WDWHV 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH VFKRRO VXUYH\V LQ )LQODQG DORQJ ZLWK PDQ\ RI WKH HW\PRORJLHV GLVFXVVHGEHORZKDYHSUHYLRXVO\EHHQSXEOLVKHGLQ.HWWXQHQ XQGHUWKHWLWOH³)URP maissi to mokkasiini $PHULQGLDQ/RDQZRUGVLQ)LQQLVK´ 36 .

35 $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH 4XHFKXD :LNLSHGLD 4LFKZD :LNLSLGL\D KDV uchu wakamayu , uchu , ushu wakamayu , and ushu for Ara macao. 36 Note that the student answers are presented in this study exactly as they were spelled in the original VXUYH\V DQG PDUNHG LQVLGH DQJOH EUDFNHWV! IRU DGGHG FODULW\ H[FHSW IRU WKH GLUHFW (QJOLVK TXRWHV >DQVZHUV@ZKLFKDSSHDUZLWKTXRWDWLRQPDUNV ,QWKHIRUPHUFDVHVSHOOLQJHUURUVRUW\SRVDUHQRWLQGLFDWHG IRUEHWWHUUHDGLELOLW\ ZKLOHLQWKHODWWHUFDVHREYLRXVHUURUVDUHPDUNHGZLWK³>VLF@´)XUWKHUPRUHGLUHFW quotes in Spanish are regularly not translated as the readers of this volume are presumed to understand WKHODQJXDJH+RZHYHUWKHDQVZHUVE\WKH)LQQLVKDQG3ROLVKVWXGHQWVKDYHEHHQWUDQVODWHGLQWR(QJOLVK 114 Harri Kettunen

LOANWORDS FROM THE CARIBBEAN

Sweet potato (Sp. batata >Ipomoea batatas ]) is a plant native to the tropical regions of the Americas. The term batata originates in the Taino word batata (Martyr 1516: f50v, 1530: IYU'/(>KHQFHIRUWK'/(@ 3HWHU0DUW\U¶V De orbe novo decades (Decades of the New World) is the earliest source of the word, spelled battata in the 1516 edition of the De orbe novo and batata in the 1530 edition 37 ,QWKH6SDQLVKVSHDNLQJZRUOGLWLVNQRZQDOVRDV

,QDGGLWLRQZKLOHPDQ\WHUPVLQGL൵HUHQWZULWLQJV\VWHPVDUHWUDQVOLWHUDWHGRUWUDQVFULEHGLQWKHWH[W especially the most common alphabetic scripts are not. I believe that the reader, if not already familiar ZLWKHJWKH*UHHNRUWKH&\ULOOLFDOSKDEHWZRXOGEHDEOHWROHDUQWKHOHWWHUVRIWKHVHVFULSWVTXLFNHUWKDQ reading this article. 37 Martyr (1516: folio 50v) has the following on batata 0XOWDGLFXQWHǕǕHLXFFDUXPJHQHUD9QǌDOWHUR ǕXDXLXVDWT^XH`DOLXGDOLRSUHFLRǕLXVHVWTXRUHJXOLVHGXOLXPSDUHWXUǕXQWTXLEXVXHǕFƗWXUQRELOHVǕXQW TXLEXVSRSXO^XV`([ǕXFFDUDPXHURL~FFDPƯWDEHOODV¿FWLOHVDGLGFRPSDFWDVXHOXWLSUHǕǕXPQRǕWULFDǕHXP GLǕWHQGXQWFRTXHQGDP,VHǕWHRUXPSDQLVSULPDULXVKXQFXRFDQWFD]iEEL$JLXPǕLPLOLWHUHWEDWWDWiUXP XDULDVGLFXQWHǕǕHǕSHFLHV6HGDJLEXV EDWWDWLVPDJLVSÛRÌHUFXOLVDXWIUXFWLEXVXWXQWXUT^XDP`DGXǕXP FRQ¿FLƝGLSDQLVXWLQRǕWULUDSLVUDSKDQLVWXEHULEXVUDSLVSDǕWPDFLV KXLXǕFHPRGLUHEXVǕHGEDWWiWLV SU FLSXH TX WHUU WXEHUD HJUHJLD ǕXSHUHQW PLUD TXDGDP GXOFL PROLFLH VL SÛDH`ǕHUWLP LQ QRELOLRUHV LQFLGDWXU!RU³7KH\VD\WKHUHDUHPDQ\W\SHVRI\XFFDV2QHLVVPRRWKHUWKDQDQRWKHUDQGDQRWKHULV PRUHSUHFLRXVWKDQWKHRWKHUDQGE\WKLVLWZRXOGEHSUHSDUHGDVIRRGIRUPLQRUUXOHUVWKHUHDUH RQHV ZKLFKQREOHVZRXOGHDWDQGWKHUHDUH RQHV ZKLFKWKHFRPPRQIRON ZRXOGHDW %XWWKH\XFFDLWVMXLFH H[WUDFWHGWKH\VWUHWFKRXWIRUFRRNLQJXSRQHDUWKHQWDEOHWVSDFNHGIRUWKLVOLNHRXUSUHVVHGFKHHVH7KLV LVWKHLUSULPDU\EUHDGWKLVWKH\FDOO cazabbi . Similarly, they say there are various species of agi and of battata . But they use agi and battata PRUHIRUGLVKHVRUIUXLWVWKDQIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIPDNLQJEUHDGOLNH RXUVZLWKWXUQLSVUDGLVKHVWXEHUV DSSOHV" SDUVQLSVDQGWKLQJVRIWKLVVRUWEXWZLWK battata mostly, which would surpass the outstanding fruits of the land with a certain marvelous sweet lightness, especially LIRQHIDOOLQZLWKWKHQREOHV´ 7UDQVODWLRQE\7RGG.UDXVH>ZLWKPLQRUPRGL¿FDWLRQV@)XUWKHUPRUH 0DUW\U IROLRVYU DGGV 3DQLVHRUǌHǕWPDLLFLXVYWLDSXGLQǕXODUHVLXFFDPUDGLFƝH[TXD¿W FD]DELTXLHǕWFLE^XV`QRELOLXPQǀKDEƝW0DLLFLXPJUDQǌQ^RVWÙRHǕWSDQLFRLQǕXEULDHS^HU`ǕLPLOHVHG SLǕXPOHJXPHQ TXDWPDJQLWXGLQHIUXPƝWL JHQXVDOLXGǕHUXQWQRPLQH;DWKLPLOLXPDUELWUƗWXUHVVH QH^TXH`SURFHUWRUHFLWƗWTXLDSU FLSXHSDXFLH&DǕWHOODQLVTXLGǕLWPLOLXPLQWHOOLJXQWFǌQXǕTXƗLQ&DǕWHOOD ǕHUDW^XU`%DWDWDUǌDǕǕHTXǌWXUDOLTXDJHQHUDǕHGH[LJXD6XQW%DWDW UDGLFHVFRPHǕWLEL,HVYWLDSXGQRV UDIDQL FDULRW SDǕWLQDF QDSL UDS GH KLV HW LXFFD HW FܗWHULV HGXOLLV SO^XV` ǕDWLV LQ GHFDGLE^XV` SULPLV!RU³7KHLUEUHDGLV PDGHRI maize DVDPRQJWKHLVODQGHUVWKH\XFFDURRWIURPZKLFKLVPDGH cazabi , which is the food of the nobles, they do not have. The maize grain is quite similar to our panic- grass of Insubria, but equals the pea legumen in size. They sow also another type of grain, but the name Xathus, they believe (it) to be millet. But they do not stipulate this with certainty, since exceedingly few of the Castellani understand what millet would be, since nowhere would it be sown in Castella. They attain some types of batata , but scanty. The roots of the batatas are edible, as among us the radishes, carrots, SDUVQLSVQDYHZVWXUQLSVDERXWWKHVHDQGWKH\XFFDDQGWKHRWKHUIRRGVPRUHWKDQHQRXJKLQWKH¿UVW GHFDGHV´DQG 0DUW\UIROLRU 5DGLFXP KDEHQWDOLDUXPPXOWDJHQHUDEDWDWDVYQRYRFDEXOR QXQFXSDQWRFWRHJRGHǕFULSǕLDOLDVHLXVJHQHULVHǕǕHǕSHFLHVTXHÀRUHIROLRIUXWLFHQRǕFXQWXU(OL[ YDOHQW QHFPLQXVDǕǕ QHFPDOHǕDSLXQWFUXG VXQWDQRǕWULVQDSLVUDSLVUDSKDQLVSDǕWLQDFLVFDULRWLVDǕSHFWXHW LOOĊǕLPLOHVJXǕWXGLǕǕRQRDFǕXEǕWDQWLD4XRWHPSRUHǕFULERK FEDWDWDUǌHVWPLKLGRQRGDWDFRSLDTX GDP %HDWLWXGLQHPWXDPQLORFRUXPGLǕWDQWLDREHǕǕHWSDUWLFLSHPH൵HFLǕǕHPWX %HDWLWXGLQLVDSXG& ǕDUHP RUDWRUSRUWLRQHPHDPYRUDXLW!RU³7KH\DOVRKDYHPDQ\NLQGVRIRWKHUURRWVWKH\FDOOWKHP batatas with DVLQJOHZRUG,KDYHGHVFULEHGWKHUHWREHHLJKWRWKHUVSHFLHVRIWKLVW\SHZKLFKDUHUHFRJQL]HGE\ÀRZHU leaf, and stem. They do well boiled, nor less roasted, nor do they taste bad raw. They are similar in aspect to RXUQDYHZVWXUQLSVUDGLVKHVSDUVQLSVFDUURWVZLWKGL൵HULQJWDVWHDQGVXEVWDQFH$WWKHPRPHQWWKDW,DP writing these things, a certain number of batatas KDYHEHHQJLYHQWRPHIRUDJLIWVKRXOGWKHGLVWDQFHRIWKH SODFHVQRWKDYHVWRRGLQWKHZD\,ZRXOGKDYHLQYLWHGL@QWKF>HQWXU\@LQVWDQFHVRI WKHZRUGLWLVRIWHQGL൶FXOWRULPSRVVLEOHWRGHWHUPLQHZKLFKSODQWLVPHDQW´ As regards the loanword survey, bataatti ZDVYHU\ZHOONQRZQDPRQJWKH)LQQLVKVWXGHQWV RIWKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVZHUHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKH WHUP (OHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUV LQFOXGH perunan tapai vihannes ! ³SRWDWROLNH YHJHWDEOH´ perunaa makeampi juures ! ³DURRWYHJHWDEOHWKDWLVVZHHWHUWKDQSRWDWR´ DQG oranssi peruna ! ³RUDQJH SRWDWR´ 6RPH GHVFULEHG WKH ZRUG ZLWK DQ DVVHVVPHQW VXFK DV paha kasvis ! ³EDG >WDVWLQJ@ YHJHWDEOH´ herkullisempi peruna ! ³WDVWLHU SRWDWR´ DQG vihannes/juures (bataattiranskalaiset ovat hyviä) ! ³YHJHWDEOHURRWYHJHWDEOH VZHHWSRWDWR )UHQFKIULHVDUHJRRG ´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH keitto ! ³VRXS´ vihreä möykky ! ³JUHHQ EORE´ DQG vene ! ³ERDW´ 7KHSHQXOWLPDWHRQHLVSUREDEO\GXHWRDFRQIXVLRQZLWK avocado while the last one bears similarity to the word paatti FROORTXLDOIRUµERDW¶LQ)LQQLVK %DVHG RQVRPHDQVZHUVVXFKDV raketti ! ³URFNHW´ DQG pommi ! ³ERPE´ DFRXSOHRIHOHPHQWDU\ school students probably made a connection to papatti µ¿UHFUDFNHU¶ 7KH 3ROLVK VWXGHQWV LQWKHVXUYH\GL൵HUHGLQWKHLUDVVHVVPHQWRI batat ³YLROHWFXFXPEHUQRWJRRGÝV³)RRG, UHFRPPHQGIULHVLQZRN´ Cacique (Sp. cacique ).)URP7DLQR kasike “chief” (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 107). 7KHRUWKRJUDSK\RIWKHWHUPKDVYDULHGDORWLQGL൵HUHQWVRXUFHVHJ0DUWLXV KDV WKH IROORZLQJ IRU /DWLQ regulus IURP WKH HDUO\ VRXUFHV FD]LF! FDFLTXH! FDFLTXL! FD[LFXV!DQG FDVLFKH!,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\VWKHWHUPZDVFRQVLGHUHGVSHFLDOYRFDEXODU\ DQGH[FOXGHGLQWKHLQLWLDOVXUYH\FDUULHGRXWLQVFKRROVLQ)LQODQG+RZHYHULWHQWHUHGWKH VXUYH\VLQ3RODQG0H[LFRDQGWKH86EXWRQO\LGHQWL¿HGE\0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV RIWKHP 7KHDQVZHUVIURP0H[LFRLQFOXGHG gobernante ! el jefe de una aldea ! es como un rey ! líder de un cruce ! trabajo militar ! una persona muy rica ! DQG alto nivel social ! ,Q3RODQGWKHWHUPTXLWHHYLGHQWO\GXHWRLWVRUWKRJUDSK\ kacyk , instead of cacique ), was DVVRFLDWHGZLWKVRPHWKLQJTXLWHGL൵HUHQW stan poimprezowy ! ³DSRVWSDUW\FRQGLWLRQ´LH KDQJRYHU> kac LQ3ROLVKRQHRIWKHRYHUWZHQW\GLPLQXWLYHVX൶[HVLQ3ROLVKSURGXFHV kacyk , or “little hangover”]). Caiman (Sp. caimán ). is a Central and South American crocodilian that belongs to the family Alligatoridae and subfamily Caimaninae . The word appears to originate in D 7D$UDZDNDQ language, possibly from Taino kaimã (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 107). Spanish borrowed the word in the form caiman cayman (QJOLVKKDG¿UVW caiman (16th century), caimain (17th c.), cayman (18th c.), kayman and kaiman (19th c.), and cayman caiman WKHUHDIWHU)LQQLVK on the other hand, has had kaimaani VLQFH DW OHDVW PRVW OLNHO\ YLD 6ZHGLVK kajman +lNNLQHQ :KLOHRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHZRUGRQO\RIWKH$ODVNDQ

38 *ORVVHGDV EDWDWDUD\]FRPHǕWLEOH! 116 Harri Kettunen

VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH pieni krokotiili joka elää amazoniassa ! ³DVPDOOFURFRGLOHWKDWOLYHVLQ$PD]RQLD´ DQG joku vesipeto ! ³VRPH NLQGDZDWHUEHDVW´ 2WKHUHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUGZLWKVRPHW\SHRID OL]DUGZKLOHRWKHUVFRQQHFWHGLWWR lintu ! ³ELUG´ ryhmä ! ³DJURXS´ saari? ! ³LVODQG"´ maa ! ³ODQG´ DQG “kaksonen”, nimellä! ! ³µWZLQ¶E\QDPH´ 7KHODVWRQHLVDQREYLRXV confusion with kaima RUµQDPHVDNH¶LQ)LQQLVK5HVXOWVRIWKH3ROLVKVXUYH\SURGXFHG³IDNH DOOLJDWRU´DQG³PDQVDLOLQJRQDND\DN´IRU kajman . Cannibal (Sp. caníbal ) as a word originates in the Caribbean. It is probably a corruption RIWKHQDPH&DULE RUDUHODWHGWHUP UHIHUULQJWRWKH,VODQG&DULEV3HWHU0DUW\UGHVFULEHV WKHFDQQLEDOLVPRIWKH&DULEVLQWKHWHQWK³ERRN´RIWKHHDUOLHVWNQRZQ HGLWLRQRI De orbe novo DQGKDV &DUtEHVǕXQWDQWKURSRSKDJL!DQG &ƗQLEiOHVLGHPTXLFDULEHV!LQWKH ³9RFDEXOD%DUEDUD´VHFWLRQRIWKHVDPHHGLWLRQDORQJZLWK ǕXQWHP ࡃ anthropophagi Canibales DOLRQRPLQH&DULEHV!RQIROLRULQWKHHGLWLRQRIWKH De orbe novo . The word itself DQGWKHODQJXDJHRIWKH,VODQG&DULEV LVSUREDEO\$UDZDNDQUDWKHUWKDQ&DULEDQ*UDQEHUU\ and Vescelius (2004:107) have kaniba VRXUFHIRUP FDQLED! IRU³&DULE,QGLDQ´LQ7DLQRDORQJ with the following cognates: Island Carib calliponam DQG/RNRQR*RDMLUR kallipina (in their UHFRUGHG RUWKRJUDSKLHV $FFRUGLQJ WR 2(' cannibal is “originally one of the forms of the ethnic name Carib or Caribes D¿HUFHQDWLRQRIWKH:HVW,QGLHVZKRDUHUHFRUGHGWRKDYH been anthropophagi , and from whom the name was subsequently extended as a descriptive WHUP´2('DOVRVWDWHVWKDW³3URIHVVRU-+7UXPEXOORI+DUWIRUGKDVSRLQWHGRXWWKDW l, n, r interchange dialectally in American languages, whence the variant forms Caniba , Caribe , Galibi DQGWKDW&ROXPEXV¶V¿UVWUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHQDPHDVKHKHDUGLWIURPWKH&XEDQVZDV Canibales H[SODLQHGDVµORVGH&DQLEDRU&DQLPD¶ZKHQKHODQGHGRQ+D\WLKHKHDUGWKHQDPH of the people as Caribes and their country Carib WKHODWWHUZDVDIWHUZDUGVLGHQWL¿HGZLWK3XHUWR 5LFRQDPHGE\WKH6SDQLDUGVµ,VODGH&DULE¶µZKLFKLQVRPHLVODQGV¶&ROXPEXVVD\VµWKH\ call Caniba , but in Hayti Carib ¶$SSDUHQWO\KRZHYHULWZDVRQO\IRUHLJQHUVZKRPDGHDSODFH QDPHRXWRIWKDWRIWKHSHRSOHDFFRUGLQJWR2YLHGR>@ caribe VLJQL¿HVµEUDYHDQGGDULQJ¶ >@&ROXPEXV¶VQRWLRQRQKHDULQJRI Caniba was to associate the name with the Grand Khan , ZKRVHGRPLQLRQVKHEHOLHYHGWREHQRWIDUGLVWDQWKHKHOGµTXH&DQLEDQRHVRWUDFRVDVLQR ODJHQWHGHO*UDQ&DQ¶´)LQQLVKUHFHLYHGWKHZRUG YLD6ZHGLVK kannibal ) relatively late (at least in the written form). The term kannibaali LVDWWHVWHGLQ)LQQLVKVLQFHWKHV +lNNLQHQ 7KHWHUPZDVZHOONQRZQWKURXJKRXWWKHVXUYH\LQ)LQODQG3RODQG0H[LFRDQGWKH86 (OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGSURYLGHGVRPHLQWHUHVWLQJDFFRXQWVEHVLGHVWKHVWDQGDUG µPDQHDWHU¶RU³KXPDQEHLQJRUDQLPDOHDWLQJDQRWKHULQGLYLGXDORIWKHVDPHVSHFLHV´LQFOXGLQJ hullu, syö ihmistä ! ³FUD]\HDWVKXPDQ>V@´ syö ihmisiä (tiiän the forest pelistä) ! ³HDWV KXPDQV , NQRZLWIURP The Forest >YLGHR@JDPH´ kaikkiruokainen (enimmäkseen lihaa) ! ³RPQLYRURXV PRVWO\PHDW ´ mielisairas ihminen ! ³OXQDWLFLQVDQHSHUVRQ´ ihmis-susi ! ³ZHUHZROI´ hirviö ! ³PRQVWHU´ DQG zombi ! ³]RPELH´ $ELWPRUHFU\SWLFZHUH tuhottu paikka ! ³DGHVWUR\HGSODFH´ DQG se on juhla ! ³LW¶VDSDUW\IHVWLYLW\´ 7KHODVWRQHPLJKWEH related to the word karnevaali (“carnaval”). Also, some elementary school students associated WKH ZRUG ZLWK GUXJV huume – vaarallinen ! ³GUXJGRSH ± GDQJHURXV´ 7KHVH PLJKW EH DVVRFLDWHGFRQIXVHGZLWKWKHZRUG kannabis RUµFDQQDELV¶:KLOHWKHVXUYH\VLQ0H[LFRDQGWKH 86GLGQRWSURGXFHDQVZHUVEH\RQGWKHVWDQGDUG³VRPHRQHZKRHDWVKLVKHULWVRZQVSHDFLHV >VLF@´WKHVXUYH\LQ3RODQGSURYLGHGXVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJIRU kanibal ³IDQVRI>IRRWEDOO@FOXEV IURP3RODQG´DQG³'HYRXUPHORYHFDQQLEDO´ New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 117

Canoe (Sp. canoa ) originates in Taino kanowa DQG XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR$UDZDNDQ NDQDZD >*UDQEHUU\ DQG 9HVFHOLXV @ WKDW ZDV ERUURZHG LQWR 6SDQLVK LQ WKH IRUP canoa (and subsequently to other languages around the world). Canoa was described already E\&ROXPEXVLQKLVSULQWHGOHWWHUDGGUHVVHG SRVVLEO\ WR/XLVGH6DQWiQJHO &ROXPEXV IY PDNLQJLWWKH¿UVWNQRZQ,QGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQ ORDQ ZRUGWRDSSHDULQSULQWLQ(XURSH

³2QDOOWKHLVODQGVWKH\KDYHYHU\PDQ\FDQRHVOLNHJDOOH\VZLWKRDUVVRPHRIWKHP ODUJHVRPHVPDOODQGPDQ\DUHODUJHUWKDQDJDOOH\ZLWKHLJKWHHQEHQFKHVWKH\DUH YHU\ZLGHEHFDXVHWKH\DUHPDGHIURPDVLQJOHWUHHWUXQNEXWDJDOOH\FRXOGQRWFRPSHWH ZLWK WKHP E\ URZLQJ EHFDXVH WKH\ WUDYHO LQFUHGLEO\ IDVW ZLWK WKHVH WKH\ QDYLJDWH DURXQG DOO WKRVH LVODQGV ZKLFK DUH FRXQWOHVV DQG WKH\ WUDGH LQ WKHLU PHUFKDQGLVH I have seen some of these canoes with 70 and 80 men in them, each one with an oar.” 39

)XUWKHUPRUHWKHWHUPLVDOVRWKH¿UVW1HZ:RUOGZRUGUHFRUGHGLQDGLFWLRQDU\LQ(XURSH $QWRQLR GH 1HEULMD¶V 'LFWLRQDULXP H[ KLǕSDQLHQǕL LQ ODWLQXP ǕHUPRQƝ (Nebrija 1495: f12v) KDV &DQRD QDYH GH XQ PDGHUR 0RQR[\OXPL! RU ³D ERDW >PDGH@ IURP D VLQJOH SLHFH RI timber 40 ´)URP6SDQLVKWKHWHUPVSUHDGDURXQGWKHZRUOGHLWKHUGLUHFWO\RU±LQPRဧFDVHV – indirectly. English has had canoa (16th to 18th centuries), cannoa (17th c.), canowe (16th to 18th c.), canoo and cannoe (17th to 18th c.), and canoe IURPWKHWKFHQWXU\RQZDUGV 2(' 6HUHQLXV /LNHZLVH'XWFKDQG$IULNDDQVKDYH kano , German has Kanu DQGbangka, Malagasy lakana , and Maori waka . $UHODWHGWHUPZLWKDPRUHUHဧULFWHGJOREDOGLဧULEXWLRQLV pirogue – a long canoe that can EHQDYLJDWHGXVLQJRDUVDQGRUVDLOV7KHWHUPLVGHVFULEHGE\2YLHGRLQKLVHGLWLRQRIKLV /DKLఅRULDJHQHUDOGHODV,QGLDV )HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpVIROLRU DVIROORZV ³>@WKH&DULEVFDOOWKHPSLUDJXDVDQGWKH\VDLOZLWKWKHVH>HTXLSSHG@ZLWKFRWWRQVDLOVDQGWKH\

39 HOORVWLHQƝHQWRGDVODV\VODVPX\PXFKDVFDQRDVDPDQHUDGHIXǕWHVGHUHPRGHOODVPDLRUDVGHOODV PHQRUHV\DOJXQDV\PXFKDVǕǀPD\RUHVTXHKQ ࡃ DIXǕWDGHGLH]HRFKREƗFRVQRǕǀWDQDQFKDVSRUTXHǕǀ GHKXQǕRORPDGHURPDVKXQDIXǕWDQRWHUQDFǀHOODVDOUHPRSRUTXHYDQTXHQRHVFRǕDGHFUHHU\FǀHǕWDV QDXHJDQWRGDVDTXHOODVLǕODVT ࡃ ǕǀLQQXPHUDEOHV\WUDWƝǕXVPHFDGHULDVDOJXQDVGHVWDVFDXRDV>VLF@KHYLǕWR FǀO[[\O[[[ǀEUHVHQHOOD\FDGDYQRFǀǕXUHPR!LQWKHRULJLQDOPDQXVFULSW &ROXPEXVIY 40 Monoxylum GHULYHVIURP$QFLHQW*UHHNȝȠȞȩȟȣȜȠȞ FRPSRVHGRIȝȩȞȠȢ³DORQHRQO\VLQJOHVROH´DQG ȟȪȜȠȞ³ZRRG´ 41 )LQQLVKKDVKDG kanootti VLQFHDWOHDVWWKHPLGWKFHQWXU\ IHDWXUHGLQ$OELQ6WMHUQFUHXW]¶V Suomalainen meri-sanakirja 1863), via Swedish kanot +lNNLQHQ 118 Harri Kettunen also row them with their Nahes (which is how they call the oars).” 42 And encounter between the party of Columbus (during his third voyage in 1498 near the island of Trinidad) and the Caribs LVGHVFULEHGE\2YLHGRDVIROORZV )HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpVIROLRU ³>@&DULE DUFKHUV>@VKRRWZLWKWKHLUUHPHGLDEOHKHUE>LHSRLVRQDUURZV@DQGWKH\DUHYHU\¿HUFHDQG VDYDJHSHRSOHWKH\>&ROXPEXVDQGKLVFUHZ@FRXOGQRWVSHDNZLWKWKH,QGLDQVDOWKRXJKWKH\ saw many of them in their pirogues DQGFDQRHVLQZKLFKWKH\VDLO>@´ 43 IROORZHG )HUQiQGH] GH2YLHGR\9DOGpVIROLRY E\DGHVFULSWLRQRIQDPLQJWKHORFDWLRQE\&ROXPEXV “And because you could see a large canoe or piragua of the Indians – that was sailing – he >&ROXPEXV@QDPHGWKDWODQG&DERGHOD9HOD>&DSH RIWKH 6DLO@LQWKHPDLQODQG´ 44 What is LQWHUHဧLQJDERXWWKLVDFFRXQWLVWKDWWKHWHUP piragua appears to originate in a Carib term that ZDVSUREDEO\SURQRXQFHGDVSLUDZDDQGTXLWHSRVVLEOHUHODWHGWRWKHWHUPµVDLO¶RU pira in Cariban languages (see Courtz 2008: 345), while the term nahe is a Taino ZRUGIRUµSDGGOH¶ )XUWKHUဧXGLHVDUHQHHGHGWRXQFRYHUWKHKLဧRULFDOFLUFXPဧDQFHVKRZDQGZKHUHWKHVHWHUPV ZHUH¿UဧKHDUGDQGUHFRUGHG±DQGKRZWKH\ODWHUDSSHDUHGLQSULQW$WDQ\UDWHLWZDV canoe that became a widespread term around the world, while pirogue KDVDPRUHOLPLWHGGLဧULEXWLRQ appearing in Spanish, Catalan, and Galician as piragua LQ3RUWXJXHVHDQG,WDOLDQDV piroga , in )UHQFKDV pirogue , in English as pirogue ~ piragua ~ piraga , in German as Piroge , in Swedish as pirog LQ3ROLVK&]HFKDQG6ORYDNDV piroga LQ5XVVLDQDVɩɢɪɨɝɚLQ/LWKXDQLDQDV piroga , LQ*UHHNDVʌȚȡȩȖĮLQ(ဧRQLDQDV piroog , and in Basque as piragua . The term canoe / canoa / kanootti ZDVRQHRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQZRUGVLQWKHVFKRRO VXUYH\VVLJQDOLQJWKDWWKHFRQFHSWLVSDUWRIVWDQGDUG(QJOLVK)LQQLVKDQG6SDQLVKODQJXDJHV ,Q)LQODQGLWZDVIRXUWKDIWHU chili , iglu , and puuma for the elementary school students and WLHGIRU¿UVWSODFHLQFDVHRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV(OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUV LQ )LQODQG LQFOXGH intiaanien käyttämä vene ! ³D ERDW WKDW WKH ,QGLDQV XVH>G@´ hutera, ahdas pitkulainen vene ! ³DZREEO\FUDPSHGHORQJDWHGERDW´ DQG vähän kun kajakki mutta muovinen ! ³DELWOLNHDND\DNEXWPDGHRXWRISODVWLF´ ,Q 3RODQG kanu canoe was described EHVLGHVµERDW¶ DV³SODFHRIOLYLQJKRXVH´ZKLOH kanadyjka (“Canadian (canoe)”) received, HJWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV³D>IHPDOH@FLWL]HQRI&DQDGD´³IRUHLJQHU´DQG³GDQFHU´ Cassava (Sp. casabe, casava >Manihot esculenta @ DOVRNQRZQDVµPDQLRF¶ VHHWKHHQWU\ manioc ), is a plant native to South America, originating in west-central Brazil, from where it VSUHDGWRRWKHUSDUWVRIWKH1HRWURSLFV 2OVHQDQG6FKDDO 7KHZRUGRULJLQDWHVLQ Taino kasabi (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 107), written caçábi , casávi , cazábbi , and cassáve LQ GL൵HUHQW VRXUFHV ,W LV DOVR WKH VRXUFH IRU 6SDQLVK casabe , cazabe , and casava , English cassava DQG6ZHGLVKDQG)LQQLVK kassava 7KHZRUGZDVSRRUO\NQRZQDPRQJWKHVWXGHQWV LQWKHVXUYH\LQDOOFRXQWULHV $ODVND)LQODQGDQG0H[LFR (OHPHQWDU\VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQ)LQODQGLQFOXGHEHVLGHVIHZFRUUHFWLGHQWL¿FDWLRQV mun mielestä se on afrikkalainen hedelmä ! ³,WKLQNLW¶VDQ$IULFDQIUXLW´ eläin, en muista minkä näkönen ! ³DQ DQLPDO,FDQ¶WUHFDOOKRZLWORRNVOLNH´ rikas ! ³ULFK´ DQG edullinen ! ³LQH[SHQVLYH´ 7KH ODVWWZRKDYHFOHDUFRQQRWDWLRQVWRWKH)LQQLVKZRUG kassa RUµFRXQWHUFDVKUHJLVWHUFKHFNRXW

42 >@OODPDQODVORVFDULEHV3LUDJXDV\QDXHJDQFRQYHODVGHDOJRGRQ\DOUHPRDǕǕLPLǕPRFRQǕXV 1DKHV TXHDǕǕLOODPDQDORVUHPRV ! 43 >@ÀHFKHURVFDULEHV>@WLUƗFRQ\HUXDLQUUHPHGLDEOH\HVJƝWHPX\¿HUDHVDOYDMHQRSXGLHURQDXHU OHQJXDFRQORV,QGLRVDYQTXHYLHUǀPXFKRVGHOORVHQǕXVSLUDJXDV FDQRDVHQT ࡃ QDXHJƗ>@! 44

FDVKLHU¶$QVZHUVLQWKH0H[LFDQVXUYH\LQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJ EHVLGHV planta ! raiz !DQG una raiz que se come ! una cafetería ! festival ! lugar !DQG un lugar muy ricoo ! Cay (Sp. cayo IURP 7DLQR FD\R! kayo ³VPDOO LVODQG´ DQG XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR $UDZDNDQ NDH *UDQEHUU\DQG9HVFHOLXV 0DUWLXV SURYLGHVWKHIRUPV FD\D! FDLH! FDL]!DQG FDLTXHV!IURPWKHHDUO\VRXUFHV,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\WKH WHUPDSSHDUHGRQO\LQ(QJOLVKDQG6SDQLVKDQGRQO\RQHVWXGHQWLQ$ODVND ³VPDOOWURSLFDO LVODQG´ DQGRQHLQ0H[LFR ³LVODSHTXHxD´ NQHZWKHDQVZHU7KLVRIFRXUVHKDVWRGRZLWK the geographic location where the surveys were carried out, i.e., had the surveys been done in English and Spanish in the Caribbean, e.g., in Belize and Cuba, respectively, the results would KDYHEHHQTXLWHGL൵HUHQW,QWKHVXUYH\LQ0H[LFRPRVWRIWKHVWXGHQWVFRQQHFWHGWKHWHUP cayo with the homonymous callo (English callus ), as is evident from the following answers: cosa que sale en el pie eueueu algo que sale en los pies cuando caminas mucho alteracion en el pie daño en el pie piel muerta capa de piel dura que se genera en los pies y manos DQG cosa q te VDOHHQHOSLHSRULUDXQD¿HVWDFRQWDFRQHV 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGHG un tipo de baston and una extension de un arbol . Ceiba (Sp. ceiba > Ceiba VSS@IURP7DLQR FHLED! seiba (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: $QHDUO\UHFRUGRIWKHWHUPLVIRXQGLQWKHWKFHQWXU\ZULWLQJVRI/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU ;;;, ZULWWHQDV FHtED!ZLWKDQDFFHQWRQWKH L!7KHWHUPLV ceiba in most languages, LQFOXGLQJ 6SDQLVK (QJOLVK )UHQFK ,WDOLDQ *HUPDQ 'XWFK 5XVVLDQ ɫɟɣɛɚ &HEXDQR HWF ZKLOH RWKHU ODQJXDJHV KDYH WDNHQ WKH ,QGRQHVLDQ WHUP kapuk for the tree: Javanese kapuk , 6ZHGLVK7XUNLVKDQG7DJDORJ kapok )LQQLVK kapokki(puu) DQG/LWKXDQLDQ kapok(medis) , while \HWRWKHUVKDYHFRPSRVHGWKHLURZQQDPHVLQFOXGLQJ+DXVDUƯPƯ3ROLVK puchowiec (from puch µGRZQÀX൵VQRZ¶ DQGFRWWRQUHODWHGWHUPVVXFKDV.RUHDQ 양목면 8NUDLQLDQɛɚɜɨɜɧɹɧɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ8QJDULDQ gyapotfa or “cotton tree,” Norwegian silkebomullstre RU³VLONFRWWRQWUHH´ There is also some variety as to the terms based on the name of the species: for example, Ceiba spp. is Ceiba in German while Ceiba pentandra is Kapok(baum) . The term entered only the 6SDQLVKVXUYH\LQ0H[LFRZLWKRIWKHVWXGHQWVLGHQWLI\LQJWKHZRUGFRUUHFWO\%HVLGHVWKH PRUHW\SLFDO árbol ! árbol grande ! árbol muy alto !DQG árbol gigante !DQVZHUVWKH VXUYH\DOVRSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJ arbol con raices impresionantes comun en tepoztlan !DQG un arbol de suma importancia para los mayas !2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGHG semilla ! verdura ! comida ! condimento ! liquido ! animal !DQG pescado !7KHODVWWZRDQVZHUVPD\EH spring from a similar-sounding term, such as jaiba ( Callinectes sapidus ). Guava (Sp. guayaba >Psidium spp., especially Psidium guajava ]) is a tree and fruit that is native to Mexico, Central America, and northern part of South America. The word was recorded by Bartolomé de las Casas in the early 16th century as guayabaUHÀHFWLQJWKHRULJLQDO7DLQR term wayaba (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 113). The term is quite similar in many languages DURXQG WKH ZRUOG HJ (QJOLVK 6ZHGLVK DQG )LQQLVK guava 3RUWXJXHVH goiaba, Galician goiabeira , German Guave 3ROLVK guawa, guajawa, gujawa , and gwajawa , Slovene gvajava , 5XVVLDQɝɭɚɣɹɜɚ%DVTXH guaiabondo, and Wolof guyaab). However, in Thai, guava (introduced E\3RUWXJXHVHWUDGHUVE\WKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\ LV ѐіѤѷк ( fa rang ) ±WKHVDPHZRUGDVµIRUHLJQHU¶ in Thai. In some languages further west, the word appears to be related to pears – although LWLVWHPSWLQJWRPDNHDFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHZRUG peru (a generic name for things Spanish for WKH3RUWXJXHVHLQWKH$PHULFDVLQWKHWKDQGWKFHQWXULHV DVLQWKHFDVHRIµWXUNH\¶DV peru LQ3RUWXJXHVHDQG+LQGL([DPSOHVIRUJXDYDLQFOXGH0DUDWKL peru , Sinhalese peira , and Bengali peara . In English, the word has been guava from the 17th century onwards. Earlier and later variants include guannaba, guiava , guaiava , goyave , guavar , guayava , guiave , guayva , 120 Harri Kettunen gwave , goava, gojavu , goyava , guaba, guavo, guayabo, guyava , and gwavah 2(' 7KHWHUP ZDV ZHOO UHFRJQL]HG LQ WKH VXUYH\V$OWKRXJK LQ )LQQLVK WKH ZRUG LV D ODWHFRPHU DQG RQO\ VORZO\¿QGLQJLWVZD\WR)LQQLVKJURFHU\VWRUHVKRPHVDQGFXLVLQHJXDYDZDVVXUSULVLQJO\ ZHOONQRZQ HOHPHQWDU\VFKRRONLGVDQGKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV DPRQJWKHVWXGHQWVLQ WKHVXUYH\,QFRQWUDVWRIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGHVVHQWLDOO\HYHU\RQH LQ0H[LFR FRQVLGHULQJWKHHUURUPDUJLQ NQHZWKHWHUP,Q$ODVNDWKHIUXLWZDVVSHFL¿FDOO\ FRQQHFWHGZLWK+DZDLL a hawaian fruit ! a fruit from hawaii ! $VUHJDUGVWKHVXUYH\PDGH 3RODQGFXOWXUDODQGOLQJXLVWLFIDFWRUVLQÀXHQFHGVRPHRIWKHDQVZHUVDVFDQEHVHHQIURPWKH IROORZLQJJXDZD³KHDG´ JáRZD LQ3ROLVK DQG³ZDZD´LH Warszawa (Warsaw). Hammock (Sp. hamaca IURP7DLQR KDPDFD!KDPDND³KDPPRFN´XOWLPDWHO\IURP 3URWR$UDZDNDQ DPDNR *UDQEHUU\DQG9HVFHOLXV 2YLHGR )HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR \9DOGpVIROLRUHFWR YHUVR SURYLGHVDQHDUO\GHVFULSWLRQDQGLPDJH HQJUDYLQJ RID KDPPRFNLQKLV La natural hystoria de las Indias :

³/DVFDPDVHQTXHGXHUPHQǕHOODPDQ+DPDFDVTXHǕRQYQDVPDQWDVGHDOJRGRQPX\ ELƝWH[LGDV\GHEXHQDV\OLQGDVWHODV\GHOJDGDVDOJXQDVG¶OODVGHGRVYDUDV\GHWUHV HQOXHQJR\DOJRPDVDQJRǕWDVTXHOXHQJDV\HQORVFDERVHǕWDQOOHQDVGHFRUGHOHV OXHQJRVGH&DEX\D\GH+HQHTXHQ ODTXDOPDQHUDGHǕWHKLOR\ǕXGLIHUHQFLDDGHODQWH ǕHGLUD \HǕWRVKLORVǕRQOXHQJRV\YDQǕHDMǌWDU\FRQFOX\UMXQWDPHQWH\KD]HQOHVDO FDERYQWUƗFDKLORFRPRDYQDHPSXOJXHUDGHYQDFXHUGDGH9DOOHǕWD\DǕǕLODJXDUQHǕFHQ \DTXHOODDWDQDYQDUXRO\ODGHORWURDORWURFDERFRQFXHUGDVRǕRJDVGHDOJRGǀTXH llaman Hicos: y queda la cama enel ayre quatro o cinco palmos leuantada de tierra en PDQHUDGH+RQGDR&ROXPSLR\HVPX\EXƝGRUPLUHQWDOHVFDPDV\ǕRQPX\OLPSLDV \FRPRODWLHUUDHVWHPSODGDQRKD\QHFHǕǕLGDGGHRWUDURSDQLQJXQDHQFLPD9HUGDGHV TXHGRUPLƝGRHQDOJXQDǕLHUUDGRQGHKD]HDOJXQIULRROOHJƗGRKRPEUHPRMDGRǕXHOHQ SRQHUEUDǕDGHED[RGHODV+DPDFDVSDUDǕHFDOHQWDU$TXHOODVFXHUGDVFRQTXHǕHDWDQODV HPSXOJXHUDVR¿QHVGHODVGLFKDV+DPDFDVǕRQYQDVǕRJDVWRUFLGDV\ELHQKHFKDV\GHOD JURǕǕH]DTXHFRQXLHQHGHPX\EXHQDOJRGRQ\TXDQGRQRGXHUPHQHQHOFDPSRSDUDǕH DWDUGHDUXRODDUXRODWDQǕHHQFDǕDGHYQSRǕWHDRWUR\ǕLHPSUHD\OXJDUSDUDODVFROJDU´

7KHWHUPZDVZHOONQRZQIURP$ODVND WR0H[LFR EXWDEVHQWLQWKHVXUYH\LQ )LQODQGDVWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJWHUPLQ)LQQLVKLV riippumatto . The surveys in Mexico provided, e.g., the following answers: en donde te como cuelgas y te puedes dormir ! donde te acuestas y generalmente se amarra entre agua ! columpio en argentina en mexico extencion de tela para dormir !DQG cama de yucatan ! Hurricane (Sp. huracán ) RULJLQDWHVLQDQ$UDZDNDQODQJXDJHPRVWOLNHO\IURPWKH7DLQR word hurakã *UDQEHUU\DQG9HVFHOLXV 2WKHUVRXUFHVIUHTXHQWO\QDPH hurakan as the original Taino word, and many also explain that the word meant a malevolent god in Taino. +RZHYHU7DLQRV\OODEOHVFDQRQO\FORVHZLWKDYRZHORUDQVVRWKH¿QDOQVWHPVDOPRVW FHUWDLQO\IURPWKHQDVDOL]HGDWKDWZDVLQWHUSUHWHGDVDQE\WKH6SDQLVK 45 )XUWKHUPRUHLQ 6SDQLVKWKHZRUGZDVRULJLQDOO\VSHOOHGLQYDULDEO\ZLWKDQ I!RUDQ K! furacan ~ huracan 46 )

45 ,WDOVRDSSHDUVWKDWUZDVDQDOORSKRQHRIGLQ7DLQRVRWKHRULJLQDOWHUPPD\KDYHEHHQSURQRXQFHG hurakã ~ hudakã . 46 /DV &DVDV &KDSWHU &9,,, KDV KXUDFDQ! DQG UHFRXQWV WKH IROORZLQJ ³(Q HVWH WLHPSR VH perdieron en el puerto los cuatro navíos que trajo Juan Aguado, con gran tempestad, que era lo que New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 121

DQGSURQRXQFHGZLWKRUZLWKRXWDQILQGL൵HUHQWGLDOHFWV7KLVZDVDOVRUHÀHFWHGLQWKDQG 17th century English 47 : furacane , furicano , furacana , foracane , and furicane , with contemporary variant forms, such as haurachana , hurricano , haraucana, haracana , herricano , hiracano , hyrracano , uracan , urycan , hericane , huricane , haraucane, hauracane , herocane , harrycain , hurrican , and hurricane 2(' 48 . The penultimate form survived until the 19th century and the ODVWIRUPKDVEHHQLQIUHTXHQWXVHVLQFHWKHV 2(' 3ULPDULO\IURP6SDQLVKDQG(QJOLVK WKHWHUPVSUHDGWRRWKHUODQJXDJHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG7KHURXWHRIWKHZRUGLQWR)LQQLVKLV somewhat puzzling. Swedish, the usual intermediary for Indigenous American loanwords in )LQQLVKKDV orkan for hurricane, attested since 1705 (Hellquist 1922). Consequently, the word PLJKWKDYHFRPHWR)LQQLVKGLUHFWO\IURP(QJOLVKZKLFKUHWDLQVWKHRWKHUZLVHVLOHQW6SDQLVK K!LQLWVRUWKRJUDSK\±DQGDOVRKDVDFORVHUPDWFKZLWKLQWHUQDOYRZHOVWRWKH(QJOLVKWHUP (see also Anhava 2006). $VUHJDUGVWKHVWXGHQWVXUYH\WKHWHUPZDVRQHRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQ DQGEHVWGHVFULEHG ZRUGVLQWKHLQYHQWRU\ )LQODQGDQG>HOHPHQWDU\DQGKLJKVFKRROVUHVSHFWLYHO\@ $ODVNDDQG0H[LFRUDWKHUXQVXUSULVLQJO\ $QVZHUVIURPWKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROV LQ)LQODQGLQFOXGH troopinen myrsky atlannin valtamerellä ! ³WURSLFDOVWRUPLQWKH$WODQWLF 2FHDQ´ iso pyörre joka tuhoaa paikkoja ! ³DELJZKLUOWKDWGHVWUR\VSODFHV´ pyörremyrskyä asteen pahempi ! ³VRPHWKLQJZRUVHWKDQDF\FORQHWZLVWHU´ DQG tornadon tapainen mutta pienempi ! ³OLNH D WRUQDGR EXW VPDOOHU´ 6RPH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DVVRFLDWHG WKH ZRUGZLWKVRPHWKLQJVFDU\DQGDJJUHVVLYH PD\EHUHODWHGWR)LQQLVK hurja µ¿HUFH¶ hirviö, pelottava ! ³PRQVWHU VFDU\IHDUVRPH´ DQG raju tyyppi ! ³ZLOG FKDUDFWHUGXGH´ DQG some associated the word probably with huristella µWR GULYH D FDU¶ EDVHG RQ WKH DQVZHUV hurjastelia !DQG kaahailija ! ³VSHHGHUUHFNOHVVGULYHU´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVIURPHOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROVLQFOXGH yli vilkas ! ³K\SHUDFWLYH>SHUVRQ@´ DQG merirosvo ! ³SLUDWH´ 6RPHVWXGHQWV DOVRNQHZWKDW hurrikaani LV Särkänniemessa oleva laite ! ³DULGHDW6lUNlQQLHPL´ LHDQ DPXVHPHQW SDUN ULGH DW 6lUNlQQLHPL 7DPSHUH )LQODQG ± )LQDOO\ WZR DQVZHUV IURPHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV agentti päämaja ! ³DJHQWKHDGTXDUWHUV´ DQG hurrikaani on ohjelma ! ³KXUULFDQHLVD>WY@SURJUDP´ SRLQWRXWWR Operaatio Hurrikaani ! 2SHUDWLRQ +XUULFDQH D)LQQLVKFKLOGUHQ¶VWHOHYLVLRQVHULHV Iguana (Sp. iguana >Iguana spp.]), a lizard native to tropical Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean, has its lexical origin in Taino iwana (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 2(' 7KHZRUGVSUHDGWRGL൵HUHQW(XURSHDQODQJXDJHVYLD6SDQLVK iguana (recorded in WKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\E\3HWHU0DUW\U*RQ]DOR)HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpVDQG%DUWRORPp llamaban los indios en su lengua huracan, y agora todos las llamamos huracanes, como quien, por la mar \SRUODWLHUUDFXDVLWRGRVORVKDEHPRVH[SHULPHQWDGR>«@´ 47 (JLQWKH(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQ 0DUW\U RI3HWHU0DUW\U¶V De orbe novo , the term is written with DQLQLWLDO I! 7KHVHWHPSHVWHVRIWKHD\HU ZKLFKWKH*UHFLDQVFDXOH Tiphones , that is, whyrle wyndes) they caule Furacanes : which they say, doo often tymes chaunce in this Ilande: But that neyther they nor WKH\UJUHDWJUDQGIDWKHUVHXHUVDZHVXFKHYLROHQWDQGIXULRXV)XUDFDQHVWKDWSOXFNHGYSSHJUHDWHWUHHVE\ WKHURRWHVYLROHQWDQGIXULRXV)XUDFDQHVWKDWSOXFNHGYSSHJUHDWHWUHHVE\WKHURRWHV! 48 2('OLVWVRWKHUXVHVIRUWKHWHUP hurricane LQFOXGLQJ³>D@ODUJHDQGFURZGHGDVVHPEO\RIIDVKLRQDEOH SHRSOHDWDSULYDWHKRXVHRIDNLQGFRPPRQGXULQJSDUWRIWKHWKFHQWXU\´DVLQ³>D@FRQIXVHGPHHWLQJ of Company of both Sexes on Sundays is called a Hurricane” (R. Whatley in Christian , 1746), or in the IROORZLQJTXRWHV³7RPRUURZ,JRWR6W-DPHV¶VDQG¿QLVKDWWKHGXFKHVVRI4XHHQVEHUU\¶VZKRLVWR have a hurricane” (Mrs. Delany in Life & Corr. , 1746–7) and “There is a squeeze, a fuss, a drum, a rout, and lastly a hurricane, when the whole house is full from top to bottom” (Mrs. Barbauld Wks. , 1779). 122 Harri Kettunen

GH/DV&DVDV 49 ). English had iuanna , iwana , and iguano in the 16th century and yguana , guana, wana , gwane , and gwayn in the 17th. The form iguana originates in the 17th century and slowly UHSODFHGWKHRWKHUIRUPV7KHWHUPLVTXLWHZLGHVSUHDGLQGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG either via Spanish or an intermediary language. ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ WKH 6SDQLVK GH¿QLWH DUWLFOH la DSSHDUV WR EH IXVHG ZLWK WKH QRXQ LQ VRPH ODQJXDJHV VLPLODUO\ WR WKH 3RUWXJXHVH VLQJXODU IHPLQLQHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOH a in the term ananas), as in Dutch leguaan )XUWKHUPRUHLWLVTXLWH SUREDEOH WKDW WKH 'XWFK WHUP LQÀXHQFHG *HUPDQ Leguan , Danish and Swedish leguan , and Czech leguán DQGWKH)LQQLVKWHUPIRUWKHQDPHRIWKHIDPLO\ Iguanidae LQ)LQQLVK leguaanit ). However, while Swedish has leguan IRULJXDQDWKH)LQQLVKWHUP iguaani has to have arrived from another language, possibly from English. Iguanaiguaani ZDVNQRZQUHODWLYHO\ZHOOLQDOO OHYHOVRIHGXFDWLRQLQ)LQODQG LQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVLQKLJKVFKRROVDQGLQWKH small university student sample 50 ZKLOHRIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGDOOWKH 0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP(OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQ)LQODQGLQFOXGH sisiliskomainen otus ³DFUHDWXUHVLPLODUWRFRPPRQOL]DUGYLYLSDURXVOL]DUG´ DQG lisko joka asuu lämpimässä ! ³DOL]DUGWKDWOLYHVLQDZDUPSODFH´ 2WKHUHQWULHVLQFOXGH lintu ! ³ELUG´ apina ! ³PRQNH\´ DQG jäämies ! ³LFHPDQ´ ,QDGGLWLRQWKH$ODVNDQVXUYH\SURGXFHG HJWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV³DUHSWLOHWKDWFKDQJHVFRORUV´³DVPDOOUHSWLOHWKDWFDQEHDSHW´ and “a reptile commonly used for a pet.” Maguey is a term in Spanish for Agave americana . In certain contexts, it is an overaching term for other large species of agaves as well, while in a more restricted use of the word, only to Agave americana $JDYHVDUHPRQRFDUSLFRUSRO\FDUSLFURVHWWHV 6LPPRQGV*HQWU\ 0RUHQRGH$OED6LPFKD=RQD WKDWKDYHEHHQXVHGIRUWKHSDVW millennia (especially Agave americana ) for multiple purposes, including food (the root, leaves, VWDONVDQGVKRRWVDVZHOODVH[WUDFWLQJ aguamiel OLQLQJRIEDNLQJSLWV OHDYHV EHYHUDJHV VXFKDVSXOTXHDQGPH]FDO WKHODWWHULQWKHSRVW&RQTXHVWWLPHV WKDWFKIRUURRIVSDSHUWKUHDG FRUGVEDVNHWU\DZOVDQGHJGLGJHULGRRV$V3UHVFRWWSXWVLWLQKLV The Conquest of Mexico (1843:123-124),

The agave, in short, was meat, drink, clothing, and writing materials for the Aztec! Surely, never did Nature enclose in so compact a form so many of the elements of human comfort and civilization!

49 /DV&DVDV/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU; SURYLGHVXVZLWKDOHQJWK\DFFRXQWRILJXDQDVGHVFULELQJWKHLU appearance and explaining how the natives hunted them: “Cuando los indios vecinos desta isla querian FD]DUPXFKRVSRQLDQIXHJRiODVoDEDQDVy\HUED]DOHV\KX\HQGRGHOIXHJRORVFRQHMRVLEDQiSDUDU donde la gente los esperaba. Habia otra caza, segun ellos muy preciada, y áun segun muchos de nuestros HVSDxROHVGHVSXHVTXHODJXVWDURQ\HVWDIXpODVTXHOODPDURQLJXDQDVSURSLDVVLHUSHVHVWDQJUDQGHFRPR XQSHUULOORGHKDOGDGHODKHFKXUDGHXQODJDUWRSLQWDGDFRPRpOSHURQRGHFRORUYHUGHODVSLQWXUDVy azafranadas, sino pardas que la afean más, tiene un cerro de espinas desde la cabeza por el lomo hasta lo SRVWUHURGHODFRODTXHODKDFHPiVKRUULEOH\HVSDQWDEOHFXDQGRODLEDQiWRPDUORVLQGLRVKDFLD\KDFH XQSDSRFRPRODVODJDUWLMDVPiVJUDQGHyWDQWRFRPRXQDYHMLJDGHXQDJUDQWHUQHUD\DEUHODERFD\ PXHVWUDORVGLHQWHVFRPRXQD¿HUDVLHUSHFRPRORHVDOSDUHFHUSHURQRKDFHPDO\IiFLOPHQWHODSUHQGHQ \DWDQ\WUDHQODFRODGHOODHVEODQFDFRPRSHFKXJDGHJDOOLQD'LFHQORVHVSDxROHVFRPXQPHQWHTXH no hay tan sabroso manjar, pero yo nunca la he podido comer, áun en los tiempos primeros que en esta ,VODWXYLPRVQHFHVLGDGFyPHQODHQYLpUQHVSRUSHVFDGRFULiQGRVHHQODWLHUUD\PRQWHVFRPRORVRWURV DQLPDOHVQRVpGyQGHORKDOODURQTXHIXHVHSHVFDGR´ 50 The sample of university students in the survey was composed of students that have already been exposed WR1RUWK$PHULFDQDQGRU/DWLQ$PHULFDQ6WXGLHVVRWKHVWDWLVWLFVQHHGWREHVHHQLQWKHOLJKWRIWKLVIDFW New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 123

The term maguey has been incorporated into various other languages via Spanish, although ZLWK D UHODWLYHO\ UHVWULFWHG GLVWULEXWLRQ DV WKH *UHHNEDVHG WHUP agave51 is used in most languages for the plant, along with century plant in English for Agave americana. The term maguey is from a Taino source, possibly mawei 52 , while in Classical Nahuatl, the term for agave is metl (Molina 1571) 53 WKHVRXUFHRIWKH¿UVWSDUWRIWKHZRUGµPH]FDO¶ VHHEHORZ 7KHWHUP maguey (or maguei LV¿UVWPHQWLRQHGE\3HWHU0DUW\UG¶$QJKLHUD 3HWUXV0DUW\U$QJOHULXVRU DE$QJOHULDLQ/DWLQDQG3LHWUR0DUWLUHG¶$QJKLHUDLQ,WDOLDQ LQKLV De orbe novo 2QWKH1HZ :RUOG ZKLFKVDZYDULRXVHGLWLRQVIURPRQZDUGV7KH¿UVWHGLWLRQ 0DUW\U LQFOXGHV a “Vocabula Barbara” which was based on the early reports from the Caribbean. Consequently, WKHYRFDEXODU\RXJKWWREHSULPDULO\7DLQR2QHRIWKHHQWULHVLQWKH³9RFDEXOD%DUEDUD´LV PDJXpL!JORVVHGDV KHUEDƝXWVHPSHUYLYD! ³KHUEDHVWXWVHPSHUYLYD´ FRPSDULQJPDJXH\ WRKRXVHOHHNV DNDOLYHIRUHYHU> Sempervivum VSS@ 5LJKWEHORZLWZHKDYH 0DJXpLJHQXV HVWW\PSDQL!LHPDJXHLLVµGUXP¶%RWKWKHSODQWDQGWKHGUXPDUHDOVRUHIHUUHGWRLQWKHPDLQ WH[W SDOPDUXPSXWD0DJXpLRUXPTXHHVWKHUEDVHGRVLYHDL]RR 54 TXƗYXOJXVVHPSHUYLYƗ 7\PSDQXݤPDJXp\GLFLWXU!UHVSHFWLYHO\&RQVHTXHQWO\LWVHHPVWKDW VLPLOLV!DQGDSSHOODW the two terms are homonymous in Taino. Maize (Sp. maiz >Zea mays ]) LVDSODQWQDWLYHWR0HVRDPHULFD¿UVWGRPHVWLFDWHGLQ0H[LFR DURXQGWR\HDUVDJR 0DWVXRND et al 3LSHUQR 7KHZRUGKRZHYHU derives from the Taino term mahisi VRXUFH IRUPV PiKLFL! DQG PDKL]! >*UDQEHUU\ DQG Vescelius 2004: 109]). In the Historia general de las Indias E\*RQ]DOR)HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR y Valdés (1535), the word is spelled mahiz , while Bartolomé de las Casas (1875: Chapter XI) has mahíz in his Historia de las Indias 55 $FFRUGLQJWR2('WKHZRUGLV³SURE>DEO\@LGHQWLFDO ZLWKWKH$UDZDN *XLDQD marisi DQGWKH&DULEµ márichi, bled d’Inde ¶ %UHWRQ'LFW&DUDwEH ´,WLVDOVRZRUWKQRWLFLQJWKDWWKHWKFHQWXU\IRUPRI)UHQFK maïs is spelled mahiz , from the contemporary Spanish word with identical spelling. Spanish variants included also mahis and mayz DQG¿QDOO\ maiz . English has had maith and mayis (16th century), mais and maiz (16th to 18th c.), maes , maix , maijs , maze , and mass (17th c.), mayze and mays (17th to 18th c.), maez (18th c.), mais(e) (19th c.), and maize from the 17th century onwards.

51 9LD/DWLQ Agave IURP$QFLHQW*UHHNਝȖĮȣȒWKHQDPHRIWKHSULQFHVVRI7KHEHVDQGWKHTXHHQRIWKH 0DHQDGV DQGWKHHOGHVWGDXJKWHURI&DGPXVWKHNLQJRI7KHEHVDQGRIWKHJRGGHVV+DUPRQLD DQG XOWLPDWHO\IURPਕȖĮȣȩȢ³QREOHLOOXVWULRXV´ 52 Note that Granberry and Vescelius (2004: 110) gloss mawei PDJXH\!DVµGUXP¶)XUWKHUPRUH0DUWLXV KDV PDJXH\!DQG PDJKHLK!,WLVQRWNQRZQZKHWKHUWKHODWWHU RULJLQDOO\IURP+XPEROGW UHÀHFWVWKHSURQXQFLDWLRQEXWLILWGRHVWKHSRWHQWLDO7DLQR " VRXUFHPLJKWEHGL൵HUHQWIURP mawei . 53 ,QPRGHUQ1DKXDWOVRXUFHVWKHUHDUHDQXPEHURIGL൵HUHQWW\SHVRIDJDYHVWKH1DKXDWO:LNLSHGLD or Huiquipedia KWWSVQDKZLNLSHGLDRUJ OLVWVWKHIROORZLQJ acametl PƗFǀ]WLFPHWO and cuezalmetl mexcalmetl Agave tequilana DOVR NQRZQ DV agave azul >EOXH DJDYH@ RU ³WHTXLOD DJDYH´ mexolotl necuametl Agave sisalana VLVDO nexmetl Agave durangensis agave cenizo papalometl Agave potatorum pitzometl Agave marmorata maguey tepeztate , pichomel , pitzometl , pichometl , maguey curandero , and huiscole WHǀPHWO tepemetl ( Agave salmiana maguey manso , maguey pulquero , maguey de montaña RU ³JUHHQ PDJXH\´ WHSƝPH[FDOOL WOƗFDPHWO Agave atrovirens maguey verde grande , maguey pulquero , maguey manso , tlacámel , tlacámetl , and clacámel DQG zacametl Agave lechuguilla ). 54 Salas (1762: 42) has aizon for “Hierva puntera, siempreviva. ” 55 /DV&DVDV &KDSWHU;, SURYLGHVXVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJDFFRXQW³6HPEUDEDQ\FRJLDQGRVYHFHV en el año el grano que llamaban mahíz, no para hacer pan dél, sino para comer tierno por fruta crudo, y DVDGRFXDQGRHVWiHQOHFKH\HVPX\VDEURVR\WDPELHQKDFLDQGpOFLHUWRSRWDMHPROLGR\FRQDJXDHUD menudo y de muchas colores, morado y blanco y colorado y amarillo, todo esto en un macora, llamábanlo PDKt]\GHVWD,VODVDOLyHVWHQRPEUH´ 124 Harri Kettunen

7KHWHUPDSSHDUHGLQWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\VFDUULHGRXWLQ$ODVNDDQG0H[LFREXWQRWLQ WKHLQLWLDOVXUYH\LQ)LQODQGDVWKHWHUP maissi ZDVFRQVLGHUHGWREHSDUWRIVWDQGDUG)LQQLVK vocabulary 56 /LNHZLVHWKHWHUPZDVREYLRXVO\QRWSDUWRIWKHVXUYH\LQ3RODQGHLWKHUDVWKH WHUP LQ 3ROLVK IRU PDL]H LV kukurydza RI D GHEDWHG RULJLQ SRVVLEO\ IURP 2WWRPDQ7XUNLVK ίϭέϮϗϮϗ> kukuruz ]), with various parallel terms in other Slavic languages. The term maize maiz ZDVLQFOXGHGLQWKHVXUYH\VLQ$ODVNDDQG0H[LFRIRUGL൵HUHQWUHDVRQVWKHIRUPHUGXH WRWKHIDFWWKDWµFRUQ¶LVWKHPRUHFRPPRQWHUPLQ(QJOLVKDQGWKHODWWHULQRUGHUWRNQRZ ZKDWNLQGRIDQVZHUVWKH0H[LFDQVFKRROFKLOGUHQSURGXFHIRUVRPHWKLQJVRIXQGDPHQWDOWR 0H[LFDQFXOWXUHRIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROဧXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUPZLWKYDU\LQJDQVZHUV LQFOXGLQJ³DZRUGIRUFRUQ´³FRUQUHODWHG´³W\SHRIPXOWLFRORUHGYHJHWDEOHVLPLODUWRFRUQ´ ³FRUQLQ6SDQLVK´³DZKHDWOLNHSODQWYHUVLRQRIFRUQ´³W\SHRIFRUQVRPHWLPHVXVHGDVIRRG DQGVRPHWLPHVDVIXHO´DQG³VRPHWKLQJPDGHIURPFRUQ"´0DQ\DOVRFRQQHFWHGWKHZRUGWR maze DVLVHYLGHQWIURPWKHIROORZLQJ³DSX]]HO´³D'SX]]OH´DQG³DVHULHVRIGLUHFWLRQV DQGGHDGHQGV´7KHDQVZHUVIURP0H[LFRLQFOXGHG alimento ! comida ! semilla ! planta esencial en mexico ! verdura de origen mexicano ! planta de donde sale el elote ! una verdura parecida al elote ! elote procesado ! fruto de la mazorca !DQG con lo que se hace la tortilla ! Mamey (Sp. mamey >Mammea americana ]) is a tree belonging to the family Calophyllaceae , containing edible fruits. The species is native to the Caribbean and to other parts of tropical Americas. Mamey is used, besides the sweet fruit and wood, for medicinal purposes: against fever and to complement quinine in Brazil, cicatrization of wounds in the Antilles, as well as an LQVHFWUHSHOOHQW *HUYDLVDQG/DYLJQH &RPPRQQDPHVIRUWKHIUXLWLQFOXGH mammee , mammee mamey apple , tropical apricot , and Santo Domingo apricot . The term originates in 7DLQRDQGLV¿UVWUHFRUGHGLQ3HWHU0DUW\U¶VZRUNVLQWKHIRUP PDPpLV!7KHWHUPDSSHDUV in the “Vocabula Barbara” of De orbe novo 0DUW\U VLPSO\DV 0DPpLVDUERUHVW!7KH main text refers also to the fruit that is of a size of an apple and tastes as good as a melon: 0DPpLVHVWDUERUDOLDTX IUXFWXPSURGXFLWDXUHLPDOLPDJQLWXGLQHVDSRUHPHORQHRSWLPR KDXGLQVXDYLRU!/DV&DVDV &KDSWHU;,, GLVFXVVHVWKHIUXLWLQPRUHGHWDLODVIROORZV

“Habia en esta Isla algunas frutas silvestres por los montes, y dellas muy buenas, ninguna, empero, doméstica, porque no curaban de tener huertas ni frutales los indios, FRPRVHGLUiHOFRQWUDULRGHORVGH7LHUUD)LUPHVLQRTXHFXDQGRODVWRSDEDQDFDVRODV comian, la mejor de las cuales, y quizá de gran parte del mundo, eran los que llamaban PDPH\HVTXHDUULEDGLJLPRVKDEHUGHVXRUtJHQVyORHQODSXQWDGHVWD,VODTXHVH OODPDEDOD*XDFD\DULPDODVTXHOODPDPRVSLxDVTXHHVIUXWDHQRORU\VDERUDGPLUDEOH QRODKDELDHQHVWD,VODVLQRTXHGHODLVODGH6DQ-XDQVHWUXMR>«@´

Manatee (Sp. manatí > Trichechus spp.]), an aquatic mammal native to the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Amazon Basin, and Western Africa, has its lexical origin in Taino manati 57 *UDQEHUU\DQG9HVFHOLXV ±DZRUGUHWDLQHGLQPRGHUQ6SDQLVK)DPLOLDULW\ZLWK

56 )LQQLVKUHFHLYHGWKHZRUGYLD6ZHGLVK majs E\WKHWKFHQWXU\ +lNNLQHQ66$ ,Q ZULWWHQIRUPWKHZRUGKDVH[LVWHGDWOHDVWVLQFH +lNNLQHQ 57 ,QWHUHVWLQJO\LQ3URWR$VKiQLQND DOVRDQ$UDZDNDQODQJXDJHVSRNHQWRGD\E\WKH$VKiQLQNDLQWKH 3HUXYLDQUDLQIRUHVWVDQG$FUH%UD]LO WKHUHFRQVWUXFWHGWHUP PDQtWLPHDQV³MDJXDU´ *UDQEHUU\DQG Vescelius 2004: 109). New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 125

WKHWHUPYDULHGFRQVLGHUDEO\EHWZHHQWKHGL൵HUHQWDUHDVLQWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\ZKLOHRQO\ RI WKH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG RI KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV UHFRJQL]HG manaatti WKH IDPLOLDULW\ ZDV IRU manatee LQ$ODVND DQG IRU manatí in Mexico. Answers from Mexican schools include everything from accurate to not-so-accurate zoological GHVFULSWLRQV mamifero acuatico ! animal que normalmente vive en los manglares ! un animal llamado tambien sirena ! animal gordo con dientes largos ! animal acuático con un cuerno ! animal gordo del mar (según ceja es alonso) !DQG alonso animal !6LPLODUO\ $ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVZHUHVRPHZKDWFRQIXVHGDVWRWKHWUXHLGHQWLW\RIWKHFUHDWXUH ³VHDFRZFRZDUG´³DZDWHUFUHDWXUHVOLJKWO\GL൵HUHQWWKDQD+LSSR´³VHDOOLNHVHDFUHDWXUH´ ³RIWHQPLVWDNHGE\VDLORUVLQWKHROGWLPHVIRUPHUPDLGV´³OLNHDVWLQJUD\´³VHDFUHDWXUH>WKDW@ ORRNVOLNHDÀDWELUG´³ZDWHUELUG´DQG³DELJÀDWXQGHUZDWHU¿VKZDVWLQJHU´(OHPHQWDU\ VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQ)LQODQGLQFOXGH vesinisäkäs ! ³ZDWHUPDPPDO´ vesi muhveli ! (“water muhveli ´ valas ! ³ZKDOH´ apina eläin ! ³>W\SHRID@PRQNH\´ DQGDQHQLJPDWLF kiusaus ! ³WHPSWDWLRQ´ ± D SRVVLEOH UHIHUHQFH WR kiusaus DV µFDVVHUROH¶ RULJLQDOO\ IURP Swedish Janssons frestelse RU µ-DQVVRQ¶V WHPSWDWLRQ¶ )LQQLVK janssoninkiusaus ). As with vesi muhveli !LWFRXOGEHDFRQIXVLRQZLWK vesipuhveli RUµZDWHUEX൵DOR¶+RZHYHULWLVZRUWK mentioning that Muhveli is also a character in the animated TV series version of the Moomin . Mangrove (Sp. manglar ) refers to several types of trees that grow in saline habitats in the coastal areas of the tropics and subtropics. 7KHRULJLQRIWKHZRUGLVGHEDWHG2('KDVWKH following: “The Malay maNgi-maNgi PDQJURYH QRWQRZFXUUHQWLQWKH0DOD\3HQLQVXODEXW UHFRUGHGLQHDUO\'LFW>LRQDULH@V LVXVXDOO\UHJDUGHGDVWKHXOWLPDWHVRXUFHEXWLWLVGL൶FXOW WRDFFRXQWRQWKLVYLHZIRUWKHHDUO\DSSHDUDQFHRI6S>DQLVK@ mangle referring to America.” 2QHSRVVLELOLW\LVDQ$UDZDNVRXUFHIRUWKHHDUO\6SDQLVK mangle VHH)HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\ Valdés 1535). As regards the loanword survey, mangrove ZDVUDWKHUSRRUO\NQRZQE\)LQQLVK VFKRRO FKLOGUHQ DQG E\ HOHPHQWDU\ DQG KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZKLOH RIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH0H[LFDQ XSSHU HOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO VWXGHQWV NQHZ WKH WHUP $QVZHUV IURP WKH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV LQFOXGH vedessä kasvava sokkeloinen puu ! ³DPD]HOLNHWUHHJURZLQJLQZDWHU´ meren lähellä oleva metsä ! ³DIRUHVWQHDUWKHVHD´ joku hedelmä ! ³VRPHNLQGRIIUXLW´ ±SRVVLEO\IURPµPDQJR¶DQG eläin ! ³DQDQLPDO´ +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG musiikki tyylilaji ! ³PXVLFVW\OHJHQUH´ DQG yhdenmiehen ryhmä ! ³RQHPDQ¶VJURXS´ $QVZHUVIURPWKH0H[LFDQVXUYH\LQFOXGH DFXPXODFLyQGHDJXDFRQÀRUD\IDXQD ! arbol con raices en el agua ! conjunto de árboles que crecen en agua ! ecosistema en veracruz ! lugar lindo ! lugar lleno de vida ! un lago o rio que tine arboles ! se encuentran en cancún !DQG un lugar frio ! Papaya (Sp. papaya> Carica papaya ]) is a plant originating from southern Mexico and Central America, from where it spread throughout the tropical Americas. The origin of the word is Taino papaya (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 111), the source for Spanish, English, German, and Swedish papayaDQG)LQQLVK papaija . Students in all the surveys were quite familiar with WKH ZRUG HOHPHQWDU\ DQG KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV LQ )LQODQG DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ DQG $ODVNDQ KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG 0H[LFDQ XSSHU HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV $V LQ WKH FDVH RI PDQ\ RWKHU DQVZHUV WKH ORZHU HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO FKLOGUHQ¶V DQVZHUV LQ )LQODQGH[WHQGHGEH\RQGWKH³FRUUHFW´DQVZHUV joku papu ! ³VRPHW\SHRIDEHDQ´ marja ! ³EHUU\´ mauste ! ³VSLFH´ pähkinä ! ³QXW´ eläin ! ³DQLPDO´ DQG papukaija ! ³SDUURW´ ± SUREDEO\ FRQIXVHG ZLWK WKH )LQQLVK ZRUG IRU µSDUURW¶ papukaija . High school VWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGDGGHGDOVR siiderimaku :) ! ³FLGHUÀDYRU ´ DQGRQHVWXGHQWLQ3RODQG ³0LQLRQVOLNHLW´ 126 Harri Kettunen

Pitaya ~ pitahaya DOVRµGUDJRQIUXLW¶LQ(QJOLVK ZDVUHFRUGHGLQWKH&DULEEHDQE\WKH HDUO\REVHUYHUVLQFOXGLQJ0DUW\U2YLHGRDQG/DV&DVDV7KHODWWHU /DV&DVDV&KDSWHU ;,, GHVFULEHVWKHIUXLWDVIROORZV³$QRWKHULVFDOOHGSLWDKD\DWKHSHQXOWLPDWHV\OODEOHORQJ WKHVKHOOLVUHGRQWKHRXWVLGHDQGKDVFHUWDLQQRWVRJRRGWKRUQVRQLWWKHLQVLGHLVDOPRVWOLNH WKDWRIDULSH¿JZLWKPDQ\EODFNJUDLQVOLNHWKRVHRIWKHSDKDUL¿JVRI&DVWLOHDQGRIWKH appearance of brevas >HDUO\¿JV@VRPHWKLQJWDVW\DQGIUHVK´ 58 Savanna ~ savannah (Sp. sabana 59 ) is an open or semi-open plain of long grass in the tropics and subtropics, frequently with scattered trees and distinct wet and dry seasons. The word originates in Taino sabana IRU µVDYDQQDK¶ RU ³IHZ WUHHV´ SRVVLEO\ DQDO\]HG DV sa - µZRRG¶ ba µODUJH¶ na µVPDOO¶ZKHUHVDEDPHDQVµIRUHVWHG¶DQGQDµVPDOO¶ *UDQEHUU\DQG 9HVFHOLXV )URPWKH&DULEEHDQWKHZRUGWUDYHOHGWR6SDQLVKLQWKHIRUP zavana and çavana , with a later change into savana DQG¿QDOO\WRPRGHUQ sabana . English has had zavana (16th century), savanar and savanah (plural savanæ ) (17th c.), savana (17th to 18th c. and 20th F DQG¿QDOO\ savanna and savannah IURPWKHWKFHQWXU\RQZDUGV 2(' ZKLOH)LQQLVK UHFHLYHGWKHZRUGE\ +lNNLQHQ YLD6ZHGLVK savann / savanna , German Savanne, )UHQFK savane , and Spanish sabana ( zavana , çavana ) (SSA3). 7KHWHUPZDVZHOONQRZQWKURXJKRXWWKHVXUYH\RIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO FKLOGUHQDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUPZKLOHRIWKH$ODVNDQDQG RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV ZHUH IDPLOLDU ZLWK LW7KH SHUFHQWDJH RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV¶ answers has to be understood in the light of the fact that the word sabana PHDQVµVDYDQQDa VDYDQQDK¶LQ6SDQLVKZKLOHWKHZRUG sábana ZLWKWKHVWUHVVRQWKH¿UVWV\OODEOH PHDQVµ EHG VKHHW¶DQGPDQ\VWXGHQWVRQO\SURYLGHGWKHODWWHUH[SODQDWLRQ)XUWKHUPRUHLQWKHFDVHRIWKH $ODVNDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVZHQHHGWRWDNHLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHIDFWWKDW6DYDQQDK 60 is also a city in the US, as revealed by these two answers: “a town in Georgia” and “city in Georgia.” 7KHUHZDVDOVRVRPHRYHUDOOFRQIXVLRQDVWRWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGHVSHFLDOO\E\WKH)LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV0DQ\DQVZHUHG aavikko ! ³GHVHUW´ RUVRPHWKLQJUHODWHGWRWKDW VXFKDV Afrikassa oleva hiekka-alue ! ³VDQGDUHDLQ$IULFD´ 2WKHUVUHODWHGWKHZRUGWRD GU\SODFHRUDGU\DUHDZLWKDQLPDOV kuiva alue, jossa esim seeprat elävät ! ³GU\DUHDZKHUH HJ ]HEUDV OLYH´ DQG aavikkomainen paikka jossa elää esim norsuja ! ³GHVHUWOLNH SODFH where, e.g., elephants live”). However, especially many elementary school students had a more DFFXUDWHDFFRXQWVXFKDV harva puinen alue esim Afrikassa ! ³DQDUHDLQ$IULFDZLWKVFDWWHUHG WUHHV´ Afrikan tasanko-alue ! ³DSODLQLQ$IULFD´ vähän kuin aro ! ³DELWOLNHVWHSSH´ kuuma tasainen alue troopisella vyöhykkeelä ! ³DKRWÀDWDUHDLQWKHWURSLFDOUHJLRQ´ kuiva

58 ³2WUDHVOODPDGDSLWDKD\DODSHQ~OWLPDVtODEDOXHQJDHVFRORUDGDODFiVFDUDSRUGHIXHUD\WLHQHFLHUWDV espinas no buenas en ella, lo de dentro es cuasi como lo de una madura breva, con unos granitos muchos QHJURVFRPRORVGHORVKLJRVSDKDULHVGH&DVWLOOD\GHODKHFKXUDGHODEUHYDDOJRHVVDEURVD\IUHVFD´ 59 7KH WHUP ZDV ZULWWHQ DV oDEDQD oDYDQDV DQG VDEDQD LQ WKH HDUO\ VRXUFHV 0DUW\U /DV &DVDV DQG 2YLHGR /DV&DVDV &KDSWHU/9, KDVWKHIROORZLQJGHVFULSWLRQ³>«@HQHVWDLVODHVSHFLDOPHQWH como por este tiempo hace seca, y los indios eran inclinados, y se holgaban, de poner fuego á los herbazales, que eran grandísimos por las innumerables campiñas llanas y rasas que habia, y que ellos llaman en su OHQJXDoDEDQDVORXQRSRUTXHWDQWDHV\WDQWRFUHFHODKLHUEDTXHWDSDyRFXSDORVFDPLQRV\FRPRDQGDQ desnudos, la hierba grande les lastima, lo otro, porque entre la hierba se criaban los conejos desta isla, TXHQRPEUDEDQKXWLDV GHTXHDGHODQWHVHKDEODUi'LRVTXHULHQGR \HUDQVLQQ~PHUR\FRQTXHPDUODV oDEDQDVPDWDEDQWRGRVORVTXHTXHULDQSRUHVWRWHQLDQGHFRVWXPEUHGHTXHPDUODV´ 60 The etymology of Savannah is debated and it may be a corruption of the term Shawano or Shaawanwa, UHIHUULQJ WR WKH $OJRQTXLDQVSHDNLQJ 6KDZQHH SHRSOH RU D UHIHUHQFH WR WKH JHRJUDSK\ DURXQG WKH Savannah river, or both. New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 127 alue ja siel on leijonii ! ³GU\ DUHD DQG WKHUH DUH OLRQV´ DQG alue joka sijaitsee yleensä sademetsien lähellä ! ³DQDUHDWKDWLVXVXDOO\ORFDWHGFORVHWRWKHUDLQIRUHVWV´ )XUWKHUPRUH some elementary school students associated savanni ZLWK UDLQ IRUHVWV viidakko ! ³MXQJOH´ DQG Afrikan sademetsä ! ³UDLQIRUHVWLQ$IULFD´ 6LPLODUO\DQVZHUVIURP0H[LFR$ODVNDDQG 3RODQGYDULHGLQWKHLUDFFXUDF\ lugar en la selva caluroso en donde normalmente viven leones y elefantes !³GHVHUW´DQG³VRPHNLQGRIMXQJOH´UHVSHFWLYHO\2QHVWXGHQWLQ3RODQGDOVRNQHZ that sawanna (savanna) is a “Minecraft biome.” Tiburón 7KH6SDQLVKWHUPIRUVKDUN tiburón ZDVUHFRUGHGDQGGHVFULEHGE\/DV&DVDVLQ his Apologética historia summaria de las gentes destas Indias LQ /DV&DVDV +RZHYHUDV/DV&DVDVDUULYHGLQ+LVSDQLRODDOUHDG\LQZHFDQDVVXPHWKDWKHUHFRUGHG the term early on, and the source is quite possibly Taino. In the Apologética historia summaria , /DV&DVDV REVHUYHVWKHIROORZLQJ 7KHUHDUHLQWKHVHDVRPH¿VKWKDWDOVRHQWHUWKH ULYHUVEXLOWOLNHDGRJ¿VKRUDWOHDVWWKHLUZKROHERG\ZLWKDEOXQWKHDGDQGWKHPRXWKDOLJQHG ZLWKWKHEHOO\ZLWKPDQ\WHHWKWKDWWKH,QGLDQVFDOOHGVKDUNVDIHDUOHVVEHDVWDQGDEXWFKHURI PHQ>@´ 61 Tobacco (Sp. tabaco > Nicotiana VSS@ 7KHRULJLQRIWKHZRUGµWREDFFR¶LVGHEDWHG7KH Spanish word tabaco may come from Taino tabako (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 112). $FFRUGLQJWR2YLHGR )HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpV LWZDVD+DLWLDQ 7DLQR QDPHIRUD <VKDSHGWXEHRUSLSHIRUVPRNLQJ ZKHUHDVWKHWREDFFR>SRZGHU@LWVHOIZDVFDOOHG cohiba !62 >IURPkohowa , “tobacco powder” (Granberry and Vescelius 2004: 108)]). It should also be noted WKDWVLPLODUVRXQGLQJZRUGVZHUHXVHGVLQFHWKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\LQ6SDQLVK3RUWXJXHVHDQG Italian for various herbs that presumably originate in the Arabic term tabaq or tubaq (Campbell 2004: 64) – a name for various medicinal herbs. ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ EHIRUH µWREDFFR¶ (QJOLVK KDG D WHUP IURP DQ XQVSHFL¿HG $OJRQTXLDQ language in the Carolinas, called uppówoc . The term was introduced to English by Thomas Harriot (1560–1621) in his A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia. (Harriot ZKHUHKHQRWHVWKDW³>W@KHUHLVDQKHUEHZKLFKLVVRZHGDSDUWE\LWVHOIH LVFDOOHG by the inhabitants vppówoc : In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according to the seuerall SODFHV FRXQWULHVZKHUHLWJURZHWKDQGLVYVHG7KH6SDQLDUGHVJHQHUDOO\FDOOLW Tobacco .”

61 ³+D\HQODPDU\HQWUDQWDPELHQHQORVULRVXQRVSHFHVGHKHFKXUDGHFD]RQHVyDOPHQRVWRGRHOFXHUSR la cabeza bota y la boca en el derecho de la barriga, con muchos dientes, que los indios llamaron tiburones, EHVWLDEUDYtVLPD\FDUQLFHUDGHKRPEUHV>@´ 62 /DV&DVDV &KDSWHU&/;9, JLYHVDGHWDLOHGDFFRXQWRIXVLQJWKHSRGHU³7HQLDQKHFKRVFLHUWRV SROYRVGHFLHUWDV\HUEDVPX\VHFDV\ELHQPROLGDVGHFRORUGHFDQHODyGHDOKHxDPROLGDHQ¿QHUDQGH FRORUOHRQDGDpVWRVSRQLDQHQXQSODWRUHGRQGRQROODQRVLQRXQSRFRDOJRFRPEDGRyKRQGRKHFKRGH PDGHUDWDQKHUPRVROLVR\OLQGRTXHQRIXHUDPX\PiVKHUPRVRGHRURyGHSODWDHUDFXDVLQHJUR\ lucio como de azabache. Tenian un instrumento de la misma madera y materia, y con la misma polideza y KHUPRVXUDODKHFKXUDGHDTXHOLQVWUXPHQWRHUDGHOWDPDxRGHXQDSHTXHxDÀDXWDWRGRKXHFRFRPRORHV ODÀDXWDGHORVGRVWHUFLRVGHODFXDOHQDGHODQWHVHDEULDSRUGRVFDxXWRVKXHFRVGHODPDQHUDTXHDEULPRV los dos dedos del medio, sacado el pulgar, cuando extendemos la mano. Aquellos dos cañutos puestos en DPERViGRVYHQWDQDVGHODVQDULFHV\HOSULQFLSLRGHODÀDXWDGLJDPRVHQORVSROYRVTXHHVWDEDQHQHO plato, sorbian con el huelgo hácia dentro, y sorbiendo recibian por las narices la cantidad de los polvos que tomar determinaban, los cuales recibidos salian luégo de seso cuasi como si bebieran vino fuerte, de GRQGHTXHGDEDQERUUDFKRVyFXDVLERUUDFKRV(VWRVSROYRV\HVWDVFHUHPRQLDVyDFWRVVHOODPDEDQFRKRED ODPHGLDVtODEDOXHQJDHQVXOHQJXDMHDOOtKDEODEDQFRPRHQDOJDUDEtDyFRPRDOHPDQHVFRQIXVDPHQWH QRVpTXpFRVDV\SDODEUDV&RQHVWRHUDQGLJQRVGHOFRORTXLRGHODVHVWDWXDV\RUiFXORVySRUPHMRUGHFLU GHOHQHPLJRGHODQDWXUDOH]DKXPDQDSRUHVWDPDQHUDVHOHVGHVFXEULDQORVVHFUHWRV\HOORVSURIHWDEDQy DGHYLQDEDQGHDOOtRLDQ\VDELDQVLOHVHVWDEDSRUYHQLUDOJXQELHQDGYHUVLGDGyGDxR´ 128 Harri Kettunen

+HDOVRGHVFULEHVWKDWWKHQDWLYHV³YVHWRWDNHWKHIXPHRUVPRNHWKHUHRIE\VXFNLQJLWWKURXJK SLSHVPDGHRIFODLHLQWRWKHLUVWRPDFNHDQGKHDGH´DQGFODLPVWKDWEHFDXVHRIVPRNLQJ³WKHLU ERGLHVDUHQRWDEO\SUHVHUXHGLQKHDOWK NQRZQRWPDQ\JUHHXRXVGLVHDVHVZKHUHZLWKDOOZHH LQ(QJODQGDUHRIWHQWLPHVD൷LFWHG´+DUULRWSURPRWHGWREDFFRIXUWKHUE\VWDWLQJWKDW³>Z@H RXUVHOXHVGXULQJWKHWLPHZHZHUHWKHUHYVHGWRVXFNLWDIWHUWKHLUPDQHUDVDOVRVLQFHRXU UHWXUQH KDXHIRXQGPDQLHUDUHDQGZRQGHUIXOH[SHULPHQWVRIWKHYHUWXHVWKHUHRIRIZKLFK WKHUHODWLRQZRXOGHUHTXLUHDYROXPHE\LWVHOIH>@´$VLWKDSSHQHG+DUULRWGHYHORSHGQDVDO cancer and died at the age of 60 (Cutler 1994: 12) 63 7RGD\ZHNQRZEHWWHUDIDFWWKDWLVUHÀHFWHG LQWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\FDUULHGRXWLQDKLJKVFKRROLQ$ODVNDZLWKIROORZLQJUHDFWLRQVWRWKHWHUP µWREDFFR¶³DFKHPLFDOWKDWKDUPVKXPDQV´³>D@VXEVWDQFHWKDWLVEDGIRUKHDOWK´³DQDGGLFWLYH GUXJ´³JURVVSODQW´³FKHZLWVPRNHLWJURVV´DQG³VPRNHGFKHZHGSODQW±FDXVHVFDQFHU´ The term uppówoc did not catch on, and was soon replaced by the word tobacco that was DOUHDG\NQRZQLQ(XURSH%DVHGRQWKLVWHUPZHKDYHWKH6SDQLVK$UDJRQHVH*DOLFLDQDQG 3RUWXJXHVH tabaco &DWDODQDQG)UHQFK tabac ,WDOLDQ tabacco (QJOLVK tobacco :HOVK tybaco Irish tobac *HUPDQ Tabak 'XWFKDQG$IULNDDQV tabak YLD3HUVLDQϮ̯ΎΒϨΗ ( tambâku @ 3DVKWRϮ̯ΎΒϨΗ m ( WDQEƗN~ .D]DNKɬɟɦɟɤɿ YLD 3HUVLDQ Ϯ̯ΎΒϨΗ > tambâku @ *XMDUDWL ӀӉӕұӚ ( WDPEƗNX +LQGL ćŃďĭøĳ ( WDPEƗNǌ 8UGX Ϯ̯ΎΒϤΗ (WDPEƗNǌ 1HSDOL ĝĲćŎ ( WDPƗNKX 0DUDWKL ćŃďĭùĳ ( WDPEƗNKǌ %HQJDOL তামাক ( tanak .DQQDGD 6RPDOL -DSDQHVH タバコ ( tabako .RUHDQ жؑ ( dambae 0RQJROLDQ Ɍɚɦɯɢ ൪෇౾థ tubaakada 6ZDKLOL tumbaku ~ tumbako

63 2WKHUZRUGVLQWURGXFHGE\ RUDVFULEHGWR 7KRPDV+DUULRWLQFOXGH cushaw FRF~VKDZ!DW\SHRID squash), macock PDFyFTZHU!W\SHRIDSXPSNLQ manitou PRQWyDF!³IRUFHVRIQDWXUHGHLW\´ tsinaw DURRWDFFRUGLQJWR+DUULRW³PXFKOLNHYQWR\WZKLFKLQ(QJODQGLVFDOOHGWKH&KLQDURRWEURXJKW IURPWKH(DVW,QGLHV´>&XWOHU QRWHVWKDWWKH$OJRQTXLDQZRUGPD\DFWXDOO\FRPHIURPWKHZRUG China UHIHUULQJWRDSODQWFDOOHG&KLQDURRW> Smilax China @ WKDWZDVDGRSWHGE\WKH$OJRQTXLDQVSHDNHUV from the English, and reintroduced to Harriot]), and werowance WULEDOFKLHIRUR൶FLDO &XWOHU 8-9, 248). 64 Many languages around the world have also created new terms for tobacco – or borrowed (an unrelated) ሔ ሕ WHUPIURPDQRWKHUODQJXDJH)URP$UDELF ᒇቲ ዡጕ (GXۚƗQ ³VPRNHWREDFFR´ ZHKDYHWKH2WWRPDQ7XUNLVK ᒇቲዡጕ (duhan 3HUVLDQ ቺቲᘮᒐቲዡጕ ( dkhanaat $OEDQLDQ duhani %RVQLDQ duvan 6HUELDQ ɞɭɜɚɧ duvan Croatian duhan+XQJDULDQ dohány0DOWHVH GXƫƫDQ.XUGLVK dûxan and Swahili dohani)URP7XUNLVK tütün IURP2WWRPDQ7XUNLVK ᒇᓗ኏ᓗ኏ >tütün @DQGXOWLPDWHO\IURP3URWR7XUNLF WW>H@³WRVPRNH´ ZH get Belarusian ɬɵɬɭɧɶ 8NUDLQLDQDQG%XOJDULDQ ɬɸɬɸɧ 0DFHGRQLDQ ɬɭɬɭɧ 3ROLVK W\WRĔ 5RPDQLDQ tutun , Azerbaijani tütün DQG $UPHQLDQ GLDOHFWDO ཨཷཱྀཨཷཱཱྀུ WҵXWҵXQ 2WKHU WHUPV LQFOXGH $UPHQLDQ ཭ཬའཬཷཾ cxaxot IURP ཭ཷཱྀཬ > cux @ ³VPRNH´ *UHHN țĮʌȞȩȢ kapnós SRVVLEO\ IURP 3URWR,QGR ݜ ࡬ ðïၪၱðïၳၪၴܤހQၫၫWࢎ Vܭ0DQGDULQM &KLQHVH ⅼⲡ ↮ⲡ ³WRVPRNHWRဧHDPWRERLO´ NZHS XURSHDQ) ¶+PRQJ luam yeeb ( yeeb µRSLXPðïܧހDQG:XLၫၫWࢎ VDݜၫñހQၪၪၱððWࢎ Vܭ0LQ1DQLRX ࡬ ñၫހQၫၫWࢎ VޝDQWRQHVHML& Khmer ɸʅ ̈́ȻȔ͐ ( WKQDPFǎΩN 7KDL ѕѥѝѬэ (from Ѡѕѥ ya >MDޝ@IURP3URWR7DL ސM݁ԥୢ>³PHGLFLQH´@ ѝѬэ sùup (from Thai ( ya sup >VXޝS ࡘ ࠥ@³WRVXFNWRVPRNH´ /DR ǢǭǦ Ǵ Ǜ ѕѥѝѬэ 0\DQPDU %XUPHVH ñŘŰĆŁëŲ6LQKDOD 7HOXJX ׈ ( pukayilaדׅ֫ו׀ 7DPLO ௖஘୷௜஘ஆ ( pukaiyilai ) and Malayalam ࿼ၨ༒໠༊༇ ( GXPNRۜD ( SRJƗNX 9LHWQDPHVH 7KX͙FOi &KLFKHZD fodya ERUURZHGIURP3RUWXJXHVH folha ³OHDI´ 6HVRWKR koae DQG=XOX ugwayi. New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 129 tupakki +lNNLQHQ ZKHUHDVWKHHDUOLHVWUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHFXUUHQWIRUP tupakka GDWHEDFN WR +lNNLQHQ66$ 7KH¿UVWYRZHO X LQWKHZRUGDSSHDUVWRUHÀHFWWKH6ZHGLVK pronunciation of tobac LHޖWXޝEDN6LPLODUO\WKH)LQQLVKZRUGIRUFKRFRODWH suklaa ), is based RQWKHSURQXQFLDWLRQ>µVXNOD@UDWKHUWKDQWKHZULWWHQIRUPRIWKH6ZHGLVKWHUP choklad (see below for further discussion).

LOANWORDS FROM NAHUATL

Words of Nahuatl origin are overwhelming in Mexican Spanish, copious in Spanish of Spain, and relatively frequent in other European languages. There are several reasons for this. 2QHLVWKDW1DKXDWOZDVWKHGRPLQDQWODQJXDJHLQ0H[LFRGXULQJWKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\DQGWKH lingua franca in Mesoamerica after the Conquest. The other is the long presence of Europeans (during the conquest and colonization) in the area. And related to the latter, the Spanish and 0H[LFDFXOWXUHVFRH[LVWHGDQGGUHZIURPHDFKRWKHU¶VFXOWXUHVOHDGLQJWRWKHFXUUHQWFXOWXUDO and linguistic mix. In comparison, many sparsely-populated North American regions produced SUDFWLFDOO\QRRUYHU\IHZORDQZRUGVWR(QJOLVKRU)UHQFKHVSHFLDOO\WRWKHYDULDQWVVSRNHQLQ WKH2OG:RUOG 65 . The linguistic patterns based on intensive cultural contacts and co-existence YHUVXVLUUHJXODUDQGUDQGRPFRQWDFWV HVSHFLDOO\LQVSDUVHO\SRSXODWHGDUHDV DUHYHU\GL൵HUHQW DQG SURGXFH GLVWLQFW RXWFRPHV /H[LFDO ERUURZLQJV LQ WKH ¿UVW FDVH DUH LQWHQVLYH7KH\ FDQ go both ways or the other can be more dominant (as we have seen earlier in the borrowing patterns of Uralic vs. Indo-European languages). In the case of Central Mexico, the lexical ERUURZLQJVZHQWERWKZD\V 6SDQLVKLQÀXHQFLQJ1DKXDWODQGRWKHU,QGLJHQRXVODQJXDJHVLQ WKHDUHD±DQG>SULPDULO\@1DKXDWOLQÀXHQFLQJ6SDQLVKZLWKQXPHURXVORDQZRUGV 2EYLRXVO\ in sparsely-populated areas, lexical borrowings are generally rare. And if the encounters of the cultures or societies are also primarily hostile, as in many cases throughout the history of the European colonization of the Americas and, e.g., the subsequent “Manifest Destiny” and “Indian removal” in the United States, it is not surprising that there are relatively few loanwords from North American Indigenous languages (beyond the early Algonquian loanwords) in common usage today. Another reason for the success of (the ongoing) Nahuatl-based loanwords worldwide are the food products and ingredients originating in Mexico 66 . While chocolate, cacao, chili, and tomato have been on their world tour since the 16th century, newcomers such as avocado, and recently also chia DUHUHODWLYHO\UHFHQWLQWKHFXLVLQHVZRUOGZLGH)XUWKHUPRUH0H[LFDQ cuisine has introduced terms such as guacamole , mole , jalapeño , and chipotle to lands afar. However, out of the 2,600 Nahuatlisms listed in Montemayor et al RQO\DURXQG KDYHDZLGHUGLVWULEXWLRQLQGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHV2QWKHIROORZLQJSDJHVDVHOHFWLRQRIWKHVH words is scrutinized in more detail.

65 The exception is the Northeastern North America and the initial European contact with (mostly) $OJRQTXLDQVSHDNHUVSURGXFLQJDJUHDWQXPEHURIORDQZRUGVLQWR(QJOLVK7KHVHZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGIXUWKHU below. 66 ³2ULJLQDWLQJLQ0H[LFR´KHUHPHDQVLWHPVWKDWZHUHLQWURGXFHGWR(XURSH from Mexico, whether they are originally from Mexico or not. 130 Harri Kettunen

Achiote > Bixa orellana ]67 derives from the Nahuatl word ƗFKL\ǀWO 6DKDJ~Q >9RO folios 217v and 218r]) has achiotl and Karttunen (1992: 2-3) ƗFKLRWO . However, Molina (1571) has achiyotetl as “almagre 68 HQWHURRHQSHGDoRVDQWHVTXHORPXHODQ´ZKLOH+LODULR&UX] (2018: 1) has achiyotl and Wolgemuth et al >0HFD\DSDQGLDOHFWRI,VWKPXV1DKXDWOLQ Veracruz] DFKL\ǀ¶ . Indigenous American languages in Mexico, Central America, and (northern) South America have numerous native terms for the plant. Quechua, however, seems to have borrowed the term from Nahuatl (via Spanish?): achiwiti ~ achiyuti . This is not unusual as the SODQWRQO\JURZVLQVXEWURSLFDODQGWURSLFDOFOLPDWHV7KHWHUPDSSHDUVDOVRLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHVDV a loanword from Nahuatl via Spanish: Tagalog atsuwete , Cebuano: atsuete ~ atsuwete , Central %LNRO atsuwete , and Kapampangan aswiti . In a few languages, the word is derived from Cariban- derived term annatto VHHWKHGLVFXVVLRQDERYH LQFOXGLQJ)LQQLVK annatto 5XVVLDQ8NUDLQLDQ DQG .D]DNK ɚɧɧɚɬɨ , German Annatto (strauch ), 69 and Dutch anatto (boom)70 3RUWXJXHVH RQ the other hand, has a Tupi-derived term urucu (also urucum ), from Tupi(an) uru’ku . In other parts of the world, there are various terms for Bixa orellana that are descriptive (or otherwise constructed): Indonesian has kesumba keling ( kesumba VD൷RZHU > Carthamus tinctorius ] and keling UHIHUVWRSHRSOHIURPWKH,QGLDQVXEFRQWLQHQW>IURPWKHDQFLHQW,QGLDQNLQJGRPRI .DOLQJD@LQVRPHSDUWVRI6RXWKHDVW$VLD /LWKXDQLDQKDV GDåLQơXUOLMD where GDåLQơ means µWXUPHULF¶ Curcuma longa ±DQRWKHUFRORULQJDQGÀDYRULQJDJHQW DQGNQRZQLQ(XURSHVLQFH the antiquity). Atlatl RU µVSHDUWKURZHU¶ GHULYHV IURP 1DKXDWO D࣯WODWO 6SHDUWKURZHUV DUH NQRZQ IURP DURXQG WKH ZRUOG VLQFH WKH 8SSHU 3DOHROLWKLF DQG ZKLOH WKH WHUP atlatl is widely used in DQWKURSRORJLFDOOLWHUDWXUHLQWKH$PHULFDVLWZDVXQNQRZQWRPRVWVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\:KLOH RIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPQRQHRIWKHHOHPHQWDU\RUKLJK VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGNQHZLW6RPHZKDWVXUSULVLQJO\QRQHRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVNQHZ WKHWHUPHLWKHU DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG atl = agua, doble agua, mucha agua (?) ! palabra en lengua indigema ! palabra en nahúatl ! comida ! una tribu !DQG lugar ! ,Q)LQODQGD IHZHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHWHUPZLWKWKH$WODQWLFDVLQ meri maapallossa ! )XUWKHUPRUH D FRXSOH RI WKHP DVVRFLDWHG WKH ZRUG XQGRXEWHGO\ ZLWK $WODQWLV uponnut kaupunki ! ³VXQNHQ FLW\´ DQG maa hukkunnut sellainen ! ³ODQG>@ D GURZQHG RQH´ ,Q DGGLWLRQRQHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG maan osa ! ³FRQWLQHQWSDUWRIWKHHDUWK´ 8QLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG mayaintiaanien heittokeihäs ! ³DWKURZLQJVSHDURIWKH 0D\D ,QGLDQV´ intiaanikirves ! ³,QGLDQ D[H´ Mesoamerikkalaista intiaanikieltä ! ³>D ZRUGLQD@0HVRDPHULFDQ,QGLDQODQJXDJH´ DQG Pohjois-Amerikan intiaanien sana ! ³1RUWK American Indian word”). Avocado (Sp. aguacate > Persea americana ]), a tree native to Mexico and Central America, derives from Nahuatl ƗKXDFDWO ( ƗZDNDWO ), which means both the fruit (or, more precisely, a berry) DVZHOODVµWHVWLFOH¶LQ1DKXDWO .DUWWXQHQ )URPWKH6SDQLVKORDQ aguacate the word reached other languages, including English ( avocado – earlier also avogato and avogato pear >WKFHQWXU\@ avocato >WKF@DQG avigato >WKF@ DQG6ZHGLVKDVZHOODV)LQQLVK avokado . $YRFDGRZDVRQHRIWKHEHVWNQRZQWHUPVLQWKHVXUYH\RIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO

67 See annatto above for the discussion of the plant itself. መ ᠔ UD ) “red clay or earth”]) refers toۆThe term almagre (variant of almagra >IURP$UDELF ᒻፅሔ Ꮌᑿሔ ᑢቨ (DOPD 68 raddle, or “red ochre.” 69 Also, Orleanstrauch , Rukustrauch , Stephanulrich , Butterfarb , Urian , and [Roter] Lippenstiftbaum ). 70 Also, orleaanboom . New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 131

VWXGHQWVRIWKH)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV PDUNHGGRZQWKHFRUUHFWDQVZHUZKLOHWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ¿JXUHLQ0H[LFRZDV$QVZHUV IURPWKH0H[LFDQVXUYH\LQFOXGH comida fav de sebastian villalovos ! oro verde verdura con mucho aceite ! testículo (fruta verde bien rica) ! fruto de la vida ! alimento delicioso saludable !DQG VHHG@LQWKHPLGGOH´ sellainen syötävä pieni näyttää vähän rypäleeltä ! ³DQHGLEOHVPDOO>WKLQJ@ORRNVDELWOLNHJUDSH´ vihreä paljon ravintoaineita sisältävä hedelmä ! ³DJUHHQIUXLWWKDWKDVDORWRIQXWULHQWV´ syötävä hedelmä joka ei ole makea ! ³DQHGLEOHIUXLWWKDWLVQRWVZHHW´ vihannes ! ³YHJHWDEOH´ hedelmä (rasvanen) ! ³IUXLW IDWW\ ´ kiivin näköinen hedelmä sisältä vihreä ! ³DIUXLWUHVHPEOLQJDNLZL>IUXLW@ JUHHQLQVLGH´ terveellinen, sisällä kivi, vihreä ! ³KHDOWK\VWRQH>VHHG@LQVLGHJUHHQ´ DQG ruoka joka ei juurikaan maistu miltään ! ³IRRG>VWX൵@WKDWGRHVQ¶WWDVWHOLNHDQ\WKLQJ´ +LJK VFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG kivellinen ja suolainen hedelmä ! ³DIUXLWWKDWLVVDOW\DQGKDVDVWRQH >VHHG@´ pahan makuinen vihreä kasvi ! ³EDGWDVWLQJJUHHQSODQW´ DQGDQHQLJPDWLF se mis o jotai kalan jotai ! ³WKDWZKLFKKDVVRPH¿VKVRPHWKLQJ´ %HVLGHVWKHVHRQH3ROLVKVWXGHQW added: awokado : “Billie Eilish.” Cacao (Theobroma cacao ) derives from Nahuatl cacahuatl ( kakawatl ) and ultimately from 3URWR0L[H=RTXHDQ NDNDZD .DXIPDQDQG-XVWHVRQ &DFDRKDVDORQJKLVWRU\ LQ0HVRDPHULFDKDYLQJEHHQXVHGDVDGULQNDVZHOODVFXUUHQF\ 71 . Cacao beans (but not the ZRUGµFDFDR¶ 72 ZHUH¿UVWGHVFULEHGE\)HUGLQDQG&ROXPEXVLQKLVQRZORVWGLDU\RIWKHIRXUWK YR\DJH ± WRWKH1HZ:RUOGE\KLVIDWKHU&KULVWRSKHU&ROXPEXV7KHHDUOLHVWNQRZQ FRS\RIWKHDFFRXQWLVWKH,WDOLDQWUDQVODWLRQ &ROXPER RI)HUGLQDQG¶VZULWLQJV3DUWVRI WKHDFFRXQWKDYHFOHDUO\DOUHG\EHHQLQÀXHQFHGE\ODWHUHQFRXQWHUVLQWKH1HZ:RUOGDVWKH IDFWWKDWFDFDREHDQVZHUHXVHGDVFXUUHQF\LQ1HZ6SDLQFRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQNQRZQLQ

³,QWKHPLGGOHWKHUHZDVDFRYHUPDGHRISDOPOHDYHVQRGL൵HUHQWIURPWKRVHZKLFK EULQJJRQGRODVWR9HQLFH>@8QGHUWKLVFRYHUZHUHWKHFKLOGUHQDQGWKHZRPHQDOOWKH belongings, the merchandise, and the men, who steered the boat, even though they were 25, they did not have the strength to defend themselves against the ships that followed WKHP7KHUHIRUHWDNLQJWKHFDQRHZLWKRXWFRQÀLFWLWZDVOHGWRWKHFDQDOVZKHUHWKH $GPLUDOJDYHPDQ\WKDQNVWR*RGVHHLQJWKDWLQDQLQVWDQWDQGZLWKRXWH൵RUWKHOLNHG to show him all the things of that land. When he commanded them to remove what VHHPHGWRKLPWREHRIWKHJUHDWHVWVLJKWDQGSULFHWKDWLVVRPHEODQNHWVVOHHYHOHVV FRWWRQVKLUWVZRUNHGDQGSDLQWHGLQGL൵HUHQWFRORUVDQGGHFRUDWLRQVDQGVRPHOLWWOH strips of cloth, with which they cover their shameful parts, of the same material, and sheets, with which the Indian women of the canoe cover themselves, as the Moors? RI*UDQDGDXVXDOO\FRYHUWKHPVHOYHVDQGORQJZRRGHQVZRUGVZLWKDJURRYHIURP

71 7KHQRZH[WLQFW;LQNDUHWDLQHGWKHFRQQHFWLRQZLWKFDFDRDQGYDOXHFRVWLQWKHWHUP tuwa (Rogers QG6DFKVH 5RJHUV KDV wax ’ar tuwa-h and Sachse (2010: 662) ҌLZDѤWXZDҌ for “how much is it worth?” 72 1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJWKHHDUO\HQFRXQWHUZLWKFDFDR EHDQV LWWRRNDQRWKHUWZHQW\\HDUVEHIRUHWKH6SDQLVK were seriously introduced to cacao, during and after the conquest of Mexico. 132 Harri Kettunen

HDFKEDQGRIZLUHVWRZKLFKWKH\ZHUHDWWDFKHGZLWKZLUHDQGUD]RUVPDGHRIÀLQW which they use to shave themselves as if they were made of steel. And axes for cutting wood, similar to those made of stone, which the other Indians use, except that these ZHUHRIJRRGFRSSHUDQGRIWKDWVDPHPHWDOWKH\FDUULHGUDWWOHVRIVSLNHVWRJHWKHU with a melting pot. And for their provisions they brought roots and grains, which they HDWRQ>+LVSDQLROD@DQGDFHUWDLQZLQHPDGHRXWRIPDL]HZKLFKLVVLPLODUWRWKHEHHU from England, and many of those almonds, which they use in New Spain for currency >DQG@ZKLFKWKH\DOVRVHHPHGWRKROGLQKLJKHVWHHPIRUZKHQWKH\ZHUHWDNHQWRWKH ship together with their goods, I noticed that when any of these almonds fell, they all immediately crouched down to collect it, as if an eye had fallen.” 73

When it comes to the VFLHQWL¿FQDPH RIFDFDRLWZDV&DUOYRQ/LQQpZKRFDPHXSZLWK the name Theobroma cacao in the second volume of his Species Plantarum LQ /LQQp 1753b: 782). However, there were other botanical names (or descriptive names) for cacao EHIRUH/LQQp*DVSDU%DXKLQGHVFULEHGFDFDRLQKLV Pinax Theatri Botanici “Amygdalis similis Guatimalensis. Avellana Mexiocana, cujus fructum indigenæ Cacao appellant”, or “The *XDWHPDODQ)DX[$OPRQG7KH0H[LFDQKD]HOZKRVHIUXLWWKHLQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHVFDOO&DFDR´ (Bauhin 1623: 442) 74 . The term had just entered his botanical treatise, as there is no mention of cacao in his 1620 version Prodromos Theatri Botanici )XUWKHUPRUHDQRWKHUSUH/LQQpDQ ERWDQLVW/HRQDUG3OXNHQHWFDOOHG³$UERU&DFDYLIHUD LH&DFDXLIHUD $PHULFDQD´LQKLV treatise Almagestum Botanicum 3OXNHQHW 7KHZRUGLVTXLWHXQLIRUPLQPDQ\ODQJXDJHVLQWKHZRUOGLQFOXGLQJ$IULNDDQV kakao , Arabic ᓆቲᝏቲᝣᑢቨ ( kakaw ), Chinese ⏖⏖ ( NČNČ (XVNHUD cacao *UHHNțĮțȐȠ kakáo ), Hindi øļøļ

73 ³4XHǕWDQHOPH]RDOGLGHQWURKDXHDYQYROWRIDWWRGLIRJOLHGLSDOPDQRQGLXHUǕRGDTXHOOLFKHSRUWDQR LQ9LQHJLDOHJRQGROH GD¶9LQLWLDQLǕRQGHWWLIHO]LLOTXDOULSDUDXDǕLFRORUFKHY¶HUDQRǕRWWRFKHQH SLRJJLDQHIRUWXQDSRWHDEDJQDUFRǕDDOFXQDGLTXHOOHFKHY¶KDXHDGHQWUR6RWWRTXHVWRYROWRǕWDXDQRL ¿JOLXROL OHG}QH WXWWHOHEDJDJOLH ODPHUFDWmWLD JOLKXRPLQLFKHLOOHJQRJXLGDXDQRDQFRUFKH IRǕǕHUR;;9LTXDOLQRQKHEEHURDQLPRGLGLIHQGHUǕLFRQWUDOHEDUFKHFKHOLǕHJXLURQR3UHǕDDGXQTXH OD&DQRDǕHQ]DFRQWUDVWRGD¶QRVWULIXFRQGRWWDD¶QDXLJOLGRXHO¶$PPLUDJOLRUHǕHPROWHJUDWLHD'LR YHGHQGRHJOLFKHLQXQ¶LǕWDQWH ǕHQ]DIDWLFDQHSHULFRORGH¶ǕXRLJOLSLDFHDGDUJOLPRǕWUDGLWXWWHOHFRǕH GLTXHOODWHUUD/DRQGHFRPPDQGzFKHǕLWRJOLHHGLHǕǕDTXHOFKHDOXLSDUXHHǕǕHUGLPDJJLRUYLǕWD SUH]]RFLRqDOFXQHFRSHUWH FDPLFLXROHGLEmEDJLDǕHQ]DPDQLFKHODXRUDWH GLSLQWHGLGLXHUǕLFRORUL ODYRULHWDOFXQLIDFFLXROLFR¶TXDOLFRSURQROHSDUWLYHUJRJQRǕHGHOO¶LǕWHǕǕRODXRUR OHQ]XRODFRQ OHTXDOLǕLFRSULDQROH,QGLDQHGHOOD&DQRDFRPHǕRJOLRQRFRSULUǕLOH0RUHGL*UDQDWD ǕSDGHGLOHJQR OXQJKHFRQYQFDQDOHGDRJQLEDQGDGH¶¿OLD¶TXDOLHUDQRDWWDFFDWLFRQ¿OR SHFHUDǕRLIDWWLGLSLHWUD IRFDLDFKHIUDKXRPLQLQXGLWDJOLDQRFRPHǕHIRHURGLDFFLDLR PDQDULQLGDWDJOLDUOHJQDǕLPLOLDTXHL GLǕDǕǕRFKHYVDQRJOLDOWUL,QGLDQLǕDOXRFKHTXHǕWLHUDQRGLEXRQUDPH SXUGLTXHOPHWDOORSRUWDXDQR ǕRQDJOLGLSXQWHLQǕLHPHFRQFULǕROLSHUIRQGHUORSRL SHUORURYHWWRXDJOLHSRUWDXDQRGHOOHUDGLFL JUDQRFKHPDQJLDQRTXHOOLGHOOD6SDJQXROD YQFHUWRYLQRIDWWRGL0DL]FKHqǕLPLOHDOOD&HUXRǕD G¶,QJKLOWHUUD PROWHGLTXHOOHPDQGRUOHFKHKDQQRTXHOOLGHOODQXRXD6SDJQDSHUPRQHWDOHTXDOL SDUXHFKHHJOLQRDQFRKDXHǕǕHURLQJUDQGHǕWLPDSHUFLRFKHTXDQGRFRQOHFRǕHORURIXUQHOODQDXHSRǕWLLR QRWDLFKHFDGHQGRDOFXQDGLTXHVWHPDQGRUOHǕXELWRǕLSLHJDXDQRWXWWLDSLJOLDUODFRPHǕHORUIRǕǕHFDGXWR YQ¶RFFKLR>@´ &ROXPERIROLRVYY 74 ³7KH*XDWHPDODQ)DX[$OPRQG7KH0H[LFDQKD]HOZKRVHIUXLWWKHLQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHVFDOO&DFDRDQG ZKLFKWDNHVWKHVKDSHRISDOPV>@7KHIUXLWHQFORVHGLQSRGVKDVWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIDOPRQGVDQGZKROH boats full of this are transported from Guatemala: with this, traders in New Hispania do business, since HYLGHQWO\ IRUWKHPLWVHUYHVWKHSXUSRVHRIPRQH\DQGWKH\GLVWULEXWHLWWRWKHSRRULQSODFHRIDOPV)RU WKLVUHDVRQLWKDVQXPHURXVXVHVWKURXJKRXWWKHZKROHRI$PHULFD,QIDFWIURPWKLVWKH\SUHSDUHDGULQN ZKLFKWKH\FDOO&KRFRODWH>@´ 7UDQVODWLRQIURP/DWLQE\7RGG.UDXVH New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 133

(NǀNǀ ), Japanese カカオ ( kakao ), Khmer ȗȗʹ ( kakav ), Kivalliq kuku , Korean ৞৞ࠝ (kakao ), Quechua kakau 5XVVLDQɤɚɤɚɨ kakao ), and Zulu ukhokho )LQQLVKUHFHLYHGLWV kaakao by means of Swedish kakao DVDIRUHLJQZRUGLQ +lNNLQHQ SRVVLEO\YLD*HUPDQ Kakao (SSA1). (DUO\(XURSHDQ1HZ:RUOGDFFRXQWVRQFDFDRDQGFDFDRGULQNVDUHDEXQGDQWSDUWLFXODUO\ DIWHUWKH&RQTXHVWRI0H[LFR'LHJRGH/DQGD FIROLRU KDVWKHIROORZLQJIURPWKH Maya area:

³7KH\DOVRWRDVWDQGJULQG>WKHFRUQ@DQGGLVVROYHLWLQZDWHUZKLFKLVDYHU\UHIUHVKLQJ GULQNDGGLQJDOLWWOH,QGLDQSHSSHURUFDFDR7KH\PDNHDYHU\WDVW\IRDPIURPJURXQG corn and cacao with which they celebrate their festivities, and they extract from cacao DIDWWKDWUHVHPEOHVEXWWHUDQGIURPWKLVDQGFRUQWKH\PDNHDQRWKHUWDVW\DQGYDOXHG GULQN>@´75

%HUQDUGLQRGH6DKDJ~Q F%RRN9,,,IROLRUDQG SURYLGHVXVZLWKWKH IROORZLQJGHVFULSWLRQRIGL൵HUHQWFDFDRGULQNVIURPWKH$]WHFFRXUW

³7KHQLQKLVKRXVHWKHUXOHUZDVVHUYHGKLVFKRFRODWHZLWKZKLFKKH¿QLVKHG>KLV UHSDVW@±JUHHQPDGHRIWHQGHUFDFDRKRQH\HGFKRFRODWHPDGHZLWKJURXQGXSGULHG ÀRZHUV±ZLWKJUHHQYDQLOODSRGVEULJKWUHGFKRFRODWHRUDQJHUHGFKRFRODWHURVH FRORUHGFKRFRODWHEODFNFKRFRODWHZKLWHFKRFRODWH´ 76

6DKDJ~QDOVRUHSRUWVDYHU\VSHFL¿FµEUDQG¶RIFDFDREHDQV 77 but does not elucidate whether WKHWDVWHRIWKHVHEHDQV DQGWKHSURGXFWVWKHUHRI LVGL൵HUHQWIURPQRUPDOO\SURGXFHGSURFHVVHG beans:

“This tapir is quite rare. It lives there at Atzaccan, Tepuztzotlan, Tlanquilapan, there in the great forests, among the crags which no one reaches. It eats tender shoots of tochquiquiztli and tender shoots of tlacalhuazquauitl ZKHQLW¿QGVQRRWKHUIRRG:KHQ wild cacao grows – which no one plants – called teucacauatl and quappatlachtli >LWHDWV

75 2ULJLQDO6SDQLVKWH[W T ѺWDPELHQOR>HOPDt]@WXHVWDQ\PXHOHQ\GHVOLDQHQDJXDT Ѻ es muy fresca bevida, HFKƗGROHYQSRFRGHSLPLHQWDGH,QGLDVR&DFDR>@4XHKD]HQGHO0DL]\&DFDRPROLGRYQDPDQHUDGH espuma muy sabrosa con q ѺFHOHEUHQVXV¿HVWDV\T ѺVDFDQGHO&DFDRYQDJUDVDTXHSDUHoHPDQWHTXLOODV \TXHGHVWR\GHOPDL]KD]HQRWUDEHYLGDVDEURVD\HVWLPDGD! 7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQDQGWUDQVODWLRQE\WKH author). 76 7UDQVODWLRQ RIWKHRULJLQDO1DKXDWOWH[W E\&KDUOHV'LEEOHDQG$UWKXU$QGHUVRQ 6DKDJ~Q 7KH RULJLQDO 6SDQLVK DQG 1DKXDWO WH[WV 6DKDJ~Q F %RRN 9,,, &KDSWHU IROLR U UHDG DV IROORZV < HQ DFDEDQGR GH FRPHU OXHJR VH VDFDXDQ PXFKDV PDQHUDV GH FDFDRV KHFKRV PX\ GHOLFDGDPHQWHFRPRVRQHVWRV[R[RXKTXMFDFDRDFLQWOLFDFDRKHFKRGHPDoRUFDWLHUQDGHFDFDR\HV PX\VDEURVDGHEHXHUTXDXKQHFXLRFDFDRDWOFDFDRKHFKRFǀPMHOGHDXHMDV;RFKLRFDFDRDWOFDFDRKHFKR con veynacaztli. Xoxouhquj tlilxochio, cacao hecho con tlilxochitl tierno. Chichiltic cacaoatl, cacao hecho, \FRORUDGR9LW]WHFXOFDFDRDWOFDFDRKHFKR\EHUPHMR6XFKLSDOFDFDRDWOFDFDRKHFKR\QDUDQMDGR7OLOWLF FDFDRDWOFDFDRKHFKR\QHJUR<]WDFFDFDRDWOFDFDRKHFKR\EODQFR!DQG 1LPDQPRWHFDLQMFDOLWLF LHFDXMLQMFDFDRDXK[R[RXKTXMFDFDRDoLQWOLTXDXKQHFXMRFDFDRDWO[RFKLRFDFDRDWO[R[RXKTXMWOLO[RFKLR FKLFKLOWLFFDFDRDWOYLW]WHFROFDFDRDWO[RFKLSDOFDFDRDWOWLOWLFFDFDRDWOLW]WDFFDFDRDWO! 77 ,WLVXQFOHDUZKHWKHUWKHFDFDRVSHFLHVPHQWLRQHGE\6DKDJ~QZDVDQHVFDSHG LHIHUDO Theobroma cacao or wild Theobroma bicolor DND pataxte ). 134 Harri Kettunen

WKHVH@DQGPDL]H:KHQLWFRPHVXSRQDPDL]H¿HOGLW¿QLVKHVLWDOO:KHQLWGHIHFDWHV LWKHDSVXS>YRLGHGZKROH@FDFDREHDQVDOPRVWDFDUULHU¶VORDG7KHFRPPRQIRONKXQW IRUWKHVHLQWKHIRUHVWLQRUGHUWKHUHWR¿QGWKHFDFDREHDQV´ 78

7KHLGHDRIHDWLQJRUGULQNLQJYDULRXVVXEVWDQFHVWKDWKDYHJRQHWKURXJKWKH PXOWLVWDJH 79 ) GLJHVWLYHV\VWHPRIGL൵HUHQWDQLPDOVLVQRWQHZWRRXUVSHFLHV)O\DJDULF Amanita muscaria ) LVNQRZQWR KDYH EH HQ FRQVXPHGE\ERWKKXPDQEHLQJVDQGUHLQGHHUDQGWKHXULQH RIERWK used as an entheogen, especially in shamanictic cultures in northern Eurasia – and possibly also in northern North America (Bogoras 1904-1909 80 3HVFKHO5XFN:LQNHOPDQ ZKLOHFR൵HHEHDQVHDWHQIHUPHQWHGLQWKHSURFHVVDQGGHIHFDWHGE\WKH$VLDQ palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus DUHXVHGIRUDOX[XU\FR൵HHNQRZQDV kopi luwak (or FLYHWFRৼHH 7KHGHPDQGRIWKLVH[WUDYDJDQWLWHPDVWKHPRVWH[SHQVLYHFR൵HHLQWKHZRUOG

78 7UDQVODWLRQ RIWKHRULJLQDO1DKXDWOWH[W E\&KDUOHV'LEEOHDQG$UWKXU$QGHUVRQ 6DKDJ~Q ZLWKVOLJKWPRGL¿FDWLRQV7KHRULJLQDO6SDQLVKDQG1DKXDWOWH[WV 6DKDJ~QF%RRN;,IROLRU Y UHDGDVIROORZV (VWHDQMPDOHVUDURELXHHQODVSURYLQFLDVGH$W]DFFDQ\GHWHSXW]RQWODQ\WODQTXMOHSDQ que son hazia honduras, viue enlas montañas y desiertos entre las peñas: Come cacavates monteses y otros FDFDYDWHVTXHVHOODPDQTXDSSDWODFKWOLFRPHWDPELHQPDKL]YHUGH\PDoRUFDVGHPDKL]TXDQGRWRSD con un mahizal, come lo todo sin dexar nada : quando le falta la comjda, come hojas de matas y arboles : quando estercola, echa los cacaos enteros casi una carga dellos cada vez : anda los abitadores de aquella WLHUUDDEXVFDUVXHVWLHUFROSDUDFRJHUHOFDFDRTXHHFKD!DQG ,QLQWODFD[RORWOoDQWODoRQHPMYPSDQHPM $W]DFFDQWHSX]W]}WODQ7ODQTXMODSDQYPSDQYHLTXDXKWODLQDLDFRQDFLLQWH[FDOOD,QTXMTXDWRFKTXMTXM]WOL yiacacelica iquac ina yoan tlacalhoazquavitl yiacacelica : iquac in amotle qujtta itlaqual. Inj quac muchioa quauhtla cacaoatl in aiac qujtoca : itoca, teucacaoatl, yoan quappatlachtli, yoan in tonacaiotl : in cana ipan TXMoDFHQWHWOPMOOLYHOTXMWODPMDLQMFPR[L[DTXMWHSHXKWLWODOLDLQFDFDRDWODFKLYHOFHQWODPDPDOSDQ,Q PDFHYDOWLQTXMWHPRWLQHPMLQTXDXKWODLQMFYQFDQTXMFQRSLOKXM]TXHLQFDFDRDWO! 79 Consisting (in the case of most vertebrates) of ingestion, mastication, absorption, and egestion (Stevens DQG+XPH.DUDVRYDQG'RXJODV6LUFXVDQG.HHWRQ 80 %RJRUDV >IRRWQRWH@ JLYHVWKHIROORZLQJDFFRXQWRQ&KXNFKLÀ\DJDULFXVH³>L@WV QDPHLQ&KXNFKHHLVZD¶SDNZKLFKPHDQVOLWHUDOO\³À\DJDULF´>@7KH&KXNFKHHDQGWKH.RU\DNDUH YHU\IRQGRIWKLVPXVKURRPDQGZKHQWKH\¿QGLWLQWKHZRRGVWKH\SLFNLWR൵MXVWDVHDJHUO\DVWKHZROYHV VQDWFKDIWHUWKHJUHDVHGZKDOHERQHVSLWV>LHZKDOHERQHURGV@´%RJRUDV HODERUDWHV WKH XVH IXUWKHU DV IROORZV ³)O\DJDULF LV WKH RQO\ PHDQV RI LQWR[LFDWLRQ GLVFRYHUHG E\ WKH QDWLYHV RI QRUWKHDVWHUQ$VLD>@)RUWXQDWHO\IRUWKHWULEHVFRQVXPLQJWKHÀ\DJDULFLWJURZVRQO\LQFHUWDLQSODFHV DQGWKHVXSSO\LVRIWHQOLPLWHG>@,ZLWQHVVHGDIHZWLPHVWKHSURJUHVVRILQWR[LFDWLRQE\PHDQVRI DJDULF7KHV\PSWRPVDUHDQDORJRXVWRWKRVHSURGXFHGE\RSLXPRUKDVKHHVK>@7KHLQWR[LFDWLRQKDV WKUHHVWDJHV,QWKH¿UVWWKHSHUVRQIHHOVSOHDVDQWO\H[FLWHG+LVDJLOLW\LQFUHDVHVDQGKHGLVSOD\VPRUH SK\VLFDOVWUHQJWKWKDQQRUPDOO\>@'XULQJWKLVSHULRGWKHDJDULFHDWHUVLQJVDQGGDQFHV+HIUHTXHQWO\ EXUVWVLQWRORXGSHDOVRIODXJKWHUZLWKRXWDQ\DSSDUHQWUHDVRQ,WLVDVWDWHDOWRJHWKHURIQRLV\MRYLDOLW\>@ )ODVKHVRIWKHVHFRQGVWDJHRIWHQDSSHDUHDUO\VKRUWO\DIWHUWKH¿UVWWUDFHVRILQWR[LFDWLRQEHFRPHYLVLEOH LQGHHGDOOWKUHHVWDJHVDUHIUHTXHQWO\LQWHUPLQJOHG>@'XULQJWKHVHFRQGVWDJHWKHLQWR[LFDWHGSHUVRQ KHDUVVWUDQJHYRLFHVELGGLQJKLPSHUIRUPPRUHRUOHVVLQFRQJUXRXVDFWLRQVKHVHHVWKHVSLULWVRIÀ\DJDULF DQGWDONVWRWKHP>@,QWKHWKLUGVWDJHWKHPDQLVXQFRQVFLRXVRIKLVVXUURXQGLQJVEXWKHLVVWLOODFWLYH >@'XULQJWKLVSHULRGWKHDJDULFVSLULWVWDNHKLPWKURXJKYDULRXVZRUOGVDQGVKRZKLPVWUDQJHVLJKWVDQG peoples. Then a heavy slumber ensues, lasting for several hours, during which it is impossible to rouse WKHVOHHSHU>@2QDZDNHQLQJDJHQHUDOZHDNQHVVDQGKHDY\KHDGDFKHHQVXHDFFRPSDQLHGE\QDXVHD RIWHQYLROHQWYRPLWLQJ7KHGUXQNHQVWDWHFDQEHUHQHZHGE\DVLQJOHPXVKURRP,QWKLVPDQQHULQYHWHUDWH DJDULFHDWHUVNHHSXSWKHLULQWR[LFDWLRQGD\DIWHUGD\'ULQNLQJWKHXULQHRIRQHZKRKDVUHFHQWO\HDWHQÀ\ DJDULFSURGXFHVWKHVDPHH൵HFWDVHDWLQJWKHPXVKURRP7KHSDVVLRQIRULQWR[LFDWLRQEHFRPHVVRVWURQJ that the people will often resort to this source when agaric is not available. Apparently without aversion WKH\ZLOOHYHQSDVVWKLVOLTXRUDURXQGLQWKHLURUGLQDU\WHDFXSV7KHH൵HFWLVVDLGWREHOHVVWKDQIURPWKH mushrooms themselves.” New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 135 has increased poaching, illegal wildlife trade, and intensive farming methods, including force- IHHGLQJWKHFLYHWV7KHWDSLUVSURFHVVLQJWKHFDFDREHDQVLQ6DKDJ~Q¶VGHVFULSWLRQRQWKHRWKHU KDQG ZHUH XQGRXEWHGO\ URDPLQJ WKH IRUHVW XQUHVWULFWHG 2QH PXVW ZRQGHU KRZHYHU LI WKH taste of the tapir-poop-processed chocolate was considered a delicacy in the pre-Columbian and &RQWDFW3HULRG0HVRDPHULFD Chili (Sp. chile > Capsicum spp. 81 ]) derives from Nahuatl FKƯOOL (Karttunen 1983), the origin of Spanish chile , English chili and chilli (earlier also chille , chile , and chilly ), Bosnian þLOL , *UHHN ĲıȓȜȚ %LNRO sili , Malay cili , Estonian tšilli(pipar) DQG )LQQLVK chili 82 , etc. The word ZDVRQHRIWKHEHVWNQRZQWHUPVLQWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\ LIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWV¶GHVFULSWLRQV RIFKLOL>FRQFDUQH@DUHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW ZLWKSUDFWLFDOO\HYHU\RQH FRQVLGHULQJWKHHUURU PDUJLQ UHFRJQL]LQJWKHWHUP DYHUDJHRIDOOVXUYH\V 7KHIDFWWKDWWKHWHUPUHIHUVERWK to chili and chili con carne LQ(QJOLVK DQGLVDFORVHPDWFKWR&KLOH LVHYLGHQWLQWKH$ODVNDQ VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUV³VSLFHSHSSHURUDFKXQN\VRXS´³DVWHZOLNHFUHDWLRQWKDWW\SLFDOO\KDVUHG EHDQVDQGPHDW´³DPL[RIEHDQVPHDWWKDWLVVSLF\´³DPL[RIEHDQVDQGFKHHVH´³PDNHVPH VFUHDPZLWKEXUQLQJSDLQH[DJJHUDWHGRIFRXUVH´³DFRXQWU\LQVRXWKDPHULFD´DQG³DSODFH LQ6RXWK$PHULFDDSHSSHUOLNHYHJJHL>VLF@´7KHVXUYH\LQ0H[LFRSURGXFHGWKHIROORZLQJ DQVZHUV alimento picante y país ! alimento que proviene de las plantas que contiene capsaisina ! condimento mexicano ! una verdura picante> una fruta muy rica que pica por naturaleza !DQG fruta que consumimos en exceso !)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV LOOXPLQDWHG WKH FRQFHSW DV IROORZV tulinen pötkelö ! ³KRW WXEH´ melkein kuin paprika mutta äkästä ! ³URXJKO\OLNHDEHOOSHSSHUEXW¿HU\´ on tulista ja hyvää ! ³LW¶VKRWVSLF\DQG JRRG´ se on semmonen paprikan näkönen mutta pienempi ! ³LWORRNVOLNHEHOOSHSSHUEXWLW¶V VPDOOHU´ kuuma ja näyttää paprikalta ! ³KRWDQGORRNVOLNHDEHOOSHSSHU´ on polttava ja ylensä punanen ! ³LW¶VKRWEXUQLQJDQGXVXDOO\UHG´ )LQDOO\ZHKDYHDQHQLJPDWLF kuuma oleva pallo ! ³KRWEHLQJEDOO´ Chocolate :KLOHDYHU\FRPPRQGULQNVZHHWDQGFXOLQDU\LQJUHGLHQWDURXQGWKHZRUOG WKHHW\PRORJ\RIFKRFRODWHLVSRRUO\NQRZQ7KHIXQGDPHQWDOSUREOHPUHJDUGLQJWKHRULJLQRI the word is that, although essentially Nahuatl in origin, the word does not appear in any early Nahuatl dictionaries, including the authoritative Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana E\$ORQVRGH0ROLQD RULJLQDOYHUVLRQSXEOLVKHG±DQGWKH¿UVWGLFWLRQDU\SULQWHGLQ the New World – in 1555 and titled Aquí comiença un vocabulario en la lengua castellana y mexicana ). Instead, the early dictionaries only refer to the word cacauaatl “beuida de cacao” and cacauatl ³JUDQRGHFDFDR´7KHZRUGHPHUJHVIRUWKH¿UVWWLPHLQ)UDQFLVFR+HUQiQGH]¶V Historia natural de la Nueva España , which appeared around 1580, only to virtually disappear IURPWKHGLFWLRQDULHVXQWLOWKHWKFHQWXU\7KHUHLVRQHNH\SDVVDJHLQ+HUQiQGH] %RRN &KDSWHU/;;;9,,³'HO&DFDKRDTXiKXLWORiUEROGHOFDFDR´ WKDWGHVHUYHVDFORVHUVFUXWLQ\

“Todas las variedades son de la misma naturaleza y sirven para los mismos usos, aunque OD~OWLPDVLUYHPHMRUSDUDEHELGDVHQWDQWRTXHODVRWUDVVRQPiVSURSLDV\FyPRGDVSDUD

81 7KHVFLHQWL¿FWHUP JHQXV Capsicum ZDVJLYHQWRWKHSODQWE\/LQQpDQGDSSHDUV¿UVWLQWKHVHFRQG edition of his Systema Naturæ /LQQp DQGODWHULQWKHPRUHFRPSUHKHQVLYHVHFRQGYROXPHRIKLV Species Plantarum /LQQpE 7KHWHUPGHULYHVLQDOOOLNHOLKRRGIURP/DWLQ capsa RUµER[ FDVH¶VXJJHVWLQJWKHVWUXFWXUHRIFKLOLSHSSHUVDVµFRQWDLQHUV¶ 82 ,Q)LQQLVKFKLOLZDV¿UVWFDOOHG turkinpippuri RU³7XUNLVKSHSSHU´ DWWHVWHGVLQFHLQ ZKLOHWKH term chili EHFDPHHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKHFRPPRQODQJXDJHRQO\LQWKHV +lNNLQHQ 136 Harri Kettunen

PRQHGDV>@/DWHUFHUDHVSHFLHGHEHELGDOODPDGD chocóllatl , se prepara con granos de póchotl y de cacáhoatl en igual cantidad, y dicen que engorda extraordinariamente VLVHXVDFRQIUHFXHQFLDPROLGRVXQRV\RWURVJUDQRVVHHFKDQHQXQDYDVLMD\VHDJLWDQ con un batidor de madera hasta que sobrenada la parte grasosa y de naturaleza aérea, que separan y ponen aparte, mezclando al resto un puñado del antes dicho grano indio DEODQGDGR FXDQGR \D HVWi OLVWD OD EHELGD SDUD WRPDUVH PH]FODQ GH QXHYR OD SDUWH JUDVRVDTXHKDEtDQVHSDUDGR\ODWRPDQDO¿QWLELDODDGPLQLVWUDQWDPELpQFRQJUDQ provecho a los tísicos, consumidos y extenuados.”

According to this description, I presume that the word chocolatl (whatever its etymology may be) did not refer to chocolate itself EXWRQHW\SHRIDGULQNPDGHRXWRI cacahuatl and pochotl (referring to ceiba seeds?). The word appears to be of Nahua origin but since it probably ZDVQRWDFRPPRQWHUPDOORYHUWKH1DKXDVSHDNLQJZRUOGLWKDVQRWVXUYLYHGLQGLFWLRQDULHVRU RWKHUWH[WV$OVRLWLVWHPSWLQJWRWKLQNWKDWWKH6SDQLDUGVSUHIHUUHGWKHZRUG choco late over the word caca huate when they started promoting the brown substance in Europe. As regards the etymology of chocolate '/(.DUWWXQHQ :LNLSHGLDDQGPDQ\RWKHU sources propose xocoatl (from Nahuatl xococ “something bitter” and atl “water”) as the origin RIWKHZRUGEXWWKHUHLVQRSKRQRORJLFDOUHDVRQWRH[SODLQWKHFKDQJHIURP[WRFK 7HUU\ .DXIPDQSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ )XUWKHUPRUHQDWLYH1DKXD WO ZRUGVVWDUWLQJZLWK FKFDQRQO\IROORZL &DPSEHOODQG/DQJDFNHU.DXIPDQDQG-XVWHVRQ VRWKH OLNHO\FDQGLGDWHIRUWKHZRUGLV FKLFROƗWO , instead of FKRFROƗWO VHHDOVR'DNLQDQG:LFKPDQQ $FFRUGLQJWR/\OH&DPSEHOO SHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ VRPHFDVHVRI1DKXD³FK´ appear to come from “ts” before “i” and, consequently, FKRNROƗWO might derive from something OLNH WVLNROƗWO , which may have something to do with joining things together (such as mixing FDFDR ZLWK FHLED VHHGV /LNHZLVH .DXIPDQ DQG -XVWHVRQ DUJXH IXUWKHU WKDW ³>L@IWKHHDUOLHVW1DZDIRUPZDV chikola:tl , the form chokola:tl could have developed from it by DVVLPLODWLRQRIWKH¿UVWYRZHOWRWKHVHFRQG,IWKHHDUOLHVWIRUPZDV chokola:tl ^ chokol- `LV perhaps borrowed.” In addition, the possibility that the Nahuatl term for molinillo RUµFKRFRODWH EHDWHU¶KDVVRPHWKLQJWRGRZLWKWKHHW\PRORJ\RIWKHWHUPUHTXLUHVIXUWKHUUHVHDUFK'DNLQDQG Wichmann (2000) have proposed that the origin of the term is in Nahuatl chikol -, referring to the EHDWHUVWLFN7KLVSURSRVDOKDVEHHQTXHVWLRQHGE\.DXIPDQDQG-XVWHVRQ RQWKHEDVLV of phonology (chikol - vs. chihkol ZKLOH.DXIPDQDQG-XVWHVRQ¶VDUJXPHQWKDVEHHQIXUWKHU TXHVWLRQHGE\'DNLQ $OOLQDOOWKHWUXHHW\PRORJ\RIFKRFRODWH WRLQYRNHODWH6RSKLH DQG0LNH&RH¶V The True History of Chocolate ) may – or may not – be revealed one day. To quote Terry Kaufman, “some questions cannot be answered” (personal communication 2017). /DQJXDJHVDURXQGWKHZRUOGUHFHLYHGWKHZRUGYLD6SDQLVKLQFOXGLQJ$IULNDDQV tjoklit , Arabic ϪΗϻϮϛϮθϟ΍ ( shokolatah ), Chinese ⷎℲ⊂ ( TLăRNqOu (XVNHUD txokolate *UHHNıȠțȠȜȐĲĮ (sokoláta ), Hebrew ʣʬʥʷʥʹ ( shoqolad ), Hindi ýĺøĕĸĂ ( chakalet ), Japanese チョコレート (chokoreeto ), Khmer ˌ͎̬Ȕ̯˝ (saukaula ), Maori tiakarete 3HUVLDQΕϼ̰η ( shokolaat ), and Russian ɲɨɤɨɥɚɞ shokolad ). English chocolate has precedents, such as 17th century chocolata , chocolatte , chocoletta , chocolat , chocaletto , chocalatte , chockelet , jocolatte , and jacolatt 2(' )LQQLVKUHFHLYHGWKHZRUGIURP6ZHGLVKZKLOH6ZHGLVKDFTXLUHGLWIURP)UHQFKDQG )UHQFKIURP6SDQLVKDQG6SDQLVKIURP1DKXDWO7KHHDUOLHဧRFFXUUHQFHRIWKHZRUGLQ)LQQLVK GDWHVEDFNWRLQDIRUP “juoda [...] chocoladia” ³WRGULQN>@FKRFRODWH´ 66$ ± FOHDUO\ဧLOODIRUHLJQZRUG DWOHDဧLQLWVZULWWHQIRUP UDWKHUWKDQDWUXHORDQZRUG7KHZRUG transformed via sukladi (1808) to sjuklaa (1829) and from suklaati LQWR 0RGHUQ)LQQLVK New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 137 suklaa 66$ ,QWHUHVWLQJO\LQ)LQQLVKWKHZRUGKDVUHWDLQHGDSURQXQFLDWLRQ>ތVXNOD@FORVHUWR WKH6ZHGLVKSURQXQFLDWLRQWKDQWKH6ZHGLVKZULWWHQIRUP FKRNODG! $VUHJDUGVWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\FKRFRODWHZDVXQVXUSULVLQJO\NQRZQWRDOOVWXGHQWVZKR DFWLYHO\DQVZHUHGWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH,QWKHLQLWLDOVXUYH\LQ)LQODQG suklaa was considered SDUWRIFRPPRQ)LQQLVKODQJXDJHDQGWKHWHUPH[FOXGHGIURPWKHVXUYH\$QVZHUVIURPWKH VXUYH\FDUULHGRXWLQ$ODVNDLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJ³JURZVRQDWUHHDQGKDUYHVWHGWRPDNHD VZHHWDQGDGLFWLQJ>VLF@FDQG\´³DQDWXUDOO\ELWWHUGHOLFDF\GHULYHGIURPDSODQWLQWURSLFDO UHJLRQV´ ³D VZHHW VXEVWDQFH PDGH IURP D FHQWUDO DPHULFDQ EHDQ SODQW´ ³VZHHW FDQG\ WKDW FRPHVIURP6RXWK$PHULFD´³ELWWHUVZHHWIRRGLWHPORYHGE\PDQ\´³DPLON\JRRGQHVV´DQG ³MXQNIRRGPDGHIURPFDFDR´,QDGGLWLRQWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGXVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ GHVFULSWLRQV alimento hecho con semilla de cacao ! algo delicioso, dulce ! bebida o barra dulce o amarga hecha con cacao ! dulce típico mexicano ! producto de origen mexicano ! procesamiento del cacao con agua o leche !DQG un alimento de cacao, para los prehispánicos una bebida ! Coyote ( Canis latrans ) originates in Nahuatl FR\ǀWO via (Mexican) Spanish coyote . The ZRUGZDVZHOONQRZQ DYHUDJH LQWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\VLQDOODUHDV0H[LFDQVWXGHQW DQVZHUVLQFOXGH animal de la misma familia del lobo ! animal paresido al zorro ! animal de origen mexicano ! animal depredador ! mamifero del desierto ! DQG nahuatlismo ! )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH koiraeläin joka on kuin kettu mutta erillainen ! ³D FDQLQH ZKLFK LV OLNH D IR[ EXW GL൵HUHQW´ aavikkokettu ! ³GHVHUW IR[´ suden ja ketun näköinen eläin ! ³DQDQLPDOUHVHPEOLQJDZROIDQGDIR[´ hyeenaeläin ! ³K\HQD DQLPDO ´ DQG semmonen susitiikerikoira ! ³D ZROIWLJHUGRJ´ )XUWKHUPRUH QLQH )LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUGZLWKVRPHW\SHRIDELUG kojootti on lintu (ehkä) ! ³ kojootti is a bird (maybe)”). Moreover, some students probably confused kojootti to kanootti ³FDQRH´ RUVRPHRWKHUW\SHRIERDWYHVVHO jolla voi olla veden päällä ! ³ZLWK ZKLFK\RXFDQEHRQWKHVXUIDFHRIZDWHU´ DQG suippo vene ! ³DSRLQW\ERDW´ %HVLGHVWKHVH ZHKDYHDQHQLJPDWLF jousi ! ³VSULQJERZ´ DQG se on deknolokiaa ! ³LWLVWHFKQRORJ\>"@´ DVZHOODV ilkeä ! ³PHDQYLFLRXV´ 7KHODVWRQHPLJKWEHDUHIHUHQFHWRWKHFDUWRRQFKDUDFWHU Wile E. Coyote ( Kelju K. Kojootti LQ)LQQLVK 83 . 7KHDQVZHUVRIWKH)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV UHÀHFWWKRVHRIWKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV koiraeläin ! ³FDQLQH´ (susi)eläin ! ³ ZROI DQLPDO´ kettueläin ! ³IR[ DQLPDO ´ hyeenaeläin ! ³K\HQD DQLPDO ´ kissaeläin ! ³IHOLQH´ koira- tai kissaeläin ! ³FDQLQH RU IHOLQH´ aavikkosusi, elää Austraaliassa ! ³GHVHUWZROIOLYHVLQ$XVWUDOLD´ Australian pussieläin ! ³$XVWUDOLDQPDUVXSLDO´ nopee saharan eläin ! ³IDVWDQLPDORIWKH6DKDUD´ koiraeläin, villi Æ ei lemmikki ! ³FDQLQHZLOG ÆQRWDSHW´ lintu ! ³ELUG´ vene, jolla voi meloa ! ³DERDWWKDW\RXFDQSDGGOH´ DQG ¿QDOO\DQRQRPDWRSRHWLF Auuu! !±DQREYLRXVUHIHUHQFHWRWKHFR\RWH¶VKRZO7KHZRUGLV UHODWLYHO\QHZLQ)LQQLVKHQWHULQJWKHODQJXDJHVRPHWLPHLQWKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\%HIRUH WKLVWKH)LQQLVKZRUGIRUFR\RWHZDV preeriasusi , a calque either from Swedish prärievarg or English prairie wolf . Copal derives from Nahuatl copalli (“copal incense”), referring to the resin of the copal tree Protium copal 7KHWHUPZDVXQNQRZQWRWKHVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGDQG$ODVNDZKLOH RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVLQFOXGH aromatizante ! GHXVRRORUL¿FR se usa en día de muerto ! donde se hacen ofrendas religiosas y se quema sangre ! incienso muy fuerte ! mezcla de resinas que al quemarlo huele rico ! una fruta ! lugar para poner

83 6LPLODUO\RQHVWXGHQWLQWKHVXUYH\LQ3RODQGDQVZHUHG³5RDG5XQQHU´IRU kojot . 138 Harri Kettunen el carbon ! herramienta !; DQG hoya!)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVVXJJHVWHGHJ the following for kopaali jalokivi ! ³JHPVWRQH´ timantti ! ³GLDPRQG´ kaiverrus ! ³HQJUDYLQJ´ pokaali! ³WURSK\´ eläin ! ³DQLPDO´ DQG korpaali ! >PLVVSHOOHG@ “corporal”). The gemstone answers are undoubtedly associated with the word opaali µRSDO¶ Guacamole derives from Nahuatl ƗKXDFDPROOL ( ƗZDNDPROOL ), or “avocado sauce” ( ƗKXDFDWO + molli 7KHWHUPZDVXQVXUSULVLQJO\NQRZQWRDOO0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQGWRDOO$ODVNDQKLJK VFKRROVWXGHQWVZKRSDUWLFLSDWHGDFWLYHO\LQWKHVXUYH\,Q)LQODQGWKHZRUGZDVTXLWHZHOO UHFRJQL]HGE\KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV EXWOHVVVRE\HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV 0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH aderezo del aguacate ! aguacate aplastado por gus ! aguacate con chile hechos pure ! aguacate preparado y molido ! forma de preparar el chile con aguacate ! mescla entre, aguacate, jitomate, cilantro, limón, etc ! preparacion del aguacate con cilantro cebolla etc !DQG delicioso !)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV DQVZHUHGHJWKHIROORZLQJ avokadosta tehtyä hyvää vihreä mömmöä ! ³WDVW\JUHHQPDVK PDGHRXWRIDYRFDGR´ avokado, tomaatti, sipuli sitruunamehu mössö/kastike ! ³DYRFDGR WRPDWRRQLRQOHPRQMXLFHPDVKVDXFH´ vihreä polttava sose ! ³JUHHQKRWEXUQLQJPDVK´ tortillan väliin laitettava “levite” ! ³DµVSUHDG¶WKDW\RXSXWLQVLGHDWRUWLOOD´ kastike esim sipseille tai tacoille ! ³DVDXFHIRUHJFKLSVRUWDFRV´ Texmex kastike ! ³7H[0H[VDXFH´ %HVLGHVWKHVHZHKDYH italialainen ruoka ! ³,WDOLDQIRRG´ kahvi ! ³FR൵HH´ kaupunki ! ³FLW\´ DQG maa ! ³FRXQWU\´ ± WKH ODWWHU SRVVLEO\ DQ DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK *XDWHPDOD )XUWKHUPRUHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVR൵HUHGEHVLGHVRIFRUUHFWDQVZHUV kasvi ! ³SODQW´ hedelmä ! ³IUXLW´ mauste ! ³VSLFHÀDYRULQJ´ DQG juoma? ! ³DGULQN´ Jalapeño – a chili pepper variety – is Spanish for “from Jalapa” (also spelled Xalapa ), a city in Veracruz, Mexico. The name Jalapa / Xalapa itself derives from Nahuatl [ƗOOL “sand,” Ɨ WO “water,” and -pan “place” (or, more correctly, “on the surface of, for or at a particular WLPH´.DUWWXQHQ SURGXFLQJVRPHWKLQJOLNH³VDQGZDWHUSODFH´RU³VDQG\ULYHU´7KH WHUPZDVQRWSDUWRIWKHLQLWLDOVXUYH\LQ)LQODQG 84 EXWDSSHDUHGLQWKHVXUYH\LQ$ODVND0H[LFR DQG3RODQG,QERWK$ODVNDDQG0H[LFRWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIFRUUHFWDQVZHUVZDV$ODVNDQ VWXGHQWVDQVZHUHGHJWKHIROORZLQJ³DJUHHQPLOGSHSSHU´³DW\SHRI3KLOOLSLQHVSHSSHU´DQG ³DVSLF\SHSSHUWKDW\RXGRQWZDQWWRUXEHLQWR\RXUH\HV´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUV LQFOXGH chile picante ! chile no muy picante ! chile tipico mexicano !DQG animal !,Q DGGLWLRQ3ROLVKVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV³-DSDQHVHGLVK´³0FGRQDOGV´DQG ³VSLF\VDXFH[´ Mezcal originates in Nahuatl mexcalli , combining metl “maguey” and the verb ixca “to EDNHVRPHWKLQJWR¿UHSRWWHU\´ .DUWWXQHQ LH³RYHQFRRNHGDJDYHPDJXH\´UHIHUULQJ WRDGLVWLOOHGDOFRKROLFGULQNPDGHE\FRRNLQJWKHKHDUWRIWKHPDJXH\SODQW Agave americana LELG :KLOHWKHWHUPZDVNQRZQWRRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\QRQHRIWKH $ODVNDQ KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV RU )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ RU KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HG WKH WHUP0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH bebida alcoholica derivada del maguey ! bebida alcohólica y normalmente proviene de Oaxaca !DQG

84 7KHZRUGMDODSHxRDUULYHGLQWRWKH)LQQLVKODQJXDJHSUREDEO\YLD7H[0H[FXLVLQHLQWKHV7KH word is sometimes spelled incorrectly as *jalopeno GXHWRDVSHOOLQJPLVWDNHRQDPHQXLQDUHVWDXUDQWLQ +HOVLQNLGXULQJWKHVDPHGHFDGH New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 139

XQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVLQDVHSDUDWHVXUYH\ ZLWKDVPDOOVDPSOH NQHZWKDWPH]FDOLVDGLVWLOOHG DOFRKROLFEHYHUDJHIURP0H[LFR2WKHUVVXJJHVWHG kaktuslaji ! ³FDFWXVVSHFLHV´ huume! ³GUXJ´ huumeyrtti ! ³GUXJKHUE´ shamaanit käyttää ! ³VKDPDQVXVH>LW@´ DQG mauste tms. ruokaan liittyvä ! ³DVSLFHRUVRPHWKLQJUHODWHGWRIRRG´ Mole , the generic name for several sauces in Mexican cuisine, derives from Nahuatl PǀOOL ³VDXFH EURWK JUDY\ PROH´ .DUWWXQHQ 3UDFWLFDOO\ DOO 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV GHVFULEHG mole FRUUHFWO\ LQ WKH VXUYH\ ZKLOH QRQH RI WKH )LQQLVK VWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HG LW ,Q WKH FDVH RI WKHVWXGHQWVLQ$ODVNDWKHKRPRJUDSKLF(QJOLVKZRUGµPROH¶LQÀXHQFHGWKHVXUYH\DQGQRQH associated the word with Mexican mole $ODVNDQ VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUV LQFOXGHG ³XJO\ URGHQW XJO\PDUN´³ELUWKPDUN´DQG³VRPHRQHLQDEXVLQHVVWU\LQJWRVDERWDJHJLYHLQIRDZD\´ ,Q FRQWUDVW 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV SURYLGHG WKH IROORZLQJ GHVFULSWLRQV alimento con chile ! alimento mexicano hecho de chocolate ! comida mexicana hecha con chocolate ! comida tipica de puebla ! como una salsa picante ! mezcla de ingredientes pastos ! salsa no muy picante !DQG salsa picante con pollo !)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVPRVWO\SURSRVHG WUDQVODWLRQVIURP(QJOLVK(OHYHQRIWKHPDQVZHUHG myyrä ! ³PROH´> Talpidae spp.]), two RWKHU UHSOLHV ZHUH englannin sana – tarkoittaa luomea ! ³DQ (QJOLVK ZRUG ± PHDQV PROH >QHYXV@´ DQG luomi englannista suomeksi ! ³PROHIURP(QJOLVKWR)LQQLVK´ 2WKHUDQVZHUV LQFOXGH aasi! ³GRQNH\´ SUREDEO\DQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKµPXOH¶ )LQQLVK muuli molekyyny ! (possibly a misspelled molekyyli RUµPROHFXOH¶ DQG¿QDOO\DQDFFXUDWHDQVZHU sitä ei moni tiiä ! ³QRWPDQ\SHRSOHNQRZWKDW´ )XUWKHUPRUHRQHDQVZHULQWKHVXUYH\GRQHLQ3RODQG had szmeterling for mole EDVHGRQWKH3ROLVKZRUG mole ZKLFKLVWKHQRPLQDWLYHDFFXVDWLYH YRFDWLYHSOXUDOIRUPRIPyORUµPRWK¶ Nopal is a word deriving from Nahuatl QRҌSDOOL PHDQLQJµSULFNO\SHDU Opuntia VSS FDFWXV¶ .DUWWXQHQ ±DQGFRPPRQO\LWVSDGV,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\RQH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROVWXGHQWDQGQRQHIURPWKHKLJKVFKRROVLQ)LQODQGRU$ODVNDNQHZWKDW nopal refers to a FDFWXVRULWVSDGVPDNLQJ nopalRQHRIWKHOHDVWNQRZQHQWULHVLQWKHVXUYH\RXWVLGHRI0H[LFR ,Q0H[LFRSUHGLFWDEO\HYHU\RQHNQHZWKHWHUP%HVLGHVWKHRQH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO VWXGHQW DQVZHU kaktus ! ³FDFWXV´ RWKHU SURSRVDOV ZHUH maa ! ³FRXQWU\´ XQGRXEWHGO\ FRQIXVHGZLWKµ1HSDO¶ kaupunki ! ³FLW\´ palkinto ! ³SUL]H´ DOPRVWFHUWDLQO\IURPWKH 1REHOSUL]HDQG noppa! ³GLFH´ 6LPLODUO\KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVSURSRVHGSDLNND ³SODFH´ and nopan omistus muoto (“possessive form of noppa>GLFH@´ ,QWKHVHSDUDWHVXUYH\FDUULHGRXW LQD)LQQLVKXQLYHUVLW\DKDQGIXORIVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHDQVZHUZKHUHRIRQHVWDQGVRXW Mikki Hiiri -kaktuksen lehdet, syötäviä ! ³WKHOHDYHV>SDGV@RIWKH0LFNH\0RXVHFDFWXVHGLEOH´ Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis ) is a Neotropical feline species with a distribution from Mexico to northern Argentina. The word derives from ǀFƝOǀWO , which means jaguar in Nahuatl (although Karttunen 1983: 176 has both jaguar and ocelot for ǀFƝOǀWO ). Apparently, the Nahuatl word for ocelot, WOƗOǀFƝOǀWO WOƗOOLµHDUWKODQG¶ ǀFƝOǀWO µMDJXDU¶ ZDVWUXQFDWHGZKHQWKHZRUGDSSHDUHG LQ(XURSHDQODQJXDJHV 2(' ,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\RIWKH0H[LFDQ XSSHUHOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH$ODVNDQ KLJKVFKRRO VWXGHQWVDQVZHUHGFRUUHFWO\ZKLOHLQ )LQODQG WKH ZRUG oselotti created a lot of confusion. Moreover, the overall familiarity with the word decreased WRZDUGVKLJKHUOHYHOVRIHGXFDWLRQ HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVKLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV 7KH VWDWLVWLFV DUH KRZHYHU VRPHZKDW VNHZHGDVLWLVKDUGWRNQRZZKHWKHUWKHVWXGHQWVZKRDQVZHUHG eläin ! µDQLPDO¶ DFWXDOO\ had a feline in their minds – instead of some other type of an animal. Besides the generic µDQLPDO¶ HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH kissan esi-isä vähän kuin jaguaari mutta vain pieni ! ³DQFHVWRURIFDWVDELWOLNHDMDJXDUEXWVPDOOHU´ kissaeläimiä, vähän 140 Harri Kettunen niinkun jotain leobardi ! ³IHOLQHDELWOLNHVRPHOHRSDUG´ oselotti on tosi nopea ! ³RFHORW LVUHDOO\IDVW´ villikissa ! ³ZLOGFDW´ DQG tiiän (Minecraft kissa) ! ³,NQRZLW 0LQHFUDIW cat)”). However, many elementary students apparently confused oselotti with kaskelotti , or µVSHUP ZKDOH¶ valas ! ³ZKDOH´ >IRXU DQVZHUV@ DQG veden alainen eläin ! ³XQGHUZDWHU DQLPDO´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH liskomainen eläin ! ³OL]DUGOLNHDQLPDO´ lintu ! ³ELUG´ DQG hyönteinen ! ³LQVHFW´ +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG pienikokoinen valas ! ³VPDOOVL]HG ZKDOH´ merenelävä? ! ³VHDFUHDWXUH"´ DQG soitin? XD ! ³>PXVLFDO@LQVWUXPHQW";'´ ZKLOHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVSURYLGHG YHGHVVlHOlYlYDODDQWDLGHO¿LQLQNDOWDLQHQQLVlNlV ! ³D PDPPDOUHVHPEOLQJDZKDOHRUDGROSKLQDQGOLYLQJLQZDWHU´ DQG eläin, kauriin tyyppinen ! (“an animal, similar to a deer”). Similarly, there was some confusion in the answers from $ODVND³VDODPDQGHU´³VDODPDQGHUONHZDWHUFUHDWXUH´DQG³DVPDOOJURXQGGZHOOLQJDQLPDO´ )XUWKHUPRUHWZR3ROLVKVWXGHQWVFRQFXUUHGZLWKWKHLU)LQQLVKFROOHDJXHV ocelot ³0LQHFUDIW´ Peyote (Lophophora williamsii ) derives from Nahuatl SH\ǀWO , which gave the word to Spanish peyote . English has had, besides peyote , variants such as payote , pellote , pelotte , peyoti , and peyotl 2(' ,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQGRI WKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVDQGQRQHRIWKH)LQQLVK VFKRRO VWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURP $ODVNDLQFOXGHG³FDFWXVÀRZHU´³,QGLDQGUXJ´DQG³DGUXJWKDWPDNHV\RXVHHWKLQJV´ZKLOH WKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGXVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV cactácea alucinógena ! droga del huichol ! fruto alusinojeno ! planta con lo que se drogan en SLP ! un cactus con el que te puedes drogar ! DQG droga de uichol buena !:KLOHWKHWHUPZDVQRWNQRZQWRDQ\ HOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGRIWKHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVLQWKH VHSDUDWHVXUYH\LGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP(OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶UHSOLHVLQFOXGH FRUUHFWDQVZHUV LQWKHLURZQULJKW auto? ! ³FDU"´ tuotemalli ! ³EUDQGSURGXFWPRGHO´ DQG Gta V auto ! ³*7$9FDU´ UHIHUULQJWRDFDUDQGDµFROOHFWLEOH>LWHP@¶LQWKH*UDQG7KHIW$XWR9YLGHR JDPH+LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG mauste ! ³VSLFH´ DQG kirjailija ! ³ZULWHU´ Pinole (pinol LV D GULQN RU PHDO PDGH IURP URDVWHG FRUQÀRXU DQG PL[HG ZLWK YDULDEOH ingredients, including cacao, cinnamon, chia seeds, agave, sugar, and vanilla. The word originates in Nahuatl pinolli PHDQLQJ µÀRXU¶ RU µVRPHWKLQJ JURXQG¶ .DUWWXQHQ The word pinol LVDOVRXVHGIRUDQXQUHODWHGWUDGLWLRQDOGULQNLQ(FXDGRUPDGHIURPWRDVWHGEDUOH\ ÀRXUDQGVXJDUDQGPL[HGZLWKYDULRXVVSLFHVDQGPLON,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\ RIWKH 0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQGQRQHLQ$ODVND)LQODQGRU3RODQGNQHZWKHWHUP2QHVWXGHQWLQ$ODVND DQVZHUHG³DW\SHRISHSSHU´DQGDQRWKHURQHLQ3RODQG³PDOHUHSURGXFWLYHRUJDQ´7KHZRUG DOWKRXJKUDUHDQGUHVWULFWHGLQXVHZDVDGGHGWRWKHVXUYH\DPRQJRWKHUOHVVNQRZQ,QGLJHQRXV American words, to explore the extent and boundary of loanwords vs. foreign words. Quetzal LV D 1HRWURSLFDO ELUG VSHFLHV LQ WKH WURJRQ IDPLO\ ,WV EHVWNQRZQ VSHFLHV WKH resplendent quetzal ( Pharomachrus mocinno ), is the one that was named quetzalli by the Aztec, meaning “plumage of the quetzal bird” (Karttunen 1983), potentially related to the verb quetz(a) “to stand up, to stop someone or to raise someone or something” (ibid.). The word is spelled quetzal LQPRVWODQJXDJHVEXWµQDWXUDOL]HG¶LQVRPHLQFOXGLQJ)LQQLVK ketsaali DQG3ROLVK (kwezal ,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\QRQHRIWKHHOHPHQWDU\RUKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQG NQHZWKHWHUP 85 ZKLOHRIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH0H[LFDQXSSHU

85 2XWRIWKHVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\LQ)LQODQGRQO\RQHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWNQHZWKHPHDQLQJRI ketsaali (and it has to be remembered that the sample of university students in this survey is composed RIVWXGHQWVWKDWKDYHDOUHDG\EHHQH[SRVHGWR1RUWK$PHULFDQDQGRU/DWLQ$PHULFDQ6WXGLHV %HVLGHV this answer, Guatemalan rahayksikkö; lintulaji ³*XDWHPDODQFXUUHQF\ELUGVSHFLHV´ RWKHUUHSOLHVE\ New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 141 elementary school students were familiar with the term. Answers from Mexico included the IROORZLQJ un ave con hermosa cola ! ave muy colorida ! animal endemico de mexico ! ave representada en la moneda guatemalteca ! pajaro del amazonas en peligro de extincion ! pajaro multicolor en peligro de extinción ! animal volador extinto !DQG mineral precioso ! Sapodilla ( Manilkara zapota or Achras zapota ) is a tree native to southern Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. The word originates in Nahuatl tzapotl (the fruit of the sapodilla WUHH>ZKLOHWKHWUHHLWVHOILV tetzapotl ]) (Karttunen 1983). This is the source of Spanish zapote (and its diminutive form zapotilla ) and related terms in other languages, including English sapodilla (since the 18th century) and its earlier and contemporary variants sapadilloe (17th c.), sapadillo (17th to 18th c.), sappadilla , sapodylle , and sabatille (18th c.), and sapotilla , sapadilla , sappodilla , and zapotilla WKF 2(' $VUHJDUGVWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\RI the Mexican students were familiar with the term zapote while the word sapotilla was poorly NQRZQLQWKHVXUYH\LQ)LQODQGRQO\RQHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWRQHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQW DQGWKUHHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVVXJJHVWHG hedelmä ! ³IUXLW´ IRUWKLVHQWU\2WKHUSURSRVDOVZHUH vene ! ³ERDW´ E\DQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWDQG voisiko olla sammakkoeläin ! ³FRXOGLW EHDQDPSKLELDQ"´ DQG joku kenkä ! ³VRPH>W\SHRID@VKRH´ E\XQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV7KH ODWWHUWZRPLJKWEHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH6SDQLVKZRUGIRUµVKRH¶zapato . Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum Sp. tomate ( Physalis ixocarpa ) vs. jitomate ( Solanum lycopersicum ) originates in Nahuatl tomatl , the source for Spanish tomate and related words in other languages. In Mexican Spanish, however, the word tomate refers to the small green WRPDWRVDOVRNQRZQDV tomatillos ZKLOHWKHZRUGIRUWKH HOVHZKHUHPRUHFRPPRQO\NQRZQ large red tomato is jitomate , from Nahuatl [ƯWRPDWO . )URPWKH6SDQLVK tomate , English had an identical form tomate from the 17th to 19th centuries, as well as the (current form) tomato since WKHWKFHQWXU\2WKHUIRUPVLQFOXGH tomata (18th to 19th centuries), tomatum (18th c.), and tomatus (19th c.). Terms derived from Nahuatl tomatl are quite numerous around the world, LQFOXGLQJWKH6SDQLVK$ဧXULDQ3RUWXJXHVH*DOLFLDQDQG)UHQFK tomate , Catalan tomàquet , 'XWFK DQG )ULVLDQ tomaat $IULNDDQV tamatie , German Tomate /X[HPERXUJLVK Tomat , Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish tomat , and Icelandic Tómatur , Welsh tomato , Irish tráta 86 , /DWYLDQ WRPƗWV *UHHN ĲȠȝȐĲĮ ~ ȞĲȠȝȐĲĮ , Bulgarian ɞɨɦɚɬ , Macedonian ɞɨɦɚɬɢ , Albanian domate , Corsican pumata , Hindi ĂđĭĂē , and Bengali টেমেটা , Japanese トマト as well as Tatar ɬɨɦɚɬ$ENKD]Ⱥɬɨɦɚɬ(ဧRQLDQ tomat DQG)LQQLVK tomaatti 87 , Basque tomatea , Kabiye WѡPDDWѡ , DQG%LNRO&HQWUDO kamatis . Besides the Nahuatl-based terms, many languages have also ended up with descriptive terms for tomato, including the Italian pomodoro, an univerbation of pomo d’oroRU³JROGHQDSSOH´7KHWHUPZDVXVHGE\3LHWUR$QGUHD0DWWLROLLQRQHRIWKHHDUOLHVW descriptions of tomatoes in Europe (Matthioli 1554: 479), where he explains that tomatoes, ZKHQUDZDUHJUHHQDQGWKHQWXUQHLWKHUJROGHQ\HOORZRUUHG

³7KHUHIRUHLQVDQHDSSOHVDUHIURPDFRPPRQVKUXEJURZLQJLQDOOSDUWVOLNHPHORQV DQG JRXUGV ZLWK DQ HTXDO FXOWLYDWLRQ >RU µDSSHDUDQFH¶@ WRR QHDUO\ ¿JOLNH OHDYHV university students include sulkakäärme ³IHDWKHUHGVHUSHQW´ tulee mieleen ketsalcoatl (“reminds me of 4XHW]DOFRDWO´ DQG kieli (“language”). 86 Compare (phonologically) with práta (“potato”). 87 )LQQLVK UHFHLYHG tomaatti from Swedish tomat – a loan from German Tomate , which derives from )UHQFKDQG6SDQLVK tomate 66$ 7KHHDUOLHVWDWWHVWDWLRQRIWKHZRUGLQ)LQQLVKLVIURP +lNNLQHQ 2004: 1327). 142 Harri Kettunen

D ÀRZHU REORQJ KDQGVRPH ZKLWH ,W LV FRPPRQO\ HDWHQ FRRNHG LQ WKH PDQQHU RI mushrooms from oil, salt, pepper. +HUPRODXV>UHFRXQWV@WKHVHWKLQJVZRUGIRUZRUG $QGLQGHHGIURPDOOWKLV,WKLQNLWEHFRPHVFOHDUWKDWERWK%UDVDXROXVDQG)XFKVLXV incorrectly blame Barbarus in this matter. There are those from among our countrymen who would eat insane apples to arouse desire. 3HUKDSVWKH\VRVWDQGIRUWKVLQFHWKH\ SURGXFHJDVHVDQGWKH\UHPDLQVWL൵LQERLOLQJ But when they are rather frequently eaten (as Avicenna is witness), they produce bilious humors. 5DWKHUWKH\SURGXFHEORFNDJHV RIWKHLQWHVWLQHVXOFHUVHOHSKDQWLDVLVKHDGDFKHVVDGQHVVEORFNDJHVRIWKHOLYHUDQG VSOHHQZKHQFHODVWLQJIHYHUVODWHUFRPHDERXWDQGDEDGGLVSRVLWLRQ And so hence it KDSSHQVDVLWZRXOGVXJJHVWLWVHOIWRORRNWR$YHUURHVWKDWLQERRNYRIWKHFROOHFWHG ZRUNVKHVKRXOGKDYHUHFRPPHQGHGLQVDQHDSSOHVSUHSDUHGLQWKLVVDPHPDQQHU And already another type of these had begun to be imported, pressed, in the manner of URXQGHGDSSOHVFXWLQWKHVW\OHRIFXFXPEHUPHORQ¿UVWZLWKDJUHHQFRORUDQGIURP there where it had achieved maturity, in certain plants it appears golden, but in others reddish. And so commonly they are called POMI d’oro , that is, golden apples. The latter, just as the former, are eaten. *DOHQXVLQERRNYLLRIWKH Simp. Medic. described WKHSRZHUVRIWKHPDQGUDNHLQWKHVHZRUGV 0DQGUDNHKDVDQRYHUSRZHULQJFRROLQJ ability, so that it would be of the third order of refrigerants. +RZHYHULWDOVRSDUWDNHVRI DFHUWDLQKHDWDQGLQIUXLWRIPRLVWXUHOLNHZLVHWKH\KDYHDSRZHURIIDFLOLWDWLQJVOHHS The rind of the root, when it be strongest, not only cools, but also dries. The rest (of) what is within appears unnourishing.” 88

The early popularization of the term might also explain the rather widespread distribution of WKH GHULYDWLYHVRIWKH WHUPLQ(DVWHUQ(XURSHDQGEH\RQGVXFKDV3ROLVK pomidor 8NUDLQLDQ ɩɨɦɿɞɨɪ5XVVLDQɩɨɦɢɞɨɪDQG%HODUXVLDQɩɚɦɿɞɨɪDVZHOODV/LWKXDQLDQ pomidoras

88 7UDQVODWLRQE\7RGG.UDXVH7KHRULJLQDOWH[WUHDGV 0DODHUJRLQǕDQDHIUXWLFHXXOJDULǕXQWSDVVLP QDǕFHQWHXWPHORQHV FXFXUELW SDULTXRTXHFXOWXIROLMVSURSH¿FXOQHLVÀRUHREORQJRǕSHFLRǕR FDQGLGR 0DQGLWXU XXOJz SRPXP H[ ROHR ǕDOH SLSHUH IXQJRUXP PRGR FRFWXP + F DG XHUEXP +HUPRODXV ([ TXLEXV HTXLGƝ RPQLEXV SDOjP ¿HUL DUELWURU TXzG SHUSHUjP WXP %UDǕDXROXV WXP )XFKǕLXVKDFLQUH%DUEDUXPLQǕLPXODYHUXQW6XQWHQRǕWUDWLEXVTXL0DOLVLQǕDQLVXHǕFDQWXUDGXHQHUHP H[FLWDQGDP4XRGIRUWqLGHRSU ǕWDQWTXRQLDPÀDWXVJLJQXQWFRQFRFW~T>XH@FRQWXPDFLDH[LǕWXQW . Verùm FPIUHTXHQWLXVPDQGXQWXU XWWHVWLVHVW$XLFHQQD ELOLRǕRVJHQHUDQWKXPRUHV4XLQHWLDPSDULXQWYLǕFHUXP REVWUXFWLRQHVFDUFLQRPDWDHOHSKDQWLDǕLQFDSLWLVGRORUHVWULVWLWLDP LHFLQRULV OLHQLVLQIDUFWXVXQGH SRǕWHDGLXWXUQ SURXHQLXQWIHEUHV KDELWXVPDOXV+LQFLWDT>XH@¿WXW$XHUURHPPLUDULǕXEHDWTXzG OLEURYFROOHFWDQHRUXPPDODLQǕDQDFRPPHQGDXHULWǕXRTXRGDPPRGRSDUDWD,DP DOLXGKRUXPJHQXV LPSRUWDULF°SLWSUHǕǕXPRUELFXODWRUXPPDORUXPPRGRPHORSHSRQXPPRUHǕHFWXPFRORUHSULPPXLULGL GHLQGHXELPDWXULWDWHPǕHQǕHULWLQTXLEXVGDPSODQWLVDXUHXPLQTXLEXVGDPXHUzUXEHXPXLǕLWXU,GHyT>XH@ XXOJzDSSHOODQWXU320,G¶RURKRFHǕWPDODDXUHD(GXQWXU K FTXHPDGPRGXPLOOD0DQGUDJRU XLUHV GHǕFULSǕLW*DOHQXVOLEUR9,,ǕLPSPHGLFKLVXHUELV0DQGUDJRUDXLQFHQWHPKDEHWIDFXOWDWHPUHIULJHUDWRULă DGHz XW WHUWLM ǕLW RUGLQLV UHIULJHUDQWLXP 9HUXQWDPHQ FDOLGLWDWLV FXLXVGDP SDUWLFHSV HǕW LQ SRPLV KXPLGLWDWLVSURLQGHǕRSRUHPFRQFLOLDQGLXLPHDKDEHDQW5DGLFLVFRUWH[FPǕLWXDOHQWLȕLPXVQRQWDQWP UHIULJHUDWǕHG GHǕLFFDWUHOLTXXPTXRGLQWXVHǕWLPEHFLOOXPH[LǕWLW ! 0DWWKLROL 89 ,WZDVSUREDEO\WKH)UHQFKWUDQVODWLRQRI0DWWKLROL¶VWUHDWLVHWKDWPDGHWKLVLGHDSRSXODU0DWWKLROL KDV 'DXDQWDJHLOQ¶\DSDVORQJWHPVTX¶RQDFRPPHQFpjYRLUYQ¶DXWUHǕRUWHGHSRPPH G¶DPRXUSODWWHFRPPHSRPPHVURQGHVGLXLǕHFHQFRǕWHVFRPPHSRPSRQVSUHPLHUHPHQWYHUWHSXLVHǕWDQW New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 143 tomato that has spread to various languages (although with a limited distribution) is the German Paradiesapfel , or “paradise apple” (with an apparent reference to the fruit of the “forbidden WUHH´ 7KHWHUPDSSHDUVLQ6ORYDNLQWKHIRUP paradajka (also UDMþLQD ), Czech UDMþH , Croatian UDMþLFD , Bosnian paradajz, Serbian ɩɚɪɚɞɚʁɡ , Slovenian SDUDGLåQLN , and Hungarian paradicsom . 2WKHULQYHQWHGRUGHVFULSWLYHWHUPVLQFOXGHHJ5RPDQLDQ URЮLH 7XUNLVK NÕ]DQDN 90 DQG.D]DNK Ԕɵɡɚɧɚԕ ³UHG´ 7LEHWDQ ȳŎāȈŬĻāă ³URXQGYHJHWDEOH´" DQG&KLQHVH 䕑勫 (foreign eggplant 91 ). $VUHJDUGVWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\VLQVFKRROVDOOVWXGHQWVZKRWRRNDFWLYHO\SDUWLQWKHVXUYH\ LQ$ODVNDDQG0H[LFRNQHZWKHWHUP 92 7KH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVDUHUHYHDOLQJDVWRWKH GL൵HUHQFHRI tomate and jitomate jitomate pero verde ! jitomate aplastado ! pariente de el jitomate ! una verdura pequeña !DQG una verdura verde !,QFRQWUDVWRQHRIWKH$ODVNDQ VWXGHQW¶VDQVZHUVZDVVLPSO\³\RXPDNHNHWFKXSRXWRILW´ )LQDOO\ RQH LQWHUHVWLQJ ORDQZRUG IURP 1DKXDWO LV tiza , with a restricted distribution in 6SDQLVK7KHZRUGPHDQVµFKDON¶LQ6SDQLVKRI6SDLQZKLOHWKHWHUPLQ0H[LFDQ6SDQLVKLV gis , ZKLFKLVWKHRULJLQDO/DWLQEDVHGWHUPXVHGLQ6SDLQEHIRUHWKH1DKXDWOGHULYHGWHUPUHSODFHG it. I.e., Spain gave the term gis to Mexico and Mexico gave Spain tiza , and in the process both FHDVHG XVLQJ WKHLU RULJLQDO WHUPV +RZHYHU LQ RWKHU SDUWV RI 6SDLQ WKH /DWLQEDVHG WHUP LV still in used, as in Asturian and Galician xiz and Catalan guix (along with creta and clarió 93 ). )XUWKHUPRUH0LQRUFDQKDV xoc ZKLFKGHULYHVIURP(QJOLVKµFKDON¶ZKLOH7DJDORJ GXHWRWKH LQÀXHQFHIURP6SDQLVKDQG(QJOLVK KDVWKHIXOOWULDG tisa , yeso , and tsok IRUµFKDON¶ tisa also IRUµVKLQJOH¶DQGµWLOH¶

LOANWORDS FROM MAYAN LANGUAGES

Words originating from Mayan languages are rare in European languages, except for Spanish dialects in Mexico and Guatemala. The importance of the Aztec empire for Spain, the UHODWLYHUHPRWHQHVVRIWKH0D\DDUHDDQGWKHRYHUZKHOPLQJSUHVHQFHRI1DKXDWOVSHDNHUVZKR traveled with the Spaniards across Mesoamerica, led to the richness of Nahuatl vocabulary in Spanish, at the expense of Mayan words – or any other Mesoamerican language for that matter. Some geographic terms, plants, and food-related vocabulary have been borrowed especially IURPWKH Cnidoscolus aconitifolius ] from chàay ) and pib[il] HDUWKRYHQFRRNLQJSLWDQGGLVKHVWKHUHRIIURP píib ³>SLW@RYHQ´ pibil 94 ³EDNHG´ 2WKHUFDQGLGDWHVKDYHEHHQSURSRVHGVXFKDV(QJOLVKµVKDUN¶IURP

PHXUH HQ TXHOTXHV SODQWHV LDXQH FRPP¶RUHV DXWUHV URXJHV 2Q OHV DSHOOH YXOJDLUHPHQW 3RPL G¶RUR 3RPPHVG¶RU2QOHVPDQJHFRPPHOHVǕXǕGLWHVPDLVHOOHVG¶RQQHQWHQXLHGHYRPLU ǕRXXHQWIRQWYRPLU! 90 Besides NÕ]DQDN 7XUNLVKKDVDOVRD1DKXDWOEDVHGWHUP domates IRUµWRPDWR¶ 91 Interestingly, the eggplant ( ⱳ) part of the Chinese term ␒ⱳ 3LQ\LQ IƗQTLp in Mandarin) belongs to the same genus ( Solanum DVWRPDWR±VRPHWKLQJWKDWZDVQRWNQRZQDWWKHWLPHRIWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRI tomatoes in China. 92 As tomaatti ZDVFRQVLGHUHGSDUWRIFRPPRQ)LQQLVKODQJXDJHWKHWHUPZDVH[FOXGHGIURPWKHLQLWLDO student survey. 93 The latter is also shared with Aragonese clarión and Basque klarion . 94 See also the discussion regarding Bixa orellana . 144 Harri Kettunen the chokol SDUWRIµFKRFRODWH¶IURPYDULRXV0D\DQODQJXDJHVYLD1DKXDWOLQWR6SDQLVKDQG µKXUULFDQH¶IURP.¶LFKH¶GHLW\QDPH Juraqan (or Jun Raqan ). However, the source for shark FDQQRWEH0D\DQDVWKHWHUPLVDOUHDG\UHFRUGHGLQODWH0LGGOH(QJOLVK7KH¿UVWRFFXUUHQFH is from the year 1442 in the Letters of Thomas Bekynton, Secretary to Henry VI and Bishop of Bath and Wells, part 2 0LGGOH(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\ DQGZKLOHWKHFRQWH[WLV/DWLQWKH term itself is English:

“Circiter horam vijam in sero per æstimationem navem sequebatur piscis vocatus le 6KDUNTXLTXLGHPSLVFLVSHUFXWLHEDWXUELVFXPXQRKDUSLQJ\UHQHWUHFHVVLW´

Consequently, the term appears to be of Germanic origin (compare to Dutch schurk and German Schurke “scoundrel, villain,” and archaic English sharker “a conman”). 95 /LNHZLVH there is little linguistic or historical evidence that the word cockroach (Spanish cucaracha ) ZRXOGEHRI1HZ:RUOGRULJLQ)XUWKHUPRUHLWLVTXLWHHYLGHQWWKDWWKHZRUGµKXUULFDQH¶FRPHV IURP7DLQRUDWKHUWKDQ.¶LFKH¶,WLVLQFRQFHLYDEOHWKDWDKLJKODQG0D\DQODQJXDJHIURPDQ area where there are no hurricanes would be the origin of the word, rather than a language that ZDVVSRNHQLQWKHDUHDZKHUHKXUULFDQHVDUHDEXQGDQW7KHRULJLQRIWKHZRUGIRU cigar is more problematic, and requires more investigation. All in all, although there are numerous loanwords IURPGL൵HUHQW0D\DQODQJXDJHVWRWKHORFDOYDULDQWVRI6SDQLVKLQ*XDWHPDODDQG0H[LFRWKHUH are no common loanwords from Mayan languages to various languages around the world (unless cigar and chocol SURYHWRWKHRI0D\DQRULJLQ ,QIDFWLWVRPHWLPHVORRNVDVLIWKHSHRSOH whose focus is in the Maya area also “want to believe” that also Mayan languages provided ORDQZRUGVWRGLVWDQWODQJXDJHVDQGQRWRQO\WKH³QHLJKERULQJ´0H[LFD$]WHF1DKXDWO However, although not directly a borrowing from a term in a language as such, sisal is by far the most wide-spread (attested) word stemming from a Mayan language, deriving from D WKH H[WLQFW@ &K¶ROWL¶ )RUUHIHUULQJWRYDULRXVZRUNVE\5DOSK/5R\VEHWZHHQDQG 1957]) states the following for sisal :

“quizá provenga de sisil : frescura, frialdad + a’ DJXD DFWXDOPHQWH HV XQ EDUULR GH 9DOODGROLGSHUR HQ pSRFDV FRORQLDOHV HUD XQD SREODFLyQ FRQWLJXD H LQGHSHQGLHQWH D HVWD~OWLPDORVKDELWDQWHVGH Sisal H[SOLFDQTXHHOQRPEUHVLJQL¿FDODJRRODJXQDGH DJXDIUtDUH¿ULpQGRVHWDOYH]DOFHQRWHTXHDFWXDOPHQWHVHHQFXHQWUDHQORVWHUUHQRVGHO FRQYHQWRSHURTXHKDVLGRFXELHUWRHVWDEDHQODSURYLQFLDGHORV .XSXOHV >WDPELpQHV QRPEUH@GHXQSXHUWRVLWXDGRHQODFRVWDQRUWHGHODSHQtQVXODGH

95 Note also Norwegian skark ³ROGOHDQKRUVH´³ROGLQHGLEOH¿VK´DQG³GHFUHSLWSHUVRQ´ %RNPnOVRUGERND _1\QRUVNRUGERND 96 “Maybe it comes from sisil IUHVKQHVVFROGQHVVD¶ZDWHUQRZDGD\VLWLVDQHLJKERUKRRGLQ9DOODGROLG New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 145

Consequently, Sisal in the toponymic context could refer to the coolness and freshness of WKHSODFHLWVHOI±RUWRWKHUHIUHVKLQJZDWHUVQHDUE\$Q\RQHZKRKDVYLVLWHG

EXWLQ&RORQLDOWLPHVLWZDVDFRQWLJXRXVDQGLQGHSHQGHQWSRSXODWLRQWRWKHODWWHUWKHLQKDELWDQWVRI6LVDO H[SODLQWKDWWKHQDPHPHDQVFROGZDWHUODNHRUODJRRQSHUKDSVUHIHUULQJWRWKHFHQRWHWKDWLVWRGD\RQ WKHJURXQGVRIWKHFRQYHQWEXWZKLFKKDVEHHQFRYHUHGLWZDVLQWKHSURYLQFHRIWKH.XSXOHV>LWLVDOVR WKHQDPH@RIDSRUWORFDWHGRQWKHQRUWKHUQFRDVWRIWKH

VWXGHQWVGLGQRWSURYLGHDQ\UHSOLHV%H\RQGWKHVFKRROVXUYH\VRQHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWLQ)LQODQG FRUUHFWO\LGHQWL¿HG cenote DV kalkkikiveen veden uurtama syvänne/allas ! ³DGHSUHVVLRQEDVLQ that has been carved into the limestone by water”), while the Mexican students had the following GHVFULSWLRQV agua subterranea ! alberca natural ! como una fosa llena de agua ! crater en la tierra ubicado en yucatan con agua y gran profundidad ! depresión u hoyo el cual tiene aguas estancada ! están en cancún ! oye en la tierra con agua en yucatán ! un lugar en el que hay agua y esta medio escondido y esta bonito ! XQRUL¿FLRHQODWLHUUDFRQDJXD y tiene muy poca luz ! un pozo en las cuevas ! un yacimiento de agua en yucatan ! una laguna pero con túneles de coneccion entre ellos !DQG un pozo gigante natural hecho por el metiorito de los dinosaurios !2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGHG LVODÀRWDQWH ! pequeña isla ! un monte ! como un cerro ! es como una montaña ! árbol? !DQG comida !

LOANWORDS FROM QUECHUA

/RDQZRUGVIURP4XHFKXDLQFOXGHWKHUHODWLYHO\FRPPRQWHUPV coca , llama , and puma, as well as less common condor , guanaco, guano, pampa , quinine , quinoa, and vicuña . Coca (Erythroxylon spp., especially Erythroxylon Coca var.) has been used for thousands of years in western South America for various purposes, including as a stimulant to reduce tiredness, KXQJHUDQGDOWLWXGHVLFNQHVV7RGD\LWLVNQRZQZRUOGZLGHPDLQO\EHFDXVHRILWVSV\FKRDFWLYH DONDORLGFRFDLQH7KHZRUGRULJLQDWHVHLWKHULQ4XHFKXDRU$\PDUD kuka and it was distributed to other languages via Spanish coca )RUEHV The school survey answers varied FRQVLGHUDEO\ZKLOHRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVFRQQHFWHGWKHWHUPHLWKHUWRWKHFRFDSODQW &RFD&RODRUFRFDLQHRQO\RIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVPDGHWKHVHFRQQHFWLRQV 97 0DQ\$ODVNDQ students connected the term to chocolate possibly because of the sound resemblance between FRFDDQGFRFRD³SRZGHUHGFKRFRODWHEDVH´³DQXWIURPDWUHHXVHGWRPDNHFKRFRODW>VLF@´ ³WUHHPDGHLQWRFKRFRODWH´DQG³\RXFDQPDNHFKRFRODWHZLWKFRFR´EXWDOVR³SODQWIURP ZKLFKFRFDLQHLVPDGH´,QFRQWUDVWWKHDQVZHUVIURPWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLQFOXGHG bebida o droga ! bebida o refresco dañina ! ¿cocaína? ! cola xdxd ! comercialmente una bebida o droga ! droga o con lo que se fabrica la bebida coca cola ! planta de donde sale droga ! DQG planta andina !EXWDOVR sirve para hacer chocolate ! DQG chocolate en polvo muy fuerte y rico !,Q)LQODQGHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG pensas tai huume ! ³DEXVKRUDGUXJ´ huume ja lääke + kokanlehti ! ³GUXJDQGPHGLFLQHFRFDOHDI´ DQG kokaiini !RUMXVW –iini !>DVWKH koka part was already written in the survey] (“cocaine”). 2WKHU DQVZHUV ZHUH FRQQHFWHG WR &RFD &ROD juoma cocacola ! ³&RFD &ROD GULQN´ DQG limsaa ! ³VRIWGULQN´ 6RPHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUGZLWK)LQQLVK koko RUµVL]H¶ se on paidoissa ja housuissa oleva lappu ! ³LW¶VDODEHORQVKLUWVDQGWURXVHUV´ DQG minkä kokoinen olet ! ³WKHVL]H\RXDUH´ ZKLOHRWKHUVSUREDEO\PDGHDFRQQHFWLRQWR )LQQLVK kokka RUµERZ¶ veneen kärki ! ³WKHERZIURQWRIDERDW´ DQG veneen pääty ! ³WKH DIWHQGRIDERDW´ +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG kasvi, josta tehdään nenäsokeria ! ³DSODQW WKDWLVXVHGIRUPDNLQJQRVHVXJDU´ 6LPLODUO\ 3ROLVKVWXGHQWVFDPHXSWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV for koka ³PDULKXDQDLQRWKHUZRUGVSRSXODUGUXJIURP&RORPELD´³¶+HUD.RND+DV]¶VRQJ´ DQG³0\IDYRULWHGUXJ MXVWNLGGLQJ\RXVKRXOGQ¶WWDNHGHVLJQHUGUXJV ´

97 1%LQWKHVXUYH\DOOWKHVHWKUHH WKHSODQWWKHGUXJDQGWKHGULQN ZHUHFRQVLGHUHGDV³ULJKW´DQVZHUV New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 147

Condor (Sp. cóndor > Vultur gryphus (Andean condor)]) derives from Quechua kuntur . The WHUPZDVUDWKHUZHOONQRZQLQWKHVXUYH\RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVRIWKH$ODVNDQ VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV NQHZ WKH WHUP 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGHG HJ pájaro ! pajaro montañero ! especie de aguila ! ave de rapiña ! ave que come carroña ! ave carroñera ! ave de origen sudamericano ! animal que vuela y vive en EU !DQG tipo ave y avion ! 2QH$ODVNDQ VWXGHQW DOVR FRQ¿UPHG WKH ODWWHU E\ DQVZHULQJ VLPSO\ ³DLUOLQH´ Besides generic references WRELUGVHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQ)LQODQGLQFOXGHG iso lintu ! ³DODUJHELUG´ DQG vaarallinen lentävä eläin ! ³GDQJHURXVÀ\LQJDQLPDO´ 6RPHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV clearly associated the word with konduktööri RUµ>WUDLQ@FRQGXFWRU¶ on junassa ! ³LW¶VLQWKH WUDLQ´ DQG onkse se kuka kerää junassa liput ! ³LVLWWKHRQHZKRFROOHFWVWLFNHWVRQDWUDLQ´ Two others undoubtedly made an association with gondoliRUµJRQGROD¶ vene ! ³ERDW´ DQG italiassa kuljetaan niillä ! ³LQ ,WDO\ \RX WUDYHO ZLWK WKHP´ DQG \HW RWKHU WZR DVVRFLDWHG WKH ZRUG ZLWK D SkWLVVHULH RU FRQIHFWLRQHU\ VKRS leipomo ! ³EDNHU\´ DQG konditoria ! ³SDVWU\VKRS´ 7KHODWWHULVDQRWKHUORDQZRUGLQ)LQQLVKWKLVWLPHIURP$UDELFDQGRU/DWLQ via Swedish konditori and German Konditorei . Another elementary school student answered = kondoomi / konduktööri ! ³ FRQGRPFRQGXFWRU´ \HWDQRWKHUVRXQGDVVRFLDWLRQZKLOH \HWDQRWKHURQHKDG kondorihissi ! ³FRQGRUOLIW´ DQDSSDUHQWUHIHUHQFHWR gondolihissi , or µJRQGRODOLIW¶)XUWKHUPRUHRQH3ROLVKVWXGHQWSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJHQLJPDWLFDQVZHUWR kondor : “My life.” Guanaco (Lama guanicoe ), a camelid native to South America from Central Andes to 3DWDJRQLD derives its name from Quechua wanaku . Spanish guanaco is the source of the word in other European languages, including the historical variants of English: guanco , guianaco , and guinaco (17th century), huanaco (17th to 19th c.), guanico and guanaca (18th c.), and guanacho WKF 2(' Guanaco ZDVSRRUO\NQRZQDPRQJWKHVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\1RQHRIWKH $ODVNDQVWXGHQWVDQGRQO\RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP,Q)LQODQGRQO\ WZRHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV DQGQRQHRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVZHUHIDPLOLDUZLWK the term (spelled guanakoLQ)LQQLVK )LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG eläin joka on sukua laamalle ja alpakalle ! ³DQDQLPDOWKDWLVUHODWHGWRWKHOODPDDQGDOSDFD´ kahvi ! ³FR൵HH´ DQG keihäs ! ³VSHDU´ 2QH KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQW UHSOLHG soossia ! (“mash”), a possible reference to guacamole ZKLOHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVSURYLGHG kokapensas ! ³FRFDEXVK´ DQG lepakonjäte ! ³EDWZDVWH>IHFHV@´ 7KHODWWHULVDQREYLRXVDVVRFLDWLRQZLWK guano (see below). Guano , the accumulated excrement, or natural manure, of seabirds and bats has its lexical origin in Quechua wanu. Spanish guano (variant huano) is the intermediary for other (European) ODQJXDJHV$VUHJDUGVWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\WKHWHUPZDVLGHQWL¿HGE\RIWKH0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVZKLOHQRQHRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV DQGRQO\RIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURP0H[LFRLQFOXGHG caca de murciélago ! caca de murcielago ! estiercol ! heces de murcielago ! la popo de los murcielagos ! popis de mursielago ! popo de los murcielagos que contiene enfermedades, droga !DQG un animal !ZKLOHWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVKDG³EDWSRRS´³EDWIHLFHV´>VLF@DQG ³EDWGXQJ´3URSRVDOVE\WKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQFOXGHG eläin ! ³DQLPDO´ kahvi ! ³FR൵HH´ soitin ! ³>PXVLFDO@LQVWUXPHQW´ DQG guonomarja ! ³ guono berry”), a SRVVLEOHDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKJRMLEHUU\2QHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWDOVRVXJJHVWHG hedelmä ! ³IUXLW´ a possible confusion with guava)XUWKHUPRUHRQH3ROLVKVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG³VRPHWKLQJWRHDW in Africa.” 148 Harri Kettunen

Llama (Lama glama ), a domesticated South American camelid, has its lexical origin in @ 7KHWHUPZDV ݠDPD >(POHQ DQG$GHODDU IURP 3URWR4XHFKXD Quechua llama ZHOONQRZQLQWKHVXUYH\ RYHUDOOUDQNLQJWKDOODUHDVFRPELQHG RIWKH0H[LFDOXSSHU HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVRIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG RI WKH )LQQLVK KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV PDUNHG GRZQ WKH FRUUHFWDQVZHU$QVZHUVIURPWKH0H[LFDQVFKRROVLQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJ animal parecido a la alpaca ! animal de peru ! un animal de origen peruano, y se parece a la alpaca ! un animal peludo y de cuello muy largo ! animal hermoso ! alpaca, o fuego ! animal o proveniente del fuego ! animal parecido al camello ! animal peludo ! animal q escupe y q es muy repreentativo de perui y chile !DQG animal que vive en el desierto !)XUWKHUKRPRSKRQ\ in Spanish (besides llama DVµOODPD¶DQGµÀDPH¶LQ6SDQLVK SURGXFHGWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV (based on Spanish llamar RUµWRFDOO¶ una llama de fuego y de la acción de llamar ! accion de hablarle a alguien por telefono !DQG 3ra persona presente indicativo del verbo llamar !,Q WKHVXUYH\FDUULHGRXWLQ)LQODQG laama ZDVWKH¿IWKEHVWNQRZQHQWU\LQWKHVXUYH\(OHPHQWDU\ school students were quite familiar with the animal, although some divergence could be GHWHFWHG eläin joka on kuin alpakka tai kameli mutta ilman kyttyrää ! ³DQ DQLPDO WKDW LV OLNHDOSDFDRUDFDPHOEXWZLWKRXWDKXPS´ alpakoille sukua, iso ja pörröinen ! ³UHODWHGWR DOSDFDVODUJHDQGIXUU\´ söpö vähän niinkuin alpakka ! ³FXWHDELWOLNHDQDOSDFD´ eläin jolla on turkki aika pitkä kaula ja vähän niinku hevonen ! ³DQDQLPDOZLWKDIXUDUDWKHUORQJ QHFNDQGDELWOLNHDKRUVH´ kamelin tapainen eläin ! ³DQDQLPDOWKDWUHVHPEOHVDFDPHO´ märehtijäeläin ! ³UXPLQDQW´ on lampaan näköinen eläin ! ³LW¶VDQDQLPDOWKDWORRNVOLNHD VKHHS´ kuljetus eläin amerikassa ! ³DFDUJRWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQLPDOLQ$PHULFD´ DQG eläin, joka jaksaa kantaa paljon ! ³DQDQLPDOWKDWLVDEOHWRFDUU\DORW´ 1XPHURXV)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROVWXGHQWVZHUHDOVRYHU\IDPLOLDUZLWKRQHWUDLWRIWKHOODPD sylkemisestään tunnettu eläin ! ³DQDQLPDOIDPRXVIRUVSLWWLQJ´ eläin joka sylkee jos suuttuu ! ³DQDQLPDOWKDWVSLWV ZKHQDQJU\´ eläin joka räkii jos sitä ärsyttää ! ³DQDQLPDOWKDWVSLWVZKHQDJJUDYDWHG´ neljä jalkaa sylkee ! ³IRXUOHJV>DQG@VSLWV´ räkivä eläin ! ³VSLWWLQJDQLPDO´ kuolaava eläin ! ³DQDQLPDOWKDWGURROV´ DQG sylkevä tuittupää (kaunisteltuna) ! ³VSLWWLQJKRWKHDG WRSXWLWQLFHO\ ´ 2WKHUGHVFULSWLRQVE\WKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQFOXGHG aasin ja hevosen lapsi ! ³DFKLOGRIDGRQNH\DQGDKRUVH´ eläin esim. Egyptissä ! ³DQDQLPDOHJ LQ(J\SW´ DQG eläin harvinainen suomessa ! ³DQDQLPDO>@UDUHLQ)LQODQG´ )LQQLVKKLJK VFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG vähän niiku lammas ! ³DELWOLNHDVKHHS´ eläin. sylkee. tyhmä aasin näköinen ! ³DQLPDOVSLWVVWXSLGORRNVOLNHDGRQNH\´ ruma eläin, kamelin kaltainen ! ³DQ XJO\DQLPDOUHVHPEOHVDFDPHO´ DQG eläin ja sukunimi ! ³DQDQLPDODQGDVXUQDPH´ 7KH VXUYH\ FDUULHG RXW LQ 3RODQG SURGXFHG WKH IROORZLQJ DQVZHUV ³0RUH WKDQ RQH DQLPDO´ DQG ³/ODPDLQ0\/LYLQJ5RRP $URQ&KXSD /LWWOH6LV1RUD ´ Pampa XVXDOO\LQSOXUDOµSDPSDV¶LQ(QJOLVK WKHQDPHIRUWKH vast plains of South America VRXWKRIWKH$PD]RQ±HVSHFLDOO\LQ$UJHQWLQDDQGQHLJKERULQJFRXQWULHV 2(' GHULYHVLWV name from Quechua pampa, µSODLQ¶ RU µVWHSSH¶ LELG 6RPHZKDW VXUSULVLQJO\ QRQH RI WKH VWXGHQWVIURP0H[LFRDQGRQO\RQH$ODVNDQDQGWZR )LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPZKLOHRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGNQHZZKDWWKHZRUGPHDQV )LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH puuton ja kuiva alue ! ³WUHHOHVVDQGGU\ DUHD´ kasvi ! ³SODQW´ eläin ! ³DQLPDO´ DQGDQHQLJPDWLF pumpu, banba!+LJKVFKRRO VWXGHQWV DGGHG EHVLGHV WKH RI FRUUHFW DQVZHUV suotyyppi ! ³VZDPSPDUVKSHDWODQG W\SH´ aavikko ! ³GHVHUW´ kasvi ! ³SODQW´ eläin ! ³DQLPDO´ DQG espanjalaiseen/ meksik. kulttuuriin liittyvä esine? ! ³DQREMHFWWKDWLVUHODWHGWR6SDQLVK0H[LFDQFXOWXUH"´ New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 149

Puma ( Felis concolor ) derives from Quechua pumaZKLOHWKH(QJOLVKµFRXJDU¶SUREDEO\ originates in Tupi susua’rana that is frequently connected to the concept “similar to deer.” Another possible source is the related Guarani guasu (wasu) ara . Note also that in modern Guarani guasu PHDQV ERWK µODUJH JUHDW¶ 6S grande DQG µGHHU¶ 6S ciervo /XVWLJ DQG 5DPtUH] 3XPDZDVRQHRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQWHUPVLQWKHVXUYH\ RYHUDOOUDQNLQJ WK )DPLOLDULW\LQ0H[LFRZDV$ODVND)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVDQG)LQQLVK KLJKVFKRROV$VLQWKHVXUYH\LQJHQHUDORQHKDVWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHHUURUPDUJLQDQG WKHIDFWWKDWVRPHVWXGHQWVPLJKWKDYHOHIWVRPHTXHVWLRQVXQDQVZHUHGHYHQLIWKH\NQHZWKH WHUP$OVRZKDWLVLQWHUHVWLQJUHJDUGLQJWKHPDQ\GHVFULSWLRQVRISXPDLQWKHVXUYH\LQ$ODVND DQG)LQODQGLVWKDWTXLWHDIHZVWXGHQWVGHVFULEHGWKHDQLPDODVEHLQJEODFN$OWKRXJKWKHUHDUH QREODFNSXPDVFRXJDUVWKHWHUP³EODFNSDQWKHU´LVTXLWHZLGHVSUHDGDQGPD\KDYHFRQIXVHG VRPH RI WKH VWXGHQWV 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV SURYLGHG XV ZLWK WKH IROORZLQJ DQVZHUV animal felino ! animal feroz ! felino salvaje ! animal mamifero felino ! animal parecido a un gato! animal que se parece al tigre ! felino mediano ! felino grande !DQG marca de ropa deportiva !)XUWKHUPRUHWKHIROORZLQJLVDJLYHDZD\DVWRWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHPDMRUSDUW RIWKHVXUYH\LQ0H[LFR animal felino representativo de la UNAM !7KH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUVLQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJ³DFDWLVEODFNZLOGDQLPDOKXJH´³W\SHRIWLJHUDQLPDO´ ³IDVWDQLPDO´³DODUJHEODFNFDWWKDWLVPRUHDJUHVVLYH>VLF@´³DEODFNODUJ>VLF@MXQJOHFDW´³D MXQJOHFDWDOOEODFN´DQG³DQDQLPDOIRXQGLQ$IULFD´ ,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\FDUULHGRXWLQ)LQODQG puuma98 ZDVWKHWKLUGEHVWNQRZQHQWU\ (OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH kissa peto pohjois-amerikassa ! ³IHOLQHSUHGDWRU LQ1RUWK$PHULFD´ DQG taas kissaeläin ! ³DQRWKHUIHOLQH´ )XUWKHUPRUHPDQ\HOHPHQWDU\ school students associated puumaPRVWOLNHO\ZLWKEODFNSDQWKHUV iso kissa eläin ja musta ! ³ODUJHIHOLQHDQGEODFN´ musta kisaeläin ! ³EODFNIHOLQH´ DQG musta saalistajaeläin ! ³EODFN SUHGDWRU\ DQLPDO´ 2WKHU GHVFULSWLRQV LQFOXGH tiikerin tapanen ! ³OLNH D WLJHU´ pantteri/eläin ! ³SDQWKHUDQLPDO´ vaarallinen kissaeläin ! ³GDQJHURXVIHOLQH´ DQGTXLWH FRUUHFWO\ toiseksi nopein kissa eläin ! (“second fastest feline”). Many elementary school students made a connection between puumaDQG3XPD laukun merkki ja eläin ! ³EDJEUDQG DQGDQDQLPDO´ DQG puuma on vaatemerkki ja vaarallinen eläin ! ³3XPDLVDFORWKLQJEUDQG DQGDGDQJHURXVDQLPDO´ 2QHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWNQHZWKDW puuma means something HOVHEHVLGHVWKHDQLPDODQGWKHEUDQG puumanainen ! ³FRXJDU ZRPDQ ´ DQGRQHDQVZHUHG minä ! ³,´ $OVRKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVZHUHTXLWHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKHVODQJZRUGFRQQRWDWLRQ kissa tai nainen ! ³FDW RU D ZRPDQ´ eläin tai vanha nuoria miehiä “pyydystävä” naishenkilö ! ³DQDQLPDORUDQROGIHPDOHSHUVRQZKR³KXQWV´\RXQJPHQ´ eläin tai nainen joka on kiinnostu nuorista miehista ! ³DQDQLPDORUDZRPDQZKRLVLQWHUHVWHGLQ\RXQJPHQ´ eläin / nainen jolla on nuorempi mies ! ³DQDQLPDODZRPDQZKRKDVD\RXQJHUPDQ´ DQG ¿QDOO\ eläin, n. 40v. nainen ! ³DQDQLPDOFD\HDUROGZRPDQ´ Quinine (Sp. quinina chinchona ) or ( R)-(6-Methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((2 S,4 S,8 R)-8- YLQ\OTXLQXFOLGLQ\O PHWKDQRO HWKHQ\OD]DELF\FOR>@RFW\O PHWKR[\TXLQROLQ

\O PHWKDQROLVDQLPSRUWDQWDONDORLG & 20 H24 N222) used as a medication to primarily prevent DQGWUHDWPDODULD 1HZ:RUOG(QF\FORSHGLDFRQWULEXWRUV³4XLQLQH´2(' 7KHVRXUFH RITXLQLQHLVLQWKHEDUNRIYDULRXVVSHFLHVRIFLQFKRQDWUHHV,Q4XHFKXDWKHEDUNRIWKHWUHHLV

98 )LQQLVK UHFHLYHG WKH ZRUG SRVVLEO\ YLD (QJOLVK LQ WKH HDUO\ WK FHQWXU\ (DUO\ )LQQLVK YDULDQWV also included amerikanleijona (“American lion”) , kugaari (“cougar”), and hopealeijona (“silver lion”) +lNNLQHQ 150 Harri Kettunen called kina or kinakina , the source of quinine and kiniini (New World Encyclopedia contributors, ³4XLQLQH´ 7KHZRUGZDVDOOEXWXQNQRZQWRVWXGHQWVWKURXJKRXWWKHVXUYH\QRQHRIWKH 0H[LFDQ$ODVNDQRU)LQQLVKVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUPH[FHSWWKDWRQH0H[LFDQDQGRQH)LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG medicamento ! lääke ! ³PHGLFLQH´ DQGRQH)LQQLVK high school student answered ³VRPH>NLQGRI@VSLFH´ Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa ) is a grain crop that is cultivated in the Andes for its edible IDULQDFHRXVVHHGV 2(' 7KHZRUGRULJLQDWHVLQ4XHFKXD kinwa IURP3URWR4XHFKXD NLQZD >(POHQDQG$GHODDU@ Acquaintance with the word kvinoa varied a lot among students RIGL൵HUHQWDUHDVDQGOHYHOV:KLOHRIWKH0H[LFDQDQGRIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVZHUH IDPLOLDUZLWKWKHWHUPRQO\RIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGRIWKH)LQQLVKKLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV NQHZ WKH ZRUG$QVZHUV IURP 0H[LFR LQFOXGHG semilla ! condimento ! planta ! fruto ! lancha !DQG un barco !ZKLOHWKHDQVZHUVIURP$ODVNDLQFOXGHG³EDE\ ULFH´DQG³DUHSODFHPHQWIRUULFH´,Q)LQODQGHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG riisin tapainen, pahan makuinen ! ³OLNH ULFH WDVWHV EDG´ pahaa vähän riisin tapaista ! ³ULFHOLNH >EXW@ EDG WDVWLQJ´ DQG semmonen “riisin” tapanen mut terveellisempi ! ³OLNH ³ULFH´EXWKHDOWKLHU´ +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG EHVLGHVFRUUHFWLGHQWL¿FDWLRQV hedelmä ! ³IUXLW´ mauste ! ³VSLFH´ DQG kastike ! ³VDXFH´ ZKLOHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVR൵HUHGEHVLGHV WKUHH TXDUWHUV RI FRUUHFW DQVZHUV perunantapainen ruoka-aine ! ³SRWDWROLNH IRRGVWX൵´ hedelmä ! ³IUXLW´ marja ! ³EHUU\´ DQG pieni laama eläin ! ³D VPDOO OODPDDQLPDO >6RXWK$PHULFDQFDPHOLG@´ Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna ), the other South American wild camelid besides guanaco, derives lexically from Quechua wik’uña 9LNXxDSD VRVWHQLEOH PDQHMRQ DOOLQ NDZVDNX\QLQSDTZDQ PDQHMRPSDPDQXDO 7KHWHUPZDVSRRUO\NQRZQWKURXJKRXWWKHVXUYH\1RQHRIWKH $ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPZKLOHRQO\RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH )LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWNQHZWKHWHUP%DVHG on the descriptions, some elementary school students associated the word with three similar- VRXQGLQJ )LQQLVK ZRUGV viikuna ! µ¿J¶ vinkuja ! µZKLQHU¶ DQG vinkua ! µVTXHDN VTXHDO¶ sellain joka vinkuu kaikkea ! ³VRPHRQHZKRQDJVLQVLVWVHYHU\WKLQJ´ se haluu kaikkee ! ³ZDQWV HYHU\WKLQJ´ inisiä ! ³ZKLQHU´ vinkuu kimee ääni ! ³VTXHDNV KLJK SLWFKHGYRLFH´ hedelmä ! ³IUXLW´>VL[DQVZHUV@ viikuna ! ³¿J´ DQG puu! ³WUHH´ 2QH VWXGHQWDOVRDQVZHUHG lintu ! ³ELUG´ +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGKDG kasvi/ hedelmä ! ³SODQWIUXLW´ DQG viikunan toinen nimi ! ³DQRWKHUQDPHIRU¿J´ $QVZHUVIURP 0H[LFRLQFOXGHG hijo de la llama !DQG herramienta !ZKLOHLQWKHVXUYH\ FDUULHGRXWLQ 3RODQG wikunia was connected to a personal name, based on these answers: “diminutive of the QDPH:LNWRULD´DQG³IULHQG´

LOANWORDS FROM TUPIAN LANGUAGES

/RDQZRUGVIURP7XSLDQDUHQXPHURXVLQGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG$VLVWKH case of other indigenous languages of the Americas, these words are primarily names of animals RU SODQWV &RPPRQ ZRUGV IURP7XSLDQ LQ GL൵HUHQW ODQJXDJHV LQFOXGH ananas µSLQHDSSOH¶ cashew , cayenne (pepper ), jaguar , manioc , tapioca , tapir , and toucan . Infrequent loanwords include agouti ( Dasyprocta spp.), ara ( Ara spp.), coati ( Nasua spp.), guarana ( Paullinia New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 151 cupana ), jacaranda ( Bignoniaceae spp.), jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ), margay (Leopardus wiedii ), (castaña de ) Pará RUµ%UD]LOQXW¶ Bertholletia excelsa ), petunia ( Petunia spp.), and piranha ( Serrasalmidae spp.). Guarana HVSHFLDOO\DVDQLQJUHGLHQWLQVRIWGULQNV DQGHQHUJ\GULQNV LVSUREDEO\WKHPRVWIDPLOLDUZRUGLQWKHODWWHUOLVW HVSHFLDOO\DPRQJIRUWKH \RXQJHUJHQHUDWLRQ DOWKRXJKDWOHDVWLQWKHORDQZRUGVWXG\FDUULHGRXWLQ3RODQGRQHVWXGHQW made the connection to a fruit, based on the following answer: guarana: “fruit, smells very PXFKOLNHDGHDGERG\´ Agouti (Sp. agutí)UDJRXWL> Dasyprocta spp.]) GHULYHVIURP2OG7XSL akuti by way of Spanish agutí. $VUHJDUGVWKHVXUYH\QRQHRIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV RIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZ that aguti DJRXWL LVDQDQLPDO6RPH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHWHUP with akuutti RUHPHUJHQF\URRP (5 RIDKRVSLWDO(QWULHVIURPWKHVXUYH\LQ)LQODQGLQFOXGH WKHIROORZLQJ sairaala ! ³KRVSLWDO´ hätäinen tapaus tai sellainen “akuutti” ?! ³HPHUJHQF\ FDVHRUNLQGRI³DFXWH´"´ se on terveys asemalla oleva paikka ! ³LWLVDSODFHDWWKHKHDOWK FOLQLF´ joku lääkäri juttu ! ³VRPHNLQGRI>PHGLFDO@GRFWRUWKLQJ´ lääke(kauppa) sielt voi hakee lääkkeitä ! ³GUXJ VWRUH \RXFDQJHWGUXJVIURPWKHUH´ 2WKHUHQWULHVLQFOXGH joku lisko ! ³VRPHNLQGRIDOL]DUG´ soitin ! ³PXVLFDOLQVWUXPHQW´ DQG pieni vihreä mies ! ³D little green man”). Besides a few correct answers, some of the Mexican students also suggested agua! una bebida !DQG fruta ! Ananas ‘pineapple’ ( Ananas comosus ). The origin of the pineapple (the plant) is in southern %UD]LODQG3DUDJXD\ZKLOHWKHZRUGµDQDQDV¶RULJLQDWHVLQ2OG7XSLDQVSRNHQLQQRUWKHDVWHUQ Brazil. The form in Tupian is nanas7KH¿UVWDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHZRUGLVLQWKHWUHDWLVHE\ André de Thevet (1516–1590) titled Les singularitez de la France Antarctique (“Singularities of )UDQFH$QWDUFWLTXH´ 7KLVYROXPHDOVRLQWURGXFHVZRUGVDQGFRQFHSWVVXFKDVµPDFDZ¶µVORWK¶ µWDSLU¶µPDQLRF¶µSHDQXW¶DQGµWREDFFR¶ ,QKLVERRN7KHYHWXVHVWKHIRUP nana, probably PLVWDNLQJWKHRULJLQDO7XSLDQ¿QDO -s IRUDSOXUDOPDUNHU 0XUUD\9RO, ,WLVDOVR ZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWµD¶LVWKHVLQJXODUIHPLQLQHGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHLQ3RUWXJXHVH±KHQFHSUREDEO\ the confusion between nana, nanas, anana, and ananas)XUWKHUPRUHLWLVLQWHUHVWLQJWKDWDV most European languages have ananas for pineapple (save Spanish and English), Brazilian 3RUWXJXHVHKDV abacaxi ±DZRUGDOVRRULJLQDWLQJIURP2OG7XSL ibakatí ,Q)LQQLVKWKHZRUG µDQDQDV¶LV¿UVWDWWHVWHGLQ'DQLHO(XURSDHXV¶VGLFWLRQDU\ +lNNLQHQ LQWKHIRUP ananas-omena (“pineapple-apple”) 99 . Due to the fact that ananas was considered as part of VWDQGDUG)LQQLVKYRFDEXODU\WKHWHUPZDVOHIWRXWIURPWKHLQLWLDOORDQZRUGVXUYH\LQ)LQODQG +RZHYHULWDSSHDUHGLQWKHVXUYH\VFDUULHGRXWLQ0H[LFRDQG3RODQG'XHWRWKHIDFWWKDW WKHFRPPRQWHUPLQ6SDQLVKLVSLxDRQO\RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHZRUG +RZHYHUVRPHRIWKHPNQHZWKDWWKHWHUPLVLQXVHLQ$UJHQWLQDDQG*HUPDQ \ piñas en Argentina ! piña en aleman ! Cashew 3RUW acaju (Anacardium occidentale GHULYHV IURP 2OG 7XSL acajú via the 3RUWXJXHVHQDPHRIWKHFDVKHZWUHHIUXLW acaju ~ caju . English had, before the current cashew form, casheu (18th century), as well as cashoe and caju WKF 2(' Cashew was rather ZHOONQRZQDPRQJWKH$ODVNDQDQG)LQQLVKVWXGHQWVRIWKH$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV

99 ,WLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWWKHZRUGZDV³QDWXUDOL]HG´LQWR)LQQLVK±DVWKHLQÀHFWHGIRUPVLQ)LQQLVKGRQRW IROORZWKHW\SLFDOLQÀHFWLRQRI QHZ ORDQZRUGVEXWUDWKHUWKHLQÀHFWHGIRUPVRIQDWLYH)LQQLVKZRUGV +HQFHWKHDFFXVDWLYHDQGJHQLWLYHIRUPRISLQHDSSOHLQ)LQQLVKLV ananaksen rather than * ananasin . 152 Harri Kettunen

DQGRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP 100. 2QH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWGHVFULEHGWKHQXW RUDFWXDOO\WKHVHHG DV cashew- pähkinät ovat hyviä ja kuunsirpin muotoisia ! ³FDVKHZQXWVDUHWDVW\DQGVKDSHGOLNHDPRRQ FUHVFHQW´ $QRWKHUGHVFULEHGLWDV pähkinä vaalea kikkura dinosauruksen kynnen näköinen ! ³QXWOLJKWFRORUHGFXUOHGORRNVOLNHDGLQRVDXUFODZ´ 2QHDQVZHUIURPDKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQW ZDVDQHQLJPDWLF jenkkijuttu ! ³$PHULFDQ>UHIHUULQJWRWKH86$@WKLQJ´ Cayenne pepper ( Capsicum annuum >YDULHW\@ RULJLQDWHV LQ 2OG 7XSL kyinha or kyiha ~ kuyinha 2('6LMV DOWKRXJKYDULRXVVRXUFHV LQFOXGLQJ:LNLSHGLD VWDWHWKDWLWLV QDPHGDIWHUWKHFLW\RI&D\HQQHLQ)UHQFK*XLDQD(QJOLVKKDG cayan , kayan , kian , kyan , chian , and chyan in the 18th century before cementing the form cayenne 2(' ,Q WKH ORDQZRUG VXUYH\RIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGRIWKH KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP(OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH pippuri, jota ei kannata laittaa paljon ! ³DSHSSHUWKDW\RXVKRXOGQ¶WSXWWRRPXFK>LQWR\RXUIRRG@´ DQG tulinen mauste. asteekolla 30 000! ³KRWVSLFHRQWKHVFDOHRI´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH kastike ! ³VDXFH´ tuotemalli ! ³SURGXFWPRGHO´ DQG soitin ! ³>PXVLFDO@LQVWUXPHQW´ 6RPH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV NQHZ WKDW FD\HQQH LH &D\HQQH LV DOVR D FDU auto! ³FDU´ automerkki tai kukka ! ³FDUPRGHORUDÀRZHU´ DQG porche ! ³3RUVFKH´ )XUWKHUPRUHRQHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWDVVRFLDWHGLWZLWKLQGLJHQRXV$PHULFDQSHRSOH intiaaniheimo ! ³,QGLDQ>1DWLYH$PHULFDQ@WULEH´ DOLNHO\DVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKH&KH\HQQH +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG pippurilaji ! ³SHSSHUVSHFLHVYDULHW\´ intialainen mauste ! ³,QGLDQ>IURP,QGLD@VSLFH´ DQG vahva tulinen mauste ja intiaaniryhmä ! ³DKRW spice and an Indian group”). Similar to a couple of elementary school student answers, quite a IHZKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKDW&D\HQQHLVDOVRDFDUPRGHO pippuri / myös auto malli ! ³SHSSHUDOVRFDUPRGHO´ DQG Porschen katumaasturimalli tai mauste ! ³3RUVFKH¶V689 model or a spice”). Jaguar (Panthera onca GHULYHVIURPWKHH[WLQFW2OG7XSLODQJXDJH7KHH[DFWRULJLQDO IRUPLVREVFXUHGE\GL൵HUHQWRUWKRJUDSKLHVSURGXFLQJSRWHQWLDOIRUPVVXFKDV yawa , jawar , and îagûara 2ULJLQDOO\WKHZRUGPD\KDYHLPSOLHGDQ\FDUQLYRURXVEHDVWV QRWHDOVRWKHPRGHUQ Guarani terms jagua hete guasetéva and jagua ro’ypegua that refer to bears, as well as mbói jagua that is glossed in Spanish as dragón LQWKH/XVWLJDQG5DPtUH]*XDUDQLGLFWLRQDU\ )XUWKHUPRUHWKHZRUGZDVH[WHQGHGWRGRJVDIWHUWKHFRQTXHVW 2(' 7KLVLVDOVRUHÀHFWHGLQ modern Guarani where dog is jagua and jaguar is jaguarete 'LFFLRQDULR*XDUDQL/XVWLJ DQG5DPtUH] 7KHVDPHSDWWHUQLVLQ7XSLZKHUHVRPHRIWKH2OG:RUOGDQLPDOVUHFHLYHG local names and the native animals received an -eté augmentative, with the general meaning of µWUXH¶RUµUHDO¶ 2(' &RQVHTXHQWO\WKHZRUGIRUMDJXDULQ7XSLEHFDPH jaguareté , the “real MDJXDU´7KH ZRUG WUDYHOHG IURP 3RUWXJXHVH jaguar to other European languages, including English jaguar >LQWKHWKFHQWXU\DOVR iaguar and in the 18th century jaguara 2(' @DQG )LQQLVK jaguaari DWWHVWHGDWOHDVWE\ +lNNLQHQ %HVLGHVWKHHW\PRORJ\RIMDJXDULWV VFLHQWL¿FQDPHLVRILQWHUHVW Panthera obviously refers to the Panthera genus, while the word oncaRULJLQDWHVLQ3RUWXJXHVH onça (cognate of English ounce>DQROGQDPHIRUWKH(XURSHDQ O\Q[DQGIRUVQRZOHRSDUG@ ,Q3RUWXJXHVH onça can refer to onça-pintada ( Panthera onca ), µMDJXDU¶RU onça-parda ( Puma concolor µFRXJDUSXPD¶8OWLPDWHO\WKHZRUGGHULYHVIURP /DWLQ lynx, lyncem ZLWKWKH¿UVWOHWWHUPLVWDNHQIRUDGH¿QLWHDUWLFOH FRPSDUHWR2OG)UHQFK l’once 2('

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Unsurprisingly, the vast majority of students in the surveys were familiar with the term, although there was some uncertainty as to the exact appearance of the animal. Answers from $ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLQFOXGHG³DEODFNZLOGFDWVLPLODUWRDFRXJDU´³W\SHRIWLJHUDQLPDO´³D EODFNFDW´³EODFNIHOLQH´³IDVWHVWDQLPDO´³DYHU\IDVWEODFNFDW´DQG³FDUEUDQG´0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJ animal de color amarillo con manchas negras !; DQ DQLPDO@ OLYLQJ LQ $PD]RQLD WKDW UHVHPEOHV D PRQNH\´ matelia ! ³UHSWLOH´ DQG lisko ! ³OL]DUG´ 7KHODVWWZRDUHSUREDEOHFRQIXVLRQV with words such as leguaani µ,JXDQLGDH¶ DQG varaani µ9DUDQLGDH¶ $V DOUHDG\ LQGLFDWHG above, quite a few students associated jaguaari DOVRZLWKDFDU$QVZHUVLQFOXGH jaguaari on auton merkki mutta myös eläin> (“jaguar is a car brand but also an animal”). Similarly, some VWXGHQWVLQ3RODQGDQVZHUHG³FDUEUDQG´ Jaguarundi (Sp. yaguarundí >Puma yagouaroundi ]), a feline species native to Central and 6RXWK$PHULFDGHULYHVLWVQDPHIURP2OG7XSL yawaum’di )HUUHLUD Jaguarundi was RQHWKHOHDVWNQRZQZRUGVLQWKHVXUYH\2QO\RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVRIWKH)LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG QRQH RI WKH )LQQLVK RU$ODVNDQ KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV NQHZ WKHWHUP)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJ auto! ³FDU´ rata ! ³>UDFH"@WUDFN´ DQG rundi ! ³DURXQG´ ±DVODQJZRUG QRXQ IRUµDURXQG¶ DVLQDUDFH ZKLOHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVSURSRVHG jaguaarin ja jonkun sekoitus ! ³DPL[WXUHRIDMDJXDUDQG VRPHWKLQJHOVH´ DQG kukkakasvi? ! ³ÀRZHULQJSODQW"´ 7KHODWWHULVDOLNHO\FRQIXVLRQZLWK the word jakaranda µ-DFDUDQGD¶ DQRWKHU ORDQZRUG IURP 7XSLDQ PHDQLQJ µIUDJUDQW¶ 7KH VXUYH\PDGHLQ3RODQGSURGXFHGWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV³W\SHRIQRRGOHV´DQG³\RJKXUW´ Manioc (Sp. var. mandioca > Manihot esculenta ]) GHULYHV IURP 2OG7XSL mani’ok , Tupi mãdi’og )HUUHLUD DQG *XDUDQL mandi’o /XVWLJ DQG 5DPtUH] 3RUWXJXHVH KDV mandioca , as well as aipi , aipim , castelinha , macaxeira , maniva , maniveira , pão-de-pobre , and uaipi . Spanish has mandioca , as well as aipim , casava , casabe , guacamota , tapioca , and yuca , and English, besides manioc , also cassava , Brazilian arrowroot , and tapioca . Historically English has had manihot (16th to 19th centuries), manyot , magniot , and mandihoca (17th c.) mandioc , manioc (17th c. onwards), manyoc and mandioque (17th c.), mandioca (17th and 19th c.), maniock (18th c.), and magnoc and manioc(c)a WKF 2(' 0DQLRF mandioca, and maniokki ZHUHSRRUO\NQRZQDPRQJWKHVFKRROVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\1RQHRIWKH$ODVNDQ KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPZKLOHRIWKH0H[LFDQXSSHUHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKH 154 Harri Kettunen

WHUP2QHUHDVRQIRUWKHORZSHUFHQWDJHVLVWKHIDFWWKDW Manihot esculenta has various names in GL൵HUHQWDUHDV±VRPHPRUHFRPPRQWKDQRWKHUV HJ cassava and manioc LQ(QJOLVK casabe , casava , guacamota , lumu , mandioca , and yuca in Spanish, and maniokki , kassava , and tapioka LQ )LQQLVK )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGHG Afrikkalaisten peruna ! ³SRWDWRRIWKH$IULFDQV´ DQG rahaa ! ³PRQH\´ Petunia ( Petunia VSS LVDJHQXVRIÀRZHULQJSODQWV IDPLO\6RODQDFH FORVHO\UHODWHG WR FKLOL SHSSHUV SRWDWRHV WREDFFR DQG WRPDWRHV 3ODQWV 'DWDEDVH 7KH ZRUG PRVW OLNHO\GHULYHVYLD3RUWXJXHVH petum from Tupian petun ~ petyn . Interestingly, Guarani has petÿ IRUµWREDFFR¶ /XVWLJDQG5DPtUH] 3HWXQLDZDVUDWKHUZHOONQRZQDPRQJDOOVWXGHQWV LQ WKH VXUYH\ RI WKH$ODVNDQ DQG RI WKH 0H[LFDQV VWXGHQWV DQG RI )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP0RVWRIWKH)LQQLVK VWXGHQWVDQVZHUHG kukka !RUµÀRZHU¶+RZHYHUWZRHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQVZHUHG perunalaji> ³SRWDWRYDULHW\´ DQG perunalaji / kukka ! ³SRWDWRYDULHW\ÀRZHU´ ±PDNLQJ DFRQQHFWLRQ SUREDEO\XQNQRZLQJO\ EHWZHHQSRWDWRHVDQGSHWXQLDDVWKH\ERWKEHORQJWRWKH 6RODQDFHDHIDPLO\RIÀRZHULQJSODQWV)XUWKHUPRUHRQHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG kukka (mamman poika) ! ³ÀRZHU PDPD¶VER\ ´ 6LPLODUO\RQHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG kukkalaji ja nimi ! ³DÀRZHUVSHFLHVDQGDQDPH´ DQGRQHMXVW nimi ! ³QDPH´ ±DQDSSDUHQW UHIHUHQFHWR3HWXQLD'XUVOH\WKHDXQWRI+DUU\3RWWHU 2WVR.HWWXQHQSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 7KLV ZDV ODWHU VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH VXUYH\ GRQH LQ 3RODQG ZLWK DQVZHUV VXFK DV ³+DUU\ 3RWWHU¶V$XQW´DQG³5DQGRP*UDQGPD´ Piranha 3RUW SLUDQKD 6S piraña >Serrasalmidae spp.]) derives from Tupian pira nya , pira’ya , or a related word. Pira LVDJHQHULFQDPHIRU¿VKLQ7XSLDQODQJXDJHVDQGWKHODWWHUSDUW PD\UHIHUWRWHHWK2('KDVµVFLVVRUV¶ EHVLGHVWKH¿VKLWVHOI IRU pi’ra nya and pi’raya . Guarani provides pira aña and pira râi IRU³SLUDxD SH]GHOGLDEOR ´ ³SLUDQKD GHYLO¶V¿VK ´ /XVWLJDQG Ramírez 1996). 3LUDQKDZDVYHU\ZHOONQRZQE\DOOVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\RIWKH$ODVNDQ VWXGHQWVRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVKVWXGHQWV HOHPHQWDU\ KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVUHVSHFWLYHO\ NQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURP$ODVNDLQFOXGHG³D¿VKWKDW ZLOOELWHSHRSOH´³DQHYLOFDUQLYRURXV¿VK´³YLVFLRXV¿VK´DQG³SV\FKR¿VK´$QVZHUVIURP 0H[LFRLQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJ animal acuatico carnivoro ! animal marino letal ! animal que devora todo ! pez con dientes ! pez no muy grande amazonico ! una animal marino feo !DQG un pez canibal !,QWKHVDPHYHLQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQ)LQODQGNQHZWKDW piraija LVD kala joka elää Amazonilla ja syö lihaa ! ³D¿VKWKDWOLYHVLQWKH$PD]RQDQGHDWV PHDW´ agressiivinen amazon joessa asuva kala ! ³DQDJJUHVVLYH¿VKWKDWOLYHVLQWKH$PD]RQ 5LYHU´ syö hetkessä vaikka ihmisen ! ³>LW@HDWVHYHQDKXPDQEHLQJLQDQLQVWDQW´ kala jolla on terävät hampaat ja joka puree ihmisiä ! ³D¿VKWKDWKDVVKDUSWHHWKDQGELWHVSHRSOH´ kala joka on lihan syöjä hyökkää ihmiseen ! ³D ¿VK WKDW LV FDUQLYRURXV DWWDFNV SHRSOH´ ihmis syöjä kala ! ³PDQHDWLQJ¿VK´ kala, hyvin vaarallinen ! ³¿VKYHU\GDQJHURXV´ vaarallinen kana ! ³GDQJHURXVFKLFNHQ´> kala µ¿VK¶FOHDUO\PLVVSHOOHGDV kana µFKLFNHQ¶@ DQG torahampainen petokala ! ³DSUHGDWRU\¿VKZLWKIDQJV´ )XUWKHUPRUH one elementary VFKRROVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG se on merimies ! ³LW¶VDVDLORU´ RQH piraatti ! ³SLUDWH´ DQGIRXU DQVZHUHG merirosvo ! ³SLUDWH´ ±FOHDUDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWKWKHZRUGµSLUDWH¶ Tapir (Tapirus spp.) is an odd-toed ungulate native to South and Central America and 6RXWKHDVWHUQ$VLD,WLVUHODWHGWRGRQNH\VKRUVHV]HEUDVDQGUKLQRV 76* 7KHZRUG RULJLQDWHVLQ2OG7XSL tapi’ira +RZHYHUOLNHLQWKHFDVHRIWKHMDJXDUWKHWDSLULVQRZDGD\V usually called tapira-eté RU ³WUXHUHDO WDSLU´ DV ZHOO DV tapir-ussu ³JUHDW WDSLU´ WR PDNH D GLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHQDWLYHDQLPDODQG2OG:RUOGFDWWOHWRZKLFKWKHVDPHQDPHZDVJLYHQ New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 155

E\WKH7XSLDQVSHDNHUVRI%UD]LO 2(' +RZHYHUPRGHUQ*XDUDQLKDV tapi’i for tapir and vaka 6SDQLVKORDQZRUG IRUFRZ /XVWLJDQG5DPtUH] )XUWKHUPRUHLWLVQRWHZRUWK\WKDWWKH two most emblematic Brazilian animals, jaguar and tapir, are called onça and anta, respectively, LQ%UD]LOLDQ3RUWXJXHVH±UDWKHUWKDQE\WKHLU7XSLGHULYHGQDPHV)DPLOLDULW\ZLWKWKHZRUG tapir YDULHGFRQVLGHUDEO\LQWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\VRQO\RIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HG WKHWHUPZKLOHWKHSHUFHQWDJHLQ)LQODQGZDV HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROV DQG KLJKVFKRROV ,Q FRQWUDVW WKH ¿JXUH ZDV LQ 0H[LFDQ VFKRROV 101. Answers from the Mexican students LQFOXGH animal que parece cerdo con nariz ! un animal con un osico alargado ! un tipo de puerco ! animal con trompa ! animal como cerdito chiquito ! un animal pequeño !DQG tapete !,QFRQWUDVWDQVZHUVIURP$ODVNDLQFOXGHG³DQDQWHDWHU´DQG³DW\SHRI¿VK´ZKLOH WKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJ kavioeläin etelä amerikassa ! ³DQ>RGGWRHG@XQJXODWHLQ6RXWK$PHULFD´ eläin jolla on kärsä ! ³DQDQLPDOZLWKDWUXQN´ sorkkaeläin jolla on raitoja ! ³DQHYHQWRHGXQJXODWHZLWKVWULSHV´ DQG norsun kaltainen eläin ! ³DQ HOHSKDQWOLNH DQLPDO´ 2QH VWXGHQW GHVFULEHG WKH DQLPDO DV ruma eläin ! ³DQ XJO\DQLPDO´ DQGDQRWKHUDV harvinainen eläin ! ³DUDUHDQLPDO´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH lintu ! ³ELUG´ eläin, aika pieni ! ³DQLPDO UDWKHU VPDOO´ eläin/hyönteinen ! ³DQLPDO LQVHFW´ nenä ! ³QRVH´ liittyy intiaaneihin ! ³KDVWRGRZLWK,QGLDQV´ DQG keskipiste, ylhäällä, substantiivi ! ³FHQWHU SRLQW XS QRXQ´ ± WKH ODVW RQH SUREDEO\ D FRQIXVLRQ ZLWK the word nadiiri RU µQDGLU¶ WKH RSSRVLWH RI ]HQLWK )XUWKHUPRUH WZR VWXGHQWV DVVRFLDWHG WKHZRUGZLWKDSUHFLRXVVWRQH timantti ! ³GLDPRQG´ DQG joku timantti ! ³VRPHNLQGRI a diamond”), probably due to close resemblance to VD¿LUL µVDSSKLUH¶ RU D FRPELQDWLRQ RI topaasi µWRSD]¶ DQG VD¿LUL or similar-sounding gemstones. High school students proposed hassu sorkkaeläin ! ³D IXQQ\ HYHQWRHG XQJXODWH´ eläin josta saa hyvää nahkaa ! ³DQ DQLPDOWKDW\LHOGVJRRGOHDWKHU´ apina ! ³PRQNH\´ DQG jalokivi ! ³JHPVWRQH´ 6WXGHQWV IURP3RODQGDGGHGWKHIROORZLQJ³DQDFWLYLW\\RXSHUIRUPZLWK\RXUKDLU´³JLYLQJYROXPH´ DQG³3RWDWR0RQNH\´ Tapioca. 7KHÀRXURIWKHURRWVRIWKHFDVVDYD Manihot esculenta ) plant has its lexical origin in Tupian WLSL¶yND IURP tipi µUHVLGXHGUHJV¶ og ~ ók ³WRVTXHH]HRXW´ 2(' 7KHZRUG LVLGHQWLFDOLQ6SDQLVK3RUWXJXHVHDQG(QJOLVKZLWKWKHODWWHUKDYLQJHDUOLHUIRUPV tipioca (18th to 19th centuries) and tabiaca WKF 2(' )DPLOLDULW\ZLWKWKHZRUGWDSLRFDYDULHG FRQVLGHUDEO\LQWKHVXUYH\VZKLOHRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQG RIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWV NQHZWKHWHUPQRQHRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRQO\RIWKHKLJKVFKRRO VWXGHQWV LQ )LQODQG LGHQWL¿HG WKH WHUP$QVZHUV IURP$ODVND LQFOXGHG HJ WKH IROORZLQJ ³JHODWLQOLNHVXEVWDQFH´³VLPLODUWRULFH´³DVXEVWLWXWHIRUZKHDW´³SXGGLQJ´³EHVWSXGGLQJ

101 The percentage might have been even higher had the term danta or anta (variants of the term tapir LQYDULRXVUHJLRQVIURP0H[LFRWR6RXWK$PHULFD EHHQLQFOXGHGLQWKHVXUYH\2WKHUUHJLRQDOWHUPVRI GL൵HUHQWWDSLUVSHFLHVLQFOXGH mboreví (from Guarani mborevi ), as well as macho de monte and sachavaca . ሔ ᠐ The aforementioned (d)anta possibly derives from Andalucian Arabic ᓀኤᑿመ ᑢ ODPWD )XUWKHUPRUHLQPDQ\ KLJKODQG0D\DQODQJXDJHVWKHQDWLYHWHUPIRUWDSLUKDVEHHQH[WHQGHGWRPHDQµHOHSKDQW¶ DQGODWHUWR PHDQH[FOXVLYHO\µHOHSKDQW¶>/\OH&DPSEHOOSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ@ $QDORJRXVO\LQDQREYLRXV6SDQLVK ORDQ@ %ULFNHU+RÀLQJDQG7HVXF~Q+RÀLQJ+RÀLQJ )XUWKHUPRUH0RSDQKDV tzimin k’ak’ naab’ ³KRUVHVHD´ IRUµVHDKRUVH¶ +RÀLQJ DQG

HYHU´³VSLFH´³DFLUFXODUSDVWD´DQG³DOLWWOHSHUDO>VLF@EDOOSXWLQVPRRWKLHVSXGGLQJ´ZKLOH WKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV tuberculo ! alimento con forma de bolitas ! bolitas como arroz ! bolitas dulces bien ricas ! dulce de bolitas (raiz) ! raiz brasileña ! las raices de un arbol ! sale de las raices y se come de postre ! hecha de yuca ! las bolitas de la soda italiana ! semilla comestible ! una semilla babosa ! una semilla como perla ! postre ! una fruta ! animal? !DQG no se que es pero me gusta muco ! ,Q WKH VXUYH\ FDUULHG RXW LQ )LQODQG RQH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQW NQHZ WKDW \RX FDQ PDNH D vanukas ! ³SXGGLQJ´ RXW RI WDSLRFD 2WKHU VXJJHVWLRQV ZHUH rakennelma ! ³VWUXFWXUH´ eläin ! ³DQLPDO´ DQG hedelmä ! IUXLW´ 7ZRXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVKDGUHDG WKHLU7LQWLQDVWKH\DQVZHUHG kenraali Alcazarin vihollinen ! ³*HQHUDO$OFD]DU¶VHQHP\´ DQG kenraali Tapiocan seuraaja??? ! ³*HQHUDO7DSLRFD¶VVXFFHVVRU"""´ ,QWKHVXUYH\FDUULHGRXW LQ3RODQGWKHVWXGHQWVNQHZWKDW tapioka refers to the “balls used for bubble tea.” Toucan 3RUW tucano 6S tucán ( Ramphastidae spp.) is a neotropical bird that derives its name from Tupi tu’kan or tukana >*XDUDQL tukâ /XVWLJDQG5DPtUH] @7KHZRUGVSUHDG WR RWKHU (XURSHDQODQJXDJHVPRVWOLNHO\YLD3RUWXJXHVH tucano . In Spanish the word is spelled tucán DQGLQ)UHQFKDQG(QJOLVK toucan >LQ(QJOLVKHDUOLHUDOVR tokan and toukan , in the 18th DQGWKFHQWXULHVUHVSHFWLYHO\ 2(' @,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\RIWKHVWXGHQWVLQ0H[LFR LQ$ODVNDDQGLQ)LQODQG HOHPHQWDU\DQGKLJKVFKRROVUHVSHFWLYHO\ PDUNHG GRZQ WKH FRUUHFW DQVZHU$QVZHUV IURP 0H[LFR LQFOXGHG tipo de ave con un gran pico ! animal con pico de colores ! ave de muchos colores ! pajaro de brasil ! DQG pajaro hablador!ZKLOHWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVDGGHG EHVLGHVWKH]RRORJLFDOGHVFULSWLRQV DOVR³6DP IUXLWORRSVELUG ´DQG³WKHJX\RQIUXLWORRSV´)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUV LQFOXGH lintu, joka elää sademetsässä ! ³DELUGWKDWOLYHVLQWKHUDLQIRUHVW´ DQG papukaija ! ³SDUURW´ 2QH DQVZHU ZDV hiusket ! PLVVSHOOHG ³KDLU´ ± SUREDEO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH )LQQLVKZRUG tukka DQRWKHUZRUGIRUµKDLU¶ DQGHVSHFLDOO\LWV¿UVWSHUVRQVLQJXODUSRVVHVVLYH form tukkani 2WKHUSURSRVDOVE\HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQFOXGH käärme ! ³VQDNH´ DQG paikka ! ³SODFH´ 2QHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWDOVRVXJJHVWHG intiaaniheimo ! ³,QGLDQWULEH´ DQGRQHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQW jalokivi ! ³JHPVWRQH´

LOANWORDS FROM ALGONQUIAN LANGUAGES

/RDQZRUGVIURP$OJRQTXLDQODQJXDJHVDUHUHODWLYHO\IUHTXHQWLQ1RUWK$PHULFDQ(QJOLVK DQGVRPHRIWKHPKDYHDOVRPRUHZLGHVSUHDGGLVWULEXWLRQ/RDQZRUGVRULJLQDWLQJLQ$OJRQTXLDQ languages include eskimo , totem , caribou , opossum , tomahawk , pecan , persimmon , moccasin , kinkajou , wapiti , and wigwam . Eskimo )U esquimaux 5X ɷɫɤɢɦɨɫɵ 6S esquimal ) There is some controversy as to WKHRULJLQRIWKHZRUG2('DQGPRVWRWKHUVRXUFHVTXRWH$EQDNL askimo ³HDWHURIUDZÀHVK´ (or related words in related languages). However, recent studies show that the etymology ³VQRZVKRHQHWWHU´LVDQRWKHUSRVVLELOLW\GHULYLQJIURP2MLEZD .DSODQ RU0RQWDJQDLV (Campbell 2004), D\DVVLPƝZ LQ WKH ODWWHU ODQJXDJH7KH WHUP ZDV ZHOO NQRZQ WKURXJKW WKH VXUYH\ RI WKH$ODVNDQ VWXGHQWV DQG RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HG WKH WHUP DOWKRXJKFRQVLGHULQJWKHHUURUPDUJLQWKHSHUFHQWDJHLQ$ODVNDRXJKWWREH $ODVNDQ VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG³$ODVND1DWLYH´³WHUPXVHGIRU$ODVNDQ1DWLYH$PHULFDQV W\SLFDOO\ ,QXSLDT ´³DQDWLYHSHUVRQVRPHFRQVLGHUWKLVWHUPGHURJDWRU\´³KXPDQOLNHDQ\RQHHOVHWKDW OLYHVDQ\ZKHUHWRGD\´³ZKDWZHZKLWHVFDOODQDWLYHDPHULFDQJURXSWKDWOLYHLQ$ODVNDDQG New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 157

QRUWK´³QDWLYHOLYLQJLQWKH6RXWKZHVW 1RUWKZHVW>RI$ODVND@´³HWKQLFLW\QDWLYHWR$UFWLF FRDVWRI1RUWK$PHULFD´³FROGLQGLDQ´³DWULEHRIQDWLYHDODVNDQVZKLFKODWHUEHFDPHDJHQHUDO WHUP´³UDZPHDWHDWHU´³PHDWHDWHU´³UDZ¿VKHDWHU´DQG³µ(DWHUVRIUDZPHDW¶$ODVND 1DWLYH´$QVZHUVIURP0H[LFRLQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJ una tribu de alazka ! una persona que vive en alaska ! término despectivo para los inuits ! alguien que vive en una zona muy fria, generalmente en iglus ! una persona que vive en el frio y llevan una chamarra muy grande ! persona que vive en el artico ! persona del antartico ! alguien que vive en la nieve ! alguien que vive en el frio ! originario del polo norte habita ahi ! alguien que vive en el polo norte ! una persona que vive en los polos ! comida (helado) o gente que vive en lugars muy frios ! bebida fría ! sandwich de helado ! un dulce de helado ! un instrumento de cocina ! persona autista !DQG un estilo de vida !,QWHUHVWLQJO\RIWKH 0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\FRQVLGHUHGWKDW(VNLPRVOLYHLQWKH1RUWK3ROH ,QWKHVXUYH\VFDUULHGRXWLQ)LQODQGPRVWVWXGHQWV LQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVDQGLQ KLJKVFKRROV LGHQWL¿HG eskimo 102DVSHRSOH0DQ\DOVRLGHQWL¿HGWKHZRUGDVLFHFUHDP±GXH to the fact that Eskimo LVRQHRIWKHPRVWZHOONQRZQEUDQGV RUW\SHV RILFHFUHDPEDUVLQ )LQODQG$VDPDWWHURIIDFWHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV DQVZHUHGMXVW jäätelö (ice FUHDP QRWKLQJHOVH0DQ\RWKHUVDQVZHUHGVRPHWKLQJDERXWHVNLPRDVSHRSOH and ice cream, VXFKDV eskimo asuu iglussa ja se on myös jäätelö ! ³(VNLPROLYHVLQDQLJORRDQGLWLVDOVR LFHFUHDP´ RQ jäätelö tai tyyppi, joka asuu pohjoisnavalla ! ³LWLVLFHFUHDPDQGVRPHERG\ ZKROLYHVLQWKH1RUWK3ROH´ jäätelö tai napapiirillä asuva ihminen ! (“ice cream or a person OLYLQJLQWKH$UFWLF&LUFOH´ jäätelö ja jäätiköllä asuva ihminen ! ³LFHFUHDPDQGDSHUVRQ OLYLQJLQDQLFH¿HOGJODFLHU´ DQG jäätelö, inuitti ! ³LFHFUHDP,QXLW´ $VLQWKHFDVHRIWKH answers from Mexican students (see above), there was a lot of confusion as to the homeland RIWKH(VNLPR$FFRXQWVLQFOXGH arktinen ihminen ! ³DUFWLFSHUVRQ´ napa alueella asuva ihminen ! ³SHUVRQ OLYLQJ LQ WKH SRODU UHJLRQV´ jäässä asuvia ihmisiä ! ³SHRSOH OLYLQJ LQ LFH´ pohjoisnavalla elävä ihminen ! ³SHUVRQ OLYLQJ LQ WKH 1RUWK 3ROH´ pohjois- tai etelänavalla asuva tyyppi ! ³VRPHRQHZKROLYHVLQWKH1RUWKRU6RXWK3ROH´ outo tyyppi joka asuu iglun sisällä ! ³D VWUDQJH FKDUDFWHU ZKR OLYHV LQVLGH DQ LJORR´ jäbä joka asuu kylmässä ilmastossa iglussa ! ³GXGHZKROLYHVLQFROGFOLPDWHLQDQLJORR´ jotain jäämiehiä jotka asuu jossain jäätiköllä ! ³VRPHLFHPHQZKROLYHLQVRPHLFH¿HOG´ eskimo on Lapissa oleva tyyppi ! ³(VNLPR LV D SHUVRQ LQ /DSODQG´ asuu islannissa ! ³OLYHV LQ ,FHODQG´ eskimo on huppupäinen henkilö ! ³(VNLPRLVDKRRGHGSHUVRQ´ semmoi ihminen kellä on semmoi hieno takki ! ³DSHUVRQZKRKDVDFRROMDFNHW´ kylmillä alueilla elävä ihminen, joka elää luonnon antimilla ! ³DSHUVRQOLYLQJRXWRIQDWXUHLQFROGDUHDV´ intiaaneille sukua oleva kansa Pohjoisessa ! ³SHRSOHUHODWHGWR,QGLDQV>OLYLQJ@LQWKH1RUWK´ DQG¿QDOO\ eskimot ovat ihmisiä ! ³(VNLPRVDUHKXPDQEHLQJV´ 0DQ\)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV DVVRFLDWHG(VNLPRZLWKLFHFUHDPDVZHOO2WKHUGHVFULSWLRQVLQFOXGHG nimitys Grönlannin inuiiteista ! ³DGHVLJQDWLRQRIWKH*UHHQODQG,QXLW´ napapiirin natiiveja ! ³QDWLYHVIURP WKH$UFWLF&LUFOH´ Alaskan alkuasukas ! ³QDWLYHDERULJLQDORI$ODVND´ kylmä hemmo ! ³FROGGXGH´ ihminen lapissa ! ³DSHUVRQLQ/DSODQG´ DQG asuu napapiirillä iglussa. ei ehkä enää (ei niin yleistä) ! ³OLYHVLQWKH$UFWLF&LUFOHLQDQLJORRPD\EHQRORQJHU QRWVR commonplace)”).

102)LQQLVKUHFHLYHGWKHZRUGGXULQJWKHODWWHUSDUWRIWKHWKFHQWXU\LQWKHIRUP eskimot , eskimoet , eskimoit , and eskimolaiset +lNNLQHQ 158 Harri Kettunen

Caribou )U caribou 6S caribú > Rangifer tarandus ]) RULJLQDWHVLQWKH0L¶NPDT 0LJPDZ word qalipu “pawer, scratcher, shoveler” or “the one who paws” (probably from the action RINLFNLQJRUVKRYHOLQJVQRZDVLGHWR¿QGIRRGRQWKHJURXQGEHORZVQRZ DQGXOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR$OJRQTXLDQ *PDNDāULSL . 7KH ZRUG IRXQG LWV ZD\ IURP$OJRQTXLDQ WR )UHQFK LQ the 17th century and onwards to English and other languages. The term was, obviously, well NQRZQLQ$ODVND EXWUHODWLYHO\ZHOONQRZQDOVRLQ0H[LFR DQG)LQODQG RIWKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV *HRJUDSKLFFXOWXUDO GL൵HUHQFHVZHUHTXLWHHYLGHQWEDVHGRQWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUVIURP$ODVND³PHDW´³JRRG VRXUFHRIPHDW´DQG³OHJVOLYHVLQWXQGUDJRRGHDWLQJ´2WKHUDQVZHUVIURP$ODVNDLQFOXGHG ³DKRUVHZLWKDQWOHUV´³FRXVLQRIWKHPRRVH´DQG³DPDPPDOWKDWWUDYHOVLQKHDUGV>VLF@LQ WKHLQWHULRU´,QFRQWUDVW0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVKDGWKHIROORZLQJ una especie de reno ! alce ! venado !; parecido a un ciervo ! es como un vendao ! animal de familia de los renos ! animal que vive en EU y Canadá ! un animal que vive en la sabana ! un ave !DQG un lugar !$QVZHUVIURPWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVLQFOXGH Pohjois-amerikassa asuva hirvi laji ! ³GHHUHONPRRVHVSHFLHVWKDWOLYHVLQ1RUWK$PHULFD´ RU poroeläin pohjois amerikassa ! ³UHLQGHHUDQLPDO>VSHFLHV@LQ1RUWK$PHULFD´ 2QHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWFKDUDFWHUL]HGNDULEXDV helvetin iso hirvi ! ³DKHOORIDELJGHHUHONPRRVH´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVDWWKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO OHYHOLQFOXGHG koira rotu ! GRJ EUHHG marja ! EHUU\ kasvi ! SODQW lehmä ! FRZ DQG maa ! ODQGFRXQWU\ ±WKHODWWHUSUREDEO\GXHWRFORVHUHVHPEODQFHWRWKHZRUG Karibia &DULEEHDQ )XUWKHUPRUHVL[HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVQLQHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGIRXU university students proposed that karibu LVDELUG0RUHRYHURQHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWNQHZDOVR that karibu means “welcome” in Swahili. Kinkajou (Sp. kinkajú > 3RWRV ÀDYXV ]) . 7KH HW\PRORJ\ RI NLQNDMRX LV TXLWH LQWHUHVWLQJ the word comes from Algonquian, but the animal itself does not exist in North America. The $OJRQTXLDQZRUGDFWXDOO\PHDQVµZROYHULQH¶EXWIRUVRPHUHDVRQWKLVZRUGZDVDSSOLHGWRDQ DQLPDOIRXQGLQWKHWURSLFVIURP0H[LFRWRFHQWUDO6RXWK$PHULFD)URP$OJRQTXLDQWKHZRUG WUDYHOHGWR)UHQFKLQWKHIRUP quincajou and further to other European languages. The term ZDVSUDFWLFDOO\XQNQRZQWRDOOVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\1RQHRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HG WKHWHUPZKLOHWZR$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHNLQNDMRXDVDQDQLPDO ZKHUHRIWKHRWKHU DGGHG³VXSHUFXWHPDPPDOV´ 6LPLODUO\RQO\RQHVFKRROVWXGHQWRXWRILQWKH)LQQLVK VXUYH\LGHQWL¿HG kinkaju DVDQDQLPDO7KHVXUYH\FDUULHGRXWLQ3RODQGSURGXFHGWKHIROORZLQJ NLQNDĪX ³EDOOSOD\HU´³MRXUQDOLVW´DQG³&KLQHVHIRRG´ Moccasin )U mocassin 6S mocasín ) is a term that derives from an Algonquian language. However, the exact donor language and original source of moccasin is debatable. Candidates include 3RZKDWDQ mokasin 2MLEZH makizin DQG0tNPDT PѠNXVXQ , all ultimately deriving from 3URWR$OJRQTXLDQ PD[NHVHQL &RVWD2(' 103. )DPLOLDULW\ZLWKWKHWHUP moccasin YDULHGVRPHZKDWLQWKHVXUYH\DVGLGWKHGHVFULSWLRQVSURYLGHGE\WKHVWXGHQWVRIWKH $ODVNDQVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURPWKH$ODVNDQ VXUYH\ LQFOXGH³VOLSSHUVPDGHRI DQLPDOVNLQ WKDWXVXDOO\KDYHDEHDGHGGHVLJQ´³HVNLPR ERRW´³W\SHRIZDUPVRFNV´DQG³DVPDOOPDPDO´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGXV

1037KHGDQJHURIWUXVWLQJ:LNLSHGLDDVDSULPDU\VRXUFHIRUHW\PRORJLHVLVZHOOLOOXVWUDWHGLQWKHHQWU\IRU µPRFFDVLQ¶ZKLFKLQFOXGHGDWWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJWKLVDUWLFOHWKHIROORZLQJ³(W\PRORJLFDOO\WKH moccasin GHULYHVIURPWKH6FRWWLVK*DHOLFPRFKDVDQPHDQLQJµ0\IHHW¶WKHODWHUZRUGFDPHDERXWDVDUHVXOWRIWKH GLVSRVVHVVHG+LJKODQG3HRSOHVZKRVHWWOHGQHDUWKHZLOGQDWLYHWULEHV´ DGGLWLRQSXEOLVKHG-XO\WK and removed September 10th, 2020). New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 159

ZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ es como un zapato ! tipo de zapato ! ropa ! ¿prenda? ! saco ! tipo de pantalon ! adorno de la camisa ! traje ! punta de aguyjeta ! tipo de saco ! corbata ! creo una medicina ! moco ! mocos ! moquito !DQG moco pequeño ! )LQQLVKUHFHLYHGWKHZRUGUHODWLYHO\ODWHE\E\PHDQVRI1RUWK$PHULFDQ¿FWLRQ +lNNLQHQ 7KH IDPLOLDULW\ RI WKH ZRUG DPRQJ WKH VWXGHQWV ZDV VRPHZKDW OHVV WKDQ H[SHFWHG HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV DQG KLJK VFKRROV 0DQ\ VWXGHQWV DVVRFLDWHG mokkasiini with shoes, but the answers revealed that many of them made the association to mokkakengät µVXHGH VKRHV¶ RU mokkanahka µVXHGH¶ +RZHYHU VRPH NQHZ WKDW WKH ZRUG UHIHUV WR intiaanien kenkä ! ³VKRH RI WKH ,QGLDQV´ $QVZHUV IURP WKH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV LQFOXGH (intiaanien kengän) vaatemateriaali ! ³FORWKLQJPDWHULDO RI,QGLDQVKRH ´ kevyet nahka kengät ! ³OLJKWZHLJKWOHDWKHUVKRHV´ pehmeää kangasta ! ³VRIWIDEULF´ takki/hattu? ! ³FRDWKDW"´ DQG hieno puku tai intiaanin joku juttu ! ³D ¿QHIDQF\ GUHVVVXLW RU VRPH ,QGLDQWKLQJ´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH joku ruoka ! ³VRPHW\SHRIIRRG´ soitin ! ³PXVLFDO LQVWUXPHQW´ eläin ! ³DQDQLPDO´ DQG käärme ! ³VQDNH´ 7KHODWWHULVRIFRXUVHDFRUUHFW answer as well, as mokkasiini LVDOVRDVQDNH mokkasiinikäärme RUµPRFFDVLQVQDNH¶ 2WKHU HOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUGZLWKFR൵HH kahvi ! ³FR൵HH´ kahvinkeitin ! ³FR൵HHPDNHU´ mokkamasteri ! ³0RFFDPDVWHU´ DQG kahvia kiitos ! ³FR൵HHSOHDVH´ The last one indicates that the test was done at a time when someone was already craving for FR൵HH$QRWKHUVWXGHQWUHSOLHG tää on tyhmää muistuttaa – mokkapala ! ³LW¶VXQIDLUWRUHPLQG – brownie”). Opossum ( Didelphimorphia VSHFL¿FDOO\WKH9LUJLQLDRSRVVXP> Didelphis virginiana ]) has LWVOH[LFDORULJLQVLQ3RZKDWDQ7KHVRXUFHDSSHDUVWREH apasum , opussum , or aposoum, all +HZVRQ ZD ŻSDݦࣄHPZD PHDQLQJ ³ZKLWH GRJ´ XOWLPDWHO\ GHULYHG IURP 3URWR$OJRQTXLDQ 2001, 2020) The term was absent from the survey in Mexico, as the (Virginia) opossum is NQRZQLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDE\LWV6SDQLVKQDPHV RIWHQDOVRGHULYHGIURP,QGLJHQRXVODQJXDJHVRI the respective area), including tlacuache and tacuazín (from Nahuatl WODNZƗW]LQ ) and zarigüeya (from Guarani sarigueia? ), as well as carachupa , comadreja , chucha , fara , faro , guazalo , mbicuré , muca , rabipelado , raposa , runcho , yaguare , and zorra chucha )XUWKHUPRUHDOWKRXJK the term is common in (North American) English, the range of opossums does not extend to $ODVND7KLVPLJKWH[SODLQWKHUHODWLYHO\ORZ IDPLOLDULW\ZLWKWKHWHUPDPRQJ$ODVNDQ students – although the possibility that the common pronunciation (and even the spelling) of the animal as possum LQ1RUWK$PHULFDQ(QJOLVKPLJKWDOVRKDYHD൵HFWHGWKHUHVXOWV$VIRU WKH )LQQLVK VXUYH\ WKH ZRUG opossumi ZDV LGHQWL¿HG DV DQ DQLPDO E\ RI WKH VWXGHQWV LQ WKH HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO RI WKH KLJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG RI WKH VPDOO VDPSOH of) university students. The high percentage among school children may stem from the Ice Age PRYLHV VHHEHORZ 2QHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWLGHQWL¿HG opossumi DVD karvanen oravarotta (ice ace) !RU³DKDLU\VTXLUUHOUDW LFHDJH ´ZKLOHRQHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWDQVZHUHG eläin, tuttu mm. Ice Age -elokuvista ! ³DQLPDONQRZQHJIURPWKH Ice Age movies”). Some confusion is detectable in the answers, as some elementary and high school students appear to associate opossumi ZLWKWKHEHKDYLRURIRWKHUDQLPDOVVXFKDVVORWKVRUNRDODV eläin joka nukkuu päivät ! DQDQLPDOWKDWVOHHSVGXULQJWKHGD\ nukkuva eläin ! ³VOHHSLQJDQLPDO´ DQG pussieläin, elävät australiassa ! ³PDUVXSLDOOLYHVLQ$XVWUDOLD´ +RZHYHUVRPHNQHZ WKDW opossumi is eläin joka suojautuessaan esittää kuollutta ! ³DQ DQLPDO WKDW SOD\V GHDG WRSURWHFWLWVHOI´ 2WKHUUHSOLHVLQFOXGH eläin joka roikkuu puissa hännällään ! ³DQDQLPDO WKDWKDQJVIURPWUHHVE\LWVWDLO´ yö eläin ! ³QLJKW>WLPH@DQLPDO´ pieni eläin vähän kuin raidallinen rotta ! ³DVPDOODQLPDODELWOLNHDVWULSHGUDW´ hyönteis syöjä ! ³LQVHFWHDWHU´ 160 Harri Kettunen

pyörivä kovakuorinen eläin ! D UROOLQJ KDUGVKHOOHG DQLPDO mini possu ! ³PLQL SLJ´ maatilaeläin ! ³IDUPDQLPDO´ opossumi on mammutin sukulainen ! ³RSRVVXPLVDUHODWLYH RIDPDPPRWK´ hedelmä ! ³IUXLW´ DQG huume! ³GUXJ´ 7KH,FH$JHFRQQHFWLRQLVDOVR FRQ¿UPHGE\WKH3ROLVKVXUYH\ opos: “animal from Ice Age.” Pecan )U pacane >WUHH pacanier ~ noyer de pécan @ 6S pecán ~ pacano ~ pacana ~ pecana > Carya illinoinensis ]) derives from one of the Algonquian languages, such as Cree pakan 2MLEZH bagaanRU$EQDNL pagann 2(' 8QVXUSULVLQJO\WKHWHUPZDVZHOONQRZQLQ $ODVNDEXWOHVVVRHOVHZKHUH RIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPZKLOHQRQHRIWKH 0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGLW,Q)LQODQGWKHWHUPZDVNQRZQE\RIWKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV$WDOOOHYHOVDIHZVWXGHQWVDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUG with a type of a bird ( lintu ), and some as a type of an animal ( eläin ), probably due to confusion with the word pekari SHFFDU\ 2QHDQVZHUE\DQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWZDV ei syö lihaa ! (“does not eat meat”) – an obvious confusion with the word vegaani (vegan). Persimmon )U kaki 6S caqui > Diospyros VSS@ GHULYHV PRVW OLNHO\ IURP 3RZKDWDQ pessemin RUDVLPLODUZRUG7KH¿UVWSDUWRIWKHZRUGLVRIXQFHUWDLQRULJLQEXWWKHODWWHU -min JRHVDOOWKHZD\EDFNWR3URWR$OJRQTXLDQZLWKWKHJHQHUDOPHDQLQJRIµ VPDOO IUXLWEHUU\¶ 2(' ,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHIUXLWZDVEHWWHUNQRZQLQ)LQODQGWKDQLQ$ODVND2QHUHDVRQIRUWKLV PLJKWEHWKDWSHUVLPPRQVGRQRWJURZDVIDUQRUWKDV$ODVND WKRXJKQHLWKHULQ)LQODQG ZKLOH WKH\KDYHEHHQDSSHDULQJODWHO\ VLQFHDWOHDVWV LQ)LQQLVKJURFHU\VWRUHV2QO\RI WKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPZKLOHRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV DQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVFDPHXSZLWKWKHFRUUHFWDQVZHU$ODVNDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUV LQFOXGHGEHVLGHVWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHIUXLW³DVKDGHRIUHG´³DNLQGRIÀRZHU´DQG³DW\SHRI VSLFH´$VIRUWKHVXUYH\LQ)LQODQGVRPHDQVZHUVE\VFKRROFKLOGUHQLQFOXGHGGHVFULSWLRQVVXFK DV hedelmä, maistuu hyvältä ! ³DIUXLWWDVWHVJRRG´ DQG hedelmä, tomaatin ja mandariinin sekoitus ! ³DIUXLWDIXVLRQRIDWRPDWRDQGDPDQGDULQPDQGDULQHWDQJHULQH´ 6RPHDVVRFLDWHG persimoni probably with persilja SDUVOH\ DVWKHDQVZHUVLQFOXGHG mauste ! VSLFH DQG kasvi mitä on ruuassa yleensä ! ³DSODQWWKDWLVXVXDOO\LQIRRG´ Tomahawk derives from 3RZKDWDQ tamahaak DQG XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR$OJRQTXLDQ WHPDKDNDQL WHPDK ³WR FXW´ DāNDQ ³LQVWUXPHQW IRU´ &XWOHU RI WKH $ODVNDQVWXGHQWVRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQG RIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO VWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURPWKH$ODVNDQ VXUYH\LQFOXGH³D[IRUWKURZLQJ´³JRRGIRUVFDOSLQJSHRSOHZLWK´³DW\SHRIWKURZNQLIH´DQG ³DELUG´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDGGHG arma ! hacha ! hacha lanzable !DQG seguro algo de América ! )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH ase ! ³ZHDSRQ´ intiaanilainen ase ! ³,QGLDQZHDSRQ´ lähitaistelu ase jota käytettiin sodassa, kirves jonka voi heittää tai käyttää kädessä ! ³PHOHHZHDSRQWKDWZDVXVHGLQZDUDQD[HWKDW\RXFDQWKURZ RU XVH LQ KDQGWRKDQG FRPEDW´ heittopuukko/heittokirves ! ³WKURZLQJ NQLIH WKURZLQJ D[H´ hiustyyli, heittokirves ! ³KDLUVW\OHWKURZLQJD[H´ toteemipaalun ylin toteemi ! ³WKH WRSPRVW WRWHP RI D WRWHP SROH´ intiaanien päällikkö ! ³,QGLDQ FKLHI´ lintu ! ³ELUG´ kaupunki? ! ³FLW\"´ skeittari !DQG skeittaaja ! ³VNDWHERDUGHU´ 2QHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQW DGGHG taktinen manner[ten] välinen ohjus ! ³WDFWLFDO LQWHUFRQWLQHQWDO PLVVLOH´ EDFNHG XS E\RQHDQVZHUIURPDXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQW heittokirves sekä U.S.A:n ilmalaivaston ohjus ! ³D WKURZLQJD[HDQGDPLVVLOHRIWKH86DLUÀHHW´ )XUWKHUPRUHRQH3ROLVKVWXGHQWDGGHG³0DUYHO Universe Character.” Totem )U totem 6S tótem ) derives from 2MLEZH dodaem, ododam, or related words, and UHIHUVWRDNLQJURXSRUVRPHWKLQJWKDW³PDUNV´WKHIDPLO\RUWULEH 2(' 7KHWHUP was well New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 161

NQRZQDPRQJWKHVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\RIWKH$ODVNDQDQGRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HGWKHZRUGZKLOHRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJK VFKRROVWXGHQWVZHUHIDPLOLDUZLWKLW$QVZHUVIURPWKH$ODVNDQVXUYH\LQFOXGH³DSROHFDUYHG ZLWKLPDJHVLQ1DWLYH$ODVNDQFXOWXUH´³VSLULWVWDWXH´³WULEDOVWDWXV´³DVSLULWXDO¿JXUH´³D YHUWLFDO SROH ZLWK HQJUDYLQJV WKDW VKRZ IDPLO\ OLQH VWRU\´ ³LGRO WKDW D SHUVRQ ZRUVKLSV´ ³V\PERORIPHPRULHV´DQG³NHHSVDNH´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQFROOHDJXHVGHVFULEHGWKHWHUPDV IROORZV algo representativo al espiritu ! artesania y estructura ! cosa grande de piedra centro ceremonial ! como un símbolo que representa algo preciado ! cosa q se les dava a las personas pensando q eran dioses q los regian ! escultura con varios animales ! escultura o pequeña torre con simbologia ! escultura religuiosa de las islas mauricio ! estatua de dioses ! ¿JXUD GH PDGHUD ! ¿JXUD VDJUDGD ! madera tallada ! poste de madera con cosas religiosa ! una escultura ! una estructura prehispanica ! una escultura alta con MHURJOL¿FRV LQVFULWRV HQ HOOD ! una escultura de madera con varias cabezas ! XQD ¿JXUD enorme de madera ! una torre de representaciones ! escudo hecho con restos humanos ! un amuleto ! simbolo ! religión ! venerar ! DQG collar !$QVZHUV IURP WKH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV LQFOXGH intiaanien puinen korkea juttu ! ³KLJK ZRRGHQ WKLQJ RI WKH ,QGLDQV´ intiaanien sellainen jänskä patsas ! ³DFRROVWDWXHRIWKH,QGLDQV´ poppamiehen torni ! ³PHGLFLQHPDQ¶VWRZHU´ toteemipaalu, ennen aikaisessa Etelä-Amerikassa ! ³WRWHP SROH LQ DQFLHQW 6RXWK$PHULFD´ jonkinlainen paalu Etelä-Amerikassa ! ³VRPH NLQG RI D SROHLQ6RXWK$PHULFD´ pylväs mihin on veistetty eläimiä ! ³DSROHZLWKFDUYHGDQLPDOV´ paalu, johon on tehty kotkia ja muita symboleita ! ³DSROHZLWKHDJOHVDQGRWKHUV\PEROV´ monta päätä paallekkain puusta ! ³PDQ\ ZRRGHQ KHDGV RQ WRS RI HDFK RWKHU´ paalu, jossa on intiaanien palvomien asioiden kuvia ! ³DSROHZLWKLPDJHVRIWKLQJVWKDWWKH,QGLDQV ZRUVKLS´ intiaanien eläinjumala symbolijuttu ! ³DQLPDOJRGV\PEROWKLQJRIWKH,QGLDQV´ kohtalopaalu ! ³GHVWLQ\SROH´ suojelushahmo ! ³JXDUGLDQVSLULW´ intiaanien jumala ! ³,QGLDQJRG´ intiaanit kertoivat niillä kohtalon ! ³,QGLDQVXVHGWKHPWR>IRUH@WHOOGHVWLQ\´ heimon esi-isä ! ³DQFHVWRURIDWULEH´ DQG joku pyhä asia josta ei saa puhua ! ³VRPHNLQG RIDVDFUHGKRO\WKLQJWKDWRQHLVQRWVXSSRVHGWRWDONDERXW´ 7KLVODVWUHVSRQGHQWSUREDEO\ confused toteemi ZLWKWKHZRUGµWDERR¶2WKHUPRUHHQLJPDWLFDQVZHUVLQFOXGH jokin laite ! ³VRPHNLQGRIDGHYLFH´ DQG paikka johon voi piilottaa tavaraa ! ³DSODFHZKHUH\RXFDQ hide things”). +LJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH intiaanien “taikapalmu” ! ³,QGLDQ µPDJLFSDOP¶´>WKHLQWHQGHGZRUGSUREDEO\EHLQJ paaluµSROH¶UDWKHUWKDQ palmu @ intiaanien jumalpuujuttu ! ³GHLW\WUHHWKLQJRIWKH,QGLDQV´ uskonnollinen esine ! ³UHOLJLRXVREMHFW´ onnenpaalu! ³IRUWXQHSROH´ DQG semmoi esine jolla on tietty merkitys ihmiselle ! ³DNLQG RIREMHFWWKDWKDVDFHUWDLQPHDQLQJIRUDKXPDQEHLQJ´ $QVZHUVIURPWKHVXUYH\LQ3RODQG LQFOXGH³D0LQHFUDIWLWHP´³VKRZVWKHPDSLQ/HDJXHRI/HJHQGV´DQG³RI,PPRUWDOLW\´ Wapiti )U wapiti 6S wapití > Cervus canadensis ]) originates probably from Cree wapitik , Shawnee waapiti ~ wahpiti RU2MLEZH waabidiy , all meaning “white rump” or “white deer” 2(' 7KHWHUPZDVSRRUO\NQRZQLQWKHVXUYH\1RQHRIWKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKH WHUP SRVVLEO\GXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHUDQJHRIZDSLWLVGRHVQRWH[WHQGWR$ODVNDDQGRUWKDWWKH WHUPµHON¶LVPRUHFRPPRQWKDQµZDSLWL¶,QFRQWUDVW RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKH WHUPZKLOHRQO\HLJKWRXWRI a VFKRROVWXGHQWVLQWKH)LQQLVKVXUYH\LGHQWL¿HG vapiti as DQDQLPDO)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG jonkintason nisäkäs ! ³VRPH W\SHRIDPDPPDO´ se on sanonta ! ³LW¶VDVD\LQJ´ DQGDQHQLJPDWLF rakennus, johon voi mennä tietty sisään ! ³DEXLOGLQJWKDW\RXFDQFHUWDLQO\>"@HQWHU´ $KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWDGGHG DOVR intiaaniheimo> (“Indian tribe”). 162 Harri Kettunen

Wigwam FDQEHWUDFHGWR(DVWHUQ$EHQDNL ZuNΩZDPaZLJLZDPaZLJZRP DQG2MLEZH wiigiwaam DORQJ ZLWK RWKHU $OJRQTXLDQ ODQJXDJHV DOO GHULYLQJ IURP 3URWR$OJRQTXLDQ ZLāNLZDā¶PL &RVWD2(' RU ZLāNLZDāKPLµKRXVH¶ +HZVRQ EDVHGRQWKHURRW ZLāNLZD³WRGZHOO´ +HZVRQ 7KHWHUPZDVSRRUO\NQRZQLQWKHVXUYH\V:KLOHRI WKH$ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPQRQHRIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVNQHZLWDQGRQO\± RIWKH)LQQLVKVWXGHQWVUHFRJQL]HGLW (OHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGH intiaanin asunto ! ³GZHOOLQJ RI DQ ,QGLDQ´ mökki ! ³FDELQ´ intiaani kylä ! ³,QGLDQ YLOODJH´ olen kuullut liittyy intiaaneihin ! ³,¶YH KHDUG LW ± FRQFHUQV ,QGLDQV´ jonkun sukunimi ! ³VRPHRQH¶V ODVW QDPH´ apumies ! ³KDQG\PDQ´ DQG eläin ! ³DQ DQLPDO´ ZKLOH KLJK VFKRROVWXGHQWVKDG intiaanipäällikkö ! ³,QGLDQFKLHI´ intiaaniryhmä ! ³,QGLDQJURXS´ alkuperäiskansa ! ³,QGLJHQRXV SHRSOH´ siansaksaa ! ³JLEEHULVK´ DQG suomalainen proge-bändi! ! ³)LQQLVKSURJ>UHVVLYHURFN@EDQG´ $OWKRXJKRQO\DVSHFLDOFRQWUROJURXSLQ )LQODQGZLWKDVPDOODQGELDVHGVDPSOHWKH)LQQLVKXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV ZLWKIDPLOLDULW\ ZLWKWKHZRUG DGGHGWKHIROORZLQJ EHVLGHVWKHH[SHFWHGDQVZHUV linko (intiaanien ase) ! ³DVOLQJ ZHDSRQRIWKH,QGLDQV ´ DQG kanootti ! ³FDQRH´ ZHUHSURSRVHGDORQJZLWKDQRWKHU ³FRUUHFW´DQVZHU bändi! ³EDQG´ DQG suomalainen bändi XD ! ³D)LQQLVKEDQG;'´

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Anorak derives from Greenlandic Inuit DQQXѸDDT DQG XOWLPDWHO\ IURP 3URWR(VNLPR IURP DWQXݒDDT ,Q3URWR,QXLWWKHWHUPLV )RUWHVFXH et al DWԥµWRSXWRQ¶ URRW , 6HZDUG3HQLQVXOD,QXLW DWQXѸDDTDWƾXݒDDT" DQGPHDQVµFORWKLQJ¶ZLWKWKHIROORZLQJUHÀH[HV µDUWLFOHRIFORWKLQJ¶:HVWHUQDQG(DVWHUQ&DQDGLDQDQG1RUWK$ODVNDQ,QXLW DQQXѸDDTµSLHFH RIFORWKLQJ¶*UHHQODQGLF,QXLW DQQXѸDDTµDQRUDN¶ HDUOLHUµFORWKLQJGUHVV¶SO DQQXѸDããDW ), 104 East Greenlandic DѸQDѸ ˾aatµFORWKHV¶DQG DѸQDѸ ˾aaqµGUHVV¶ )RUWHVFXH et al . 2010: 55) . Besides the reference to anorak LWVHOI(QJOLVKVODQJKDV³>D@ERULQJVWXGLRXVRUVRFLDOO\LQHSW\RXQJ SHUVRQ FDULFDWXUHGDVW\SLFDOO\ZHDULQJDQDQRUDN esp. one who pursues an unfashionable DQG VROLWDU\ LQWHUHVW ZLWK REVHVVLYH GHGLFDWLRQ´ 2(' DQG ³>@ RQH RI WKRVH ERULQJ JLWV ZKRVLWDWWKHIURQWRIHYHU\OHFWXUHZLWKWKHLU3ULQJOHMXPSHUVDVNLQJWKHOHFWXUHUWKHLUFOHYHU TXHVWLRQV´ 2(' ,QWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\WKHWHUPZDVVRPHZKDWVXUSULVLQJO\EHWWHUNQRZQ LQ)LQODQGWKDQLQ$ODVND:KLOHRQO\RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH$ODVNDQ VWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKHKLJK VFKRROVWXGHQWV DQGRIWKHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV NQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURPWKH$ODVNDQ VXUYH\LQFOXGH³DSXOORYHUSDUNDQR]LSSHUV´³SXOORYHUFRDWGHHSSRFNHWV´³VZHDWVKLUW´ ³UDLQMDFNHW´³JHDUEUDQG´³DFUHDWXUH´DQG³DQLPDO´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVKDGWKH IROORZLQJ es un tipo de chamarra ! un abrigo muy grueso para protegerte de las nevadas ! fruta ! semilla ! creo una arma ! un Pokémon? (Anorith) !DQG la neta que no se !$V UHJDUGVWKH)LQQLVKVXUYH\EHVLGHVFRUUHFWDQVZHUVVRPHVWXGHQWV DFURVVDOOOHYHOV DVVRFLDWHG WKHZRUGZLWKPHQ¶VIRUPDORXW¿W±SRVVLEO\GXHWR frakki RUµZKLWHWLH¶µIXOOHYHQLQJGUHVV¶ (OHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGH takki jossa ei ole vetoketjua ! ³D MDFNHW WKDW GRHVQ¶W KDYH D ]LSSHU´ parkatakki ! ³SDUND´ eläimen nahkatakki ! ³DQLPDO¶V OHDWKHU MDFNHW´>SRVVLEO\µDQLPDOOHDWKHU¶MDFNHW@ joku takki ! ³VRPHNLQGRIMDFNHW´ takki, jota

1041RWH DOVR 3URWR(VNLPR DWԥNԥ DQG DWԥNXܵ µSDUND¶DQG *UHHQODQGLF ,QXLW DWLћLT µZRPDQ¶V MDFNHW¶ )RUWHVFXH et al . 2010: 55). New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 163 miehet käyttävät ! ³DMDFNHWZRUQE\PHQ´ VHRQWDNNLWDLÀHHVHSDLWD ! ³LW¶VDMDFNHWRUD ÀHHFHVKLUW´ DQG hieno takki ! ³¿QHIDQF\MDFNHW´ 2WKHUUHSOLHVLQFOXGH lintu ! ³ELUG´ koira ! ³GRJ´ DQG sairaus ! ³LOOQHVV´ 1RWHWKDWWKHSHQXOWLPDWHRQH µGRJ¶ LVSUREDEO\ DVVRFLDWHGZLWKDGHURJDWRU\ZRUGIRUµGRJ¶LQ)LQQLVK rakki . Anorakki DVµLOOQHVV¶RQWKHRWKHU hand, probably stems from anoreksia µDQRUH[LD¶ +DOIRIWKHKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKDW anorakki LV VRPH W\SH RI D MDFNHW 2WKHU DQVZHUV LQFOXGH sadetakki ! ³UDLQ FRDW´ juhla takki ! ³IHVWLYHMDFNHW´³GLQQHUMDFNHW´ joku siistimpi takki ! ³VRPHNLQGRIQLFHUMDFNHW´ DQG naulakko? ! ³FRDWUDFN"´ $VUHJDUGVWKHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVQHDUO\DOORIWKHPNQHZWKH meaning of anorakki 'HVFULSWLRQVLQFOXGHG oli ennenvanhaan hiihtotakki ! ³LWZDVDVNLLQJ MDFNHWLQWKHROGWLPHV´ DQG ruma takki, jota voi käyttää esim. metsäretkellä ! ³DQXJO\MDFNHW WKDWRQHFDQXVHIRUH[DPSOHRQDKLNHLQDIRUHVW´ 6RPHDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUGZLWKDIDQF\ DWWLUH miesten vaate ! ³PHQ¶VFORWKLQJ´ DQG miesten hieno puku ! ³PHQ¶VVW\OLVKVXLW´ $Q HQLJPDWLF heittolinko ! ³WKURZLQJVOLQJ´" DOVRDSSHDUHGDPRQJWKHDQVZHUV)XUWKHUPRUH WKH 3ROLVK VWXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV LQFOXGHG ³HYLO´ ]áR ³VLFNQHVV´ ³VWXSLG SHUVRQ´ ³DUURZ RI $PRU´DQG³DOFRKRO´ Igloo )U igloo ~ iglou 5Xɢ ғ ɝɥɭ6S iglú ) derives from Inuit LћOX µKRXVH¶DQGXOWLPDWHO\ IURP3URWR(VNLPR ԥƾOXµKRXVH¶ )RUWHVFXH et al 1RWHDOVRWKHIROORZLQJUHÀH[HV $OXWLLT$ODVNDQVLF@ VWD\RXWRIEDGZHDWKHU´0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJDQVZHUV lugar que habitan los inuits ! casa d hielo ! casa de hielito ! domo de hielo ! casa en forma de bola hecha de hielo ! hielo en forma de media esfera con una pequeña entrada ! cueva de bloques de hielo ! casa de los esquimales ! casa que utilizan algunas personas en la antartida ! llugar para dormir en la nieve ! casas de los que están en los polos ! la casa de los esquimales o pingüinos ! vivienda fria !DQG casa moderna !)LQQLVKVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHGWKH IROORZLQJ iglu on inuiittien jäästä valmistettu koti ! ³LJORRLVWKH,QXLWKRPHPDGHRXWRI LFH´ eskimon koti ! ³KRPHRIDQ(VNLPR´ jää mökki ! ³LFHFDELQ´ napalaisen ihmisen talo ! ³DKRXVHRIDSHUVRQIURPWKHSROH´ eskimon talo joka ei ole nykyisin paljon käytössä ! ³DKRXVHRIDQ(VNLPRWKDWLVQRWXVHGDORWWKHVHGD\V´ jää kuutioista rakennettu teltta ! ³D WHQWPDGHRXWRILFHFXEHV´ on jäästä tehty pulipallon muotonen talo ! ³LW¶VDKHPLVSKHULFDO KRXVHPDGHRXWRILFH´ asunto ! ³GZHOOLQJ´ lumilinna ! ³VQRZFDVWOH´ jääpala ! ³LFH FXEH´ pingviinit asuvat siellä ! ³SHQJXLQVOLYHWKHUH´ DQG jäälinna missä on pingviinit ! (“ice castle with penguins”). The last two probably stem from the stop-motion animated TV series Pingu that was – and to a certain extent still is – popular among the younger school FKLOGUHQ 2WVR.HWWXQHQSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 3UDFWLFDOO\DOOKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV NQHZWKHZRUG Pingviinin talo ! ³SHQJXLQV¶KRXVH´ DSSHDUHGRQFHDQGRQHVWXGHQWDGGHGDQ HQLJPDWLF vasikat voivat asua kesäisin ulkona iglussa ! ³FDOIVFDQOLYHRXWVLGHLQDQLJORRLQ WKHVXPPHU´ )XUWKHUPRUHRQHVWXGHQWDGGHG asun siellä! ! ³,OLYHWKHUH´ 164 Harri Kettunen

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LOANWORDS FROM OTHER INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF THE AMERICAS

Alpaca (Vicugna pacos ) probably derives from Aymara allpaqa , which is possibly related to Quechua paku IURP3URWR4XHFKXD SDTX>(POHQDQG$GHODDU@ 6RPHVRXUFHV LQFOXGLQJ 2(' DQG 66$ VXJJHVW WKDW WKH LQLWLDO al- PLJKW RULJLQDWH LQ WKH$UDELF GH¿QLWH DUWLFOHEXWWKLVLVKLJKO\LPSODXVLEOH+RZHYHUWKHODFNRIDSURWRIRUPIRUWKHWHUPLQ$\PDUD (Emlen and Adelaar 2017: 38) requires further research. The term is quite uniform around the world, as one would expect with an animal that is not that common outside its native range XQOLNH HJ WXUNH\ )URP 6SDQLVK DOSDFD ZH KDYH HJ )UHQFK alpaga , German Alpaka , Swedish alpacka $UPHQLDQ འཫཹའ཮འ alpaka DQG 5XVVLDQ ɚɥɶɩɚɤɚ DOүSDND )LQQLVK 7KDL ѠѤј *XMDUDWL ңӌӤӅӕұӕ ( DOSƗNƗ $UDELFΔϜ˴ ˴Βϟ˸ ˴΃ ( ҴDOEDND DۘDۼ*HRUJLDQ ᪤᪮᪲᪤᪭᪤ ( DO alpakka DQG-DSDQHVH ͸ρΧ΁ ( arupaka >D ࡞ ݐ݁ ࡝ ஓSD ࡞ ND ࡞ @ 7KH .RUHDQ 알파카 ( alpaka юѥдѥ ( alpaka WHUPZDVZHOOUHFRJQL]HGWKURXJKRXWWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\RIWKH$ODVNDQဧXGHQWV RIWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVDQGRIWKH)LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\KLJKVFKRRO ဧXGHQWV NQHZWKHWHUP$QVZHUVIURP$ODVNDLQFOXGHG³IXUU\DQLPDOWKDWVZHDWHUVDUHPDGHIURP´ ³OODPDOLNH FUHDWXUH WKDW OLYHV LQ WKH DOSV´ DQG ³DQLPDO WKDW LV IDUPHG IRU ZRRO DQG VSLWV´ 0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGWKHIROORZLQJGHVFULSWLRQV animal como una llama ! creo que es un animal argentino o peruano que parece una llama, su pelo es usado para fabricar telas ! animal andino ! un animal mamifero de las montañas ! una llerva ! algo que se usa para ropa ! una llama o una planta ! hierba ! planta ! verdura ! un vegetal ! semilla ! una planta verde ! DQG saborizante y aromatizante !7KH WHUP alpakka 106 was described E\WKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDVIROORZV laaman tapainen eläin ! ³DQDQLPDO VLPLODUWRDOODPD´ laaman tapainen eläin joka sylkee ! ³DOODPDOLNHDQLPDOWKDWVSLWV´ on eläin joka sylkee ! ³LW¶VDQDQLPDOWKDWVSLWV´ niin kuin kameli ! ³OLNHDFDPHO´ joku pukki ! ³VRPHNLQGDEXFNJRDW´ pörröinen ja iso ! ³ÀX൵\DQGELJ´ DQG laaman näköinen HOlLQMRఅDWHKGllQYDDWWHLWD ! ³DQDQLPDOUHVHPEOLQJDOODPDWKDWLVXVHGIRUPDNLQJFORWKHV´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGHG lintu ! ³ELUG´ marja ! ³EHUU\´SRVVLEO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKVLPLODU

1053URWR,QXLWKDVDOVR XPLXIRUµWRFDSVL]H¶7KHH[DFWUHODWLRQVKLSWRWKHWHUP umiaq LVQRWNQRZQ )RUWHVFXH et al . 2010: 403). 1067KHZRUGDUULYHGLQ)LQQLVKIURP6SDQLVKDOSDFDYLD)UHQFKDOSDFD*HUPDQ$OSDNDDQG6ZHGLVK DOSDFND 66$ 166 Harri Kettunen sounding berries puolukka and juolukka >µOLQJRQEHUU\¶ DQG µQRUWKHUQ ELOEHUU\¶ UHVSHFWLYHO\@ kukka ! ³ÀRZHU´ saari ! ³LVODQG´ paikka ! ³SODFH´ DQG tunturi ! ³DIHOOPRXQWDLQ´ possibly associated with paljakka LHDIRUHဧOHVVDUHDRIDIHOOPRXQWDLQWKDWULVHVDERYHWKH WUHHOLQH )XUWKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH ravintola, baari ! ³UHVWDXUDQWEDU´SRVVLEO\FRQIXVHGZLWK the word kapakka µSXE¶ on kalenteri ! ³LWLVDFDOHQGDU´ DQG kalenteri vähä niin ku ! ³OLNH D FDOHQGDU´ ± WKH ODVW WZR LQ DOO OLNHOLKRRG IURP almanakka RU µDOPDQDF¶2QH ¿IWK JUDGHUNQHZTXLWHFRUUHFWO\WKDW se on hopean korvaus aine ! ³LW¶VDVXEVWLWXWHPDWHULDOIRU VLOYHU´ 0RUHWKDQRIWKH)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP6RPHDQVZHUVZHUH GHVFULSWLYHVXFKD laamaeläin, joka sylkee suuttuessaan ! ³DOODPDDQLPDO>6RXWK$PHULFDQ FDPHOLG@WKDWVSLWVZKHQLWJHWVDQJU\´ kamelin näköinen eläin, ei kyttyröitä ! ³DQDQLPDO UHVHPEOLQJDFDPHOQRKXPSV´ HOlLQ DXఅUDOLDVVD" ! ³DQLPDO LQ$XVWUDOLD" ´ DQG söpö, kallis elukka ! ³FXWHH[SHQVLYHDQLPDO´ 2QHXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWDGGHG parempi villa kuin laamassa + hopea ! ³EHWWHUZRROWKDQRQDOODPDVLOYHU´ Chicha ,DIHUPHQWHGGULQNPDGHIURPPDL]HDQGRWKHULQJUHGLHQWVE\VHYHUDOLQGLJHQRXV SHRSOHLQ&HQWUDODQG6RXWK$PHULFDDQGWKH&DULEEHDQLVRIYDULRXV RUXQNQRZQ RULJLQV 7KHZRUGZDVSRRUO\NQRZQDPRQJWKHVWXGHQWVLQWKHVXUYH\QRQHRIWKH$ODVNDQRU)LQQLVK VWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HG WKH WHUP ZKLOH WZR 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWV LGHQWL¿HG FKLFKD DV bebida ! RU bebida peruana ! DQG WZR RWKHUV tipo de elote ! DQG maiz morado !$QVZHUV IURP WKH $ODVNDQVWXGHQWVLQFOXGHG³IHPDOHJLUOWKDWLVDIULHQG 6SDQLVK ´DQG³DGURSRISHUIXPH´ $QVZHUV IURP WKH )LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV LQFOXGH kana ! ³FKLFNHQ´ chicha on kai kana ! ³FKLFKDLVSUREDEO\DFKLFNHQ´ espanjaksi tyttö ! ³JLUOLQ6SDQLVK´ savutupakka ! ³DVPRNHWREDFFRFLJDUHWWH´ kiina ³&KLQD´ se on suurimmista maista ! ³LW¶V>RQH@RI WKH ODUJHVW FRXQWULHV´ kaupunki ! ³FLW\´ nimi ! ³QDPH´ ruoka ! ³IRRGGLVK´ DQG koira ! ³GRJ´ ±SRVVLEO\IURPµ&KLKXDKXD¶+LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG tyttö ! ³JLUO´ tyttö/suitsuke ! ³JLUOLQFHQVH´ piippu :) ! ³SLSH ´ DQG hevosen nimi, ylivoimainen ikäluokissaan ! ³QDPHRIDKRUVHXQEHDWDEOHLQLWVDJHJURXS´>1%VHFRQGOHWWHU K!LQFKLFKD VPXGJHG LQ RUGHU WR VSHOO µFKLFD¶@ 6RPH XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV FRUUHFWO\ LGHQWL¿HG chicha as VRPHW\SHRIDGULQNHVSHFLDOO\PDGHIURPPDL]H6RPHRIWKHPDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUGZLWK µVKLVKD¶ SLSHDQGRUWREDFFR vesipiippu ! ³ZDWHUSLSHVKLVKDKRRNDK´ joku poltettava aine?/piippu ! ³VRPH NLQG RI VXEVWDQFH"SLSH WKDW \RX FDQ VPRNH´ DQG makutupakka ! ³ÀDYRUHG WREDFFR VKLVKD´ RWKHUV WR RWKHU WKLQJV VXFK DV tyttö espanjaksi ! ³JLUO LQ 6SDQLVK´ musiikki/tanssilaji Perussa(?) ! ³W\SHRIPXVLFGDQFHLQ3HUX " ´ DQG makkara? (salchicha) ! ³VDXVDJH VDOFKLFKD ´ 7KHORDQZRUGVXUYH\LQ3RODQGSURGXFHGWKHIROORZLQJ “laughter” 107 ³WR\´³µJLUO¶LQ6SDQLVK´DQG³)QDI´7KHODVWRQHSUREDEO\UHIHUVWRWKH Five Nights at Freddy’s video game where we have Chica the Chicken RQHRIWKH¿YHFKDUDFWHUVRI ³)1$)´ WKHRWKHUVEHLQJ Freddy the Bear , Bonnie the Bunny , Foxy the Fox , and Golden Freddy ). Kiva is a Hopi word for a chamber that is built entirely or partly underground, and used by WKHPDOH3XHEOR,QGLDQVHJIRUUHOLJLRXVULWHV 2(' 1RQHLQDQ\RIWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\V LGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPFRUUHFWO\'XHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHWKHWHUPLVKRPRJUDSKLFZLWKWKH)LQQLVK ZRUGWKDWPHDQV³QLFHQHDWIXQ´PDQ\DQVZHUVLQWKHVXUYH\VLQ)LQODQGFRQFHUQHGWKDWWHUP $QVZHUVIURPWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVLQFOXGHG adjektiivi (ystävällinen) ! ³DGMHFWLYH NLQG ´ asia mikä on kiva xd miten tämmöi selitetää ! ³VRPHWKLQJWKDWLVQLFH[GKRZGR

1071%,Q3ROLVK FK!LVSURQRXQFHG>[@LHWKH FK!LQ FKLFKD!VRXQGVOLNH6SDQLVK M!RU,3$>[@ 6LPLODUO\³&KLKXDKXD´ZDVGHVFULEHGE\RQH3ROLVKVWXGHQWDV³ODXJKLQJDQGEDUNLQJGRJDWWKHVDPH time” and “narcotic, giggling” by another. New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 167

\RXH[SODLQVRPHWKLQJOLNHWKLV´ että on ystävällinen muille! ! ³EHLQJNLQGWRRWKHUV´ se on tunne tila ! ³LW¶VDVHQWLPHQW´ mukava ! ³QLFH´ sana jolla voi kehua ! ³DZRUG\RX FDQXVHWRFRPPHQG>VRPHRQH@´ DQG on mukava ja ei valehtele ! ³LVQLFHDQGGRHVQ¶WOLH´ 2QHVWXGHQWKDGZULWWHQ hyvä ystävä ! ³JRRGIULHQG´ EXWKDGWKHQHUDVHGLW±PD\EHUHDOL]LQJ WKDWWKHZRUGVLQWKHVXUYH\DUHQRWVWDQGDUG)LQQLVKZRUGV$QRWKHUVWXGHQWZDVSHUSOH[HG DQGZURWH Miks en tajuu? ! ³ZK\GRQ¶W,JHWWKLV"´ +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG tässä ei taideta hakea adjektiivia ! ³,JXHVVZH¶UHQRWDLPLQJDWDQDGMHFWLYHKHUH´ DQG minä ! ³,´ >ZLWKWKUHHDUURZVDURXQGLW@ 8QLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVKDG suomenkielinen sana! ! ³DZRUGLQ )LQQLVK´ DQG puebloihin liittyvä, rakennuksen osa tms. ! ³KDVWRGRZLWKWKH3XHEORVSDUW RIDEXLOGLQJRUVRPHWKLQJOLNHWKDW´ Poncho GHULYHV SRVVLEO\ IURP D 0DSXGXQJXQ WHUP RI XQVSHFL¿HG IRUP QRWH DOVR WKH Quechua term punchu +RZHYHU&RURPLQDVDQG3DVFXDO '(&+9RO,9 VWDWH that poncho “is a word that appears a lot in Chile, and with reference to the Indians, but it cannot FRPH IURP$UDXFDQLDQ >EXW LQVWHDG@ SHUKDSV IURP WKH &DVWLOLDQ DGMHFWLYH poncho or pocho µFRORUOHVV¶WRGHVFULEHDNLQGRIEODQNHWRIDVLQJOHFRORUDQGZLWKRXWGHVLJQV´ 108)DPLOLDULW\ ZLWKWKHWHUPLQWKHORDQZRUGVXUYH\VZDVUHODWLYHO\KLJKRIWKH0H[LFDQRIWKH $ODVNDQDQGRIWKH)LQQLVK HOHPHQWDU\KLJKVFKRRO VWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUP $QVZHUVIURP$ODVNDLQFOXGHG³0H[LFDQDSSDUUHO>VLF@WKDWKDQJVRYHU\RXUVKRXOGHUV´³D EDJJ\VKLUWZLWKDKHDGKROHEXWQRDUPKROHV´³OLJKWDQRUDN´³FORWKLQJJDUPHQWXVHGWRNHHS GU\´³SURWHFWIURPUDLQ´³VRPHWKLQJ,ZHDUDWVHDZRUOGWRQRWJHWZHW´³PL[RIVRPHWKLQJ´ DQG³KDW´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGXVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ chamarra ! abrigo ! abrigo hecho de piel animal ! como un rebozo ! es como un sueter ! algo con lo que te tapas ! para ubrirse de la lluvia o viento ! prenda tradicional ! sweter artesanal ! traje típico ! prenda de ropa muy fea ! XQ SDQWDORQ LQÀDGR ! mochila ! bebida ! nombre ! apodo!DQG una prenda o diminutivo de alfonso !(OHPHQWDU\VFKRROFKLOGUHQ¶V DQVZHUVIURP)LQODQGLQFOXGHG meksikolainen vaate ! ³0H[LFDQFORWKLQJ´ espanjalainen vaatetus ! ³6SDQLVKFORWKLQJ´ intiaanivaate ! ³,QGLDQ>1DWLYH$PHULFDQ@FORWKLQJ´ paita missä ei ole hihoja (tosi lämmin) ! ³DVKLUWWKDWKDVQRVOHHYHV UHDOO\ZDUP ´ kaulahuivin ja neuleen yhdistelmä ! ³DFRPELQDWLRQRIDVFDUIDQGDNQLWJDUPHQW´ vaate jossa pääaukko mutta ei käsiaukkoja ! ³DJDUPHQWWKDWKDVDQRSHQLQJIRUWKHKHDGEXWQRWIRUWKHDUPV´ DQG sade viitta ! ³UDLQSRQFKR´ 6RPHDVVRFLDWHGWKHZRUGZLWKDKDW hieno hattu ! ³IDQF\ KDW´ meksikolainen hattu ! ³0H[LFDQ KDW´ DQG etelä-amerikkalainen hattu ! ³6RXWK $PHULFDQKDW´ DQGVRPHWRWKHGHURJDWRU\VODQJZRUG pontso RUµIDWSHUVRQ¶ pyöreä/lihava ihminen/eläin ! ³URXQGHGIDW SHUVRQDQLPDO´ DQG läski ! ³IDWVR´ 2WKHU DQVZHUV LQFOXGH yhden kulttuurin ihminen(?) ! ³DSHUVRQIURPRQHFXOWXUH " ´ salee kasvi ! ³VXUHO\>"@D SODQW´ DQG dinosaurusten aikaan elänyt iso eläin ! ³DODUJHDQLPDOWKDWOLYHGGXULQJWKHHUD of dinosaurs”). +LJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVDGGHG Väli-Amerikkalaisten vilttimäinen “paita” ! ³D EODQNHWOLNH³VKLUW´RIWKH0LGGOH$PHULFDQV´ hartia huivi ! ³VKDZO´ puettava matto ! ³D UXJWKDW\RX>FDQ@ZHDU´ hiusjuttu ! ³KDLUWKLQJ´ DQG “machoileva” ihminen ! ³PDFKR´ ZKLOH WKH XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV KDG meksikolainen viitta ! ³0H[LFDQ FDSHFORDNUREH´ DQG vaate, tällä hetkellä muotia! ! ³DSLHFHRIFORWKLQJIDVKLRQDEOHULJKWQRZ´ )XUWKHUPRUHWKH 3ROLVKVXUYH\SURYLGHG ponczo : “alcoholic beverage.”

108³321&+2HVSDODEUDTXHDSDUHFHPXFKRHQ&KLOH\FRQUHIHUHQFLDDORVLQGLRVSHURQRSXHGHYHQLU GHODUDXFDQRTXL]iGHODGM>HWLYR@FDVW>HOODQQR@ poncho o pocho ¶GHVFRORULGR¶SRUGHVLJQDUXQDFODVHGH manta de un solo color y sin dibujos.” 168 Harri Kettunen

Tipi GHULYHV IURP /DNRWD thípi ³GZHOOLQJ´ RU HVVHQWLDOO\ ³WKH\ OLYH´ 8OOULFK HG Andersson et al 7RGD\LQ/DNRWDWKHWHUPUHIHUVWRKRXVHVRUEXLOGLQJVLQJHQHUDO while WKLtNþH\D means tipi (composed of thí “to live, dwell” and LNþp\D “ordinarily, freely, QDWXUDOO\´>8OOULFKHG@ ,QWHUHVWLQJO\IDPLOLDULW\ZLWKWKHWHUPZDVKLJKHULQ0H[LFR WKDQ$ODVND DQG KLJKHVW LQ )LQODQG RI WKH$ODVNDQ VWXGHQWV DQG RI WKH 0H[LFDQ VWXGHQWVLGHQWL¿HGWKHWHUPZKLOHRIWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGRI WKH)LQQLVKKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWVNQHZWKHWHUP 109 $ODVNDQVWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUVLQFOXGHG³DQLQGLDQ KRXVHPDGHZVWLFNVNLQ´ZKLOHWKH0H[LFDQVWXGHQWVGHVFULEHGWKHWHUPDVIROORZV casa donde viven los indios ! cosa rara triangular en la q se dormian personas primitivas ! tipo de casa hecha de paja !DQG una cabaña aborigen !$QVZHUVIURPWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\ schools were more varied than those from the upper levels of education. These included inkkareiden teltta ! ³WHQWRIWKH,QGLDQV´ teltta jota intiaanit käyttivät ! ³DWHQWWKDWWKH ,QGLDQVXVHGWRXVH´ sellai teltta mis on tulta (intiaanit) kai ! ³DWHQWWKDWKDV¿UH ,QGLDQV , VXSSRVH´ intiaanin asunto ! ³GZHOOLQJRIWKH,QGLDQV´ talo ! ³KRXVH´ maja ! ³KXW´ DQG mökki ! ³FDELQ´ 2WKHUDQVZHUVLQFOXGH intiainen sotanaamari ! ³,QGLDQZDUPDVN´ lintu ! ³ELUG´ tipu ! ³VPDOOELUG´ eläin ! ³DQLPDO´ DQG ryhmä ! ³WHDP´ ±WKHODVW one possibly from tiimi (“team”).

DEBATED ORIGINS

Barbecue (Sp. barbacoa 7KH PRVW OLNHO\ VRXUFH RI WKH ZRUG barbecue is the Haitian $UDZDN barbakoa ~ barabakoa '/( ZKLFKDSSHDUHGLQ6SDQLVKDV barbacoa , and in (QJOLVK¿UVWDV barbecu (17th century), then borbecu (17th to 18th centuries), barbicue (18th FHQWXU\ DQG¿QDOO\ barbecue (18th century) – with a variant barbacue from the 17th to 19th FHQWXULHV 2(' ,KDYHDOVRHQFRXQWHUHGHW\PRORJLHVWKDWSRLQWWRD)UHQFKRULJLQRI WKHZRUGPRVWO\E\)UDQFRSKRQHVFKRODUV7KHVHDUHKRZHYHUIRONHW\PRORJLHVZLWKRXWDQ\ OLQJXLVWLF VXSSRUW 2(' KDV WKH IROORZLQJ ³7KH DOOHJHG )U>HQFK@ barbe a queue µEHDUG WR WDLO¶LVDQDEVXUGFRQMHFWXUHVXJJHVWHGPHUHO\E\WKHVRXQGRIWKHZRUG´ The term appears LQ2YLHGR¶V Historia )HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpVIROLRU DV barbacoa with the following description:

“Assi como el Mahiz va cresciendo tienen cuydado de lo deservar hasta que esta tan alto que el Mahiz señorea la yerva, y quando esta bien crescido y grana, es menester poner le guarda: en lo qual los indios ocupan los muchachos: y a este respeto les hazen estar encima de los arboles y de andamios que les hazen de madera y cañas y cubiertos como ramadas por el sol y agua, y a estos andamios llaman Barbacoas. E desde la EDUEDFRDHVWDQFRQWLQXDPHQWHGDQGRER]HVRMHDQGRORV3DSDJD\RV\RWUDVDYHVTXH YLHQƝDFRPHUORVPDKL]DOHV´ 110

109 The word (spelled variably as tiipii or tipi DUULYHGLQ)LQQLVKDURXQGWKHPLGWKFHQWXU\ +lNNLQHQ DQGLWPD\EHWKDWDOWKRXJKWKHJROGHQHUDRIWKLQJV:HVWHUQ DVLQ:HVWHUQPRYLHVDQGERRNV LV DOUHDG\RYHUWKHLQWHUHVWLQWKH 1RUWK $PHULFDQ:HVWLVQRWHQWLUHO\JRQHLQWKH)LQQLVKFXOWXUH 110 ,QPRGHUQL]HG6SDQLVK )HUQiQGH]GH2YLHGR\9DOGpV>@HGLWHGE\'RUDOLFLD&DUPRQD Dávila) the quote is as follows: “Así como el Maíz va creciendo, tienen cuidado de lo desherbar hasta que está tan alto que el Maíz señorea la yerba, y cuando está bien crecido y grana, es menestaer ponerle guarda, en lo cual los Indios ocupan los muchachos, y a este respecto les hacen estar encima de los árboles New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 169

There is no good etymology for the term in Taino, and it is possible that it is a composite WHUPZLWKDQRZORVWRULJLQ+RZHYHUDV2YLHGRKDVLWLQWKHTXRWHDERYH³DHVWRVDQGDPLRV OODPDQ%DUEDFRDV´LH³WKHVHVFD൵ROGVDUHFDOOHG%DUEDFRDV´LWLVFOHDUWKDWWKHVRPHRQHLQWKH *UHDWHU $QWLOOHVXVHGDWHUPWKDWVRXQGHG WRD6SDQLVKHDU OLNH³EDUEDFRD´2WKHUSRVVLELOLW\ LVWKDWWKHWHUPZDVSLFNHGXSHOVHZKHUHDQGSXEOLVKHGDIHZGHFDGHVDIWHUWKH&RQTXHVW DV LVWKHFDVHZLWKPRVWRIWKHHDUO\UHSRUWVIURPWKH1HZ:RUOG +RZHYHUWKLVVHHPVXQOLNHO\ VRWKHEHVWRSWLRQLVVWLOOWRORRNIRUDSRWHQWLDOHW\PRORJ\LQ7DLQR7DNLQJLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ 2YLHGR¶VGHVFULSWLRQRIDVFD൵ROG,GRQRW¿QGLWLPSRVVLEOHWKDWWKHWHUPZDVFRPSRVHGRI VRPHWKLQJUHIHUULQJWRDIUDPHPDGHRXWRIZRRGHQVWLFNVRUERDUGV7KHLQLWLDOPHDQLQJRID frame or VFDৼROG transformed into a cooking device (which might have been another meaning RIWKHWHUPE\H[WHQVLRQ DQGWRDFRRNLQJPHWKRGDQG¿QDOO\WR³VDXFH´DVZHZLOOVKRUWO\ see. Although more research is needed, it is worth noting that Taino (Granberry and Vescelius 2004:103, 108) has ba - for “big, great, large,” ara for “tree, wood,” and kowa for “planting VWLFN´:KHWKHUVRPHRUQRQHRIWKHVHWHUPVDUHSDUWRIWKHZRUGWKDWZDVUHFRUGHGE\WKH 6SDQLVKLQWKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\UHPDLQVWREHYHUL¿HGDQGH[SORUHGIXUWKHU,QDGGLWLRQ/DV &DVDV &KDSWHU/;,,, QRWHVWKDWWKHQDWLYHVOLYHGLQEDUEDFRDVRU³KRXVHVRQWRSRIWUHHV >LHSROHVVWLOWV"@RQWKHZDWHU´

³)XHVHSRUODWLHUUDGH$EUD\EDiODSURYLQFLDQRPEUDGD&HUDFDQiOD~OWLPDOXHQJD TXHYLYLDQHQODVEDUEDFRDVyFDVDVVREUHORViUEROHVTXHHVWDEDQHQHODJXDORVFXDOHV VLQWLHQGRORVHVSDxROHVVHGHIHQGLHURQFRQVXVYDUDVXQEXHQUDWR>«@´ 111

:KDW/DV&DVDVLVPRVWOLNHO\UHIHUULQJWRDUHVWLOWKRXVHVRQWKHFRDVWRI3DQDPD/DV Casas could have used a Taino-derived term to describe the houses of the Ceracaná, but just as OLNHO\KHFRXOGKDYHUHIHUUHGWRDQDWLYHWHUP7KHODQJXDJHVLQWKH,VWKPR&RORPELDQDUHDDUH primarily Chibchan languages but at least so far, no linguistic entries have proven productive in the search for the etymology of the term. 112 /DWHUWKHWHUPUHIHUVVSHFL¿FDOO\WRFRRNLQJGHYLFHVDQGPHWKRGV(GZDUG7\ORUGHVFULEHG EDUEHFXHLQKLVERRN Anahuac: or Mexico and the Mexicans, Ancient and Modern this way:

y de andamios que les hacen de madera y cañas y cubiertos como ramadas por el sol y agua, y a estos DQGDPLRVOODPDQEDUEDFRDVDOJRRDDOJXLHQ@´ '3' 111 7KHDUHDWKDW/DV&DVDVLVUHIHUULQJWRLVTXLWHOLNHO\OLNHO\3DQDPD*DUFtD0HQDFKR\5RYLUD QG JLYHVDQDFFRXQWRI%DUWRORPp+XUWDGRZKRH[SORUHGWKHSURYLQFHRI9HUDJXDDQGWRRNSDUWLQWKHFRQTXHVW of Darién. In the process, he was ordered to punish the chiefs Abenamechey and Abrayba of Rio Grande (but never succeeding in it). 112 A tempting connection is also the now extinct Barbacoa language (part of the Barbacoan language IDPLO\ VSRNHQLQVRXWKZHVWHUQ&RORPELDDQGQRUWKHUQ(FXDGRU7KHFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHWHUPLVLQWHUHVWLQJ but as the name of the language is undoubtedly an exonym and the area not in the vicinity of the early contacts between the Europeans and the Indigenous Americans, the relevance to the discussion of the etymology of the term is relatively inconsequential. 170 Harri Kettunen

>@KHKDGLQYLWHGDSDUW\RIQHLJKERXUVWRHDWXSDNLGWKDWKDGEHHQFRRNHGLQDKROH in the ground, with embers upon it, after Sandwich Island fashion. This is called a EDUEDFRD±DEDUEHFXH:HVKRXOGKDYHOLNHGWREHDWWKHIHDVWEXWWLPHZDVVKRUWVR ZHURGHRQWRWKHWRSRI0RXQW-DFDO>@ 7\ORU

7KHµNLG¶LQWKHDFFRXQWLVREYLRXVO\D\RXQJJRDWQRWDUHIHUHQFHWR0HVRDPHULFDQFKLOG VDFUL¿FH$QRWKHUDFFRXQWE\(YHUDUGLP7KXUQSURYLGHVXVZLWKDQRWKHUYDULDQWRIWKHZRUG barbecue:

>@WKHPHDWDQGPRVWRIWKH¿VKLVVPRNHGRUEDEUDFRWHG>@$EDEUDFRWLVDVWDJH RIJUHHQVWLFNVEXLOWRYHUD¿UHRQZKLFKWKHPHDWLVODLGDQGH[SRVHGIRUDORQJWLPH WRWKHDFWLRQRIWKHVPRNH0HDW¿VKDQGHYHQHJJVWUHDWHGLQWKLVZD\EHFRPHYHU\ WDVWHOHVVEXWUHWDLQWKHLUQXWULWLYHSRZHUVIRUDORQJZKLOH>@ 7KXUQ

,Q(QJOLVKWKHGH¿QLWLRQRIEDUEHFXHKDVGHYHORSHGIURPWKHGHYLFHIRUFRRNLQJWRVRFLDO JDWKHULQJV2('KDVWKWRWKFHQWXU\UHIHUHQFHVWR³>D@UXGHZRRGHQIUDPHZRUNXVHGLQ $PHULFDIRUVOHHSLQJRQDQGIRUVXSSRUWLQJDERYHD¿UHPHDWWKDWLVWREHVPRNHGRUGULHG´DQ WKFHQWXU\UHIHUHQFHWR³>D@QLURQIUDPHIRUEURLOLQJYHU\ODUJHMRLQWV´WKDQGWKFHQWXU\ UHIHUHQFHVWR³>D@KRJR[RURWKHUDQLPDOEURLOHGRUURDVWHGZKROH>@´WKWRWKFHQWXU\ UHIHUHQFHVWR³>D@ODUJHVRFLDOHQWHUWDLQPHQWXVXDOO\LQWKHRSHQDLUDWZKLFKDQLPDOVDUHURDVWHG ZKROHDQGRWKHUSURYLVLRQVOLEHUDOO\VXSSOLHG´WKFHQWXU\UHIHUHQFHVWR³>D@VWUXFWXUHIRU FRRNLQJIRRGRYHUDQRSHQ¿UHRIZRRGRUFKDUFRDOXVX>DOO\@RXWRIGRRUVDQGIUHT>XHQWO\@DV SDUWRIDSDUW\RURWKHUVRFLDOHQWHUWDLQPHQW´DQGHYHQDWKFHQWXU\UHIHUHQFHWR³>D@QRSHQ ÀRRURQZKLFKFR൵HHEHDQVHWFPD\EHVSUHDGRXWWRGU\´ ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ WKH VWXGHQW VXUYH\ RI$PHULQGLDQ ORDQZRUGV LQ )LQQLVK VKRZHG WKDW PRVW of the elementary school children did not associate the word with the method or the apparatus RI EDUEHFXLQJ EXW UDWKHU WR EDUEHFXH sauce or ÀDYRULQJ . However, the concept was UHODWLYHO\ZHOO UHFRJQL]HGE\KLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV$QVZHUVIURPWKH)LQQLVKHOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROVLQFOXGH kastike ! ³VDXFH´ kai chilimauste ! ³PD\EHFKLOLVSLFH´ DQG lihakastike ! ³PHDW VDXFH´ +LJK VFKRRO VWXGHQWV¶DQVZHUV LQFOXGHG PRUH GHVFULSWLRQV RI EDUEHFXH DV D PHWKRGRIEDUEHFXLQJRUWKHEDUEHFXHJULOOLWVHOI2WKHUDQVZHUVZHUHVLPLODUWRWKRVHIURP WKHHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROV kastike ! ³VDXFH´ grillisanastoa. kastike ! ³EDUEHFXHYRFDEXODU\ VDXFH´ kastikemaku ! ³ÀDYRURIDVDXFH´ sitä soossia ! ³WKDWVDXFH´ käytetään esim. ribsien kanssa ! ³XVHGIRUH[DPSOHZLWKULEV´ grilli kastike tai mauste ! ³EDUEHFXHVDXFHRU VSLFHÀDYRULQJVHDVRQLQJ´ grillimauste ! ³EDUEHFXHVSLFHÀDYRULQJVHDVRQLQJ´ grillimaku ! ³EDUEHFXH ÀDYRULQJ´ tulinen mauste ! ³KRW VSLFHÀDYRULQJVHDVRQLQJ´ maustamisen “tyyli” ! ³µVW\OH¶ RI VHDVRQLQJ´ teko savun maku ! ³IDNH WDVWH RI VPRNH´ marinadi ! ³PDULQDGH´ DQG sitä laitetaan grilliruuan päälle ! ³\RXSXWLQRQWRSRIEDUEHFXHIRRG´ 7KHDQVZHUVLQWKHVXUYH\FDUULHGRXWLQDQ$ODVNDQKLJKVFKRROLQFOXGHGµVDXFH¶DVZHOOEXW FRQWUDU\WRWKH)LQQLVKDQVZHUVWKHVRFLDOFRPSRQHQWRIEDUEHFXLQJZDVKHDYLO\SUHVHQW³VDXFH RUDIDPLO\JDWKHULQJ´³DQHYHQWZKHUH\RXJDWKHUZLWKIDPLO\DQGKDYHDVSHFL¿FOXQFK´DQG interestingy, “a gathering of people, may include food.” Buccaneer (Sp. bucanero LV D WHUP ZKRVH RULJLQV DUH VWLOO VRPHZKDW HOXVLYH /DRQ¶V Relation du voyage des Francois fait au cap de Nord en Amerique LVWKH¿UVWNQRZQ DSSHDUDQFH RI WKH WHUP LQ WKH )UHQFK IRUP boucanier . However, the term boucan appears DOUHDG\LQ-HDQGH/pU\¶V Histoire d’un voyage fait en la terre du Brésil (1578). None of the New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 171

HDUO\VRXUFHVDUHVSHFL¿FDVWRWKHH[DFWODQJXDJHZKHUHWKHWHUPFRPHVIURPEXWEDVHGRQWKH DFFRXQWVRIWKH)UHQFKH[SORULQJWKH1HZ:RUOGWKHDUHDPXVWKDYHEHHQVRPHZKHUHEHWZHHQ WKH*X\DQDVDQGWKH%UD]LOLDQFRDVW&157/VWDWHVWKDWWKHODQJXDJHLV7XSLDQGWKHWHUP IURPZKLFKWKH)UHQFKRULJLQDWHVLV mokaém . The reports by Raymond Breton (1666), seem to point out to the Coast of Guiana, and if that is the case, a Cariban origin for the word probably PDNHVPRUHVHQVHWKDQD7XSLDQ$QHDUO\UHSRUWE\-HDQGH/pU\ FOHDUO\UHIHUVWR boucan as “roast(ing),” both game and people:

³+RZHYHUQRWZLWKVWDQGLQJWKLVHQPLW\RIRXU0DUJDwDVDWWKHHQFRXQWHURIWKH)UHQFK ZKLFKWKH\DQGZHKLGDVPXFKDVZHFRXOGRXUTXDUWHUPDVWHUZKRNQHZKRZWRVOXU their language a little, had gotten in our ship with some other sailors went towards to the shore, where in large troops we saw these “savages” assembled. However, our people only trusted in them to a certain point, in order to avoid the danger or that they could have put themselves to be Boucanez WKDWLVWRVD\µURDVWHG¶WKH\GLGQRWDSSURDFKWKH JURXQGFORVHUWKDQWKHUHDFKRIWKHLUDUURZV7KHUHE\VKRZLQJWKHPIURPDIDUNQLYHV PLUURUV RWKHUVWULQNHWVDQGFDOOLQJWKHPWRDVNWKHPIRUVXSSOLHVDVVRRQDVWKRVH that approached as much as they could, had agreed to it, without having been otherwise DVNHGVHYHUDORIWKHPLQDKDVWHZHZHQWWRIHWFKDVNIRURXUIRUHPDQVRWKDWRQKLV UHWXUQKHQRWRQO\EURXJKWXVÀRXUPDGHIURPDURRWZKLFKWKHVDYDJHVHDWLQVWHDGRI bread, hams, and meat from a certain species of wild boar, with other provisions, in VX൶FLHQWTXDQWLWLHVDVWKHFRXQWU\\LHOGVWKHVHEXWDOVRWRSUHVHQWWRXVVL[PHQDQGD ZRPDQZKRGLGQRWKDYHDQ\GL൶FXOW\LQHPEDUNLQJDQGFRPLQJWRVHHXVRQRXUVKLS 1RZEHFDXVHWKH\ZHUHWKH¿UVWVDYDJHVWKDW,VDZFORVHO\,OHDYH\RXWRFRQVLGHULI ,VDZ FRQWHPSODWHGWKHPDWWHQWLYHO\$OWKRXJK,UHVHUYHWRP\VHOIWRGHVFULEHDQG SRUWUD\WKHPDWOHQJWKDWDQRWKHUPRUHDSSURSULDWHWLPH>«@´ 113

Raymond Breton, in his Dictionaire francois-caraibe (Breton 1666: 48), explains that the term refers not only to a grill but also to a structure 114 . Boucan DVFRRNLQJVW\OHLVOHQJWKLO\ GHVFULEHGE\-HDQ%DSWLVWH/DEDWLQKLV Nouveau voyage aux isles de l’Amerique /DEDW

113 2U QRQREǕWDQW FHǕWH LQLPLWLp GH QRV 0DUJDwDV j O¶HQFRQWUH GHV )UDQoRLV ODTXHOOH HX[ QRXV GLǕVLPXOLRQVWDQWTXHQRXVSRXXLRQVQRǕWUH&}WUHPDLǕWUHTXLǕDXRLWYQSHXJHUJRQQHUOHXUODQJDJHV¶HǕWDQW PLVGDQVQRǕWUH%DUTXHDXHFTXHOTXHVDXWUHV0DWHORWVV¶HQDOODFRQWUHOHULXDJHRXHQJURǕǕHVWURXSHVQRXV YR\}VFHV6DXXDJHVDǕǕHPEOH]7RXWHVIRLVQRVJHQVQHǕH¿DQVHQHX[TXHELHQjSRLQWD¿QG¶REXLHUDX GDQJHURXLOVǕHIXǕǕHQWSHXPHWWUHG¶HǕWUH%RXFDQH]F¶HǕWjGLUHURǕWL]LOVQ¶DSSURFKqUHQWSDVSOXVSUHV GHWHUUHTXHODSRUWHHGHOHXUVÀHǕFKHV$LQǕLOHXUPRQǕWUDQVGHORLQGHVFRXǕWHDX[GHVPLURXHUV DXWUHV EDJXHQDXGHULHV OHVDSSHODQVSRXUOHXUGHPDQGHUGHVYLXUHVǕLWRǕWTXHTXHOTXHVYQVTXLV¶DSURFKHUHQW OHSOXVSUHVTX¶LOVSHXUHQWO¶HXUHQWHQWӁGXǕDQVǕHIDLUHDXWUHPHQWSULHUSOXǕLHXUVG¶HQWU¶HX[HQJUDQGH GLOLJHQFHQRXVHQDOOHUHQWTXHULU1RǕWUH&RQWUHPDLǕWUHGRQFTXHVjǕRQUHWRXUQRQǕHXOHPHQWQRXVUDSSRUWD GHODIDULQHIDLWHG¶YQHUDFLQHODTXHOOHOHV6DXXDJHVPDQJHQWDXOLHXGHSDLQGHVLDPERQV GHODFKDLU G¶YQHFHUWDLQHHǕSHFHGH6DQJOLHUVDXHFG¶DXWUHVYLFWXDLOOHV IUXLWVjǕX൶ǕDQFHWHOVTXHOHSD\VOHVSRUWH PDLVDXǕVLSRXUQRXVOHVSUHǕHQWHUǕL[KRPPHV YQHIHPPHQH¿UӁWSRLQWGHGL൶FXOWpGHV¶ӁEDUTXHU QRXVYHQLUYRLUHQQRǕWUH1DXLUH2USDUFHTXHFHIXUHQWOHVSUHPLHUV6DXXDJHVTXHLHYLVGHSUHVLHYRXV ODLǕǕHjSHQǕHUǕLLHOHVUHJDUGD\ FRQWӁSOD\DWWHQWLXHPӁW3DUWDQWHQFRUHVTXHLHUHǕHUXHjOHVGHǕFULUH GHǕSHLQGUHDXORQJHQDXWUHOLHXSOXVSURSUH>«@!7UDQVODWLRQE\WKHDXWKRUZLWKWKHJHQHURXVKHOSRI &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH 114 %RXFDQFHPRWVHSUHQGSRXUYQHFDEDQHGHPDKRWVXUODTXHOOHRQVHFRXFKHRXSRXUYQJULOGHERLV GHV6DXXDJHVLR~OODL¶HQD\XQ,R~OODQLiWLQD! 172 Harri Kettunen

/DEDWD'RPLQLFDQPLVVLRQDU\IURP3DULVHOXFLGDWHVLQGHWDLOKRZWR³ERXFDQ´DWXUWOHZLWK WXUWOH" HJJ\RONVKHUEVVSLFHVOHPRQMXLFHVDOWDQGKRWSHSSHUSODFLQJLWLQDKROHLQWKHVDQG IRXUWR¿YHIHHWGHHSDQGVL[IHHWLQGLDPHWHU¿OOLQJWKHSLWZLWKHPEHUDQGFRRNLQJWKHWXUWOH IRUIRXUKRXUV7KLV/DEDWH[SODLQVLVZKDWLVFDOOHGD³%RXFDQGH7RUWXs´DQGKHFRQWLQXHV SURFODLPLQJWKDWKHGRHVQRW³EHOLHYHWKDWWKHJUHDWHVWPRQDUFKVRIWKH2OGDQGWKH1HZ:RUOG have ever had on their tables a pâtéRIDERXW¿YHKXQGUHGSRXQGV>«@WKHLQVLGHRIZKLFKZDV PRVWGHOLFDWHDQGWKHFUXVWSDUWLFXODUO\¿UPDQGQDWXUDO´ 115 The term buccaneer did not appear in the English or Spanish surveys done in the US and 0H[LFRQRULVLWDWHUPWKDWDSSHDUVLQ)LQQLVKDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\LWZDVQRWSDUWRIWKHVXUYH\ LQ)LQODQG+RZHYHUWKHWHUP bukanier ZDVDGGHGWRWKHVXUYH\LQ3RODQGLQZLWKWKH IROORZLQJDQVZHUV³EDQNHU´³QDPHRIDEXQNHU´³*HUPDQ:HDSRQRI0DVV'HVWUXFWLRQ´DQG ³%XND´7KHODVWHQWU\ %XND LVWKHFKDUDFWHUIURP7RYH-DQVVRQ¶V0RRPLQVNQRZQDV Mörkö LQ)LQQLVKDQG 0nUUDQ in Swedish.

NEW WORLD FLORA AND FAUNA WITH OLD WORLD LABELS

As it happens in every language contact, some terms of new things are borrowed while others are invented or connected to existing concepts. Examples of New World “items” that UHFHLYHGLQPRVWFDVHVDWHUPLQWKHUHFLSLHQWODQJXDJHLQFOXGHDPDUDQWKDJDYHEODFNEHDQ ORJZRRG SDVVLRQIUXLW SHDQXW VXQÀRZHU YDQLOOD FRFKLQHDO DQDFRQGD DQWHDWHU DUPDGLOOR FDSXFKLQPRQNH\JXLQHDSLJKRZOHUPRQNH\PDUPRVHWPXVFRY\GXFNVORWKVSLGHUPRQNH\ DQGWXUNH\

New World goods in the Old World The travel route of the borrowed New World terms usually followed the travel route of WKH1HZ:RUOGLWHPVH[FHSWIRUPDQ\DQLPDOWHUPVWKDWZHUHPDLQO\NQRZQIURPWH[WXDORU SLFWRULDOGHVFULSWLRQV,QPDQ\FDVHVWKHVHHQWLWLHV¿UVWDUULYHGWRWKHFRXQWULHVDQGODQJXDJHV that were in contact with the societies and languages from which the terms and their referents originated. In most cases this meant Spain, but many things and terms also landed in other DUHDVDQGODQJXDJHVLQFOXGLQJ3RUWXJXHVH)UHQFKDQG(QJOLVK,QPDQ\FDVHVHVSHFLDOO\WKH ÀRUDDQGIRRGVWX൵VWUDYHOHGIURPWKHVHDUHDVWRQHLJKERULQJUHJLRQVFRXQWULHVDQGODQJXDJHV FKDQJLQJWKHLUVSHOOLQJDQGRUSURQXQFLDWLRQRQWKHZD\ DWWLPHV 6RPHFRPPRGLWLHVZHUH also shipped onwards to the overseas possessions of the colonial powers and while some items, HVSHFLDOO\ÀRUDIRXQGWKHLUZD\WR(XURSHDQJDUGHQVDQGNLWFKHQVVRPHRWKHUVZHUHPRUH successful overseas. 2QHRIWKHVHLVWKH chili pepper WKDW&ROXPEXVHQFRXQWHUHGRQKLV¿UVWYR\DJHDQGEURXJKW EDFNWR6SDLQLQ+RZHYHUDV$QGUHZV KDVQRWHGFKLOLSHSSHUVDVSDUWRIWKH 0HVRDPHULFDQIRRGFRPSOH[VSUHDGWRWKH2OG:RUOGLQDIDUPRUHFRPSOLFDWHGPDQQHUWKDQLV commonly presumed, and that “the circuitous routes by which the complex reached Anatolia and VRXWKHDVWHUQ(XURSHODUJHO\E\SDVVHGWKHZHVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ>DQG@WKDWWKH3RUWXJXHVHDQG

115 ´-HQHFURLSDVTXHOHVSOXVJUDQGV0RQDUTXHVGHO¶DQFLHQ GXQRXYHDXPRQGHD\HQWMDPDLVHXVXUOHXU WDEOHXQSkWpG¶HQYLURQFLQTFHQVOLYUHVSHVDQWFRPPHpWRLWOHQ{WUHGRQWOHGHGDQVIXWSOXVGpOLFDW OD FURXWHSOXVIHUPH SOXVQDWXUHOOH´ New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 173

7XUNVZHUHIDUPRUHLQÀXHQWLDOWKDQWKH6SDQLDUGVLQWKHGL൵XVLRQRIWKH0HVRDPHULFDQSODQW complex, even though the source lay in the Spanish colonies and the complex was discovered E\&ROXPEXVRQVHYHUDOYR\DJHV>«@´ $QGUHZV $V$QGUHZV DQG Collingham (2006: 53) have pointed out, the success of chili peppers in Asia made many people WKLQNWKDWWKH\RULJLQDWHGWKHUH $FFRUGLQJWR$QGUHZV 1LNRODXV-RVHSK)UHLKHUUYRQ-DFTXLQ 116 named a new Capsicum species erroneously as chinense LQWKLQNLQJWKDWWKHVSHFLHVRULJLQDWHGLQ&KLQD RULQ(DVW$VLDLQJHQHUDO ,¿QGWKLVKDUGWREHOLHYHDV-DFTXLQGLG¿HOGZRUNLQWKH&DULEEHDQ (see Jacquin 1760 and 1763) and must have been aware, as a botanist, of the origins of chili SHSSHUV,QIDFWLIZHWDNHDFORVHUORRNDWKLV Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis , Vol II, page 38, it says the following of Capsicum chinense :

“Based on its native land I have applied the name to the stem, which I judge to be GL൵HUHQW LQ VSHFLHV IURP LWV /LQQDHDQ NLQ$ ZRRG\ WUXQN WKLFN WRZDUG WKH VWXPS drawn over with an ashen cover, for many years already it has survived in a caldron, ZKLOHLWVODVWEUDQFKHVSHULVKZLWKWKHZLQWHUDQGWKLVLQVHYHUDOXQEUDQFKHG7KHZKROH is smooth. The leaves are egg-shaped, pointed, whole, alternating, long stemmed. The SHGLFOHVDUHVLQJOHÀRZHUHGLQGLYLGXDORUWZLQVKRUWWRWWHULQJ$WLQ\DQGSRLQWHGEXG blooms. The border of the petal is cut copiously into pointed strips, white with some \HOORZDQGWKHVHDERYHWKHWXEHHDFKVHFUHWHDGURSRIVZHHWOLTXLGKDQJLQJLQWKH same place in the form of a ball. Deep violet blooms rise up. The fruit is shining, egg- VKDSHGEOXQWKDUGO\DQJOHGZLWKWKHVWUXFWXUHDQGWDVWHRILWVNLQÀD[FRORUHG7KH VHHGVDUHSDOH,KDYHVHHQWKHSODQWFXOWLYDWHGRQWKHLVODQGRI0DUWLQLTXHDQG,¶YHVHHQ WKHIUXLWVSXWWRXVHLQFRRNLQJ´ 117

,I-DFTXLQNQHZWKDWWKLVSDUWLFXODUVSHFLHVRIFKLOLSHSSHUJUHZRQWKHLVODQGRI0DUWLQLTXH why would he name it Capsicum chinense ? The most logical reason is that even though he saw the plant growing in Martinique, he did not consider it native to the region (see the above quote: ³%DVHGRQLWVQDWLYHODQG>LH China @,KDYHDSSOLHGWKHQDPHWRWKHVWHP>@´ 7KHRWKHU

116 Jacquin (1727–1817) was a Dutch scientist who studied, among other things, botany in the Caribbean and was, besides Rousseau, one of the few contemporaries who questioned the “appropriation of exotic VSHFLHV µH[RWLFERWDQ\¶ ´ &RRN RXWVLGHRIWKHLUQDWLYHJURXQGV$V&RRN QRWHV ³>I@RU5RXVVHDX(XURSHDQV¶ZKROHVDOHDSSURSULDWLRQRIH[RWLFSODQWVZDVDPRUDOLVVXHEHFDXVHLWGHIRUPV QDWXUH>DQGWKH@WUDQVIHUUHGSODQWVµUHIXVHWRJHUPLQDWHDQGEHERUQLQRXUJDUGHQV>TXLUHIXVHQWGHJHUPHU HWQDvWUHGDQVQRVMDUGLQV@¶E\WKHSODQWV¶DFWRIZLOO´6LPLODUO\&RRN SRLQWVRXWWKDW-DFTXLQ “alluded to changes wrought by acclimatisation in his Historia stirpium americanarum” (see Jacquin $VDQDQHFGRWHDQRWKHUFRQWHPSRUDU\DQGIDPLO\IULHQG0R]DUWGHGLFDWHGVHYHUDORIKLVZRUNVWR the Jacquin family. 117 ³$ SDWULD QRPHQ ǕWLUSL LQGLGL TXDP D ¶FRQJHQHULEXV /LQQ DQLV DUELWURU ǕSHFLH GLYHUǕDP 7UXQFXV OLJQRǕXVSROOLFHPFUDǕǕXV FRUWLFHFLQHUDǕFHQWHREGXFWXVSHUSOXUHVMDPDQQRVLQFDOGDULRSHUHQQDW GXPUDPLXOWLPLK\HPHSHUHXQWLGTXHLQSOXULEXVLQGLYLGXLV7RWDJODEUDHǕW)ROLDǕXQWRYDWDDFXPLQDWD LQWHJHUULPD DOWHUQD ORQJH SHWLRODWD 3HGXQFXOL XQLÀRUL ǕROLWDULL YHO JHPHOOL EUHYHV QXWDQWHV &DO\[ H[LJXXV DFXWXV YLUHW 3HWDOL OLPEXV SURIXQGH LQ ODFLQLDV ODQFHRODWDV FXP DOLTXD ÀDYHGLQH DOEHQWHV ǕHFDWXUTX ǕXSUDWXEXPǕLQJXO JXWWDPOLTXRULVGXOFLVJOREXOLǕXEIRUPDLELGHPK UHQWHPH[VXGDQW $QWKHU DWURYLRODFH HULJXQWXU)UXFWXVQLWLGXVRYDUXVREWXǕXVREǕROHWHDQJXODWXVǕWUXFWXUD ǕDSRUH FRQJHQHUXP ÀDYXV 6HPLQD SDOOHQW ,Q LQǕXOD 0DUWLQLFD FXOWDP YLGL IUXFWXVTXH LQ XǕXP FXOLQDUHP adhibitos.” Translation from the original by Todd Krause. 174 Harri Kettunen

OHVV OLNHO\ SRVVLELOLW\ LV WKDW WKH WHUP chinense here refers not to China but to something H[RWLFLQJHQHUDODNLQWR guinea pig, turkey bird, etc. 118 However, most other plants named chinense or chinensis do originate in China, such as Allium chinense , Rhus chinensis , and Rosa chinensis . The latter ( Rosa chinensis ZDVDOVR¿UVWSXEOLVKHGE\-DFTXLQLQWKHWKLUGYROXPH of his Observationum Botanicarum )XUWKHUPRUHDOOWKHRWKHUSODQWVGHVFULEHGLQ the various volumes of Jacquin clearly point to the origins of the species, including Paullinia mexicana (Jacquin 1764 119 : 18), Ægiphila martinicensis , Scutellaria havanensis , Convolvus havanensis , Teucrium cubense , Cinchona caribæa , Ficus caribæa (Jacquin 1767: 3, 5, 25, 27, 30), Convolvulus jamaicensis (Jacquin 1768: 6), and Crotalaria incana , Boerhavia caribæa , and Verbena jamaicensis (Jacquin 1771: 4, 5, 6). Regardless of the misnomer, the fact remains that chili peppers were largely circumventing (XURSHDQGEHFRPLQJH[WUHPHO\SRSXODULQ$VLD$IWHUWKHLQLWLDOLQWURGXFWLRQE\WKH3RUWXJXHVH chili peppers were already growing in India 120 3UREDEO\ EHFDXVH WKH\ JUHZ VXFFHVVIXOO\ LQ PDQ\DUHDVWKHUHZDVQRQHHGIRUDPDMRUWUDQVDWODQWLF RUWUDQVSDFL¿F PDUNHWIRUFKLOLSHSSHUV E\WKHFRORQLDOSRZHUV)XUWKHUPRUHLQ(XURSHFKLOLSHSSHUVZHUHVWLOOFRQVLGHUHGH[RWLFDQG did not replace the pepper(corn)s that originated in South Asia. The European cuisine was still heavily reliant on Asian pepper and even the pricing of pepper (that doubled in a short time EHWZHHQDQG>%RUVFKEHUJ@ GLGQRWWXUQ(XURSHDQVLQWR chili farmers and consumers. Additional reason probably stems from the fact that peppers were also used for medicinal purposes in Europe. :KHQLWFRPHVWRWKHFKLOLDQGSHSSHUWHUPLQRORJ\RQHZRUG DQGLWVUHIHUHQW>V@ LVDQ LQWHUHVWLQJIXVLRQRID1HZ:RUOGSODQWDQG2OG:RUOGWHUPLQRORJ\ paprika . The term refers in many languages today for the sweeter varieties of Capsicum annuum . In English, however, the word is restricted to the ground dried version of the sweet (or non-spicy) varieties of Capsicum annuum, while in many other languages the term covers everything from the plant itself to the fruit and the ground spice. Interestingly, though unsurprisingly, the terms pepper and paprika GHULYHXOWLPDWHO\IURPWKHVDPHVRXUFHERWKUHWDLQLQJWKH3UDNULW*UHHNDQG/DWLQFRQVRQDQW sequence p-p-r 121.

118 5HODWHGWRWKLVLVWKHUHPDUNRQWKHWLWOHSDJHRI'LHJRGH/DQGD¶V Relación de las cosas de Yucatán , stating “Esta aqui otra relacion de las cosas de la china” (“Here is another account of things from China” or “There is another account of things from China in here”), although in the case of the librarian or copyist ZRUNLQJLQ6SDLQLQWKHODWHWKRUHDUO\WKFHQWXU\WKHUHIHUHQFHWR³&KLQD´PLJKWKDYHEHHQPHUHO\ DUHIHUHQFHWRWKHDFFRXQWVRIIRUHLJQODQGVLQJHQHUDOZKLOH-DFTXLQVXUHO\NQHZZKHUHKHZDVZKHQKH was identifying the plants. 119 Jacquin (1764: 2-4) describes – rather lengthily – also Theobroma cacao RQWKH¿UVWSDJHVRIWKH¿UVW volume of his Observationum Botanicarum ZKLFKVSHDNVIRUWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKLVSODQWLQWKHPLQGV RI(XURSHDQERWDQLVWVDWWKHWLPH7KHSODQWZDVQDPHGE\/LQQpDQGDSSHDUVLQWKHVHFRQGHGLWLRQRI his Systema Naturæ /LQQp DQGODWHULQWKHPRUHFRPSUHKHQVLYHVHFRQGYROXPHRIKLV Species Plantarum /LQQp E ± RQO\ D GHFDGH EHIRUH WKH ¿UVW YROXPH RI -DFTXLQ¶V Observationum Botanicarum 7KH¿UVWHGLWLRQRI Systema Naturæ /LQQp LVRQO\SDJHVORQJZKLOHWKHVHFRQG HGLWLRQ /LQQp LVSDJHVORQJ,QFRQWUDVWWKHWZRYROXPHVRIWKH Species Plantarum have 1231 pages and the two volumes of the 10th edition of Systema Naturæ /LQQpDQG KDYH pages in total. The term for chili in Hindi is ĮđýŊ ( mirc PܼݐWݕ DWHUPWKDWLVDOVRVKDUHGZLWKEODFNSHSSHU 120 121,Q WKLV FRQWH[W LW LV WHPSWLQJ WR LQYRNH WKH DSRFU\SKDO VD\LQJ DOOHJHGO\ E\ 9ROWDLUH>VHH EHORZ@ “etymology is a science where the vowels do nothing and the consonants very little.” Although this may be true prima facie in some instances, the patterns in historical linguistics are not that simple. As an example LQGHIHQVHRIYRZHOVDV7RGG.UDXVH SHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ SRLQWVRXW³>W@KHYRZHOVDUHWKHNH\ New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 175

%RWK WHUPV GHULYH IURP DQ XQVSHFL¿HG ,QGR$U\DQ ODQJXDJH RU DW OHDဧ WKLV ODQJXDJH >RUODQJXDJHV@JDYHWKHZRUGWRWKHGHVFHQGDQW>DQGPDQ\QHLJKERULQJ@ODQJXDJHVEXWLWZDV SUREDEO\QRWWKHRULJLQDOVRXUFH>VHHEHORZ@ 6DQVNULWKDV ĮčɔĮĕ (pippali IRUµORQJSHSSHU (Piper longum SHSSHUFRUQ¶ LWVHOISUREDEO\GHULYHGIURP Įčɔĕ > píppala @RUµEHUU\¿J¶ 122 but the term itself is undoubtedly older. But how much older and from which language? It is possible EXWQRWOLNHO\ WKDWWKH,QGR$U\DQVKDGDWHUPWKDWWKH\EURXJKWDORQJWRWKH,QGLDQVXEFRQWLQHQW but I have not encountered any good candidates for such a term – whatever the original meaning RIWKHSRWHQWLDOVRXUFHZRUGPLJKWKDYHEHHQLQ3URWR,QGR$U\DQRUHYHQ3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ (meaning, of course, that the referent could not have been the (long) pepper, as it is not native to any of the potential homelands of the abovementioned proto-languages). Consequently, it is

VRXUFHIRU6DXVVXUH¶VODU\QJHDOVZKLFKZHUHVXEVHTXHQWO\GLVFRYHUHGLQ+LWWLWHDQGZKLFKUHYROXWLRQL]HG RXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQ´2EYLRXVO\WKHNH\LVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHKLVWRULFDOSURFHVVHV WKDWOHGWRWKHFKDQJHRIVRXQGVLQGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHV7KHIDFWWKDW3UDNULW SLSSDUƯ and Irish piobar are related is as predictable from the point of view of historical linguistics as the fact that Armenian erku and English two derive from the same source. The former is more straightforward than the latter, but there lies DOVRWKHGDQJHURIOD\PDQ¶VHW\PRORJLHVWKDWDUHEDVHGRQPHUHRXWZDUGDSSHDUDQFHVZLWKRXWWKHPHWKRGV RI FRPSDUDWLYH KLVWRULFDOOLQJXLVWLFV³9ROWDLUH¶V´VD\LQJLVDGRXEOHHGJHGVZRUGDWWKHVDPHWLPHDVLW PDNHVWKHVWXG\RIHW\PRORJLHVVRXQGOLNHPHUHVSHFXODWLRQLWDOVRZDUQVXVQRWWRWUXVWWKHFRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WZR VXSHU¿FLDOO\ VLPLODU ZRUGV ZLWKRXW GRLQJ \RXU KRPHZRUN LQ OLQJXLVWLFV$V UHJDUGV WKH DSRFU\SKDOVD\LQJDOOHJHGO\E\9ROWDLUHWKH¿UVWNQRZQUHIHUHQFHWRWKLVGLFWXPDVQRWHGSUHYLRXVO\ E\ 1RRUGHJUDDI LV IURP YRQ 6FKOHJHO >@ ³>@ PDFKW DP (QGH GLH (W\PRORJLH]XHLQHU:LVVHQVFKDIWZREHLZLH9ROWDLUHVDJWGLH9RNDOHIUJDUQLFKWVGLH.RQVRQDQWHQ IUVHKUZHQLJJHUHFKQHWZHUGHQ´ ³>@LQWKHHQGLWWXUQVHW\PRORJ\LQWRDVFLHQFHZKHUHE\DV9ROWDLUH VD\VWKHYRZHOVFRXQWIRUQRWKLQJ>DQG@WKHFRQVRQDQWVIRUYHU\OLWWOH´ )ULHGULFK0OOHU stated in his Lectures on the Science of Language /HFWXUH9, 2Q WKH 3ULQFLSOHV RI (W\PRORJ\ WKDW ³9ROWDLUHGH¿QHGHW\PRORJ\DVDVFLHQFHLQZKLFKYRZHOVVLJQLI\QRWKLQJDWDOODQGFRQVRQDQWVYHU\ OLWWOHµ L’étymologie ¶KHVDLGµ est une science où les voyelles ne font rien, et les consonnes fort peu de chose ¶´%ORRP¿HOG IROORZVE\VD\LQJWKDW³9ROWDLUHLVUHSRUWHGWRKDYHVDLGWKDWHW\PRORJ\LV a science in which the vowels count for nothing and the consonants for very little,” and elucidates in the HQGQRWHV%ORRP¿HOG>QRWHRQ&KDSWHU@ WKDW³>W@KHHSLJUDPDERXWHW\PRORJ\LVDWWULEXWHGWR 9ROWDLUHE\0D[0OOHU>@,KDYHVRXJKWLWLQYDLQLQ9ROWDLUH¶VZULWLQJV´0XOWDWXOL RQWKH other hand, in his Ideeën UHPDUNHG³>Z@DVLWQRW9ROWDLUHZKRVDLGLQHW\PRORJ\YRZHOVGRQRWPHDQ PXFKDQGFRQVRQDQWVQRWKLQJDWDOO"$WWKHPRPHQW,GRQRWKDYHWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRFKHFNWKHSODFHVR ,GRQRWNQRZZKHWKHU,DPGHVFULELQJWKDWH[SUHVVLRQFRUUHFWO\´ WUDQVODWLRQ>V@PLQHRULJLQDOO\³:DV¶W QLHW9ROWDLUHGLHJH]HJGKHHIWHQHW\PRORJLHOHVYR\HOOHVQHVLJQL¿HQWSDVJUDQGFKRVHHWOHVFRQVRQQHV ULHQGXWRXW",NEHQRS¶WRJHQEOLNQLHWLQGHJHOHJHQKHLGGHSODDWVQDWHVODDQHQZHHWGXVQLHWRILNGLH XLWGUXNNLQJPHWMXLVWKHLGZHHUJHHI´ 2GGO\WKHODWWHULVWKHUHYHUVHRIWKHWUDGLWLRQDO DQGORJLFDO TXRWH KRZHYHUDSRFU\SKDO ZKHUHWKHYRZHOV QRWWKHFRQVRQDQWV FRXQWIRUQRWKLQJ$OOLQDOOWKLVLQYRNHV 1RRUGHJUDDI¶V TXRWHFLWHGLQWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKLVDUWLFOH³2YHUFRQ¿GHQFHOD]LQHVVRU >WKHIDFWVRIPDWWHUEHLQJ@MXVWEH\RQGRQH¶VFRQWURORIWHQSUHYHQWVWKHUHVHDUFKHUIURPJRLQJDGIRQWHV´ ³(HQWHJURRWYHUWURXZHQJHPDN]XFKWRIGRRGJHZRRQRYHUPDFKWYHUKLQGHUHQGHRQGHU]RHNHUYDDNRP ad fontes te gaan” in the original text). 122 Mayrhofer (1996: 133) has píppala DV³)HLJHGHU)LFXVUHOLJLRVD´DQG7XUQHU KDV similarly, píppala DV³EHUU\ HVSRI)LFXVUHOLJLRVD ´LQ5>LJ@9>HGD@DQG SLSSDOƯҽ DVދEHUU\ތLQ$>WKDUYD@ 9>HGD@DQGµSHSSHUFRUQ3LSHUORQJXPތLQ5%RWK0D\UKRIHUDQG7XUQHUUHPDUNWKDWWKHWHUPPD\EHD ORDQZRUG0D\UKRIHU KDV³1LFKWNODU)UHPGZRUW"´ZKLOH7XUQHU QRWHVWKDW ³>WKHWHUPLV@3URE>DEO\@RIQRQ>@$U\DQRULJLQ´%RWKRIWKHPKDYHDOVRDYDULDQWIRUPSLৢSDOiaSLৢSDOƗޗ DQGFLWHWKH3DOLIRUP pipphala (again as Ficus religiosa ). Todd Krause (personal communication 2020), notes that pippala and SL܈SDOD could be easily confused orthographically Įčɔĕ and Įč˃ĕ , respectively) DVWKHSDQGৢRQO\GL൵HUE\DOLQH DQGSRLQWVRXWWKDWWKHVHFRQGIRUPZLWKWKHৢLVWKHRQO\RQHWKDW ZRXOGJLYH\RXWKH3DOLIRUP pipphala ZLWKWKHDVSLUDWHGSLH>Sހ@ 176 Harri Kettunen

SRVVLEOH±RUHYHQOLNHO\±WKDWWKHWHUPGHULYHVIURPDVXEဧUDWXPODQJXDJHDOWKRXJKQRJRRG candidates have surfaced so far 123. Burrow (1955: 43) notes that “there remains a considerable QXPEHURIZRUGVLQFODVVLFDO6DQVNULWZKRVHRULJLQLVXQNQRZQ0RဧZHUHQRGRXEWRULJLQDOO\ GHVƯ 124 ZRUGV LQ WKH ,QGLDQ WHUPLQRORJ\ DQG VLQFH WKH OLQJXLဧLF FRPSOH[LW\ RI SUH$U\DQ ,QGLDPXဧKDYHEHHQJUHDWHUWKDQDQ\WKLQJWKDWQRZDSSHDUVZHVKRXOGQRWEHVXUSULVHGWR ¿QGVRPDQ\ZRUGVZKRVHRULJLQUHPDLQVXQH[SODLQHG´,EHOLHYHRQHRIWKHVHLVWKHWHUPIRU long pepper ( Piper longum ZKLFK TXLWH OLNHO\ RULJLQDWHV LQ ,QGLD ZKHUH LW KDV WKH ZLGHဧ GLဧULEXWLRQ 125 although it occurs throughout South Asia (Keshavachandran et al . 2007: 635). According to Mallory and Adams (1997: 306), the date of the original creation of the 5LJYHGDLHWKHHDUOLHVWDWWHVWHG6DQVNULWWH[W³FDQRQO\EHYDJXHEXWWKH\DUHJHQHUDOO\VHWWRWKH SHULRGF±%&´7KHSUHFHGLQJODQJXDJHIRUPEHIRUHWKLV3URWR,QGR$U\DQSUREDEO\ HQWHUHG,QGLDMXVWSULRUWRWKLV&ROLQ DUJXHVWKDWWKH3URWR,QGR$U\DQVEHJDQPRYLQJ LQWRQRUWKZHVWHUQ,QGLD RUWRGD\¶V3DNLVWDQ IURP$IJKDQLVWDQDQG%DFWULDDURXQG%&,I we contrast this to the history of non-Indo-Aryan languages in India, it is quite evident that the Indo-Aryan languages borrowed vocabulary from the existing languages in India. Especially as UHODWHVWRWKHÀRUDDQGIDXQDLQWKHDUHDWKDWWKHQHZFRPHUVZHUHXQIDPLOLDUZLWK 7KHSUREOHPZLWKWKHERUURZLQJSURFHVVHVLVWKDWWKHIXUWKHUEDFNLQKLVWRU\\RXJRWKH PRUHGL൶FXOWLWLVWRGHWHUPLQHZKLFKODQJXDJHZDVWKHGRQRUDQGZKLFKRQHWKHUHFLSLHQW,Q WKHFDVHRI,QGLDMXVWOLNHDQ\ZKHUHHOVHLQWKHZRUOGZHFDQVDIHO\DVVXPHWKDWVRPHRIWKH substrata (as well as adstrata) languages that contributed loanwords to the present-day languages in the area, are still there, while others have become extinct. In the latter case, it is extremely GL൶FXOWWRUHFRQVWUXFWWKHWHUPVZKLOHLQWKHIRUPHUFDVHWKHWDVNLVVRPHZKDWHDVLHU+RZHYHU DVPHQWLRQHGDERYHWKHORQJHUWKHWLPHGHSWKWKHPRUHGHPDQGLQJWKLVWDVNLV$OWKRXJKWKHUH is no consensus regarding the early history of many language families in India, we can at least speculate the possible direction of loanwords. Dravidian languages, covering practically all of southern India today (and a more extensive area prior to the Indo-Aryan migration), is one possible source. But so are the many other languages and language families in the area, both living and extinct. 126

123:LW]HO SRLQWVRXWWKDW³>D@VIRU,QGR$U\DQWKHGLYHUVHRULJLQRIQDPHVIRUDJULFXOWXUDOSODQWV LVQRWUHDOO\VXUSULVLQJEHFDXVHRIWKHSUHGRPLQDQWO\SDVWRUDOLQWHUHVWVRIWKHHDUO\VSHDNHUVRI9HGLF 'L൵HUHQWO\IURPWKHIUHTXHQWO\PHWZLWK,(,$WHUPVIRUFDWWOHPLONKRUVHHWFDJULFXOWXUDORQHVVXFKDV µEDUOH\¶µSORXJKLQJ¶HWFDUHVLJQL¿FDQWO\OHVVIUHTXHQW&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHPXOWLWXGHRI,QGR$U\DQZRUGV for plants that have come down to us stem from the other language families present then and especially so, IURPWKHQRZORVWVXEVWUDWHODQJXDJHV/LQJXLVWLFLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH\FRYHUHGODUJHVWUHWFKHV of the subcontinent.” 124 According to Burrow (1955: 57), the term GHVƯ UHIHUVWRZRUGVLQ3UDNULWZKLFKDUHGHULYHGIURPDQRQ 6DQVNULWVRXUFH 125 Buchanan (1807: 201-202) relates a story of wild peppers in his A Journey From Madras Through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar GDWHG0DUFKWK³2QOHDYLQJ Déva-kára , the valley watered by the Bidháti becomes very narrow, and you enter Karnata Désam , which extends below the Ghats DQG RFFXSLHV DOO WKH GH¿OHV OHDGLQJ XS WR WKH PRXQWDLQV >@$IWHU JRLQJ WZR FRVVHV QHDU WKH ULYHUVLGHZLWKVWRQ\KLOOVWRP\ULJKW,FDPHWRWKH¿UVWFXOWLYDWHGVSRWLQ.DUQDWD>@)RUKDOIDFRVV WKHURDGWKHQSDVVHVWKURXJKDIRUHVWRIWKHNLQGZKLFKVSRQWDQHRXVO\SURGXFHVEODFNSHSSHU>@1HDU >%DUDEXOL@LVDQRWKHUKLOOWKDWVSRQWDQHRXVO\SURGXFHVSHSSHUDQGWKHUHDUHPDQ\VXFKLQWKLVSDUWRI Karnata, especially in the Yella-pura and Chinna-puraGLVWULFWV>@%\WKHQDWLYHVWKHVHSHSSHUIRUHVWV are called Maynasu Canu.” 126%ORFK DGGV WKDW ³>W@KHUH DUH LQGLFDWLRQV WKDW 6DQVNULW KDV ERUURZHG D IHZ ZRUGV IURP XQNQRZQODQJXDJHVRI>WKH0XQGDODQJXDJHIDPLO\@´ New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 177

As regards the Dravidian possibility, Burrow and Emeneau (1984: 110, 280) have two terms for Piper longum in their Dravidian Etymological Dictionary . The other appears in Malayalam ND۬D ) and Tamil ( ND۬DL , ND۬۬Ɨ ZKLOH WKH RWKHU KDV UHÀH[HV LQ .DQQDGD 0DOD\DODP DQG) Tamil ( tippali ), and Tulu ( tirpali , tippili , ippili 7KHODWWHULVXQGRXEWHGO\UHODWHGWR6DQVNULW pippali . But did the other one borrow the term from the other – or did both borrow it from some RWKHUODQJXDJH"%XUURZDQG(PHQHDX GRQRWPHQWLRQZKHWKHUWKH\UHFRQဧUXFWWKHVH terms (or any terms in their etymological dictionary for that matter) 127WR3URWR'UDYLGLDQEXWLI WKHVHFRQGWHUPGRHVJRDOOWKHZD\WRWKHSURWRIRUPLWPXဧKDYHSUHGDWHGWKH6DQVNULWWHUP )XUWKHUPRUH%XUURZDQG(PHQHDX ;, ဧDWHWKDWWKH\KDYH³DYRLGHGLQFOXVLRQLQWKH GLFWLRQDU\RIZRUGVWKDWZHUHFHUWDLQO\ERUURZHGE\'UDYLGLDQODQJXDJHVIURP,>QGR@$>U\DQ@ languages.” If this is the case, the Dravidian languages should not have borrowed tippali (and FRJQDWHV IURP6DQVNULW pippali , but the other way around. Unless, of course, both received the WHUPIURPDWKLUGODQJXDJH7HOXJXWKHPRဧZLGHO\VSRNHQ'UDYLGLDQODQJXDJHKDV ߧߥओ ࡯ (pippali ) for “long pepper, chavica roxburghii (Gwynn 1991: 335) 128,” which seems to have EHHQLQÀXHQFHGE\±RUERUURZHGGLUHFWO\IURP±,QGR$U\DQ RUIURPDWKLUGVRXUFH +RZHYHU the direction of the borrowing can also be reasoned based on phonology: as Witzel (2009: 16) KDVSRLQWHGRXW³>@RQHVHWRI*DQJHWLFVXEဧUDWHZRUGVLQ9HGLFKDVJHPLQDWHFRQVRQDQWVWKDW are fairly rare in Vedic: such as seen in pippala >@´ 129 5HJDUGOHVVRIWKHRULJLQDOVRXUFHRIWKHWHUPWKHZRUGZDVGL൵XVHGWRQHLJKERULQJODQJXDJHV such as Telugu ( ߧߥओ ࡯ , pippali >VHHWKHGLVFXVVLRQDERYH@ (DဧHUQ ,QGR$U\DQ2GLD নিਡর , SLSDۜL ), Chinese ( 哤㊻ 3LQ\LQ bìbá ), Tibetan ( ŊŢāŊŢāřŢĻ , pipiling ), Korean ( ଗ؈ , pilbal ), and Thai (чѨюјѨ, di pli >GLޝޮSOLޝޮ@ ±DOOUHIHUULQJWRWKHORQJSHSSHU Piper longum ), except for the fact that

127%XUURZDQG(PHQHDX [L UDWLRQDOL]HWKHODFNRIUHFRQVWUXFWLRQVDVIROORZV³>@WKHGLFWLRQDU\ GRHV QRW FRQWDLQ SURWR'UDYLGLDQ 3'U UHFRQVWUXFWLRQV 7KLV ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ XVHIXO EXW LW ZDV QRW thought that the considerable extra expenditure of time that would have been necessary to prepare them ZDV ZDUUDQWHG LQ WKH SUHVHQW VWDJH RI 'UDYLGLDQ VWXGLHV 0DQ\ RI WKH 3'U SKRQHPHV PD\ HDVLO\ EH UHFRQVWUXFWHG>@0DQ\RQWKHRWKHUKDQGHVSHFLDOO\IRUWKHYRZHOVDUHQRWFHUWDLQ>@7KHREMHFWRIWKH dictionary is to provide material for such studies, not to record results which at the moment could be little PRUHWKDQVXSHU¿FLDODQGQRQGH¿QLWLYHMXGJHPHQWV´ 128:DWW OLVWV³&KDYLFD5R[EXUJKLL&>KDYLFD@VDUPHQWRVD3LSHUVDUPHQWRVXPDQG3>LSHU@ latifolium” as synonyms for Piper longum , although at least Piper sarmentosum and P. latifolium are GLৼHUHQWVSHFLHV . 129)XUWKHUPRUH%XUURZ SRLQWVRXWWKDW³>,W@LVHYLGHQW>@WKDWWKHPDLQLQÀXHQFHRI Dravidian on lndo-Aryan was concentrated at a particular historical period, namely between the late 9HGLFSHULRGDQGWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHFODVVLFDOODQJXDJH7KLVLVVLJQL¿FDQWIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIWKH ORFDOLW\ZKHUHWKHLQÀXHQFHWRRNSODFH,WLVQRWSRVVLEOHWKDWDWWKLVSHULRGVXFKLQÀXHQFHFRXOGKDYHEHHQ exercised by the Dravidian languages of the South. There were no intensive contacts with South India before the Maurya period by which time the majority of these words had already been adopted by Indo- JYHGD attest the presence of Dravidian in North-Western Indiaۿ U\DQ>@7KH'UDYLGLDQZRUGVLQWKH$ at that period. Brahui in Baluchistan remains as the modern representative of north-western Dravidian. It IROORZVWKDWWKHSUREOHPRI'UDYLGLDQORDQZRUGVLQ6DQVNULWLVVRPHZKDWGL൵HUHQWIURPZKDWLVXVXDOO\ PHWZLWKLQORDQZRUGVWXGLHVVLQFHWKHSDUWLFXODUGLDOHFWVRUODQJXDJHVIURPZKLFKWKHERUURZLQJVWRRN place have vanished leaving no record behind, and the major Dravidian languages of the South, with which mainly the comparisons must be made, are separated by great distances geographically and by anything up WRDPLOOHQLXPRURYHULQWLPH>@WKHFODVVLFDO'UDYLGLDQODQJXDJHVDQGHYHQWKHPLQRUVSRNHQODQJXDJHV UHFRUGHGRQO\LQPRGHUQWLPHVFDQEHXVHGSUR¿WDEO\WRWUDFHWKH'UDYLGLDQRULJLQRI6DQVNULWZRUGVZKLFK were borrowed before any of these languages are themselves recorded, and from other ancient Dravidian dialects which have themselves disappeared.” 178 Harri Kettunen in Southern Thai чѨюјѨ refers to chili peppers 130)URPWKH,QGLDQVXEFRQWLQHQW YLD0LGGOH,QGR $U\DQODQJXDJHV WKHZRUGVSUHDGDOVRZHVWZDUG±WR3HUVLDQ Ϟ̢Ϡ̡ , pelpel ), Arabic ( Ϟϔ˶ Ϡ˸ ˶ϓ, ¿O¿O )131, Swahili ( pilipili $QFLHQW*UHHN ʌȑʌİȡȚ DQG/DWLQ piper DPRQJRWKHUV)URP/DWLQ piper , the term spread to daughter languages (e.g., Italian pepe &DWDODQDQG2FFLWDQ pebre , Spanish pebre DQG)UHQFK poivre ), to other Indo-European languages (e.g., German 3IHৼHU fefer ], Dutch peper )ULVLDQ piper , pöber, and Pieper , English pepper >IURP 0LGGOH English peper DQG2OG(QJOLVK piper ~ pipor ], Norwegian pepar , Icelandic pipar , Danish peber , Swedish peppar , Irish piobar , Welsh pupur, Slovene péper , SySΩU, and SĚSϷU , Serbo-Croatian pàparɩɚ̖ɩɚɪ, Bulgarian: ɩɢɩɟ̗ɪ 5XVVLDQ ɩɟғɪɟɰ>ɴ@ 8NUDLQLDQ ɩɟғɪɟɰɶ &]HFK SHSĜ 6ORYDN piepor DQG3ROLVK pieprz ) and also to non-Indo-European languages within Europe (such as Basque piperra )LQQLVK pippuri DQG (ဧRQLDQ pipar >WKH ODVW WZR YLD 6ZHGLVK DORQJ ZLWK /DWYLDQ pipars ], along with Northern Sami bihppor >YLD)LQQLVK@DQG.LOGLQ6DPLɩɟࡃɪɷɰ>YLD Russian]). Etymologically, but not botanically, the related term paprika UHIHUVWRWKHGL൵HUHQWPLOG varieties of the plant, fruit – and spice made thereof – of Capsicum annuum . Depending on WKHODQJXDJHWKHWHUPFDQUHIHUWRERWKWKHSODQWIUXLWDQGWKHVSLFHRUMXVWWRRQHRIWKHP Customarily, In English, the term refers to the ground spice of the red fruits of the plant, while LQPDQ\RWKHUODQJXDJHVDOVRWRWKHSODQWDQGWKHIUXLW UHJDUGOHVVRIWKHFRORURIWKHIUXLW ZKLOH in English this term is commonly referred to as bell pepper . The history of the ground red spice made out of Capsicum annuum JRHV EDFN WR SUH Columbian times. When it was introduced to Europe right after the “discovery” of the New World 132GL൵HUHQWYDULHWLHVRIWKHVSLFHIRXQGWKHLUZD\WR(XURSHDQNLWFKHQV¿UVWWKURXJK6SDLQ DQGQRWWRRORQJDIWHUZDUGVYLDWKH%DONDQVDIWHUWKH2WWRPDQVXEMXJDWLRQRIWKHUHJLRQLQWKH ¿UVWTXDUWHURIWKHWKFHQWXU\ 133:LWKWKH2WWRPDQZDUVH[SDQGLQJWR+XQJDU\EHWZHHQ DQGWKHLQYDGLQJDUP\DQGVXEVHTXHQW7XUNLVKGRPLQDQFHDOVREURXJKWQHZIRRGVWX൵V and foodways to the area. The history of paprika , the quintessential Hungarian spice, derives from this era. Although similar words were used in neighboring Slavic languages ( paparka , peperke , and piperke )134, it was Hungarian that contributed the term to other languages around the world. And it was Hungary that had a perfect environment for the cultivation of Capsicum annuumLQVWLJDWHGE\WKH2WWRPDQVGXULQJWKHFRQTXHVWRI+XQJDU\2QH\HDUDIWHU%XGDIHOO WRWKHLQYDGLQJDUP\/HRQKDUW)XFKVGHVFLEHGFKLOLSHSSHUVLQKLVERWDQLFDOWUHDWLVH De historia stirpium commentarii insignes as follows:

“However, another is from that one which they commonly call pepper, as also above we have noted. There are those who call it Spanish pepper, others Indian pepper, and even

130 In standard Thai, ёіѧд ( phrík >SހULN ࡘ ޭ ެ@ LVµFKLOL¶ZKLOH ёіѧдѳъѕ ( phrik thai >SހULN ࡘ ޭ ެWހDMޮ@ LVµ EODFN SHSSHU¶ ᠔ ሔ ሔ 131 The plural of Arabic ᑰᏟሖ ᑩᏕሖ (¿O¿O ), ᑰᏕሖ ᢾᏕ (IDOƗ¿O LVSRVVLEO\DOVRWKHRULJLQRIWKHWHUPµIDODIHO¶ 132&ROXPEXVZDVWKH¿UဧWRUHSRUWFKLOLRQ-DQXDU\WK³7DPELHQKD\PXFKRDMtTXHVVXSLPLHQWD GHOODTXHYDOHPDVTXHSLPLHQWD\WRGDODJHQWHQRFRPHVLQHOODTXHODKDOODPX\VDQDSXpGHQVHFDUJDU FDUDEHODVFDGDDxRHQDTXHOOD(VSDxROD´ )HUQiQGH]GH1DYDUUHWH 133)RUUHIHUHQFH%HOJUDGHIHOOWRWKH2WWRPDQVRQ$XJXVWLHWZRZHHNVDIWHU7HQRFKWLWODQIHOO to the Spanish. 134$VSRLQWHGRXWE\7HUU\.DXIPDQ SHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ WKHDRISDSULNDDQGLWVGLPLQXWLYH HQGLQJNDVXJJHVWD6ODYLFRULJLQRIWKHWHUP DORQJZLWKWKH yer ɴɶ RIWKH¿UVWV\OODEOHVRXQGLQJOLNH DQDWRDVSHDNHURIDQRQ6ODYLFODQJXDJH New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 179

some pepper from Chalechut. Avicenna seems to call it canine ginger. In German it can be called &KDOHFKXWLVFKHURGHU,QGLDQLVFKHU3IHৼHU ´ )XFKV 135

The terms piper Indianum (“Indian pepper”) and piper ex Chalechut (“pepper from &DOLFXW´ SRLQW WR WKH RULJLQV RI WKH SODQW LQ ,QGLD7KHUH LV QR LQGLFDWLRQ WKDW )XFKV NQHZ WKDWWKHSODQWRULJLQDWHGLQWKH$PHULFDV+RZHYHU)XFKVLVQRWHQWLUHO\ZURQJDVWKHSODQW DQGRUIUXLWVDQGRUSRZGHUPDGHRIWKHODWWHUKDGLQGHHGDUULYHGIURP,QGLDYLDWKH2WWRPDQ WUDGHURXWHVWRWKH%DONDQVDQG+XQJDU\DQGIURPWKHUHWRQHLJKERULQJUHJLRQV$OWKRXJKFKLOL SHSSHUVZHUHNQRZQWRWKH6SDQLVKVLQFHWKHODWHWKFHQWXU\DQGVXEVHTXHQWO\DOVRWRPDQ\ other European countries, the reception was a far cry from that of India, and chili peppers remained a botanical curiosity in many areas until quite recently. The only exceptions were WKHXVHRIGL൵HUHQWYDULDQWVDQGIRUPV HVSHFLDOO\DVSRZGHU RI Capsicum annuum in Spain DQG +XQJDU\ DQG DGMDFHQW DUHDV )XUWKHUPRUH ZKLOH WKH GULHG JURXQG YHUVLRQV RI WKH FKLOL pepper eventually spread to far corners of Europe, fresh chili peppers were rare and exotic in PDQ\JDUGHQVNLWFKHQVDQGJURFHU\VWRUHVXQWLOWKHODWHWKFHQWXU\HVSHFLDOO\LQ1RUWKHUQ (XURSH 7KH SRSXODULW\ RI $VLDQ HVSHFLDOO\ ,QGLDQ DQG 7KDL FXLVLQH ¿QDOO\ FKDQJHG WKLV quite recently. In certain areas, however, chili peppers were used somewhat earlier (besides the aforementioned Spain and Hungary and adjacent areas) especially in Britain. According to &ROOLQJKDP WKH¿UVW%ULWLVKFRRNERRNWRLQFOXGH,QGLDQUHFLSHV +DQQDK*ODVVH¶V The Art of Cookery GDWHVEDFNWR+RZHYHULWZDVQRWXQWLOWKHWKFHQWXU\ZKHQFKLOL pepper, especially as part of curries , received widespread interest in the UK. 3DUWO\EHFDXVHRIWKHXQIDPLOLDU\UHJDUGLQJWKHRULJLQVRIFKLOLSHSSHUVDQGSDUWO\EHFDXVH RIWKHHDUO\DVVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQ2OG:RUOGSHSSHUV Piper spp.) and New World chili peppers (Capsicum spp.), the terminology around the latter can be confusing. Spanish of Spain is a good example: pimienta IURP/DWLQ SƯJPƝQWD , plural of pigmentum PHDQVµSHSSHU¶ Piper spp., especially P. nigrum ZKLOHWKHPDVFXOLQHIRUP pimiento DFFRUGLQJWR'/( PHDQV “annual herbaceous plant, of American origin, of the Solanaceae family, with hollow berry fruit, green, red, or yellow and more or less conical in shape” 136 (i.e., any of the varieties of Capsicum DQQXXPIURPFKLOLSHSSHUVWREHOOSHSSHUV HGLEOHIUXLWRIWKH pimiento pimiento EXVK pimentón (ground pimiento SRZGHU DQG XQUHODWHG roya (type of fungi). Pimentón does not DSSHDULQ'(&+DWDOOEXWLQ'/( LWLVGH¿QHGDV³SRZGHUREWDLQHGE\JULQGLQJGULHG red peppers 137,” while pimienta is explained lengthily (505 words) in DECH (i.e., Corominas and 3DVFXDO )XUWKHUPRUHSRVVLEO\WRDYRLGFRQIXVLRQUHJLRQDOYDULDQWVLQFOXGHGHVFULSWLYH terms such as “pimiento picante.”

135³$OLD WDPHQ HVW DE HD TXDP YXOJz 3LSHULWLP DSHOODQW XW VXSUj HWLDP PRQXLPXV 6XQW TXL SLSHU Hispanum, alij piper Indianum, nonnulli etiam piper ex Chalechut vocant. Avicenna videtur appellare =LQ]LEHUFDQLQXP*HUPDQLFqGLFLSRWHVW&KDOHFKXWLVFKHURGHU,QGLDQLVFKHU3IH൵HU´7UDQVODWLRQIURPWKH original by Todd Krause. 136³3ODQWDKHUEiFHDDQXDOGHRULJHQDPHULFDQRGHODIDPLOLDGHODVVRODQiFHDVFRQIUXWRHQED\DKXHFD GHFRORUYHUGHURMRRDPDULOOR\IRUPDPiVRPHQRVFyQLFD´ 137³3ROYRTXHVHREWLHQHPROLHQGRSLPLHQWRVHQFDUQDGRVVHFRV´ 180 Harri Kettunen

THE SEVEN-FACED BIRD

$QRWKHU 1HZ :RUOG HQWLW\ ZLWK DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ KLVWRU\ LV WKH WXUNH\ DQG HVSHFLDOO\ WKH species Meleagris gallopavo . Widespread in North America as wild species and domesticated over 2,000 years ago in Mesoamerica, the bird has – or has had – numerous names in various LQGLJHQRXVODQJXDJHVRIWKH$PHULFDVLQFOXGLQJ&UHHPLVLKHZDQG%ODFNIRRW ómahksipi’kssíí ³ELJ ELUG´ 0L¶NPDT ap’tapegiejit &KHURNHH guna /DNRWD waglekšun , Miami nalaaohki pileewa , Navajo Wą]KLL , Nahuatl KXHK[ǀOǀWO , Zoque tu’nuk , Xicotepec de Juárez Totonac ta’jná’ and FKƗZLOi¶ , Amuzgo katzjom , Cajanos Zapotec bechjw , Rincon Zapotec birúusi , Quioquitani Zapotec mëdx 6DQ-XDQ$W]LQJR3RSRORFDQ kontijno 3XUpSHFKD kuruku , Baborigame Tepehua tóva , Xinca huru /HQFD log DQGWHUPVLQGL൵HUHQW0D\DQODQJXDJHVVXFKDV ࣯DN¶ , ࣯DN¶DDFK , kutz , palatx , qolqo’l 138, quluq , tuluk’ , and W]R࣯ 139. However, none of these indigenous terms made its way outside the Western Hemisphere to other parts of the world. In English, as in many other languages, there is confusion as to the origin and the name RIWXUNH\,Q(QJOLVKWKHRULJLQUHIHUVWR7XUNH\LQ7XUNLVKWR,QGLDLQ3RUWXJXHVHWR3HUXLQ %UHWRQWR6SDLQLQ.KPHUWR)UDQFHLQ0DOD\WRWKH1HWKHUODQGVDQGVRIRUWK7KHUHDUHD QXPEHURISRVVLEOHVRXUFHVIRUWKHFRQIXVLRQRIWKHQDPHLQGL൵HUHQWODQJXDJHV,Q(QJOLVKRQH SRVVLELOLW\LVWKHDVVRFLDWLRQWRDVLPLODU DQGDOUHDG\NQRZQ ELUGWKHJXLQHDIRZO 140 ( Numida meleagris ) that was brought to Europe from Africa in the 15th century 141. Another possibility is that the bird was introduced in some European ports (besides the initial introduction by the 6SDQLVK E\7XUNLVKPHUFKDQWV 142. And yet another possibility is that the term turkey referred not WR7XUNH\SHUVHEXWWRVRPHWKLQJ³IRUHLJQ´LQJHQHUDO 143. Consequently, the descriptive terms µWXUNH\¶DQGµJXLQHD¶LQµWXUNH\ELUG¶DQGµJXLQHDIRZO¶FRXOGHLWKHUUHIHUWRWKHSUHVXPHGRULJLQ RIWKHELUGVRUPRUHOLNHO\WRH[RWLFODQGVIDUDZD\IURP(XURSHLQJHQHUDOVLPLODUO\WRWKH

1387KH UHGXSOLFDWHG WHUPV PD\ YHU\ ZHOO EH VRXQGV\PEROLFDOO\ PRWLYDWHG WHUPV PXFK OLNH *DOOXVJDOOXVGRPHఅLFXV ]) WKHOLQJXLဧLFWHUPLQRORJ\LVUHIHUULQJWRLQGL൵HUHQWDUHDVDQGWLPHSHULRGV 1407XUNH\DOWKRXJKGLVWDQWO\UHODWHGWRWKHJXLQHDIRZOV DVSDUWRIWKHRUGHU Galliformes ), belongs to the genus Meleagris ( Meleagris gallopavo VSSRUWKHGL൵HUHQWVXEVSHFLHVRIZLOGDQGGRPHVWLFDWHGWXUNH\ and Meleagris ocellata WKHRFHOODWHGWXUNH\ 141'RPHVWLFDWHGJXLQHDIRZOVZHUHDOUHDG\IRXQGLQDQFLHQW(J\SW*UHHFHDQG5RPHEXWLQDOOOLNHOLKRRG WKHKXVEDQGU\GLGQRWVXUYLYHWRWKH(XURSHDQ0LGGOH$JHV $UQRWW1HZEROG 142)XUWKHUPRUH%DUWRVLHZLF] SRLQWVRXWWKDWWKH³UROHRI2WWRPDQWUDGHQHWZRUNVLQGLVWULEXWLQJ WKLVQHZGRPHVWLFDWH> WXUNH\@FDQQRWEHUXOHGRXWDVVXFKPHGLDWLRQVHHPVSODXVLEOHLQWKHFDVHRIVRPH New World crops.” 143.UXOZLFK¶V LQWHUYLHZZLWK0DULR3HLVWDWHVWKHIROORZLQJ³6LQFH>WXUNH\@ZKROHVDOHGRXWRI 7XUNH\WKH%ULWLVKUHIHUUHGWRLWDVDµ7XUNH\FRT¶,QIDFWWKH%ULWLVKZHUHQ¶WSDUWLFXODUO\SUHFLVHDERXW SURGXFWVDUULYLQJIURPWKH(DVW3HUVLDQFDUSHWVZHUHFDOOHGµ7XUNH\UXJV¶,QGLDQÀRXUZDVFDOOHGµ7XUNH\ ÀRXU¶+XQJDULDQFDUSHWEDJVZHUHFDOOHGµ7XUNH\EDJV¶,IDSURGXFWFDPHWR/RQGRQIURPWKHIDUVLGH RIWKH'DQXEH/RQGRQHUVODEHOHGLWµ7XUNH\¶DQGWKDW¶VZKDWKDSSHQHGWRWKH$PHULFDQELUG7KXVDQ $PHULFDQELUGJRWWKHQDPH7XUNH\FRTZKLFKZDVWKHQVKRUWHQHGWRµ7XUNH\¶´ New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 181

ZRUGVµ&KLQHVH¶DQGµ,QGLDQ¶WKDWZHUHRIWHQXVHGIRUIDUDZD\SODFHVLQJHQHUDO)XUWKHUPRUH DVQRWHGLQWKH2('

³>W@KH$IULFDQELUGLVEHOLHYHGWRKDYHEHHQVRFDOOHGDVRULJLQDOO\LPSRUWHGWKURXJK WKH7XUNLVK GRPLQLRQV LW ZDV FDOOHG *XLQHDIRZO ZKHQ EURXJKW E\ WKH 3RUWXJXHVH from Guinea in West Africa. After the two birds were distinguished and the names GL൵HUHQWLDWHGWXUNH\ZDVHUURQHRXVO\UHWDLQHGIRUWKH$PHULFDQELUGLQVWHDGRIWKH $IULFDQ )URP WKH VDPH LPSHUIHFW NQRZOHGJH DQG FRQIXVLRQ 0HOHDJULV WKH DQFLHQW QDPHRIWKH$IULFDQIRZOZDVXQIRUWXQDWHO\DGRSWHGE\/LQQDHXVDVWKHJHQHULFQDPH of the American bird.”

7XUNH\NQRZQWRWKH$]WHFV LQ1DKXDWO DV KXHK[ǀOǀWO , was introduced to Spain right after the Conquest of Mexico. The Nahuatl word is retained in Mexican Spanish in the form guajolote but in Spanish of Spain it is referred to as pavoIURP/DWLQ SƗYǀ, meaning peafowl. As noted DERYHWKHUHIHUHQFHWR7XUNH\PD\RULJLQDWHLQWKH2WWRPDQWLPHVZKHQWKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUH H[WHQGHGDOOWKHZD\WR1RUWK$IULFD&RQVHTXHQWO\LWPD\QRWUHIHUWR7XUNH\ per se but to WKHDUHDRFFXSLHGE\WKH2WWRPDQV6LPLODUO\RQHRIWKHZRUGVRIWXUNH\LQ$UDELFϲϣϭέϚϳΩ , refers to Rome but, by extension, to Greece or the Eastern Roman Empire in general, including PRGHUQ7XUNH\,QWKHVDPHZD\PDL]H FRUQ RU³,QGLDQFRUQ´ZDVDOVRNQRZQDV³WXUNH\ FRUQ´RU³WXUNH\ZKHDW 144´6XEVHTXHQWO\WKH(QJOLVKWHUPµWXUNH\¶ZDVERUURZHGLQWR,ULVK Gaelic in the form turcaí and into Welsh as twrci EXWDOVRWRODQGVDIDULQFOXGLQJ)LMLDQWDNL Hindi ĂøŎ ( ܒDUNƯ ), and Japanese ターキー ( WƗNƯ ), whereas Spanish pavo was borrowed into VRPHRIWKHGRPLQLRQVRI6SDLQLQFOXGLQJWKH3KLOLSSLQHVZKHUHWXUNH\ LQ7DJDORJ LV pabo. 7KHZLGHVSUHDGQDPHRIWXUNH\UHIHUULQJWR,QGLD hindi and related terms) appears to be RI (XURSHDQ RULJLQ DV ZHOO ,Q )UHQFK WKH ZRUG LV dinde , originating from coq d’Inde , une poule d’Inde , and un poulet d’Inde RU³,QGLDQFKLFNHQURRဧHU´6LPLODUO\LQ&DWDODQWKHELUG is gall d’indi RU³,QGLDQFKLFNHQ´LQ%UHWRQ yar-Indez OLNHZLVH³,QGLDQFKLFNHQ´LQ0DOWHVH dundjan DJDLQUHIHUULQJWR,QGLD)XUWKHUPRUH3ROLVKKDV indyk 8NUDLQLDQɿɧɞɢ ғ ɤDQGɿɧɞɢ ғ ɱɤɚ LQGêNLQGêFKND 5XVVLDQɢɧɞɸɤ LQG\XN DQGGermanic languages (Danish and Norwegian kalkun , Swedish kalkon , and Icelandic kalkúnn ) as well as /LWKXDQLDQLQWKHIRUP kalakutas DQGIXUWKHUWRXQUHODWHG)LQQLFODQJXDJHV (VWRQLDQ kalkun DQG)LQQLVK kalkkuna )XUWKHUPRUHGXHWR'XWFKLQÀXHQFHWKHZRUGLQ3DSLDPHQWR DFUHROH ODQJXDJHVSRNHQLQWKH&DULEEHDQ$%&LVODQGV LV kalakuna , in Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), kalkun , and in Sinhalese kalukuma . %HVLGHVWKH'XWFKDOVRWKH)UHQFKKDGDVD\LQWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWHUPVIRUWXUNH\+RZHYHU UDWKHU WKDQ D ORDQZRUG IURP )UHQFK LW LV PRUH RIWHQ D UHIHUHQFH WR VRPHWKLQJ )UHQFK RU European. Consequently, Scottish Gaelic has cearc-Fhrangach RU³)UHQFKFKLFNHQ´DQG0DQ[

1446HHDOVR)RRWQRWH 182 Harri Kettunen has kellagh frangagh ³)UHQFK URRVWHU´ )XUWKHU HDVW ZH KDYH WKH .KPHU ʡ̙ʄ͐ʉ̙ʯ̙̈́Ȭ ( moan barang ³)UHQFKFKLFNHQ´RUPRUHFRPPRQO\D³:HVWHUQ´RU(XURSHDQFKLFNHQ6LPLODUO\LQ 9LHWQDPHVHWXUNH\LV gà tây RU³:HVWHUQFKLFNHQ´ 7KH3RUWXJXHVHZRUGIRUWXUNH\ peru KDVDOVRSURYLGHGVRPHQDPHVIRUWKHELUGLQGL൵HUHQW languages around the world. The origin of the term is the word Peru WKDWRULJLQDOO\LQ3RUWXJXHVH UHIHUUHGQRWRQO\WR3HUXEXWIXQGDPHQWDOO\WR6SDQLVKKROGLQJVLQWKH$PHULFDVLQJHQHUDO,Q 0DOD\WKHELUGLVNQRZQDV ayam Piru ³3HUXYLDQFKLFNHQ´ ayam Belanda ³'XWFKFKLFNHQ´DV well as kalkun (derived from Dutch kalkoen :LNLSHGLDKDVDOVRWKHIROORZLQJ³,Q+LQGLLWLV FDOOHG3HUX čıŝ DERUURZLQJIURP3RUWXJXHVH´+RZHYHUDOWKRXJKLWDSSHDUVWKDWLQVRPH GLDOHFWVLQ+LQGLWXUNH\LVFDOOHG čĸŝ čƗı ( SƝUǌSDN܈Ư ) or “peru-bird,” the more common word for WXUNH\LQ+LQGLLV ĂøŎ ( ܒDUNƯ DQREYLRXVORDQZRUGIURP(QJOLVK,Q&URDWLDQWKHZRUGIRUWXUNH\ is puran and in Slovene purán (f. púra ), potentially originating from Italian peruano RU³3HUXYLDQ´ ,Q+DZDLLDQWKHZRUGIRUWXUNH\LV SHOHKǌ 145 (variant SDODKǌ), meaning “swollen.” Andrews (1865) has the following for pelehu ³(SLWKHWRIDWXUNH\IURP pele , to swell, and hu , to swell RUSX൵RXW´DQGWKHIROORZLQJIRU palahu³7KHHSLWKHWRIDFRFNWXUNH\IURPWKHVRIWHODVWLF UHGVXEVWDQFHRQDQGDERXWKLVKHDG´)XUWKHUPRUH.HQW VWDWHVWKHIROORZLQJ³SDODKǌ SHOHKǌ7XUNH\ Meleagris gallopavo ,WVQDPHPHDQVWRVZHOOSX൵HGRXWDQGLWLVVRFDOOHGIURP WKHJREEOHRIWKHPDOH´+RZHYHUFRQWUDU\WRWKHVH:LNLSHGLDKDVWKHIROORZLQJ³,Q+DZDLLDQ >WXUNH\@LVFDOOHG pelehu IURPWKH3RUWXJXHVH7KH+DZDLLDQQREOHPDQ%RNLDFTXLUHGWXUNH\V during the South American leg of his world tour and introduced both the bird and the Hawaiian WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQRIWKH3RUWXJXHVHWHUPSHUXWR+DZDL¶LDQGODWHULQWR5RWXPD´ In East Asia the bird has more descriptive names: Mandarin Chinese has 䁒曅䁒済 (KXǀMƯ, KXǂMƯ PHDQLQJ³¿UHFKLFNHQ´RU³¿UHGRPHVWLFIRZO´RVWHQVLEO\UHIHUULQJWRWKHUHG FRORURIWKHKHDGRIWKHWXUNH\DVZHOODV ⏷挍曅 ⏷攍済 ( WM΃QMƯ PHDQLQJ³YRPLWVSHZRXW EURFDGHEULJKWFKLFNHQ´ ⏷䶓曅 ⏷仝済 ( W·VKzXMƯ WUDQVODWHG OLWHUDOO\ DV ³YRPLWVSHZRXW VLONULEERQFKLFNHQ´DQDSSDUHQWUHIHUHQFHWRWKHWXUNH\ZDWWOHRUFDUXQFOH&KLQHVHDOVRVKDUHV (graphically) the word 七面鳥IRUWXUNH\ZLWK.RUHDQKDQMDDQG-DSDQHVHNDQML,Q&KLQHVH the word is written with traditional characters as ᷪ杉泌 DQG ZLWK VLPSOL¿HG FKDUDFWHUV DV ᷪ杉渆, and pronounced as TƯPLjQQL΁R . In Korean, the bird is called chilmyeonjo and written ᷪ杉泌 in hanja (i.e., identically with Chinese) and ৘ִ࣏ in hangul. In Japanese, the bird is shichimenchou , written 七面鳥LQNDQMLDQG シチメンチョウLQNDWDNDQD,QDOOWKUHHODQJXDJHV WKH PHDQLQJ LV WKH VDPH ³VHYHQIDFH ELUG´ XQGRXEWHGO\ UHIHUULQJ WR WKH WXUNH\¶V DELOLW\ WR change the color of its face to express its emotions (from red to blue and white). Interestingly, Japanese has also ターキー ( WƗNƯ ) and カラクン ( karakun カラクン鳥 ( karakun-chou ) for µWXUNH\¶REYLRXVORDQZRUGVIURP(QJOLVKDQG'XWFKUHVSHFWLYHO\ 2WKHUGHVFULSWLYHQDPHVIRUWKHWXUNH\LQFOXGHZRUGVWKDWDUHEDVHGRQFRORUDVZHOODV ZRUGV WKDW DUH VRXQGV\PEROLF )RU H[DPSOH LQ VHYHUDO ODQJXDJHV LQ WKH &DXFDVXV DFURVV ODQJXDJH IDPLOLHV WKH QDPH RI WXUNH\ LV ³EOXH ELUG´ LQFOXGLQJ .DUDFKDL 7XUNLF ɝɨɝɭɲ (gogush 2VVHWLDQ ,QGR(XURSHDQ(DVWHUQ,UDQLDQ ɝɨɝɵɡ gogyz DQG$ENKD] 1RUWKZHVW &DXFDVLDQ ɚɝɭɚɝɭɲɶ aguagush’ ). Sound-symbolic names for the bird are found around the

145+HQFHDOVRWKH+DZDLLDQMRNH .QRFNNQRFN ±:KR¶VWKHUH" ±3HOH ±3HOHZKR" New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 183 world, including Hungarian pulika 146 3HUVLDQ ϥϮϤϠϗϮΑ ERRJKDODPRRQ DQG NDMࠥƾXD ࡬ ƾޮ@ ZKLFKWUDQVODWHVDV³WUXQN VQRXWWHQWDFOHWHQGULOFKLFNHQ´RU³WUXQN>RIDQHOHSKDQW@FKLFNHQ´ Interestingly, as mentioned above, none of the indigenous American languages have provided ZLGHVSUHDG QDPHV IRU WXUNH\ LQ DQ\ RWKHU ODQJXDJHV +RZHYHU UHJLRQDO YDULDQWV GR H[LVW such as the Mexican Spanish guajolote (from Nahuatl KXHK[ǀOǀWO ), güila , and güíjolo (variants of guajolote ), cócono , totole (from Nahuatl WǀWROLQ µWXUNH\ GRPHVWLF IRZO GRYH FKLFNHQ¶ >.DUWWXQHQ@ DQG pípila SRVVLEO\IURPpisco , and tocayo DVUHJLRQDOLVPVLQYDULRXVSDUWVRI/DWLQ$PHULFD

7+(&2/80%,$1(;&+$1*(,1',*(1286.12:/('*( $1'7+(*/2%$/0$5.(7

The Columbian Exchange EURXJKW±DQGLVVWLOOEULQJLQJ±DP\ULDGRIÀRUDDQGIDXQDIURP WKH1HZ:RUOGWRWKH2OG:RUOGDQGYLFHYHUVD7KHH[FKDQJHWUDQVIRUPHGERWKDUHDVEXWWKH KLVWRU\DQGWKHSDWWHUQRIWKHH[FKDQJHZHUHTXLWHGL൵HUHQWLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\ the New World supplied the rest of the world with cultigens (such as potato, tomato, chili and EHOOSHSSHUVFRUQPDL]HSHDQXWSLQHDSSOHDQGFDFDR ZKLOHWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOGSURYLGHG WKH$PHULFDV ZLWK SHRSOH OLYHVWRFN VWHHO ¿UHDUPV DQG GLVHDVHV DORQJ ZLWK D VHOHFWLRQ RI FXOWLJHQVWREHIDUPHGLQWKH1HZ:RUOGDQGEURXJKWEDFNWRWKH2OG:RUOG7KHVHLQFOXGH SURGXFWVWKDWDUHPDUNHGO\GRPLQDWHGE\FRXQWULHVLQWKH:HVWHUQ+HPLVSKHUHVXFKDVFR൵HH /DWLQ$PHULFDSURGXFLQJPRUHWKDQWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOGFRPELQHGZLWK%UD]LODVWKHOHDGLQJ producer), sugar cane (Brazil as the leading producer), soybeans (United States 1st, Brazil 2nd, DQG$UJHQWLQDUG RUDQJHV %UD]LOOHDGLQJWKHPDUNHWV DQGOHPRQVDQGOLPHV 0H[LFRQG $UJHQWLQDWK%UD]LOWK )$2>GDWDIURP@ 6LPLODUO\WKHSURGXFWLRQRIPRVWRI WKHJOREDOO\VLJQL¿FDQW1HZ:RUOGSURGXFWVLVLQWKHKDQGVRI2OG:RUOGFRXQWULHVFDFDR FRFRD &{WHG¶,YRLUHVWRIWKHJOREDOPDUNHW GU\FKLOLHVDQGSHSSHUV ,QGLDVW JOREDOO\ JUHHQ FKLOLHV DQG SHSSHUV &KLQD VW JOREDOO\ FDVVDYD 1LJHULD VW JOREDOO\ FDVKHZQXWV 9LHWQDPVWJOREDOO\ SRWDWR &KLQDVWJOREDOO\ WREDFFR &KLQDVWJOREDOO\ DQGWRPDWR &KLQDVWJOREDOO\ 7KHRQO\PDMRUH[FHSWLRQV LH1HZ:RUOGFXOWLJHQVSURGXFHGPRVWO\LQWKH1HZ:RUOGDUHDYRFDGR 0H[LFRVW JOREDOO\ DQGPDL]H >GU\JUDLQ@PDL]H86$VWJOREDOO\JUHHQ>LHIUHVK@PDL]H86$ JOREDOO\ZLWK0H[LFRQGRQ )$2>GDWDIURP@ 7KHZRUOGZLGHXVHRI1HZ:RUOGFXOWLJHQVLVKRZHYHURIWHQTXLWHGL൵HUHQWIURPWKHLUXVH in the area of origin and domestication. A good example is how maize is treated in Mesoamerica, using the so-called nixtamalization process so that the maize retains its nutritional values and

146 See Bartosiewicz (2020: 139) for further discussion. 147 Bu Bois (1979) points out that the sound sequence pi-pi-pi is used in some Mayan languages, including 6DNDSXOWHNDQG7]RW]LOWRFDOOWXUNH\V 148 It is possible that the word chompipe is a corruption from one of the Central American indigenous ODQJXDJHV&K¶RUWL¶KDV chumpi’ :LVGRP+XOO IRUµWXUNH\¶EXWDVWKHZRUGGRHVQRWDSSHDULQ other Mayan languages, we can presume that this is a loanword from some other language. 184 Harri Kettunen

UHPRYHVSRWHQWLDODÀDWR[LQV7KLVPHWKRGXVHGLQWKHUHJLRQIRUPLOOHQQLDLVDEVHQWRXWVLGHRI Mesoamerica. Consequently, in many areas with heavy maize consumption, especially in sub- Saharan Africa 149, a healthier diet could be achieved and malnutrition avoided by learning from ,QGLJHQRXV0HVRDPHULFDQSUDFWLFHV5HFHQWSLORWVWXGLHVLQ0DODZLDQGWKH3KLOLSSLQHV $WLHQ]D et al &RRSHU :DFKHU GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW HVWDEOLVKLQJ WKH QL[WDPDOL]DWLRQ process in these areas would greatly promote the health of local people. 7KHKLVWRU\RISRWDWRLVDOVRRISDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWDVWKHODFNRIJHQHWLFGLYHUVLW\RXWVLGHLWV native biological range has (indirectly) caused considerable demographic changes. The Great )DPLQH RI ,UHODQG ZKLFK OHG WR WKH GHDWK RI DSSUR[LPDWHO\ RQH PLOOLRQ ± DQG emigration of over one million – Irish (Ross 2002: 226), was caused by a single clonal genotype of Phytophthora infestans , an oomycete that originated in Central Mexico (Goodwin et al Cárdenas et al 6KDN\D et al . 2018) and found its way in the 1840s via the United States to the rest of the world, with momentous repercussions in Ireland. In sum, a single microorganism IURP0H[LFRFDXVHGDGLVHDVHLQDVLQJOHYDULHW\RI 3HUXYLDQEDVHG SRWDWRWKH,ULVK/XPSHU (Choiseul et al. 2008: 44), forcing one million Irish to emigrate to the home continent of potato LQFOXGLQJHJDOOHLJKWJUHDWJUHDWJUDQGSDUHQWVRI-RKQ).HQQHG\DQGRQHRIWKHJUHDW JUHDWJUHDWJUDQGIDWKHUVRI%DUDFN2EDPD 7KH DERYHPHQWLRQHG PDL]H LV DQRWKHU PRUH UHFHQW H[DPSOH RI WKH SRWHQWLDO ULVNV RI monoculture, including loss of diversity and spread of transgenes. Since the North American )UHH7UDGH$JUHHPHQW 1$)7$ RSHQHGWKHWULODWHUDOWUDGHEHWZHHQ&DQDGD0H[LFRDQGWKH United States in 1994, US-based maize has found its way to Mexican farms, threatening the JHQH EDQN DQG FDXVLQJ ORVV RI QDWLYH YDULHWLHV '\HU DQG<~QH]1DXGH %HOORQ et al . %DUUDJiQ2FDxD et al 2VRULR$QWRQLD et al . 2020: 397). The problem is, however, primarily within the industrialized large-scale agriculture, while smallholder farmers SODQW PRVWO\ QDWLYH YDULHWLHV PDLQWDLQLQJ WUDGLWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH RI WKH IDUPLQJ F\FOH DQG sharing seeds among themselves, allowing “alleles to pass from one generation to the next, thus continuing the evolutionary processes that sustain and generate crop genetic diversity” (Bellon et al 6LPLODUO\,VDNVRQ QRWHVWKDWLQWKHQHLJKERULQJ*XDWHPDOD³>R@YHUWKH PLOOHQQLDWKHIRUHEHDUVRI>0D\D@IDUPHUVKDYHGHYHORSHGDULFKGLYHUVLW\RIPDL]H\LHOGLQJ VHYHUDOWKRXVDQGYDULHWLHVDGDSWHGWRDZLGHUDQJHRIHQYLURQPHQWDOPLFURKDELWDWV>DQG@E\ maintaining this diversity in their maize plots, contemporary peasant farmers in Guatemala help WRPDLQWDLQWKHJHQHWLFUHVRXUFHVIRURQHRIKXPDQNLQG¶VSULQFLSDOIRRGFURSVWKHUHE\KHOSLQJ to maintain a cornerstone of long-term global food security.” Understanding the origins of the cultigens, the early history of their global dispersal, and the Indigenous methods that foster diversity, provides us with better tools to understand the interconnectedness of culture and biodiversity. While the conquest of the New World reduced the native population of the area to a fraction of what it was at the eve of the conquest, the QXPEHURI,QGLJHQRXVSHRSOHLQWKH$PHULFDVKDVQRZFOLPEHGEDFNWRZKDWLWZDV\HDUV DJR+RZHYHUDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHRQJRLQJORVVRIKDELWDWRIGL൵HUHQWVSHFLHVRIÀRUDDQG IDXQDLQWKHUHJLRQKDVOHGWRGLPLQLVKLQJELRGLYHUVLW\±DQGGHFUHDVLQJWUDGLWLRQDONQRZOHGJH of the species (Andermann et al .HWWXQHQDQG&X[LOLQSUHVV )XUWKHUPRUHWKHORVVRI habitat and diminishing protected spaces of nature have drastic ongoing global repercussions. $V*yPH]'XUiQ SXWVLW³>W@KRVHZKRDUHGHGLFDWHGWRWKHHFRORJ\RIGLVHDVHVKDYHPRUH

149 Maize has a long history in Africa as it arrived to the continent soon after the initial European contact with the New World (Miracle 1965: 1). New World words and things in the Old World: how the Americas conquered the world 185

DQGPRUHVFLHQWL¿FHYLGHQFHWKDWDOORZVWKHPWRSRLQWRXWWKDWGHIRUHVWDWLRQIUDJPHQWDWLRQ of habitats, and loss of diversity increase the presence of emerging pathogens, causing major public health problems.”

CONCLUSIONS

The Columbian Exchange changed the world irreversibly. The ongoing world conquest RI1HZ:RUOGÀRUDDQGIDXQDZDV DQGVWLOOLV DFRPSOH[SKHQRPHQRQLQZKLFKVRPHLWHPV found their way to the far corners of the earth quite rapidly, while others are still in the process RIEHLQJLQWURGXFHG,QPDQ\FDVHVWKHFXOWXUDONQRZOHGJHRIWUHDWLQJSODQWVDQGIRRGVWX൵V did not travel along with the product, leading sometimes to unwanted consequences, as in the FDVHRIPDL]HLQ$IULFD)XUWKHUPRUHODFNRIQDWLYHGLYHUVLW\LQSRWDWRYDULHWLHVOHGWRWKH*UHDW )DPLQHRI,UHODQGLQWKHPLGWKFHQWXU\ZLWKWUHPHQGRXVORFDODQGJOREDOUHSHUFXVVLRQV,Q WRGD\¶VZRUOG1HZ:RUOGZRUGVDQGWKLQJVDUHTXLWHFRPPRQRXWVLGHWKH$PHULFDV±VRPXFK so that many edible plants, such as chili and potatoes are considered to be native in some parts RIWKH2OG:RUOGWKHIRUPHUSDUWLFXODUO\LQ6RXWKDQG6RXWKHDVW$VLD7KHUHFHQWDFFHOHUDWLQJ globalization has brought new New World items to grocery stores around the world, adding to the existing array of indigenous American products worldwide. At the same time, terms that IROORZ WKH ÀRUD DQG IDXQD DV ZHOO DV FXOWXUDO WHUPLQRORJ\ DUH LQ FRQVWDQW ÀX[ ± DQG WKHLU XVDJHRIWHQFRQGLWLRQHGE\JHQHUDWLRQDOGL൵HUHQFHV/RDQZRUGVWXGLHVFDUULHGRXWLQVFKRROVLQ GL൵HUHQWFRXQWULHVKDYHUHYHDOHGLQWHUHVWLQJSDWWHUQVRIZKDWLVNQRZQRIWHUPVWKDWRULJLQDWHLQ Indigenous American languages. Some terms that were common a few decades ago have all but disappeared today, while others have started a new life in popular culture.

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,ZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQN/\OH&DPSEHOO.LUVL&KHDV&KULVWRSKH+HOPNH7HUU\.DXIPDQ Hilla Kettunen, Antti Korpisaari, and Todd Krause for their insightful observations regarding WKHFRQWHQWVRIWKLVDUWLFOH,DOVRWKDQNDOOWKHVWXGHQWVZKRWRRNSDUWLQWKHYDULRXVORDQZRUG surveys in schools, as well as their teachers who made these surveys possible.

REFERENCES

Abbreviations of dictionaries and other linguistic sources

&157/ Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales . www.cnrtl.fr. &2&$ The Corpus of Contemporary American English KWWSVZZZHQJOLVKFRUSRUDRUJFRFD '(&+ &RURPLQDV-RDQDQG-RVp$3DVFXDO Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 Vols. Madrid: Gredos. '/( Diccionario de la lengua española 5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxRODKWWSGOHUDHHVDFFHVVHG June 30, 2020. '3' Diccionario panhispánico de dudas 5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxRODZZZUDHHVGSGDFFHVVHG June 30, 2020. 186 Harri Kettunen

MED Middle English Dictionary KWWSVTXRGOLEXPLFKHGXPPLGGOHHQJOLVKGLFWLRQDU\ 2(& The Oxford English Corpus 2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 2(' The Oxford English Dictionary (2002). SSA1 Suomen sanojen alkuperä: Etymologinen sanakirja, 1, A–K (UNNL,WNRQHQ&KLHI(GLWRU 6XRPDODLVHQ .LUMDOOLVXXGHQ 6HXUDQ WRLPLWXNVLD .RWLPDLVWHQ NLHOWHQ WXWNLPXVNHVNXNVHQ MXONDLVXMD6XRPDODLVHQ.LUMDOOLVXXGHQ6HXUD.RWLPDLVWHQNLHOWHQWXWNLPXVNHVNXV+HOVLQNL SSA2 Suomen sanojen alkuperä: Etymologinen sanakirja. 2, L–P (1995). Ulla-Maija Kulonen, Chief (GLWRU6XRPDODLVHQ.LUMDOOLVXXGHQ6HXUD.RWLPDLVWHQNLHOWHQWXWNLPXVNHVNXV+HOVLQNL SSA3 Suomen sanojen alkuperä: Etymologinen sanakirja. 3, R–Ö (2000). Ulla-Maija Kulonen, Chief (GLWRU6XRPDODLVHQ.LUMDOOLVXXGHQ6HXUD.RWLPDLVWHQNLHOWHQWXWNLPXVNHVNXV+HOVLQNL

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