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Effects of Phosphorus-Mobilizing Bacteria on Tomato Growth and Soil Microbial Activity

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Effects of Phosphorus-Mobilizing Bacteria on Tomato Growth and Soil Microbial Activity FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation University of Hohenheim Soil Biology Prof. Dr. Ellen Kandeler The functional role of phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria in the rhizosphere of tomato and maize Dissertation Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” (Dr.sc.agr./Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences) to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Presented by: Dinah Nassal Lübz 2017 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde am 05.07.2017 von der Fakultät Agrarwissenschaften der Universität Hohenheim als "Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Agrarwissenschaften" angenommen. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 09.01.2018 Leiter/in der Prüfung: Prof. Dr. Markus Rodehutscord Berichterstatter/in 1. Prüfer/in: Prof. Dr. Ellen Kandeler Mitberichterstatter/in, 2. Prüfer/in: Dr. habil. Marie Spohn ggf. weitere Berichter/in bzw. Prüfer/in: Prof. Dr. Günter Neumann Eidesstattliche Versicherung gemäß § 8 Absatz 2 der Promotionsordnung der Universität Hohenheim zum Dr. sc. agr. 1. Bei der eingereichten Dissertation zum Thema „The functional role of phosphorus- mobilizing bacteria in the rhizosphere of tomato and maize“ handelt es sich um meine eigenständig erbrachte Leistung. 2. Ich habe nur die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt und mich keiner unzulässigen Hilfe Dritter bedient. Insbesondere habe ich wörtlich oder sinngemäß aus anderen Werken übernommene Inhalte als solche kenntlich gemacht. 3. Ich habe nicht die Hilfe einer kommerziellen Promotionsvermittlung oder -beratung in Anspruch genommen. 4. Die Bedeutung der eidesstattlichen Versicherung und der strafrechtlichen Folgen einer unrichtigen oder unvollständigen eidesstattlichen Versicherung sind mir bekannt. Die Richtigkeit der vorstehenden Erklärung bestätige ich. Ich versichere an Eides Statt, dass ich nach bestem Wissen die reine Wahrheit erklärt und nichts verschwiegen habe. Halstenbek, den 02.06.2017 Dinah Nassal Eidesstattliche Versicherung - Belehrung Die Universität Hohenheim verlangt eine Eidesstattliche Versicherung über die Eigenständigkeit der erbrachten wissenschaftlichen Leistungen, um sich glaubhaft zu versichern, dass die Promovendin bzw. der Promovend die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen eigenständig erbracht hat. Weil der Gesetzgeber der Eidesstattlichen Versicherung eine besondere Bedeutung beimisst und sie erhebliche Folgen haben kann, hat der Gesetzgeber die Abgabe einer falschen eidesstattlichen Versicherung unter Strafe gestellt. Bei vorsätzlicher (also wissentlicher) Abgabe einer falschen Erklärung droht eine Freiheitsstrafe bis zu drei Jahren oder eine Geldstrafe. Eine fahrlässige Abgabe (also Abgabe, obwohl Sie hätten erkennen müssen, dass die Erklärung nicht den Tatsachen entspricht) kann eine Freiheitsstrafe bis zu einem Jahr oder eine Geldstrafe nach sich ziehen. Die entsprechenden Strafvorschriften sind in § 156 StGB (falsche Versicherung an Eides Statt) und in § 161 StGB (Fahrlässiger Falscheid, fahrlässige falsche Versicherung an Eides Statt) wiedergegeben. § 156 StGB: Falsche Versicherung an Eides Statt Wer vor einer zur Abnahme einer Versicherung an Eides Statt zuständigen Behörde eine solche Versicherung falsch abgibt oder unter Berufung auf eine solche Versicherung falsch aussagt, wird mit Freiheitsstrafe bis zu drei Jahren oder mit Geldstrafe bestraft. § 161 StGB: Fahrlässiger Falscheid, fahrlässige falsche Versicherung an Eides Statt: Abs. 1: Wenn eine der in den §§ 154 und 156 bezeichneten Handlungen aus Fahrlässigkeit begangen worden ist, so tritt Freiheitsstrafe bis zu einem Jahr oder Geldstrafe ein. Abs. 2: Straflosigkeit tritt ein, wenn der Täter die falsche Angabe rechtzeitig berichtigt. Die Vorschriften des § 158 Absätze 2 und 3 gelten entsprechend. Ich habe die Belehrung zur Eidesstattlichen Versicherung zur Kenntnis genommen. Halstenbek, den 02.06.2017 Dinah Nassal Content Content Content ................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... x 1 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................... 3 3 General introduction ....................................................................................................... 6 3.1 The looming phosphorus crisis ................................................................................ 6 3.2 Soil microorganisms ................................................................................................ 7 3.3 Phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria (PMB) .................................................................... 8 3.3.1 Mineralization of organic P ................................................................................ 9 3.3.2 Solubilization of inorganic P ............................................................................ 10 3.4 Plant growth-promoting attributes of PMB .............................................................. 11 3.5 Interactions of PMB with indigenous soil microbes................................................. 12 4 Outline of the thesis ...................................................................................................... 15 5 Effects of phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria on tomato growth and soil microbial activity. 18 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 18 5.2 Materials and methods .......................................................................................... 20 5.2.1 Rhizobox experiment ...................................................................................... 20 5.2.2 Bacterial cultivation and inoculation ................................................................ 21 5.2.3 Plant properties .............................................................................................. 22 5.2.4 Soil sampling .................................................................................................. 23 5.2.5 Tracing RU47 and analyses of microbial community composition ................... 23 i Content 5.2.6 Enzyme assays .............................................................................................. 25 5.2.7 Microbially bound C and P .............................................................................. 26 5.2.8 Mineral N ........................................................................................................ 28 5.2.9 Statistical analyses ......................................................................................... 28 5.3 Results .................................................................................................................. 28 5.3.1 Tracing RU47 ................................................................................................. 28 5.3.2 Plant growth and soil nutrients ........................................................................ 30 5.3.3 Enzyme activities involved in P, C, and N cycle .............................................. 33 5.3.4 Microbial biomass ........................................................................................... 35 5.3.5 DGGE ............................................................................................................. 35 5.3.6 PLFA .............................................................................................................. 38 5.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 39 5.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 44 6 Short-term effects of phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria on maize growth and soil microbial activity ................................................................................................................................. 46 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 46 6.2 Materials and methods .......................................................................................... 47 6.2.1 Rhizobox experiment ...................................................................................... 47 6.2.2 Bacterial cultivation and inoculation ................................................................ 48 6.2.3 Plant sampling and analyses .......................................................................... 49 6.2.4 Soil sampling .................................................................................................. 49 6.2.5 Tracing RU47 ................................................................................................. 49 6.2.6 Enzyme assays .............................................................................................. 50 6.2.7 Microbial biomass ........................................................................................... 52 ii Content 6.2.8 Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis .......................................................... 52 6.2.9 Statistical analyses ........................................................................................
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