Zemes Un Vides Zinātnes Earth and Environment Sciences
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Université Du Québec
UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC PRÉCISIONS SUR L'ANATOMIE DE L'OSTÉOLÉPIFORME EUSTHENOPTERON FOORDI DU DÉVONIEN SUPÉRIEUR DE MIGUASHA, QUÉBEC MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ À L'UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI Comme exigence partielle du programme de Maîtrise en Gestion de la Faune et de ses Habitats PAR JOËL LEBLANC Août 2005 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI Service de la bibliothèque Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire « Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un rapport, un mémoire ou une thèse ». En signant ce formulaire, l’auteur concède à l’Université du Québec à Rimouski une licence non exclusive d’utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d’une partie importante de son travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, l’auteur autorise l’Université du Québec à Rimouski à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de son travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l’Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n’entraînent pas une renonciation de la part de l’auteur à ses droits moraux ni à ses droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, l’auteur conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont il possède un exemplaire. 11 TABLE DES MATIÈRES TABLE DES MATIÈRES .... ..... ............................. .. ...... .. .... .. .... ........... ... ............................. .ii LISTE DES TABLEAUX .. ............ -
Tetrapods, Amphibians, and Life on Land
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Strolling through life Tetrapods, amphibians, and life on land Tetrapods - the clade of four- limbed terrestrial vertebrates Living tetrapod groups: * amphibians * mammals (including humans) * lizards and snakes * crocodilians * birds Eurypos , early Permian temnospondyl (painting by Douglas Henderson, 1990) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygia) Living coelacanth Fossil sarcopterygians Late Cretaceous (ca. 65 mya) Carboniferous (ca. 300 mya) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Comparison of pectoral fins Actinopterygian Sarcopterygian (ray finned) (lobe finned) Scapulocoracoid Humerus Ulna Radius Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Coelacanth pectoral fins Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Ancestral characteristics of living tetrapods • Pelvic and pectoral girdles • Forelimb with humerus, radius, and ulna bones • Hindlimb with femur, tibia, and fibula bones • five digits on the feet • sprawling posture • undulating locomotion • skull with no fenestra Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Tetrapoda: vertebrates more closely related to living Phylogeny of Bony Fish amphibians and amniotes than to their nearest living relatives Fossil taxa coelocanths and Fish-like amphibian-like lung fish Tetrapods Tetrapods Actinopterygia Coelocanths Dipnoans (lungfish) Osteolepis Eusthenopteron Pandericthyes Acanthostega Icthyostega tetrapods Derived Tetrapoda Sarcopterygia Osteichthyes After Coates and Ruta, 2007. -
Categorical Versus Geometric Morphometric Approaches To
[Palaeontology, 2020, pp. 1–16] CATEGORICAL VERSUS GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC APPROACHES TO CHARACTERIZING THE EVOLUTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL DISPARITY IN OSTEOSTRACI (VERTEBRATA, STEM GNATHOSTOMATA) by HUMBERTO G. FERRON 1,2* , JENNY M. GREENWOOD1, BRADLEY DELINE3,CARLOSMARTINEZ-PEREZ 1,2,HECTOR BOTELLA2, ROBERT S. SANSOM4,MARCELLORUTA5 and PHILIP C. J. DONOGHUE1,* 1School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Valencia, C/ Catedratic Jose Beltran Martınez 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain; [email protected], [email protected] 3Department of Geosciences, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA 30118, USA; [email protected] 4School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; [email protected] 5School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Hall, Lincoln, LN2 2LG, UK; [email protected] *Corresponding authors Typescript received 2 October 2019; accepted in revised form 27 February 2020 Abstract: Morphological variation (disparity) is almost aspects of morphology. Phylomorphospaces reveal conver- invariably characterized by two non-mutually exclusive gence towards a generalized ‘horseshoe’-shaped cranial mor- approaches: (1) quantitatively, through geometric morpho- phology and two strong trends involving major groups of metrics; -
A New Osteolepidid Fish From
Rea. West. Aust. MU8. 1985, 12(3): 361-377 ANew Osteolepidid Fish from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation, Western Australia J.A. Long* Abstract A new osteolepidid crossopterygian, Gogonasus andrewsi gen. et sp. nov., is des cribed from a single fronto-ethmoidal shield and associated ethmosphenoid, from the Late Devonian (Frasnian) Gogo Formation, Western Australia. Gogonasus is is distinguished from other osteolepids by the shape and proportions of the fronto ethmoidal shield, absence of palatal fenestrae, well developed basipterygoid pro cesses and moderately broad parasphenoid. The family Osteolepididae is found to be paraphyletic, with Gogonasus being regarded as a plesiomorphic osteolepidid at a similar level of organisation to Thursius. Introduction Much has been published on the well-preserved Late Devonian fish fauna from the Gogo Formation, Western Australia, although to date all the papers describing fish have been on placoderms (Miles 1971; Miles and Dennis 1979; Dennis and Miles 1979-1983; Young 1984), palaeoniscoids (Gardiner 1973, 1984; Gardiner and Bartram 1977) or dipnoans (Miles 1977; Campbell and Barwick 1982a, 1982b, 1983, 1984a). This paper describes the only osteolepiform from the fauna (Gardiner and Miles 1975), a small snout with associated braincase, ANU 21885, housed in the Geology Department, Australian National University. The specimen, collected by the Australian National University on the 1967 Gogo Expedition, was prepared by Dr S.M. Andrews (Royal Scottish Museum) and later returned to the ANU. Onychodus is the only other crossopterygian in the fauna. In its proportions and palatal structure the new specimen provides some additional new points of the anatomy of osteolepiforms. Few Devonian crossopte rygians are known from Australia, and so the specimen is significant in having resemblances to typical Northern Hemisphere species. -
The Devonian Tetrapod Acanthostega Gunnari Jarvik: Postcranial Anatomy, Basal Tetrapod Interrelationships and Patterns of Skeletal Evolution M
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 87, 363-421, 1996 The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod interrelationships and patterns of skeletal evolution M. I. Coates ABSTRACT: The postcranial skeleton of Acanthostega gunnari from the Famennian of East Greenland displays a unique, transitional, mixture of features conventionally associated with fish- and tetrapod-like morphologies. The rhachitomous vertebral column has a primitive, barely differentiated atlas-axis complex, encloses an unconstricted notochordal canal, and the weakly ossified neural arches have poorly developed zygapophyses. More derived axial skeletal features include caudal vertebral proliferation and, transiently, neural radials supporting unbranched and unsegmented lepidotrichia. Sacral and post-sacral ribs reiterate uncinate cervical and anterior thoracic rib morphologies: a simple distal flange supplies a broad surface for iliac attachment. The octodactylous forelimb and hindlimb each articulate with an unsutured, foraminate endoskeletal girdle. A broad-bladed femoral shaft with extreme anterior torsion and associated flattened epipodials indicates a paddle-like hindlimb function. Phylogenetic analysis places Acanthostega as the sister- group of Ichthyostega plus all more advanced tetrapods. Tulerpeton appears to be a basal stem- amniote plesion, tying the amphibian-amniote split to the uppermost Devonian. Caerorhachis may represent a more derived stem-amniote plesion. Postcranial evolutionary trends spanning the taxa traditionally associated with the fish-tetrapod transition are discussed in detail. Comparison between axial skeletons of primitive tetrapods suggests that plesiomorphic fish-like morphologies were re-patterned in a cranio-caudal direction with the emergence of tetrapod vertebral regionalisation. The evolution of digited limbs lags behind the initial enlargement of endoskeletal girdles, whereas digit evolution precedes the elaboration of complex carpal and tarsal articulations. -
Categorical Versus Geometric Morphometric Approaches to Characterising the Evolution of Morphological Disparity in Osteostraci (Vertebrata, Stem-Gnathostomata)
Palaeontology CATEGORICAL VERSUS GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC APPROACHES TO CHARACTERISING THE EVOLUTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL DISPARITY IN OSTEOSTRACI (VERTEBRATA, STEM-GNATHOSTOMATA) Journal: Palaeontology Manuscript ID PALA-10-19-4616-OA Manuscript Type: Original Article Date Submitted by the 02-Oct-2019 Author: Complete List of Authors: Ferrón, Humberto; Universitat de Valencia Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Greenwood, Jenny; University of Bristol School of Earth Sciences Deline, Bradley; University of West Georgia, Geosciences Martínez Pérez, Carlos; Universitat de Valencia Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, ; University of Bristol School of Biological Sciences, BOTELLA, HECTOR; university of Valencia, geology Sansom, Robert; University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Ruta, Marcello; University of Lincoln, Life Sciences; Donoghue, Philip; University of Bristo, School of Earth Sciences Key words: Disparity, Osteostraci, Geometric morphometrics, Categorical data Note: The following files were submitted by the author for peer review, but cannot be converted to PDF. You must view these files (e.g. movies) online. File S1.rar Palaeontology Page 1 of 32 Palaeontology 1 2 3 CATEGORICAL VERSUS GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC APPROACHES TO CHARACTERISING THE EVOLUTION 4 5 OF MORPHOLOGICAL DISPARITY IN OSTEOSTRACI (VERTEBRATA, STEM-GNATHOSTOMATA) 6 7 8 by HUMBERTO G. FERRÓN1,2*, JENNY M. GREENWOOD1, BRADLEY DELINE3, CARLOS MARTÍNEZ-PÉREZ1,2, 9 10 HÉCTOR BOTELLA2, ROBERT S. SANSOM4, -
NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES Volume 21 January 15, 1935 Number I
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 21 January 15, 1935 Number I ON THE EVOL UTION OF THE SKULLS OF VERTEBRA TES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HERITABLE CHANGES IN PROPORTIONAL DIAMETERS (ANISOMERISM) By WILLIAM KING GREGORY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, DEPARTmENT OF COMPARATIVE AND HuMAN ANATOMY Read before the Academy, Tuesday, November 20, 1934 PART I. THE SKULLS OF THE MOST PRIMITIVE KNOWN FOSSIL CHORDATES (OSTRACODERMS) In earlier papers I have directed attention to the fact that during the course of evolution of any series of organisms two opposite processes of development and evolution may be observed. In the first process, which has been named polyisomerism,l there is a budding or multiplication of some given part or parts, such as the teeth of sharks or the joints of the backbone in eels. This process has been recognized by earlier authors under such terms as "budding," "reduplication" (Cope), "metamerism" (Gegenbaur), "rectigradation" (Osborn, in part), "aristogenesis" (Osborn, in part). In the opposite but often simultaneous process there is some emphasis or selective action among the polyisomeres, that is, there may be a local acceleration or retardation of growth rates, causing later polyisomeres to grow larger or smaller than earlier ones; or some part or axis of one of the units may become the focus of a new acceleration or retardation; this produces lop-sided polyisomeres or anisomeres and the process itself is called anisomerism. In positive anisomerism we have progressive increase of some particular part or spot; in negative anisomerism the reverse occurs. This process has also been recognized in part by carlier authors under such terms as "differentiation" (Spencer), "allometry" (Osborn, in part), "heterogony" (Pezard, Huxley, in part), "acceleration" and "retardation" (Hyatt, in part). -
I Ecomorphological Change in Lobe-Finned Fishes (Sarcopterygii
Ecomorphological change in lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii): disparity and rates by Bryan H. Juarez A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology) in the University of Michigan 2015 Master’s Thesis Committee: Assistant Professor Lauren C. Sallan, University of Pennsylvania, Co-Chair Assistant Professor Daniel L. Rabosky, Co-Chair Associate Research Scientist Miriam L. Zelditch i © Bryan H. Juarez 2015 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Rabosky Lab, David W. Bapst, Graeme T. Lloyd and Zerina Johanson for helpful discussions on methodology, Lauren C. Sallan, Miriam L. Zelditch and Daniel L. Rabosky for their dedicated guidance on this study and the London Natural History Museum for courteously providing me with access to specimens. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF APPENDICES v ABSTRACT vi SECTION I. Introduction 1 II. Methods 4 III. Results 9 IV. Discussion 16 V. Conclusion 20 VI. Future Directions 21 APPENDICES 23 REFERENCES 62 iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLE/FIGURE II. Cranial PC-reduced data 6 II. Post-cranial PC-reduced data 6 III. PC1 and PC2 Cranial and Post-cranial Morphospaces 11-12 III. Cranial Disparity Through Time 13 III. Post-cranial Disparity Through Time 14 III. Cranial/Post-cranial Disparity Through Time 15 v LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A. Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Lobe-fins 24 B. Species Used In Analysis 34 C. Cranial and Post-Cranial Landmarks 37 D. PC3 and PC4 Cranial and Post-cranial Morphospaces 38 E. PC1 PC2 Cranial Morphospaces 39 1-2. -
On the Structure of the Pteraspidæ and Cephalaspidæ
ON THE1 STRUCTURE OF THE PTERASPJIDAzi AND CEPHALASPID,-E. WN. PATTE'N. I. THE fact which first stuggested to me the possibility of a genetic relationship between the Vertebrata and Arthropocla was the similarity in structure and development between the median eyes of arthropocls and the pineal eyes of vertebrates. To test this idea a careful study of the brain, sense organs, cranial nerves, nephriclia and skeletog-enous structures was made, the results of which ShowTedso clearly a fundamental similarity between the structure and the arrangement of these parts in the cephalothorax of certain arthropods and in the head of verte- brates, as to justify the conclusion that the vertebrates Were derived from fully developed arthropod types, and that the solu- tion of the various problems in the miorphology of the vertebrate head must be sought for in the evolution of the arthropocl cephh- alothorax. For the advocate of the annelidl theory of the origi-n of verte- brates, or of any other theory that assumes the vertebrates to be derived from soft bodied ancestors, an appeal to paleontology in support of anatomical or embryological evidence is well nigh hopeless. But for those who support the arthropod theory, such an appeal is imperative because paleontology is not likely to remain forever silent when both extremes of the series of hypo- thetical annectant types could be preserved as fossils. The fossil forms that at first sight seemed most completely to bridge the gap between their respective types are the trilobites and Merostommata, representing the arthropocls, and the ostra- coderms representing the vertebrates. -
Early Gnathostome Phylogeny Revisited: Multiple Method Consensus
RESEARCH ARTICLE Early Gnathostome Phylogeny Revisited: Multiple Method Consensus Tuo Qiao1, Benedict King2, John A. Long2, Per E. Ahlberg3, Min Zhu1* 1 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 2 School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 3 Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, NorbyvaÈgen, Uppsala, Sweden * [email protected] a11111 Abstract A series of recent studies recovered consistent phylogenetic scenarios of jawed verte- brates, such as the paraphyly of placoderms with respect to crown gnathostomes, and anti- archs as the sister group of all other jawed vertebrates. However, some of the phylogenetic OPEN ACCESS relationships within the group have remained controversial, such as the positions of Ente- Citation: Qiao T, King B, Long JA, Ahlberg PE, Zhu lognathus, ptyctodontids, and the Guiyu-lineage that comprises Guiyu, Psarolepis and M (2016) Early Gnathostome Phylogeny Revisited: Achoania. The revision of the dataset in a recent study reveals a modified phylogenetic Multiple Method Consensus. PLoS ONE 11(9): hypothesis, which shows that some of these phylogenetic conflicts were sourced from a e0163157. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163157 few inadvertent miscodings. The interrelationships of early gnathostomes are addressed Editor: Hector Escriva, Laboratoire Arago, FRANCE based on a combined new dataset with 103 taxa and 335 characters, which is the most Received: May 2, 2016 comprehensive morphological dataset constructed to date. This dataset is investigated in a Accepted: September 2, 2016 phylogenetic context using maximum parsimony (MP), Bayesian inference (BI) and maxi- Published: September 20, 2016 mum likelihood (ML) approaches in an attempt to explore the consensus and incongruence between the hypotheses of early gnathostome interrelationships recovered from different Copyright: 2016 Qiao et al. -
The Origin and Diversification of Osteichthyans and Sarcopterygians: Rare Chinese Fossil Findings Advance Research on Key Issues of Evolution
Vol.24 No.2 2010 Paleoichthyology The Origin and Diversification of Osteichthyans and Sarcopterygians: Rare Chinese Fossil Findings Advance Research on Key Issues of Evolution YU Xiaobo1, 2 ZHU Min1* and ZHAO Wenjin1 1 Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), CAS, Beijing 100044, China 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, Union, New Jersey 07083, USA iving organisms represent into a hierarchical (or “set-within- chimaeras) with 970 living species, only 1% of all the biota that set”) pattern of groupings on the and the long-extinct placoderms and Lhas ever existed on earth. family tree, with members of each acanthodians. Within osteichthyans, All organisms, living or extinct, new group united by a common the actinopterygian lineage (with are related to each other by sharing ancestor and characterized by novel 26,981 living species) includes common ancestors at different levels, biological features. For instance, sturgeons, gars, teleosts and their like twigs and branches connected within vertebrates, gnathostomes (or relatives, while the sarcopterygian to each other at different nodes on jawed vertebrates) arose as a new lineage (with 26,742 living species) the great tree of life. One major task group when they acquired jaws as includes lungfishes, coelacanths for paleontologists and evolutionary novel features, which set them apart (Latimeria), their extinct relatives as biologists is to find out how the from jawless agnathans (lampreys, well as all land-dwelling tetrapods diverse groups of organisms arose hagfishes and their relatives). Within (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and and how they are related to each gnathostomes, four major groups mammals) (Fig.1). -
A Biostratigraphical Framework for Geological Correlation of the Middle Devonian Strata in the Moray-Ness Basin Project Area
A biostratigraphical framework for geological correlation of the Middle Devonian strata in the Moray-Ness Basin Project area Geology and Landscape Northern Britain Programme Internal Report IR/05/160 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE NORTHERN BRITAIN PROGRAMME INTERNAL REPORT IR/05/160 A biostratigraphical framework for geological correlation of the The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used Middle Devonian strata in the with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Moray-Ness Basin Project area Licence No: 100017897/2005. Keywords M J Newman and M T Dean Fish biostratigraphy, Orcadian Basin, Middle Devonian, Caithness, Orkney. Contributors Front cover J L den Blaauwen, U McL Michie and E R Phillips Fish typical of the Achanarras Fish Bed Bibliographical reference NEWMAN, M J AND DEAN, M T.. 2005. A biostratigraphical framework for geological correlation of the Middle Devonian strata in the Moray- Ness Basin Project area. British Geological Survey Internal Report, IR/05/160. 30pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the