ISSN 1027-2992 I Special Issue I N° 8 | SPRING 2014 Non-CATPanthera cats in newsSouth-east Asia 02
CATnews is the newsletter of the Cat Specialist Group, a component Editors: Christine & Urs Breitenmoser of the Species Survival Commission SSC of the International Union Co-chairs IUCN/SSC for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is published twice a year, and is Cat Specialist Group available to members and the Friends of the Cat Group. KORA, Thunstrasse 31, 3074 Muri, Switzerland For joining the Friends of the Cat Group please contact Tel ++41(31) 951 90 20 Christine Breitenmoser at [email protected] Fax ++41(31) 951 90 40
This Special Issue of CATnews has been produced with support Cover Photo: Non-Panthera cats of South-east Asia: from the Taiwan Council of Agriculture’s Forestry Bureau, Zoo Leipzig and From top centre clock-wise the Wild Cat Club. jungle cat (Photo K. Shekhar) clouded leopard (WCS Thailand Prg) Design: barbara surber, werk’sdesign gmbh fishing cat (P. Cutter) Layout: Christine Breitenmoser, Jonas Bach leopard cat (WCS Malaysia Prg) Print: Stämpfli Publikationen AG, Bern, Switzerland Asiatic golden cat (WCS Malaysia Prg) marbled cat (K. Jenks) ISSN 1027-2992 © IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group
The designation of the geographical entities in this publication, and the representation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
CATnews Special Issue 8 Spring 2014 original contribution
Wulan Pusparini1,2*, Hariyo T. Wibisono1,3, Goddilla. V. Reddy4,5, Tarmizi4 and Pandu in Sumatra, located in the north-western cor- Bharata1 ner of the park (van Strien 1985, Wind 1996, Whitten et al. 1997, UNEP 2007). Griffiths Small and medium sized cats (1996) stated that the full species list of cats in Gunung Leuser was then unknown, but in Gunung Leuser National that tigers, clouded leopards, golden cats and leopard cats were already known to inhabit Park, Sumatra, Indonesia the area. Three of the five small and medium cats in Small and medium cat diversity and spatio-temporal distribution in Gunung Leuser Sumatra are listed on The IUCN Red List of National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia, was recorded between March and October 2010. Threatened Species™ as Vulnerable, the ex- A pair of infra-red cameras was set up in each of the 68 locations resulting in 54 in- ceptions being leopard cat which is listed as dependent events of small and medium cats in 3,452 trap nights. Four of the five small Least Concern and flat-headed cat listed as and medium cat species confirmed to inhabit Sumatra were photographed: Asiatic Endangered. The fishing cat whose presence golden cat Catopuma temminckii, Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi, marbled cat is unconfirmed is also listed as Endangered. Pardofelis marmorata and leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis. Golden cat was the All the above species except leopard cat are most frequently photographed species (0.72 independent event per 100 trap nights), listed in Appendix I of CITES (2012). At the followed by clouded leopard (0.41), marbled cat (0.23) and leopard cat (0.20). Golden national level, all the species are on the list of cats were predominantly photographed in montane forests 1,800/1,900-2,400/2,500m protected species according to Government (34%), marbled cats in medium elevation hills 400/500-800/900m (38%) and montane Regulation No. 7 year 1999 on Preserving forests (38%), clouded leopards in medium elevation hills (43%) and leopard cats Flora and Fauna Species. Although this study were mostly found in the lowlands <150m (100%). Golden cats seemed to be diurnal, did not gather evidence of targeted hunting, clouded leopards and marbled cats were active at dawn/dusk, and leopard cats were indirect evidence of local hunting is apparent strongly nocturnal. Trade in Medan of clouded leopard and golden cat (live and stuffed from wildlife trade monitoring in Sumatra. specimens) indicates some level of harvest of these small and medium cats, but data Povey et al. (2009) suggested that some of are insufficient to determine whether such harvest is a significant threat. these small and medium cats may be facing significant population declines due to habitat 04 Sumatra is rich in mammal diversity: it is turbed natural forests are now restricted to destruction and fragmentation, declining prey the only place in Asia where tiger Panthera isolated fragments that survived as a result base and targeted hunting. tigris, Asian elephant Elephas maximus, Su- of official protection. Three protected ar- The conservation status of small and medium matran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, eas maintain assemblages of Sundaland’s cats has not been investigated in North Su- and Sumatran orang-utan Pongo abelli live unique flora and fauna in Sumatra: Leuser matra. In recent decades, there has been an sympatrically. Wild cat diversity is no excep- Ulu Masen Ecosystem (including the Gunung increase in studies using camera-traps in Su- tion. Six species of wild cats are known from - meaning Mount - Leuser National Park NP, matra, resulting in many records of small and Sumatra: the Critically Endangered Sumatran 34,000 km2), Kerinci Seblat NP 15,000 km2 medium cats. However, there has been little race of tiger P. t. sumatrae, Sunda clouded and Bukit Bari-san Selatan NP 3,600 km2. dissemination of these data, in part due to leopard, leopard cat, Asiatic golden cat, These three national parks were designated funding and government priorities (Povey et flat-headed cat Prionailurus planiceps and by UNESCO in 1980 as a Clustered Natural al. 2009). This paper presents the small and marbled cat. There are unconfirmed indica- World Heritage Site, reflecting their col- medium cat records from a six-month study tions of the occurrence of two others: leopard lective global importance for biodiversity using camera-traps in Gunung Leuser NP, Panthera pardus and fishing cat Prionailurus conservation (UNEP 2007). Gunung Leuser targeting tigers. It comments on each spe- viverrinus (van Strien 1996). Small and me- NP is part of the larger area known as the cies’s natural history to the extent possible. dium cats are defined here as all Sumatran Leuser Landscape (27,000 km²) mandated by Evidences of potential threats to small and cat species except those of the genus Pan- the Presidential Decree No. 33/1998 for the medium cats in the park are also discussed. thera. Little is known about the conservation conservation and restoration of Leuser bio- status of these small and medium cats on the diversity and ecosystem. Together with the Materials & Methods island (Bezuijen 2000, Holden 2001, Hutajulu Ulu Masen Landscape to the north-west, the This was a collaborative study of the Wildlife et al. 2007, Povey et al. 2009, Duckworth et area forms the largest natural forest area and Conservation Society – Indonesia Program al. 2009, Sanderson 2009, Wibisono & Mc- biodiversity resource surviving in Sumatra, and Leuser International Foundation (LIF) in Carthy 2010). Accurate assessment of their called Leuser-Ulu Masen Ecosystem (UNEP north-eastern Gunung Leuser NP (centred conservation status is difficult as only few 2007), a Class I Tiger Conservation Landscape on 3°41’N/97°36’E). Infra-red cameras were field surveys specifically targeting the natu- TCL with global priority (Wibisono et al. set up in pairs in 68 stations (all Panthera ral history of the island’s small and medium 2011). Gunung Leuser NP has a rugged forest V2Rev2, except one location with Bushnell cats have been undertaken (Povey et al. 2009) interior bordered with human-dominated ar- game camera). The mean distance between compared to big cats such as tigers. eas and covers various habitat types ranging nearest-neighbour cameras was 2.09 km (SE The island of Sumatra is part of a distinctive from lowland forest at 5 m above sea level to 1.04) with a density of 5.4 stations/100 km², biogeographical region known as Sundaland the subalpine zone of Gunung Leuser at 3,445 within a 1,249 km² minimum convex polygon (Myers et al. 2000). Sundaland’s once undis- m. This is the highest non-volcanic mountain defined by the outer camera trap locations.
CATnews Special Issue 8 Spring 2014 smaller cats in Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra
montane (1,300/1,400-1,800/1,900 m), mon- tane (1,800/1,900-2,400/2,500 m) and tropi- Legend Marbled cat cal uppermontane and subalpine (>2,500 m). Leopard cat Altitudinal zonation was used as a proxy for Clouded leopard Golden cat spatial co-occurrence or general information Camera station on habitat use, though the limited number National Park Boundary of records was insufficient for making a spe- Forest Cover 2008 cific conclusion. Habitat use was evaluated based on the number of independent events of each species per habitat with the assump- tion that arboreal species showed no differ- ence in habitat type use. This assumes that the proportion of time semi-arboreal species spent on the ground and in trees remains the same across the different habitats. Eleva- tions were obtained from Digital Elevation Map SRTM 90 m (Jarvis et al. 2008) from the camera-traps positions measured using the Spatial Analyst Tools in ArcGIS ver. 9.3. Of Fig. 1. The study area of Gunung Leuser NP, showing small cat record locations, March the 68 locations ranging from 57 to 2,937 m; to October 2010. 23.5% were in lowlands (<150 m), 27.9% in low to medium elevation hills (150-900 m), Each camera was activated to photograph dependent events were defined following and 48.5% in submontane to uppermontane animals for 24 hours/day until it was re- O’Brien et al. (2003) as: (a) different species, (900->2,500 m). The date and time data are trieved by the field teams. On average, came- or consecutive photographs of different indi- available for each picture. The activity pe- ras were activated for 51 days. The cameras viduals from same species, (b) consecutive riod of each species was assessed using the were specifically set up for tigers on trails in photographs of same species with time span percentage of independent events in each of areas with the highest detection probability, between capture more than 30 minutes, and three time-of-day divisions (Azlan & Sharma 05 i.e. areas with abundant tiger signs. The op- (c) non-consecutive individual photographs 2006): night-time (19:00 h - 05:00 h), day-time posing cameras were set on a tree with the from the same species. (07:00 h - 17:00 h) and dawn/dusk (05:00 h - sensor direction perpendicular to the animal The set up did not take into account the ecol- 07:00 h and 17:00 h - 19:00 h). The activity trail, ca. 45 cm above the ground and 4-5 m ogy of arboreal cat species (marbled cat and period of small and medium cats was further from the trail (8-10 m separation of the paired clouded leopard), potentially affecting the de- defined as: strongly nocturnal (>85% with cameras). Baits and lures were not used. To tection probability. There probably is an un- events between 19:00 h and 05:00 h), noc- prevent condensation within the cameras, der representation of species that are partly turnal (50-85% of events between 19:00 h they were not set in areas with a high con- arboreal, or which avoid trails to a significant and 05:00 h), dawn/dusk (up to 50% between trast in temperature and humidity between extent. Hence, the relative abundance of 05:00 h and 07:00 h, and up to 50% between night and day, such as forest gaps with direct each cat species in the survey area cannot be 17:00 h and 19:00 h), diurnal (50–85% records sunlight facing the cameras. deduced from these photographs alone. between 07:00 h and 17:00 h), and strongly Each station was equipped with a pair of Altitudinal zonation based on temperature diurnal (>85% events between 07:00 h and cameras, so the total number of trap-nights and vegetation were classified according to 17:00 h). This study recorded animals at per station was taken as the number of days Laumonier (1997): lowland (0-150 m), low ground level; therefore the percentage of ar- that the longest-working camera was func- elevation hills (150-400/500 m), medium boreal activity in a 24 h period is unknown. tional. Each animal photographed was identi- elevation hills (400/500-800/900 m), sub- Little is known about the threats to small and fied to species: five people separately identi- montane (800/900-1,300/1,400 m), lower medium cats in Leuser. As preliminary infor- fied the cats photographed using a mammal identification guide to Borneo (Payne et al. Table 1. Small cats photographed during a camera trapping study in Gunung Leuser NP, 2000) which has an incomplete list of Su- March to October 2010. matran cats. They then discussed uncertain Total Independent identifications. This process was supervised Species Individuals Location records by the author, with all photographs checked photographs events for identification by J. W. Duckworth and Asiatic golden cat 63 25 unknown 11 T. Lynam. All cat photographs were of suffi- Sunda clouded leopard 38 14 5+ 10 cient quality for species identification. How- ever, individual identification proved chal- Marbled cat 15 8 4+ 6 lenging, especially for marbled cats. Golden Leopard cat 8 7 3+ 3 cats could not be individually identified due Total 131 54 - 30 to the lack of complex pelage markings. In-
Non-Panthera cats in South-east Asia Pusparini et al.
ties without legal permit, other than those as- spectively), while leopard cats were mostly sociated with park management, protection recorded by night (86%) (Fig. 4). Human ac- and research, are illegal according to Govern- tivities were found only at two stations, both ment of Indonesia Law No. 5 year 1990 on in lowland habitat. Conservation of Biological Natural Resource and Its Ecosystem. Discussion Our study area in Gunung Leuser NP, covering Results ca. 10% of the park, supports Asiatic golden Four of the five small and medium cat species cat, Sunda clouded leopard, marbled cat and confirmed to inhabit Sumatra were photo- leopard cat. Neither flat-headed cat nor fish- graphed (Fig. 1, 2). A total of 3,452 trap-nights ing cat was detected; the former is known Fig. 2a. Asiatic golden cat photographed over eight months resulted in 54 independent to occur on Sumatra while there is no con- on 20 May 2010. events from a total of 124 photographs of firmation of fishing cats inhabiting the island small and medium cats: clouded leopard (14 (Duckworth et al. 2009). Small and medium independent photos; at least 5 individuals), cat use of encroached and disturbed areas golden cat (25; not determined), marbled cat was not assessed: the survey area has mostly (8; at least 4 individuals) and leopard cat (7, at intact canopy, and only two of 68 locations least 3 individuals; Table 1, Supporting Online had signs of illegal human presence. This Material SOM T1). perhaps reflects the difficult access to the Of these small and medium cat records, study area due to its rugged terrain and long 20% were in lowland (<150 m), 29% in low distance from surrounding villages. to medium elevation hills (150-800/900 m) Holden (2001) recorded golden cats only in the and 50% in the submontane to uppermon- lowland forests of Kerinci Seblat NP, central Fig. 2b. Sunda clouded leopard photo- tane (800/900->2,500 m). Golden cats were Sumatra despite extensive survey in montane graphed on 8 April 2010. mostly recorded in montane (34% of 25 inde- forest where clouded leopards and marbled pendent events) and lower montane forests cats were recorded. By contrast, golden cats (31%), clouded leopards were mostly in the in this study were more commonly recorded 06 medium elevation hills (43% of 14 independ- in montane forest and Griffiths (1996) also ent events), marbled cats in montane forests suspected that golden cats have a predilec- (38% of eight independent events) and tion for higher altitudes in Gunung Leuser medium elevation hills (38%), and leopard NP. These contradictory results may simply cat records were restricted to the lowlands reflect the chance patterns shown by small (100% of seven independent events; Fig. 3). numbers of records, rather than any real dif- Due to very few records, they may not reflect ference between survey areas. the actual altitudinal distribution of this spe- The present study found clouded leopards cies. Caution should be taken in inferring any mostly in medium elevation hills and some up Fig. 2c. Marbled cat photographed on 14 biological patterns from this, particularly with to 1,848 m. Griffiths (1996) recorded the pres- June 2010. the few records of marbled cat and leopard ence of this cat from sea level to over 2,000 cat. Golden cats were mostly recorded by m, indicating a distribution over a wide range day (56%), clouded leopard and marbled cat of elevations. The lack of records in higher records all suggested a cathemeral pattern montane forest in the present survey may with peak activity by day (43% and 50% re- have simply been due to chance. The marbled
Tropical uppermontane Golden cat and subalpine Clouded leopard Montane Marbled cat Leopard cat Lower montane Fig. 2d. Leopard cat photographed on 7 October 2010. Submontane
Medium elevation hills mation, records of wildlife trade collected by WCS’s Wildlife Crime Unit between 2007 and Low elevation hills 2011 were examined to describe the nature of illegal trade on these species in Gunung Lowlands
Leuser NP. The number of photo-trapped vil- 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 lagers was also used as an indicator of illegal human activity inside the park. Human activi- Fig. 3. Habitat records of small cats in GLNP, March to October 2010.
CATnews Special Issue 8 Spring 2014 smaller cats in Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra
100% golden cats in Kerinci Seblat NP are cathe- meral, and although in Gunung Leuser NP, recorded activity was somewhat higher dur- 80% ing day time (Fig. 4) this could simply have been sampling bias. Predominant diurnal 60% activity by day concurs with activity readings Dawn/Dusk from two radio-collared golden cats in Thai- land’s Phu Khieu National Park (Grassman Daytime 40% et al. 2005) and camera-trap records from Nighttime 14 sites across Thailand (Lynam et al. 2013). 20% The radio-collar work is particularly informa- tive because it does not have the camera-trap bias of only recording activity at ground level. 0% Clouded leopards in this study tended to be Tiger Golden cat Clouded Marbled cat Leopard cat cathemeral, with more daytime activity, un- leopard like those in Borneo (Cheyne & MacDonald Fig. 4. Apparent activity patterns of cats in GLNP, March to October 2010. 2011) and Thailand (Lynam et al. 2013), which were nocturnal. Most camera trap records of cat is rarely found, with little published infor- al. 1996). Whether these species inhabit the marbled cats have been by night (Grassman mation on its ecology (Grassman et al. 2005, area cannot be determined. The presence or et al. 2005, Macdonald et al. 2010, Lynam Macdonald et al. 2010, Wibisono & McCarthy absence of these species was not established et al. 2013); however in this study the few 2010). In this study it had a lower encounter by this study as all stations were placed on records of marbled cats fitted a cathemeral rate than did the golden cat or the clouded ridges and not in their preferred habitat, close activity pattern. With only seven independent leopard, but the few records indicated a wide to water, still or riverine (Melisch et al. 1996). records, firm conclusions about leopard cat distribution from medium elevation hills to Similarly, there were no records of another activity patterns are unwise, but the noctur- tropical upper montane and subalpine forest. riparian small carnivore, otter civet Cynogale nal activity pattern suggested agrees with The leopard cat was photo-trapped only in bennettii, even though this is already known findings by Macdonald et al. (2010), Cheyne lowlands. The reason may be its tolerance or to inhabit the park (van Strien 1996). The & MacDonald (2011), and Lynam et al. (2013). 07 even its association with anthropogenic dis- south-western area of the park, close to the Variation in temporal activity patterns be- turbance such as human settlements (Azlan & coastline adjacent to Singkil Barat Nature Re- tween areas is largely driven by competition Sharma 2006, Povey & Spaulding 2009), and serve, comprises an area predicted to have a between species. Therefore, investigating such areas are absent from the survey area’s great potential for flat-headed cats (Wilting interspecific interaction between species can hilly interior. The small number of leopard et al. 2010). provide a more meaningful interpretation (Ri- cats recorded might also reflect the low num- Griffiths & van Schaik (1993) suggested that dout & Linkie 2009, Sunarto 2011). bers of cameras in disturbed areas. human presence could alter the natural activ- All cameras were set for ground-dwelling Neither van Strien (1996) nor the unpublished ity patterns of mammals. Our study area had animals; therefore the degree of arboreal data of the Leuser Management Unit 2004 a low level of human disturbance, so the data tendency of each small and medium cat af- (Povey et al. 2009) reported flat-headed cats presumably reflect each species’ natural ac- fected the detection probability (Giman et in the park. There is no substantiated record tivity period at ground level. The overlap of al. 2007, Cheyne & Macdonald 2011). This is of flat-headed cats in northern Sumatra, de- activity patterns among small and medium one of a number of reasons why differences spite recent records in Southeast Sumatra cats indicated a level of interspecific interac- in encounter rates may not reflect patterns of and Kerinci Seblat (Bezuijen 2000, Holden tion of these sympatric carnivorous species. abundance between species. Similar to Hol- 2001), as well as central Sumatra (Wilting et One potential factor influencing the temporal den (2001) in Kerinci Seblat NP and WCS’s al. 2010). The occurrence of another wetland separation of sympatric species is their body study in Bukit Barisan Selatan NP (WCS-IP, small cat, the fishing cat, in Sumatra, is still size, with similar size animals tend to avoid- unpubl. data), golden cat was the most fre- uncertain (Duckworth et al. 2009, Sanderson ing each other. Holden (2001) concluded that quently photographed species, followed by 2009). Siantar Zoo, ca. 200 km from the park, has a captive fishing cat, of unknown origin. The label on the cage informs visitors that it comes from Java (Fig. 5), but it is unclear if this refers to the origin of this individual or the occurrence of the species there. An inquiry at the zoo into the capture location did not return any result. Duckworth et al. (2009) also noted this cat, but similarly could not determine its origin. Flat-headed cat and fishing cat are both strongly associated with wetlands (Azlan & Sharma 2006, Melisch et Fig. 5. Fishing cat at Siantar Zoo (left) and sign on cage (right).
Non-Panthera cats in South-east Asia Pusparini et al.
clouded leopard and marbled cat. Leopard Table 2. Photo-trapped small cats at three sites in Sumatra. cats were photographed least of all (Table 2). Independent events Individuals Tigers and golden cats are believed to be ac- tive mainly at ground level (Guggisberg 1975) Bukit Barisan Gunung Leuser Gunung Leuser Kerinci Seblat NP and, if correct, tiger-focused camera-traps Species Selatan NP (WCS NP (this study) NP (this study) (Holden 2001) may be biased towards golden cats among unpubl. data) the small and medium cats. Clouded leop- ards are to some extent arboreal (Grassman Golden cat 97 25 unknown 10+ et al. 2005, Kitchener et al. 2006, Macdon- Clouded leopard 57 14 5+ 4 ald et al. 2010). Compared to conspecifics Marbled cat 46 8 4+ 4 in Borneo, clouded leopards in Sumatra are Leopard cat 33 7 3+ 3 believed to be more arboreal, hence less Total 233 54 21+ likely to be camera-trapped (Macdonald et al. 2010, Holden 2001), but evidence for this is not compelling. The measured abun- and the palm oil concession in Tripa swamp Acknowledgements dance at one site in Borneo is much higher forest (PanEco Foundation et al. 2008). Al- This study was a collaborative project between (9 adults/100 km2; Wilting et al. 2006) than though the park harbours one of the last Wildlife Conservation Society and Leuser In- at another site in Sumatra (1.29/100 km2, three populations of Sumatran rhinoceros ternational Fundation (LIF) on Sumatran Tiger, Hutajulu et al. 2007), but as few sites have left on the island (MoF 2007), too few ef- funded by PANTHERA and AFEP (Aceh Forest and been studied caution is urged when assum- fective anti-poaching patrols are employed, Environment Project). We are grateful mostly for ing island-specific differences. Marbled cats especially given Gunung Leuser NP’s proxim- constructive review from Will Duckworth, Tony are purportedly heavily arboreal, but again ity to Medan (Shepherd et al. 2004). The city Lynam and John Goodrich without which this pa- have been too poorly studied to be sure to has an international airport and seaport, and per would not be published. We are also grateful what extent; they are camera-trapped more serves as Sumatra’s primary port of entry and for the contribution of all researchers and staff: often than truly arboreal species like white- exit. Although we could not infer the impacts WCS Tiger team (Herwansyah, Susilo, Dodo, handed gibbons Hylobates lar and siamang of trade on populations of small and medium Hasan Basri, Blower, Wirza Wardian), LIF Tiger Symphalangus syndactylus in Leuser, and wild cats in the park, any such trade is illegal team ( Eka Ramadiyanta), and Wildlife Crime Unit 08 appear to be relatively rare in Sumatra and under national law (Peraturan Pemerintah Team (Dwi Nugroho, Giyanto, Edward Rumapea). Borneo (Macdonald et al. 2010). No. 7 tahun 1999, Government Regulation Gratitude also goes to the Director General of WCS found evidence of medium cat poach- No. 7 year 1999). On an international scale Nature Conservation and The Gunung Leuser ing and trade near Gunung Leuser NP (SOM all the species except leopard cats are listed National Park for permission and support to carry F6). In 2008, two stuffed specimens (one on Appendix I of CITES. out this research. tiger and one clouded leopard) found in After a tsunami hit Aceh province in De- trade did not lead to legal prosecutions. In cember 2004, the conservation status of References 2011, two live golden cats were found dur- small and medium cats in the park may have Azlan M. & Sharma D. S. K. 2006. The diversity ing a WCS-initiated ranger police raid after deteriorated because of infrastructure re- and activity patterns of wild felids in a sec- months of investigation. This case also in- construction and oil palm plantation expan- ondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Oryx 40, cluded the trade of tiger bones and skins. sion (Povey et al. 2009). Rehabilitation of 36-41. The offenders were successfully prosecuted destroyed settlements relied mostly on local Bezuijen M. R. 2000. The occurrence of the flat- and imprisoned for 16 months as a result timber resources, resulting in forest degra- headed cat Prionailurus planiceps in south- of legal support from the WCS – Wildlife dation (UNEP 2007). The tsunami triggered east Sumatra. Oryx 34, 222-226. Crime Unit. Both the trade cases were found reconciliation between the Aceh Liberation Cheyne S. M. & Macdonald D. W. 2011. Wild fe- in Medan, the capital of North Sumatra Movement and the Indonesian Government, lid diversity and activity patterns in Sabangau Province, an important centre for domestic thereby stimulating government approval of peat-swamp forest, Indonesian Borneo. Oryx and international wildlife trade (Shepherd road-building plans, logging concessions, 45, 119-124. et al. 2004). Although the field source of mineral exploitation and palm oil plantations CITES 2012. Appendices I, II, and III. Valid from cats in trade is unknown, it is plausible that in Aceh’s forested areas. Before the recon- 3 April 2012. http://cites.org/eng/app/ they came from Gunung Leuser NP. Several ciliation, these were strongly discouraged by appendices.php (last accessed 5 July 2012). unconfirmed reports of small and medium military activity (UNEP 2007). Duckworth J. W., Shepherd C. R., Semiadi G., cat trade were also received from villagers Although all small and medium cats are poor- Schauenberg P., Sanderson J., Roberton S. I., around Gunung Leuser NP. ly known, more studies are needed to assess O’Brien T., Maddox T., Linkie M., Holden J. & Camera-trap records show low human ac- the potential occurrence of flat-headed cat Brickle N. W. 2009. Does the fishing cat inhabit tivity in the study area (SOM F7). However, and fishing cat in and around the park. Both Sumatra? Cat News 51, 4-9. human pressure is considerably higher in these endangered species might be severely Giman B., Stuebing R., Megum N., Mcshea W. J. other parts in the park, and leads to habi- threatened locally (if either occurs at all), & Stewart C. M. 2007. A camera trapping in- tat destruction. Such areas include Langkat since their preferred habitats, water bodies, ventory for mammals in a mixed use planted (Aceh’s military operation refugee location), occur mostly in lowlands at the fringe of the forest in Sarawak. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, around the Kutacane – Blangkejeren road, park. 55, 209-215.
CATnews Special Issue 8 Spring 2014 smaller cats in Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra
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Non-Panthera cats in South-east Asia