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Small-toothed Palm Arctogalidia trivirgata records from human-influenced in

Article · December 2012

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1, 1, VU Long2 2 2

AbstractD. H. A. WILLCOX TRAN Quang Phuong , TRAN Van Bang and HOANG Minh Duc

Arctogalidia trivirgata is rather rarely included on mammal survey lists for Vietnamese protected

Small-toothedfrom outside Vietnam Palm Civet suggests that this paucity of records in Vietnam is due at least largely to the reliance on inappropriate areas. This has often led to its being declared rare, and therefore a priority for national small carnivore conservation. Evidence survey methods, i.e. ground-based camera-trapping and diurnal surveys, that will fail to record this nocturnal, very arboreal civet. Presented here are several recent confirmed records from both protected and non-protected areas in Vietnam, all of which servationhave undergone priority major among anthropogenic Vietnam’s . disturbances, Consideration including huntingof other andinformation illegal logging. from throughout The ability ofits this range species suggests to survive that the in these areas where most similar-sized or larger species haveA. (t.) become trilineata reduced or extirpated indicates that it is not a con- the documented altitude range for this species in Vietnam to above 1,000 m a.s.l, consistent with other parts of the species’s conservationrange, and have focus added for thisa habitat type should not bepreviously on the Javan recorded taxon for the species: Melaleuca. These records from Vietnam have also extended

Keywords -dominated wetland forest.

: camera-trapping,Ghi nhận conservation Cầy tai trắng priorities, Arctogalidia conservation trivirgata tạ status,i các sinh habitat cảnh use,chịu spotlighting tác động bởi con người ở Việt Nam

Tóm tắt

Cầy tai trắng Arctogalidia trivirgata thường ít được ghi nhận trong các kết quả khảo sát thú tại các khu rừng đặc dụng ở Việt Nam. Do vậy, chúng thường được xem là loài hiếm và là loài thú ăn thịt nhỏ cần được ưu tiên bảo tồn ở cấp quốc gia. Các bằng chứng từ những khu vực ngoài Việt Nam cho thấy việc có ít ghi nhận loài này ở Việt Nam chủ yếu là do phương pháp khảo sát không thích hợp, ví dụ sử dụng bẫy ảnh đặt trên mặt đất và khảo sát ban ngày sẽ không ghi nhận được loài thú ăn đêm và chuyên hoạt động trên cây này. Bài báo này trình bày một số ghi nhận chắc chắn gần đây về loài cầy tai trắng tại các khu vực được bảo vệ lẫn không được bảo vệ nhưng đều chịu nhiều tác động của con người, bao gồm cả săn bắn và khai thác gỗ trái phép. Khả năng tồn tại ở những nơi mà các loài thú có kích thước tương tự hoặc lớn hơn loài này suy giảm hoặc bị tuyệt diệt cho thấy đây không phải là loài cần ưu tiên bảo tồn ở Việt Nam, và ở cấp độ vùng, nên tập trung bảo tồn phân loài ở Java A. (t.) trilineata. Từ các ghi nhận mới này, giới hạn về độ cao phân bố của loài ở Việt Nam được mở rộng lên đến 1.000m so với mặt nước biển, phù hợp với vùng phân bố của loài ở những khu vực khác, và sinh cảnh rừng tràm với ưu thế loài Melaleuca là sinh cảnh được ghi nhận mới so với các ghi nhận trước đây.

Introduction species, even when they are of long duration, use many

find this et alcamera-trap. 2006, Than sites, Zaw and et alare within habitat-types likely to be used carnivoresThe wide deploymentand, although of these camera-traps were rarely across the Southeasttarget species Asia etby althis species (e.g.et al Azlan 2006, Azlan & Lading 2006, Suzuki ofover the the survey last 15–20in question, years wherehas generated their records many areimages collated of small and . 2008, Holden & Neang 2009, Johnson published, they have advanced considerably the understand . 2009, Lau . 2010, Gray & Phan 2011). Although some surveysof the former that have surveys not found might the have species been atin sitesareas where where remains Small- Zaw et al - toothed Palm do not occur, there are many camera-trap ing of species’ et conservation al status (e.g. Holden et 2006, al. 2010). Than . 2008), including Arctogalidia of some globallytrivirgata threatened occurs almost spe- etof aldead. 2004, Wells or et liveal field sightings showed it to be present cies (e.g. Veron . 2006, Dang & Le 2010, Gray Belden(e.g. Conforti et al. 2007, 1996, Wilting Walston et al &. 2010, Duckworth and, apparently, 2003, Borissenko Cheyne Small-toothed Palm Civet et al. 2010, Mathai et al. 2005, Holden 2006, Long & Minh 2006, throughout Southeast Asia, and into adjacent northeast India and southern China (Corbet & Hill 1992). It has been found by . 2010, Brodie & Giordano 2011). By con- many surveys using methods other thanet camera-trapping, al. 2010, Low 2010, often methodtrast, we was traced used. no surveysThe species where is categorisedSmall-toothed as PalmLeast Civet Concern was frequently (e.g. Duckworth 1997, Walston & Duckworth 2003, oncamera-trapped, The IUCN Red butList notof Threatened found by spotlighting, Species where this latter Duckworth & Nettelbeck 2008, Eaton Moore 2011). By contrast, most camera-trap surveys do not (IUCN 2012).

Small Carnivore Conservation, 46

Vol. 47: 46–53, December 2012 Small-toothed Palm Civets in Vietnam

with which to compare, clearly many people use, illegally, the conut Cocos nucifera Over a century ago, Small-toothed Palm Civet’s use of Co- et al plantations on Bunguran, in the Natuna egoriesKe Go–Khe based Net on lowland the level landscape. of human A 1996impact: survey lightly of disturbedKe Go NR published,islands () such as those was from remarked Bukit (MillerKiara Recreational 1901). Relatively Park, (Le . 1999) classified vegetation types into four broad - few recent records fromet al highly modified habitats have been evergreen forest, plantation, scrub and grassland. Lightly dis broad-leaved evergreen forest, heavily disturbed broad-leaved Westsuspicion of captive (Eaton origin) . 2010) persisting and Singapore, in the island’s where remain Small- though commercial tree species are selectively logged from- toothed Palm Civet is one of onlyet two al. 2012).civet species The species (without is theseturbed patches broad-leaved of forest, evergreen much of forestthis vegetation is primary type forest, remains and et al - ing small forest isolates (Chua a priori cludes areas that have been completely cleared and are now tohighly increase arboreal the sensitivity (e.g. Payne of species. 1985, to human Duckworth pressures, & Nettel par- secondarylittle changed. forest, Heavily and some disturbed areas that broad-leaved have managed evergreen to retain in- beck 2008), and arboreality is sometimes considered some plant species and structure associated with primary for seems reasonable, given the possibility for canopy change to- est, despite heavy anthropogenic disturbance. affectticularly such habitat species’ disruption daily movements, (e.g. Ochoa episodic & Soriano dispersal, 2001). foodThis - sources, sleeping sites and other resources. A general, and un derstandable, tendency for wildlife surveys to occur in areas OctoberA targeted 2006 – smallMarch carnivore2007 and survey January–July of approximately 2010 recorded 100 likely to be of high importance to threatened species means- hours of spotlighting and 1,300 camera-trap-nights during

Small-toothed Palm Civet three times. On 18 March 2010, one that there are few hard data giving evidence to the extent to individual spotlit at 20h00 in lightly disturbed primary broad- which Small-toothed Palm Civet survives in fragmented, iso- away.leaved On evergreen 26 March forest 2010, at at approximately 20h10, one was 300 seen m a.s.l. in secondary (18°07'N, Civetslated, heavily from several degraded sites and/or in Vietnam, heavily inhunted both areas.protected and 105°54'E) gave a clear view for about 5 seconds only 4–5 m This note presents observations of Small-toothed Palm broad-leaved evergreen forest at about 150 m a.s.l. (18°06'N, non-protected areas, where habitat has been highly degraded 105°56'E), in a small tree, about 3 m from a well-used path, 15 ingand in fragmented. most protected Even areas) by regional and pervasive standards, wildlife Vietnam trade, has of a m from a small stream, 50 m from the field team’s camp and high human population density,et very al. 2004, heavy Roberton hunting 2007).(includ It- covered100 m from with an thick active woody hunters’ creepers camp. The in heavilyfinal confirmed disturbed record pri is therefore unlikely that species which are highly sensitive to was on 28 April 2010 at 21h30, when one was seen in a tree which civets are a key part (Bell - secondsmary evergreen through forestbinoculars at approximately until it disappeared 160 m intoa.s.l. the (18°07'N, foliage. hunting and/or habitat disturbance will be found widely and 105°55'E), 15 m to the side of the main pathway, for about 4 easily in the country away from relatively well-protected sites. at this site were more than for Common Palm Civet Spotlighting has been relatively little-used as a survey tech- hermaphroditusThe three confirmed records for Small-toothed Palm Civet Lenique et al in Vietnam to date (or, at least, there are few available only by Melogale. This suggests that it is one of survey results from the method), and some such surveys (e.g. the more common, and small were carnivores exceeded, left among in this small landscape. carnivores, . 1997) have focused on deciduous forest which, based on confirmed records from throughout the species’s range, is U Minh Ha Fishery and Forestry Enterprises, Ca Mau province not thought to be suitable habitat for Small-toothed Palm Civet On the moonless, warm and cloudy night of 4 September (RobertonRecords 2007). Annona reticulata Ke Go Nature Reserve – Khe Net proposed Nature Reserve, Ha 1010,species, at about 21h30, a Small-toothed Palm Civet was seen Tinh and Quang Binh provinces in a Custard-apple tree , a non-native fruit branch, downat 9°31'N, the trunk 104° 57'Eto the in ground the U Minh and Haaway Fishery from andview, For an- prise lowland evergreen forest but are presently ‘paper parks’. unusualestry Enterprises behaviour (FFEs). for this Once arboreal disturbed, species, it ran which along thetypically main Ke Go Nature Reserve (NR) and Khe Net proposed NR com- sumably because the Melaleuca cajuputi A. tendsEvidence into of some anthropogenic of their least disturbance, accessible bothparts, past such and as thecurrent, tops reticulataescapes through were too the weakcanopy to (DHAW support pers. the civet’sobs.). This weight. was Thispre- ofcan the be small seen butalmost fairly throughout steep hills. both There nature are indications reserves and of high ex- trees nextM. tocajuputi the plantation, with canal embankments lined with banana and othersighting fruit was trees amid which a young had been(about planted five years and leftold) untended by levels of hunting (about 1,200 cable snare traps were record- ed in approximatelyet al .30 in prep.km² over a). Over several the course weeks ofof the surveying, March– in October–November 2006 and March–May 2010) and illegal nearestlocal people. forest The on drynearest land, extensive of the sort older sometimes forest is assumed U Minh Ha to loggingcorded, (Willcoxchainsaws were heard on at least four occasions and NP, which is approximately 30 years old and 40 km away. The May 2010 survey, 17 illegal logging/huntingBubalus camps bubalis were were re- et al. in prep. a). Although there are few arebe typicalactive forestryof the species, enterprises, i.e. evergreen and their forest M. cajuputi (e.g. Roberton and Aca- approximately 130 domestic buffaloes cia2007), plantations is approximately are commercially 150 km harvested away. The in U large Minh quantities Ha FFEs recorded (Willcox published quantifications of such human activities from other surveys in either protected or non-protected areas in Vietnam (Fig. 1). Local people live within about 50 m of the observation

47 Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 47, December 2012 Willcox et al.

Prionailurus bengalensis 2010), two hunters were seen scouring the banks in the same javanicus. These three species were recorded mainly site and during a previous spotlighting session (3 September and five for Small Asian wherearea using on the torches, survey. accompanied Relative to theby six authors’ . A observations bank near this of volvedby camera-traps. going along There canals were in a fewsmall suitable boat with pathways a loud outboardfor spot- huntingsighting pressureshad six cable-snares, in Vietnam’s although protected only areas, one washunting seen using else- engine,lighting allowingin the U Minhsearch Ha only FFEs, of sovegetation nearly all alongspotlighting the canal in- embankments. Controlling pace and noise, important when cable-snare traps seems to be scarce, but human activity (with ofdogs) the high.banks, Nylon reportedly nets (strongly to help catchcorded, Sunda suitable Pangolins for catching Manis spotlighting for small carnivores, was difficult. The low num- javanicamedium-large. Apparently, species hunters of fish; searchFig. 2) thewere banks placed using along torches most ber of Small-toothed Palm Civet records relative to the camera- and dogs; any tree containing something marketable is cut statustrapped in speciesthis area. may reflect limitations of spotlighting in this down, while other animals are caught on the ground or in one habitat type, more than Small-toothed Palm Civet’s relative of the nets. Ta Kou Nature Reserve, Binh Thuan province

Total survey effort for the U Minh Ha FFEs was approxi- areaTa Kou dominated Nature Reserve by deciduous (NR) is characteriseddipterocarp trees, by a dryand coastal 1,000 mately 800 camera-trap-nights and 40 hours spotlighting. monsoon climate and includes a 10,762 ha coastal sandy flat This produced confirmed records for three other small carni- et al vore species; six for Common Palm Civet, 23 for Cat peopleha of evergreen live in the and buffer semi-evergreen zone, and theforest nature on the reserve’s 697 m highbio diversityTa Kou Mountain is threatened (Hoang by hunting,. 2010). illegal Approximately encroachment 45,000 and -

over-exploitation of non-timber forest products (BirdlifeFicus In- ternational 2004, Luu 2008). The survey site on the mountain has evergreen forest dominated by species of figs . Near the top, mixed broadleaf and forest is also found. A spotlighting survey of approximately 40 hours from 17h00 to 23h00 during May–July 2009 and January–April 2010 on Ta Kou Mountain resulted in nine sightings with a total of 18 ‘animals’ (not necessarily all different individuals) in an area within 10°48'39"–54"N, 107°53'56"–57'57"E (all coordinates Thefor this disturbance site use the in WGS84the surveyed datum), area whilst gives about it the 15 highest hours spotlevel- oflighting encroachment in the lowland in Ta areaKou Mountain,of the NR resulted although in hunting no sightings. signs

were relatively few compared with the other three field sites. Fig. 1. Melaleuca cajuputi being harvested with a Jackfruit tree Artocarpus nually, most of whom come to visit its famous pagoda, which The area receives over 200,000 visitors (by day and night) an- heterophyllus on the canal embankment. This is typical habitat for this has the largest statue of a reclining Buddha in Vietnam. field site. U Minh Ha FFEs, Ca Mau Province, December 2010. about 600 m of the reclining Buddha statue and of the 1.2 ha All Small-toothed Palm Civet sightings were made within cable car station, a guesthouse and restaurants, all for tourists. Huntingthat was trapscleared were by therarely NR’s seen management on Ta Kou for Mountain two pagodas, during a

these surveys in 2009 and 2010, but a group of 20 cable-snares (with an ensnared dead ) and a box trap set for pri- animalmates were was seen.observed No hunting on a small with Malaysian guns or crossbows Eugenia wasfruit seen. tree The first sighting was made on 1 May 2009 at 19h40. One The distance between animal and observers was 14 m. It ap (10°48'39"N, 107°53'56"E) planted near the edge of the forest. - whilepeared spotlit to be anda juvenile photographed. with a head-and-body After 10 minutes, length it movedless than to another400 mm branch,(Fig. 3). away The animal from the showed reach noof the fear spotlight. and kept feeding

FicusThe second sighting, on 11 July 2009, at 20h45, was of one animal photographed (Fig. 4) feeding on a tall fig tree Fig. 2. An example of the hunting nets that lined the canal embankments, (10°48'43"N, 107°57'57"E). The animal, an adult male, U Minh Ha FFEs, Ca Mau Province, September 2010. edwas into about the 20forest. m above ground and about 5 m from the statue. After 5 minutes’ observation from about 25 m range, it retreat-

Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 47, December 2012

48 Small-toothed Palm Civets in Vietnam

Fig. 3. Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogalidia trivirgata. Ta Kou Nature Fig. 5. Two Small-toothed Palm Civets Arctogalidia trivirgata. Ta Kou Reserve, Binh Thuan Province, 1 May 2009. Nature Reserve, Binh Thuan Province, 27 January 2010.

Fig. 6. Two Small-toothed Palm Civets Arctogalidia trivirgata. Ta Kou Fig. 4. Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogalidia trivirgata. Ta Kou Nature Nature Reserve, Binh Thuan Province, 20 March 2010. Reserve, Binh Thuan Province, 11 July 2009.

Four Small-toothed Palm Civets were observed and pho- tographed in a tall fig tree (at 10°48'44"N, 107°53'56"E) on 27 January 2010, at 19h40Petaurista (Fig. 5). philippensis The animal–observer. Both species distance were was more than 20 m. Near the Civet group was one Indian Gi- minutes’ant Flying observation, Squirrel all animals moved away in the same di rection.eating fruits of the same tree, with no conflict. After over 20 - toothed Palm Civets were observed and photographed feeding On 28 January 2010, at approximately 20h30, six Small- in a fig tree, about 30 m from the Buddha statue (10°48'43"N, 107°57'56"E). The animal–observer distance was about 7 m. At 60 m from the first observation, on 28 January 2010, a soli- Fig. 7. Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogalidia trivirgata. Ta Kou Nature thetary mountain. Small-toothed This Palmanimal–observer Civet was observed distance climbing was only on 4 some m. Reserve, Binh Thuan Province, 27 April 2010. bamboo (10°48'53"N, 107°53'44"E) at 20h50, near the top of Syzygium On 27 February 2010, at 19h30, a pair of Small-toothed PalmThe animal–observer Civets was observed distance in a small was Java about rose-apple 7 m. One tree climbed to Two Small-toothed Palm Civets, which looked to be juve- anear higher a small branch stream and at retreated 490 m a.s.l. into (10°48'51"N, thicker canopy; 107°57'42"E). the other niles, were observed eating figs on 20 March 2010, at about 21h00 (10°48'53"N, 107°57'43"E). The animal–observer dis- tance was 10 m. The animals fed on the figs for 5 minutes after stared at the spotlight, then slowly followed the first. being spotlit and were photographed (Fig. 6). Five days later, Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 47, December 2012

49 Willcox et al.

Pygathrix nigripes beingat 21h00, spotlit one the Small-toothed animal stared Palm at the Civet observers was observed for about and 3 No other small carnivore speciesNomascus were recorded gabriellae during were minutes,photographed and then on a movedfig tree to (10°48'43"N, another branch, 107°57'57"E). away from After the theboth survey. recorded. However, The presence Black-shanked of these Doucglobally threatened pri reach of the spotlight. andmate Yellow-cheeked species, despite Crested prevalent Gibbon wildlife hunting and other an - toothed Palm Civet record is due to low survey effort, rather- The ninth encounter was on 27 April 2010, at 19h14. A thanthropogenic an indication disturbances, of the species’s may indicate status, that and the that single other Small- small pair of Small-toothed Palm Civets was observed climbing on a 7small m, both fig tree civets beside retreated a forest into trail the (10°48'54"N,thicker canopy. 107°57'42"E) (Fig. 7).Despite After a observation survey lasting for over about several 15 minutes months, at thea distance only oth of Discussioncarnivore species may persist in the NP. ten Martes flavigula and Leopard Cat, each only once or twice.- er small carnivore species recordedViverra were Yellow-throated megaspila were Mar ob- A previous wildlife survey in the Ke Go Nature Reserve – Khe Two captive Large-spotted Civets - Net proposed Nature Reserve using diurnal direct observa- theyserved had in beena village sourced near fromthe border the protected of Ta Kou area. NR, The and low although num tion and ground-level trapping (approximatelyet al 50 non-lethal berexact of provenancerecords for couldother notsmall be carnivore confirmed, species it is very is in probable obvious snares set over a maximum of 10 days in mixed forest)et failed al. in - to find Small-toothed Palm Civet (Eames . 1994), as did the camera-trapping on the present surveys there (Willcox Phuoccontrast Binh to the National number Park, of Small-toothed Ninh Thuan province Palm Civet sightings. prep. a). Past camera-trappinget al in U Minh Thuong National Park, close to U Minh Ha FFEs, also failed to find Small-toothedet al. in prep.Palm b).Civet These (Nguyen records thus. 2004), add as to did the camera-trapping many instances elsewherein U Minh Ha in Phuoc Binh National Park (NP), within 11°58'–12°10'N, National Park and the U Minh Ha FFEs (Willcox evergreen108°43'–49'E, broadleaf covers forest, 19,814 with ha, someand is coniferous on the margins tree species of the Da Lat Plateau. Phuoc Binh NP is covered by hill and montane spotlightingSouth-east Asia or other (see techniques above) where showed Small-toothed it to be present. Palm Previ Civet did not appear on photographs from camera-traps although (Birdlife International 2004). Most of its lowlands have been - converted into agriculture. Forested areas up to approximately ous records of Small-toothed Palm Civet across Vietnam with this1,000 elevation m a.s.l. continue the forest to experience remains little illegal disturbed, logging and although exploi- altitude traced by Roberton (2007) came only from the narrow huntingtation of is non-timber prevalent and forest a key products threat to (Tordoff the site’s 2002). biodiversity Above range of 600–750 m; these records extend the documented al- et al. titude range of the species from sea-level to over 1,000 m a.s.l., Civetconsistent specimens with elsewhere in Hoa Binh (e.g. province Duckworth and 1995, noted 1997). that up until (Hoang 2007, Rawson 2011), with over 100 cable-snare then Dangvery few& Pham specimens (1974) had collected been lodged two Small-toothed in Vietnamese Palm col traps collected during a 10-day survey in 2009 (TVB pers. lections. Quoting the villagers around the two collection sites measuredobs.). During altitude a 10-hour of 1,024 spotlighting m a.s.l., in survey evergreen in August forest. 2009, The as saying that they very often saw and hunted the species, they- a Small-toothed Palm Civet was seen at 21h00 on a tree at a themselves opined that it was probably scarce. This thinking m from the observers. On being seen, the civet moved down probably guided its assignment of the ‘Rare’ category in the animal was 10 m up the tree on a small branch and about 15 thenthe tree climbed and approachedto a higher branch within and5 m retreated of the observers. into the forest.It was the2000 records edition in of this the paper, Vietnam the Red villagers Book may(MoSTE well 2000) have beenand Near cor observed for 5 minutes, and photographed (Fig. 8). The animal Threatened in the 2007 version (MoST & VAST 2007). Given that the species is overlooked, rather than rare, in Vietnam. - rect, Theand abilitythese recordsof the species support to Roberton’ssurvive in landscapes(2007) suspicion where hunting, illegal logging and other anthropogenic disturbanc es are intensive and widespread and where, in some cases, - croached forest, suggests it is under little threat from these ac tivities.the observation Although sites this arestatement remote isfrom based large on tractsincidental of less-en sight- - - thatings fromalso collected a handful baseline of surveys, data all on but the one status of the of records other mam (that malfrom fauna, Phuoc including Binh NP) other are the species result ofof smallintensive carnivore, field surveys in ad - from these surveys is not contradicted by information from- anydition other to anthropogenicVietnamese site pressures. with suitable The spotlighting confirmed survey. evidence Hunting and habitat loss appear to have greatly reduced

Fig. 8. Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogalidia trivirgata. Phuoc Binh National Park, Ninh Thuan Province, August 2009. surveyedor extirpated a number most of mammal different species habitat ofand a microhabitat similar and largertypes size from all four field sites. Intensive camera-trapping that

Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 47, December 2012

50 Small-toothed Palm Civets in Vietnam

records and the fauna was noticeably impoverished. Common Palmin Ke Civet,Go NR a –species Khe Net commonly proposed active NR produced at ground few level mammal that is ingand these staff surveys. of Cuc Phuong Special Nationalthanks to Park, Do Thanh Ke Go Hao Nature for his Reserve, hard work Khe Net Proposed Nature Reserve and the U Minh Ha FFEs for support- onlyreadily twice recorded over the using entire camera-trapping survey in this landscape. and is known to be and companionship during these field surveys and for the continuing tolerantGiven of habitatits persistence disturbance in sites (e.g. where Su Su few 2005), other was mammals recorded of support of Scott Roberton and Leanne Clark. Further thanks to Stew- beenart Muir, possible. Newquay Two Zoo, anonymous for his support reviewers of the provided Carnivore valuable and Pangolin com be a conservation priority in Vietnam. More spotlight surveys in mentsConservation which greatlyProgram improved (CPCP), withoutthe quality which of this none paper. of this would have comparable size remain, Small-toothed Palm Civet is unlikely to - References fragmented, isolated, heavily degraded and/or heavily hunted Azlan J. B. A. G. A., Mohd. 2006. Mammal diversity and conservation in areas would allow a more confident assessment. The addition a secondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Biodiversity and Con- species’sof 15–20 hoursgeographical spotlighting and altitudinal into mammal/biodiversity distribution in Vietnam, surveys servation andin known keep coarse Small-toothed track of its Palm conservation Civet habitats status, could and clarify would thebe 15: 1013–1025. Raffles Bulletin of Zool- trast, would be challenging: the basic assumptions of available Azlanogy J., Mohd. & Lading, E. 2006. Camera-trapping and conservation relatively simple. Rigorous population quantification, by con- in Lambir Hills National Park, . 54: 469–475. Small techniques are very difficult to meet when surveying arboreal Belden,Carnivore G., Stuebing, Conservation R. & Nyegang, M. 2007. Small carnivores in nocturnal species. Difficulties in applying Distance analysis (or mixed-use forest in Bintulu division, Sarawak, Malaysia. any other line-transect-based population estimation) to noctur- navirus: possible links with 36: the35–37. international trade in small carni nal arborealConservation mammals prioritisation were discussed at the by site, Duckworth landscape (1998), and Bell, vores.D., Roberton, Philosophical S. & Hunter, Transactions P. R. 2004. of Animalthe Royal origins Society of SARSof London, coro- speciesand similar levels problems is invaluable exist for in occupancy optimising analysis. the use of limited B - Birdlife International 2004. Sourcebook of existing and proposed protect- ed 359: areas 1107–1114. in Vietnam. BirdLife International Vietnam Programme tofinancial other smalland human carnivore resources. species, The means evident that surveypositive and conser con- servationvation status resources of Small-toothed directed towards Palm Civet sympatric in Vietnam, mammal relative spe - and the Forest Inventory and PlanningArctogalidia Institute, trivirgata Hanoi, Vietnam.from Viet - Borissenko,nam. Small A. V., Carnivore Ivanova, N.Conservation V. & Polet, G. 2004. First recent record of maincies clearly technique at high used risk for of intensive extinction wildlife are likely hunting to provide in Vietnam more the Small-toothed Palm Civet - presentlyinformation is ofunlikely direct managementto affect this significance.arboreal species However, of civet: the , , including a new locality30: 5–6.for Hose’s Civet Diplogale Brodie,hosei J. &. Small Giordano, Carnivore A. 2011. Conservation Small carnivores 44: 1–6. of the Maliau Basin, spotlighting techniques to target arboreal animal species, as ground-level trapping. Should more hunters in Vietnam adopt Cheyne, S. M., Husson, S. J., Chadwick,Small R.Carnivore J. & Macdonald, Conservation D. W. 43: 2010. 1–7. Di- isobserved not possible in the at U this Minh stage Ha toFFEs, speculate then themeaningfully conservation on howsta- versity and activity of small carnivores of the Sabangau Peat-swamp tus of Small-toothed Palm Civet could conceivably worsen. It Forest, Indonesian Borneo. Small Carnivore Chua,Conservation M. A. H., Lim, 47: K. 1–10. K. P. & Low, C. H. S. 2012. The diversity and resilient Small-toothed Palm Civet would be to very heavy status of the civetsThe status () and distribution of Singapore. of small carnivores in surveysofftakes. mentioned Clear reporting in the of previous hunting paragraph,pressures (specificwill be neces types Huai Kha Khaeng/Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuaries, saryand intensities)to track any atchanges field sites, in the in species’s addition conservation to the spotlighting status. Conforti,West–Central K. 1996. - Minneapolis, U.S.A. has an evident positive , this cannot yet be . UniversityThe mammals of Minnesota of the Indomalayan (MSc thesis), re- Whilst Small-toothed Palm Civet in Vietnam presently gion A. (t.) trilineata remains uncertain, and given the Corbet, G. B. & Hill, J. E. 1992. confirmed for the entire genus. Theet al conservation. 2010, Moore status 2011) of and the . Natural History Museum PublicationsArctogalidia and Oxfordtrivirgata Univer Gray- Javan taxon sity Press, Oxford, U.K. Arctogalidia trivirgata Gray in paucity of records of it (Eaton Dangnorthern H. H. & Pham Vietnam]. T. A. 1974. Tap San Ve Sinhloai cayVat-Di Hoc researchthe possibility priority that with it isthis a distinctgenus. species, clarification of its o mien bac Viet Nam [The civet taxonomic and conservation status is the clear conservation Owston’s Civet Chrotogale owstoni in Vietnam. 12: 124–125.Small Carnivore Acknowledgements DangConservation N. C. & Le T. 43: T. 2010.44–46. Southward extension of known range of

Park. Sarawak Museum Journal The field studies of HMD, VL and TVB were supported by Seaworld Duckworth, J. W. 1995. Mammal records from Similajau National and Busch Garden Conservation Fund, Wenner Gren Foundation and notes on ecology, behaviour and 48: conservation. 157–161. Small Carnivore IUCN-NL/EGP. HMD, VL and TVB would like to thank the management Duckworth,Conservation J. W. 1997. 16: 1–21. Small carnivores in Laos: a status review with boards and staff of Ta Kou Nature Reserve and Phuoc Binh National Park for supporting field surveys. Field studies of DHAW and TQP ties of nocturnal forest mammals from transect counts of ani Program.were supported DHAW by and Papoose TQP also Conservation kindly thank Fund, the managementMohamed Bin boards Zayed Duckworth,mals. Journal J. W. 1998. of Zoology, The difficulty London in estimating population densi- Conservation Fund, Minnesota Zoo and BP’s Conservation Leadership - 246: 466–468. Small Carnivore Conservation, Vol. 47, December 2012

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1Carnivore and Pangolin Conservation Program, Cuc Phuong National Park, Nho Quan, Willcox,Lowlands, D., Do T.Central H., Tran Vietnam. Q. P., Nguyen V. N. & Roberton, S. in prep. a. Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam. Conservation status of small carnivores in the Ke Go–Khe Net 2Department of Zoology, Southern Institute of Conservation status of small carnivores in the U Minh wetlands, Ecology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Willcox,Vietnam. D., Do T. H., Tran Q. P., Nguyen V. N. & Roberton, S. in prep. b. 1 Mac Dinh Chi Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Emails: [email protected] Wilting,serve, A., Sabah,Samejima, Malaysia. H. & Mohamed,Small Carnivore A. 2010. Conservation Diversity of42: Bornean 10–13. and [email protected] viverrids and other small carnivores in Deramakot Forest Re-

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