Brodie, G. and G.M. Barker. Introduced land snails in the Fiji Islands: are there risks involved?Island invasives: eradication and management
Introduced land snails in the Fiji Islands: are there risks involved?
G. Brodie 1 and G. M. Barker 2 1Biology Division, FSTE, University of the South Pacifi c, Private Bag, Suva, Fiji Islands.
INTRODUCTION latter species, Fijian government agencies have very little The land snail fauna of the south Pacifi c islands of Fiji is baseline reference material that allows quick and accurate unique and highly diverse. Over 230 species are recorded, identifi cation of snails. This even applies to the most of which 22 are non native. About 90% of the fauna is common introduced terrestrial snails located close to the native and 78% are endemic to the archipelago (Barker well established port area of the capital Suva, on the largest et al . 2005). Information to allow easy identifi cation of island, Viti Levu (Fig. 2). Fijian government agencies also species is lacking, as is collated information about the risks have relatively little collated biological information which non native species pose to trade, crop production or human could be used to make management decisions or implement and livestock health (Brodie 2009a). Many of the non monitoring programmes in relation to any of the currently native species are known agricultural pests and parasite introduced land snail species. If not addressed this lack of vectors elsewhere in the world. Collated information is information may have major long term implications for urgently required to detect and adequately manage non agriculture, quarantine, international trade, and livestock native species, and if possible to prevent the spread of and human health in Fiji. invasive species to non infected islands. This current paper is part of a larger plan by the authors Pacifi c Island countries and territories such as Samoa, to provide direct land snail identifi cation assistance New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Hawaii (Fig. 1) to sectors of the Fiji government such as agriculture, have lost much of their endemic land snail biodiversity quarantine, forestry and environment, and to improve (Bouchet and Abdou 2003; Brescia et al . 2008; Cowie and understanding of how introduced land snail species may Robinson 2003; Hadfi eld 1986), in some cases following impact biodiversity, economic costs and human health in the introduction of invasive snail species that are not yet the Fiji Islands. In turn, collation of this information will established in Fiji. Two such examples are the “rosy also allow estimates of the potential impact of these alien wolf snail” ( Euglandina rosea ) and the giant African intruders on Fiji’s established trading partners. In addition, snail ( Achatina ( Lissachatina ) fulica ). Except for the the current paper addresses a broader acknowledged
Fig. 2 The Fiji Islands showing the location of the capital city Suva and the islands of Viti Levu, Taveuni and Rotuma. Fig. 1 Fiji’s location in the Pacific showing neighbouring The Lau Group includes all of the small islands in the islands. southeast of the archipelago.
32Pages 32-36 In: Veitch, C. R.; Clout, M. N. and Towns, D. R. (eds.). 2011. Island invasives: eradication and management . IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Brodie & Barker: Introduced land snails Fiji, the risks need to fi ll major information gaps on the distribution of DISCUSSION introduced land snails in the Pacifi c Islands region (Sherley 2000). Although many papers have been published about land snails in Fiji over the last 100 years (see review of Barker et al . 2005), this is the fi rst to focus on non native species in MATERIALS AND METHODS the archipelago. The 18 species listed here include several We compiled a checklist of land snails introduced to of the expected widespread tropical “tramp” species that Fiji using the results of surveys in many forest areas and are thought to be replacing Pacifi c Island native/endemic villages throughout the archipelago to 2005 (Barker et al . mollusc fauna (Cowie 2004). There is also considerable 2005; Barker, unpublished data) and in 2008 2010 on overlap with the introduced land snail assemblage reported Viti Levu (Brodie 2009b; Brodie and Copeland in press; by Cowie (2001) and Cowie and Robinson (2003) in the Mila et al . 2010) and Taveuni (Brodie unpublished data). neighbouring Samoan Islands, but a much lower number of By combining the above results with our expert knowledge introduced species than the more than 53 species recorded and additional published reports on aspects of distribution, in Hawaii (Cowie 1998; Cowie et al. 2008). biology, ecology, and “pest” status, we added to our Unlike the neighbouring islands of New Caledonia, checklist an estimated risk level for each species. Risk Vanuatu and Samoa, but like Tonga, Niue and the Cook level was identifi ed as low, medium or high depending on Islands, Fiji lacks two of the world’s worst invasive our estimate of their potential to infl ict biodiversity loss, land snail species: Achatina ( Lissachatina ) fulica and affect agricultural production, and/or impact on human or Euglandina rosea . Achatina fulica is a direct economic livestock health in Fiji. threat to agricultural production and human and livestock The term ‘land snail’ as a common name is used in health (Boray 1998; Lowe et al. 2004; Raut and Barker preference to distinguishing ‘snails’ and ‘slugs’. 2002), while E. rosea poses severe ecological threat by its potential voracious predation on native land snails (Cowie RESULTS 2001, 2004; Lowe et al. 2004). Eighteen species of introduced land snails from nine The risks posed by these two invasive species to Fiji families are currently known from the Fiji Islands (Table 1). emphasize the need for biosecurity measures to conserve This total excludes the widespread Pacifi c Achatinellidae the country’s distinctive and diverse endemic land snail Elasmias apertum , Lamellidea pusilla , Lamellidea oblonga fauna. Lydeard et al . (2004) highlighted the global and and Helicarionidae Liardetia samoensis for which precise regional importance of Pacifi c Island land snail fauna, origins within the Pacifi c are uncertain. while Sherley (2000) stressed that “prevention of entry, rather than later control, is the most important means of The feeding types and diets of the introduced species stopping the spread [and therefore effect] of pest snails”. range from herbivores on fresh plant material, detritivores feeding on dead plant material, to carnivorous predators In a Fijian context, discussion of the exceptional need (Table 1). Our data suggest that the introduced Streptostele for high level quarantine vigilance is timely, primarily musaecola , Bradybaena similaris , and Deroceras laeve because of the recent nomination of the island of Rotuma are restricted to areas of human habitation or disturbance. (Fig. 2 inset) as a “Port of Entry” for Fijian shipping and The remaining species are found in both disturbed and trade, but especially agricultural crops. Like many remote relatively undisturbed habitats and must be considered islands in the Fijian archipelago, Rotuma has a distinctive “invasive”. Of these, nine species are considered here as land snail fauna (Barker et al . 2005; Brodie et al. 2010). To low risk, three low medium risk and fi ve medium high the best of our knowledge, no recent survey of introduced risk (Table 2). One species, Parmarion martensi (Fig. 3), land snails has been undertaken either in Rotuma or its stands out as very high risk and very invasive because of its intended primarily agricultural trading partner, Tuvalu. In hardy nature, active climbing behaviour, close association this context the presence or absence of high risk Parmarion with local crops and common presence in virtually all martensi in Rotuma and/or Tuvalu is of great interest, not sheltered habitats investigated, including the signifi cant only because of human health concerns and the invasive forest conservation areas of Nakauvadra, Nakorotubu nature of P. martensi in other parts of Fiji, but because the and Taveuni. While the presence of P. martensi is long species is also not yet recorded in several countries with known from Fiji’s lowland to mid altitude areas, recent which Fiji currently trades, such as Australia, New Zealand surveys by the fi rst author indicate invasion into relatively and the mainland USA. undisturbed high altitude areas (i.e., Taveuni, > 800 m) that Our reporting of P. martensi from at least three of the are vitally important for overall ecosystem function and the 13 priority forest conservation areas identifi ed on the Fijian conservation of endemic biodiversity. islands of Viti Levu and Taveuni (see Olson et al . 2009) makes protection of the smaller, more isolated, priority conservation areas like Rotuma an even higher priority. At least seven of the introduced land snail species found in Fiji act as vectors for parasitic helminthes (Table 2), such as the rat lung worm Angiostrongylus cantonensis , which is associated with eosinophilic meningitis in humans (Boray 1998; Hollyer et al . 2010) . Angiostrongylus cantonensis and eosinophilic meningitis are already established in Fiji (Alicata 1962; Sano et al . 1987; Paine et al . 1994; Uchikawa et al . 1984). A recent study of Parmarion cf. martensi in Hawaii (Hollingsworth et al . 2007) identifi ed its role in spreading A. cantonensis through an association with poorly washed home grown crops, such as lettuce. The parasite has a high infection rate and the vigorous climbing behaviour of P. martensi makes it much more likely to come into contact with humans (and their food or water sources) than any of the other known vectors. However, the presence of A. cantonensis in Fijian P. martensi has not Fig. 3 Parmarion martensi on decaying pumpkin in a yet been confi rmed. suburban Suva garden. Photo: G. Brodie.
33 Island invasives: eradication and management
Table 1 List of Fiji’s introduced land snail species with feeding type and habitat. Feeding ecology, secondary/minor trophic relations indicated in parentheses. Species Feeding ecology Habitat References Agriolimacidae Herbivore, detrit. Highland interior, in modifi ed areas, Smith and Stanisic 1998; Barker 1999; Deroceras laeve (carnivore) including gardens, and forest margins. Barker and Efford 2004 Ariophantidae Herbivore, Terrestrial, and arboreal on low vegetation. Parmarion pers. obs., Hollingsworth et al. 2007 martensi detritivore Lowland to high elevation forests. Herbivore, Leaf litter. Lowland to mid elevation forests; pers. obs., Councilman and Ong 1988. Quantula striata detritivore gardens. Bradybaenidae Bradybaena Herbivore, Terrestrial, arboreal on low veg. Low to Pers. obs., Smith and Stanisic 1998; similaris detritivore highlands, disturbed areas, incl. gardens. Chang 2002 Pupillidae Gastrocopta Detritivore Under stones or logs, in leaf litter. Lowland, Smith and Stanisic 1998 pediculus in forests and modifi ed areas. Gastrocopta Detritivore Under stones or logs, in leaf litter. Lowland Smith and Stanisic 1998 servilis forests. Subulinidae Allopeas Detritivore Leaf litter. Forests and disturbed areas, most Smith and Stanisic 1998 clavulinum (herbivore) prevalent in mid elevation forests. Detritivore Leaf litter. Lowlands to highlands, in forest Smith and Stanisic 1998 Allopeas gracile (herbivore) and modifi ed habitats. Detritivore Leaf litter. Lowlands to mid elevation forest Opeas hannense (herbivore) and disturbed habitat. Barker et al. 2005 Leaf litter. Lowland to high elevation forests Opeas Detritivore mauritianum and distributed area. Barker et al. 2005 Detritivore Paropeas Leaf litter. Lowland to mid elevation forests (herb., carn., and disturbed habitat. Naggs 1994; Barker and Efford 2004 achatinaceum predator) de Almeida Bessa and de Barros Under stones, logs and other debris. Leaf Araujo 1996; Smith and Stanisic 1998; Detritivore Subulina octona litter. Lowland to mid elevations forests and d’Avila and de Almeida Bessa 2005; (herbivore) disturbed habitat Juřičková 2006; Hollingsworth et al. 2007. Streptaxidae Annandale and Prashad 1920; Dundee Under stones, logs and other debris. Leaf and Baerwald 1984; Naggs 1989; Carnivorous litter. Lowlands, in forests and modifi ed Gulella bicolor predator Smith and Stanisic 1998, Solem 1988; areas, including gardens. Barker and Efford 2004 Streptostele Carnivorous Leaf litter, under stones and logs. Lowland Smith and Stanisic 1998; Hausdorf musaecola predator disturbed forests. and Medina Bermúdez 2003 Veronicellidae Under stones, grass, decaying wood, leaf pers. obs., Bishop 1977; Raut and Herbivore, litter & ground crevices. Lowland to high Panigrahi 1990; Smith and Stanisic Laevicaulis alte detritivore elevation forests, plantations and moist tall grasslands. 1998; Gomes and Thomé 2004 Under stones, grass, decaying wood, leaf pers. obs., Bishop 1977; Smith and Sarasinula Herbivore, litter and ground crevices. Arboreal on Stanisic 1998; Rueda et al. 2002; plebeia detritivore low vegetation. Lowland to mid elevation Gomes and Thomé 2004 forests, plantations, grasslands and gardens. Zonitidae
Hawaiia Prob. carnivorous Leaf litter. Lowland, disturbed areas. Kano 1996; Smith and Stanisic 1998 minuscula predator Valloniidae Solem 1964, 1988; Smith and Stanisic Ptychopatula Detritivore Arboreal, on tree trunks and branches. orcula Lowland forests. 1998
34 Brodie & Barker: Introduced land snails Fiji, the risks
Table 2 Currently known status of introduced land snail species considered to be present in the Fiji Islands archipelago.
Where risk Estimate of References Species Place of origin Recorded pest/risk type recorded risk in Fiji Allopeas Probably tropical No known threats n/a low clavulinum East Africa Allopeas Probably No known threats n/a low gracile neotropics medium to Bradybaena Asia Crop pest; vector of human Fiji, Australia Alicata 1965; Godan 1983 similaris and livestock parasites high Holarcic and Mackerras and Sandars 1955; Deroceras Crop pest; vector of human low to Alicata 1965; Smith and possibly Andean Australia medium laeve South America and livestock parasites Stanisic 1998 Indonesia. Gastrocopta Probably western Status unknown could n/a low pediculis Pacifi c Australian compete with native species area. Gastrocopta West Indies Status unknown, could n/a low servilis compete with native species medium to Gullella Indian Predator of native fauna Australia Smith and Stanisic 1998 bicolor subcontinent (micro predator on snails) high Hawaiia Canada to Status unknown, could prey n/a low minuscula northern Mexico on native fauna Laevicaulis Africa Crop pest; vector of human Australia, medium to Alicata 1965; Malek and alte and livestock parasites Hawaii, Samoa high Cheng 1974; Liat et al . 1965 Opeas Tropical Central Status unknown n/a low hannense America Opeas Unknown, Status unknown n/a low mauritianum probably India Vector of human and Parmarion South east Asia Hawaii, Japan very high Hollingsworth et al . 2007; martensi livestock parasites, crop pest Hollyer et al . 2010. Vector of human and Paropeas South east Asia, Hawaii, Pacifi c low to livestock parasites, competes Islands medium Alicata 1965, Cowie 2000. achatinaceum Indonesia with native species Ptychopatula India Status unknown n/a low orcula Quantula Southern Malay Status unknown, may n/a low striata Peninsula compete with native species medium to www.invasive.org; Alicata Sarasinula Central America Crop pest; vector of human Honduras plebeia and livestock parasites high 1965; Rueda et al . 2002 Predator of native fauna medium to Streptostele West Africa Australia Smith and Stanisic 1998 musaecola (micro predator on snails) high de Almeida Bessa and low to Subulina Caribbean and Crop pest; vector of human Brazil, Hawaii de Barros Araujo 1996; octona tropical America and livestock parasites medium Hollingsworth et al . 2007
CONCLUSION Increased collaborative effort is required to collate Pacifi c Regional Herbarium and the Fiji National Trust. and disseminate available land snail information in a user We sincerely thank the numerous colleagues that assisted friendly format. Improved access to such information will with introduced species fi eld work, particularly Lekima assist with baseline surveys of isolated priority conservation Copeland, Richard Singh, Elenoa Mila, Alisi Sheehy, areas. Although eradication of pest snail species may not Visheshni Chandra, Fiu Manueli and Johnson Seeto. Our be technically possible (Sherley 2000), preventing entry sincere thanks for constructive comments made to an or halting the spread of high risk pest snails into some earlier version of this manuscript by Robert Cowie, Fred countries and islands is more likely to be achieved when Brook and Dick Veitch. local awareness strategies are in place. For the high risk species such as Parmarion martensi, these awareness REFERENCES strategies should include provision or reinforcement of the Alicata, J.E. 1962. Observations on the occurrence of the rat lungworm, need for preventative public health measures for both local Angiostrongylus cantonensis in New Caledonia and Fiji. The Journal of communities and tourist facilities. Parasitology 48 : 595. Alicata, J.E. 1965. Biology and distribution of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis , and its relationship to eosinophilic ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS meningoencephalitis and other neurological disorders of man and animals. Advances in Parasitology 3 : 223 248. We acknowledge fi nancial support from the University Annandale, N. and Prashad, B. 1920. Observations on the carnivorous of the South Pacifi c (FSTE LGS) and Conservational land snail ( Ennea bicolor ). Records of the Indian Museum 19 : 189 International (CEPF) plus logistical support from the South 194.
35 Island invasives: eradication and management
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