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State of the River Report for the Lower St. Johns River Basin, Florida: Water Quality, Fisheries, Aquatic Life, Contaminants & Aquatic Toxicology 2012

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State of the River Report for the Lower St. Johns River Basin, Florida: Water Quality, Fisheries, Aquatic Life, Contaminants & Aquatic Toxicology 2012 STATE OF THE RIVER REPORT FOR THE LOWER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN, FLORIDA: WATER QUALITY, FISHERIES, AQUATIC LIFE, CONTAMINANTS & AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY 2012 Prepared for Environmental Protection Board City of Jacksonville, Florida St. James Building 117 West Duval Street Jacksonville, Florida 32202 By University of North Florida Jacksonville University 1 UNF Drive and 2800 University Boulevard North Jacksonville, Florida 32224 Jacksonville, Florida 32211 LOWER SJR REPORT 2012 Preface The State of the River Report is the result of a collaborative effort of a team of academic researchers from Jacksonville University, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, and Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA. The report was supported by the Environmental Protection Board of the City of Jacksonville and the River Branch Foundation. The purpose of the project is to review various previously collected data and literature about the river and to place it into a format that is informative and readable to the general public. The report consists of three parts---the brochure, the full report, and an appendix. The short brochure provides a brief summary of the status and trends of each item or indicator (i.e. water quality, fisheries, etc.) that was evaluated for the river. The full report and appendix were produced to provide more to those interested. In the development of these documents, many different sources of data were examined, including data from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, St. Johns River Water Management District, Fish and Wildlife Commission, City of Jacksonville, individual researchers, and others. The researchers reviewed data addressing many different aspects of the Lower St. Johns River. The most statistically rigorous and stringent research available was used to assemble the report. When a draft of all documents was produced, an extensive review process was undertaken to ensure accuracy, balance, and clarity. We are extremely grateful to the following scientists and interested parties who provided invaluable assistance in improving our document. Vince Seibold, City of Jacksonville Betsy Deuerling City of Jacksonville John Hendrickson, SJRWMD John Higman, SJRWMD Dean Dobberfuhl, SJRWMD Teresa Monson, SJRWMD Russ Brodie, FWRI Justin Solomon, FWRI Lee Banks, FL DEP Patrick O’Connor, FL DEP Lisa Rinaman, St. Johns River Riverkeeper Paul Steinbrecher, JEA Tiffany Busby, Wildwood Consulting Marcy Policastro, Wildwood Consulting Mike McManus, The Nature Conservancy Richard Bryant, National Park Service Mark Middlebrook, The Middlebrook Company Maria Mark, The Middlebrook Company Stephan Nix, University of North Florida Kelly Smith, University of North Florida Dale Casamatta, University of North Florida Robert Richardson, University of North Florida Maia McGuire, University of Florida Sea Grant Nisse Goldberg, Jacksonville University Charles Jacoby, SJRWMD Ted Lange, FWRI Douglas Adams, FWRI Donald Axelrad, FL DEP Barbara Donner, FL DEP Kendra Goff, FL DOH Jan Landsberg, FWRI Robert Storm Burks, SJRWMD Matthew Waters, Valdosta State University i LOWER SJR REPORT 2012 We have appreciated the opportunity to work with the environmental community to educate the public about the unique problems of the Lower St. Johns River, and the efforts that are under way to restore our river to a healthy ecosystem. We would also like to thank the following undergraduate students for their contributions toward the development of this report: Laura Elston, Jacksonville University Bobbi Estabrook, Jacksonville University Jessica Fernquist, Jacksonville University Jessica Goodman, Jacksonville University Julia Goodman, Jacksonville University Julie Hammon, Jacksonville University Leon Huderson, III, Jacksonville University Jingu Gene Kang, Jacksonville University Ryan Keith, Jacksonville University Rebecca Lucas, Jacksonville University Nicole Martin, Jacksonville University Andrea Pertoso, University of North Florida David Roueche, Jacksonville University Logan Wood, Jacksonville University Jenna Manis, Jacksonville University Samuel Dixie, Jacksonville University Katie Anagnostou, University of North Florida Anthony Flock, Jacksonville University Sara Debellis, Jacksonville University Alexis Crouch, Jacksonville University Keenan Carpenter, Jacksonville University Krystal Dannenhoffer, Jacksonville University Emma Fowler, Jacksonville University Sincerely, Dan McCarthy, Principal Investigator, JU Radha Pyati, Principal Investigator, UNF Heather McCarthy, JU Gretchen Bielmyer, Valdosta State University Gerry Pinto, JU Stuart Chalk, UNF Lucy Sonnenberg, Millar Wilson Lab at JU Pat Welsh, UNF Quinton White, JU ii LOWER SJR REPORT 2012 Executive Summary The Fifth State of the River Report is a summary and analysis of the health of the Lower St. Johns River Basin (LSJRB). The Report addresses five main areas of river health: water quality, fisheries, aquatic life, and contaminants, and for the first time, aquatic toxicology. Additionally, the water quality section includes a new section on groundwater, the fisheries section contains new analyses of time trends of fish species abundance, and the contaminants section now contains a description of the region’s chemical release inventory. Section 1 provides an overview of the Report and the basin, and it describes the basin’s landscape, human occupancy, and environmental management spanning the 1800s to 2011. Section 2 describes water quality in terms of dissolved oxygen, nutrients, turbidity, algal blooms, fecal coliform, and metals. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are within acceptable limits for aquatic life in the main stem of the river but fall below the site-specific minimum standard in several tributaries. Average nutrient levels, for phosphorus and some nitrogen species, have remained stable or have decreased slightly; however, maximum values frequently exceed EPA recommended standards, particularly in the smaller tributaries and creeks. Turbidity levels have remained stable over the past several years. Algal blooms have increased significantly in frequency over the past few years, but recent reductions in nutrient concentrations in some areas of the river, which directly affect algal blooms, are expected to reduce the number and intensity of such events. Trends in fecal coliform have indicated some improvement recently, according to a new analysis of tributary fecal coliform counts. The condition of the main stem is satisfactory. Regarding metal concentrations, a pattern of reduced concentrations has been observed over the past two years, with copper as a notable exception exceeding water quality criteria. Analysis of the region’s ground water indicates that ground water supplies are insufficient to meet the future public water supply needs of Northeast and Central Florida. Section 3 addresses the state of the river’s finfish and invertebrate fisheries. A new analysis of fisheries data sets reveals time trends of species abundance by age group from 2001 to 2011. Although consistent quantitative information on fisheries is limited, finfish species do not appear to be overfished at the current time. The incidence of gross external abnormalities in finfish was less than one percent in 2001 to 2010, and mercury levels in several species suggest limited consumption of only 1-8 meals per month. Blue crabs are the dominant invertebrate fishery in the region; it is unclear from current data whether blue crabs are overfished. Other invertebrate fisheries that include Penaeid shrimp and stone crabs, do not appear to be overfished, although stone crabs are currently at their maximum level of harvesting Section 4 examines the condition of aquatic life, encompassing plants, animals, and wetlands. Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), including commonly observed species like tape grass and widgeon grass, has experienced variations caused by drought and increased salinity. In 2008-2011, grass beds north of Palatka showed a declining trend in grass bed parameters; as well, increased salinity was correlated with decreased grass bed cover. Wetlands are vital to the Northeast Florida ecosystem, but trends in wetland acreage over time cannot be accurately established due to insufficient and inconsistent information. Diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates, such as crabs, clams, snails, worms, insects, and shrimp, vary widely but in general are dominated by the more pollution-tolerant species. Salinity gradients are expected to affect macroinvertebrate communities significantly. Threatened and endangered species, namely the Florida manatee, wood stork, shortnose sturgeon, piping plover, Florida scrub jay, and eastern indigo snake, continue to be vulnerable due to habitat loss, increased boating traffic, drought, and threats to SAV. A total of 64 non-native aquatic species, ranging from microorganisms to animals like the red-eared slider turtle, are documented in the LSJRB. Section 5 discusses the importance of contaminants in the LSJRB. The release of chemicals into the regional environment by various regional industries is documented for the first time, and the impact of four classes of sediment contaminants to the health of organisms in four regions of the river is examined. The EPA Toxics Release Inventory in 2010 showed that 95% of all chemicals released by regional entities are discharged into the atmosphere and consist largely of acid gases emitted by electric utilities. The portion of chemicals released directly into the waters of the LSJR is dominated by nitrates and manganese from
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