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Groundwater Contamination and Impacts to Water Supply

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Groundwater Contamination and Impacts to Water Supply SOUTH FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT March 2007 Final Draft CCoonnssoolliiddaatteedd WWaatteerr SSuuppppllyy PPllaann SSUUPPPPOORRTT DDOOCCUUMMEENNTT Water Supply Department South Florida Water Managemment District TTaabbllee ooff CCoonntteennttss List of Tables and Figures................................................................................v Acronyms and Abbreviations........................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................1 Basis of Water Supply Planning.....................................................................1 Legal Authority and Requirements ................................................................1 Water Supply Planning Initiative...................................................................4 Water Supply Planning History .....................................................................4 Districtwide Water Supply Assessment............................................................5 Regional Water Supply Plans .......................................................................6 Chapter 2: Natural Systems .............................................................................7 Overview...............................................................................................7 Major Surface Water Features.................................................................... 13 Kissimmee Basin and Chain of Lakes ............................................................ 13 Kissimmee River .................................................................................... 14 Lake Okeechobee................................................................................... 15 The Everglades...................................................................................... 16 Other Surface Water Features (by County) .................................................... 19 Major Rivers and Lakes ............................................................................ 22 Coastal Resources .................................................................................. 24 Barrier Islands....................................................................................... 24 Florida Keys ......................................................................................... 25 Coastal Ridge and Wetlands ...................................................................... 25 Estuarine Systems .................................................................................. 25 Threatened and Endangered Species............................................................ 34 Protection of Natural Systems.................................................................... 37 Wetlands............................................................................................. 37 Uplands .............................................................................................. 39 Estuaries ............................................................................................. 41 Ecosystem Protection Programs.................................................................. 42 Land Resources Programs ......................................................................... 47 Modeling and Scientific Support ................................................................. 50 Environmental Water Needs ...................................................................... 51 Water Needs of Coastal Resources .............................................................. 51 Water Needs of the Inland Environment........................................................ 52 Regional Restoration Efforts...................................................................... 57 History of the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project ........................ 57 Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan................................................... 58 Consolidated Water Supply Plan Support Document | i Feasibility Studies .................................................................................. 61 Lake Okeechobee Protection Program .......................................................... 69 Lake Okeechobee & Estuary Recovery .......................................................... 69 Other South Florida Restoration Projects ...................................................... 70 Best Management Practices....................................................................... 75 Surface Water Improvement and Management Program ..................................... 77 Chapter 3: Water Conservation and Water Source Options ...................................... 79 Roles in Regional Water Supply Plans ........................................................... 80 Florida Water Conservation Initiative........................................................... 80 Water Conservation ................................................................................ 90 Mandatory Water Conservation Measures ...................................................... 91 Supplementary Water Conservation Measures ................................................. 98 Water Source Options – Supply Management..................................................102 Water Source Option Cost Information ........................................................102 Cost Study ..........................................................................................104 Groundwater Sources .............................................................................104 Reclaimed Water ..................................................................................107 Seawater............................................................................................112 Storage..............................................................................................114 Surface Water......................................................................................119 Stormwater Reuse.................................................................................120 Utility Interconnections ..........................................................................120 Chapter 4: Water Supply Regulation................................................................123 Water Protection and Sustainability Program.................................................123 Consumptive Use Permitting ....................................................................124 Water Resource Protection Standards .........................................................126 Regional Water Availability Rule................................................................126 Wetland Protection Standards...................................................................128 Water Reservations ...............................................................................129 Minimum Flows and Levels.......................................................................130 Maximum Developable Limits ...................................................................131 Water Shortage Plan ..............................................................................131 Water Conservation Program ....................................................................132 Chapter 5: Water Quality and Treatment .........................................................135 Water Quality Standards .........................................................................135 Drinking Water Standards ........................................................................135 Nonpotable Water Standards ....................................................................135 Groundwater Contamination and Impacts to Water Supply ................................136 Groundwater Contamination Sources ..........................................................136 Impacts to Water Supply .........................................................................140 Water Treatment Technologies .................................................................140 Potable Water Treatment Facilities............................................................140 ii | Table of Contents Disinfection.........................................................................................141 Aeration............................................................................................. 143 Coagulation, Flocculation and Sedimentation ................................................144 Filtration............................................................................................145 Lime Softening.....................................................................................146 Membrane Processes..............................................................................147 Electrodialysis and Electrodialysis Reversal...................................................150 Distillation..........................................................................................151 Wastewater Treatment Technologies ..........................................................151 Wastewater Treatment Facilities...............................................................151 Advanced Secondary Treatment ................................................................ 152 Advanced Wastewater Treatment ..............................................................153 Chapter 6: Kissimmee Basin Planning Area ........................................................155 Plan Boundaries....................................................................................155
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