3.1 Wildlife Habitat
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1 Acknowledgements The Conservancy of Southwest Florida gratefully acknowledges the Policy Division staff and interns for their help in compiling, drafting, and revising the first Estuaries Report Card , including Jennifer Hecker, the report’s primary author. In addition, the Conservancy’s Science Division is gratefully acknowledged for its thorough review and suggestions in producing the finished report. The Conservancy would also like to thank Joseph N. Boyer, Ph. D. (Associate Director and scientist from Florida International University – Southeast Environmental Research Center), Charles “Chuck” Jacoby, Ph. D. (Estuarine Ecology Specialist from the University of Florida), S. Gregory Tolley, Ph. D. (Professor of Marine Science and Director of the Coastal Watershed Institute from Florida Gulf Coast University) as well as Lisa Beever, Ph. D. (Director of the Charlotte Harbor National Estuary Program) for their review and/or support of this first edition of the Estuaries Report Card. In addition, special thanks goes to the Charlotte Harbor National Estuary Program for its generous financial contribution to the 2005 report. The Conservancy thanks the following for their generous financial support in making this report possible: Anonymous supporter (1); Banbury Fund; Elizabeth Ordway Dunn Foundation; and The Stranahan Foundation Photo Credits: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Department of Commerce, cover image South Florida Water Management District, pages 4, 6, 23, 36, 41, 63, 105, 109, 117, 147, 166, 176 The recommendations listed herein are those of the Conservancy of Southwest Florida and do not necessarily reflect the view of our report sponsors. © 2005 Conservancy of Southwest Florida, Inc. The Conservancy of Southwest Florida is a non-profit organization. Since 1964, the Conservancy of Southwest Florida has provided education programs, scientific research, and policy advocacy to preserve Southwest Florida’s natural environment and our quality of life. Each and every citizen has the power to make a difference in his or her daily life and to get involved. To restore and protect the region’s estuaries, the Conservancy suggests the following actions: • make careful choices in everyday living to reduce the input of pollutants into our environment and waterways • encourage elected officials to implement water resource policy initiatives that will improve water quality in our region and ensure a sufficient supply of clean water for the environment as well as for anthropogenic needs The mission of the Conservancy of Southwest Florida: Preserving Southwest Florida’s natural environment… now and forever. For more information about the Conservancy of Southwest Florida, please visit our website at http://www.conservancy.org or write to us at: Conservancy of Southwest Florida – Policy Division 1450 Merrihue Drive Naples, FL 34102 i Table of Contents 1. Background .............................................................................................. 1 2. Estuaries Included in Estuaries Report Card ......................................... 3 3. Indicators of Estuarine Health .............................................................. 19 4. Methodology ............................................................................................ 31 5. Report Card Grades and Conclusions.................................................. 36 Appendices A. Summary of Data for Indicators of Estuarine Health Proposed for Future Estuaries Report Card............................................................ 58 B. Percentage of Wetland Remaining for each Estuary Watershed.......................................................................................... 105 C. Percentage of Conservation Lands in each Estuary Watershed ..... 108 D. Water Quality: Parameters of Impairment for each Estuary Watershed.......................................................................................... 115 E. Water Quality: Calculation of Percentage of Impairment for Each Estuary Watershed................................................................. 156 F. Hydrology Information for Each Estuary Watershed...................... 178 G. Scoring with Collier Estuaries Based on FDEP Basin Boundaries ....................................................................................... 187 Literature Cited ....................................................................................... 194 ii Commonly Used Acronyms • ABM – Estero Bay Agency on Bay Management • CHNEP – Charlotte Harbor National Estuary Program • CREW – Corkscrew Regional Ecosystem Watershed • CWA – Clean Water Act • DEP – Department of Environmental Protection • EPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency • FDEP – Florida Department of Environmental Protection • FLUCCS – Florida Land Use and Cover and Forms Classification System • FNAI – Florida Natural Areas Inventory • IWR – Impaired Waters Rule • MFLs – Minimum Flow Levels • OFW – Outstanding Florida Waters • RB NERR – Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve • SAV – Submerged Aquatic Vegetation • SFWMD – South Florida Water Management District • STORET – EPA’s Environmental Database for Water Quality • SWFFS – Southwest Florida Feasibility Study • SWIM – Surface Water Improvement and Management • SWFWMD – Southwest Florida Water Management District • TMDL – Total Maximum Daily Load • USACOE – U.S. Army Corps of Engineers • WBID – Water Body Identification Number iii 1 BACKGROUND Southwest Florida is home to some of the most beautiful and productive estuaries in the world. Mangrove estuaries, which dominate this region, are nurseries of the sea, providing valuable habitat for juvenile fish and shellfish. Nowhere in the nation is the link between estuarine habitat and fish production more obvious than in the Gulf of Mexico: ninety-five percent of the commercially and recreationally important species that inhabit the Gulf of Mexico use estuaries or bays during some portion of their life cycle.1 Mangroves are an essential “Florida’s estuarine, coastal and marine systems produce over component of Florida’s estuaries. $5 billion in fisheries and wildlife resources each year, buffer They function as land stabilizers, coastal areas from storms, absorb pollutants and provide prevent coastal erosion, protect our homes from the winds that amenities for coastal settlement, trade and tourism, including accompany tropical storms and over 1 million boaters and divers per year. Hundreds of provide habitat for a variety of thousands of acres of seagrass meadows, salt marsh grasses organisms. These forests act as a and mangrove forests are critical habitats for sea trout, nursery and breeding ground for redfish, oysters and blue crabs, and a total of 80%–90% of the many organisms and serve as a 2 starting place on the food web as state’s commercial and recreational fishery species.” falling organic material creates a nutrient source for plankton and Each estuary is part of a larger watershed that encompasses algae. Most mangrove loss can be surrounding wetlands, rivers and streams that feed into that linked directly or indirectly to human estuary. For this reason, it is necessary to examine the entire impact, specifically the development watershed as a whole when analyzing the health of estuarine of coastal areas and hydrologic alteration as wetlands are dredged, systems. All of the sewage treatment plants, faulty septic filled, created and destroyed. tanks, and storm drains that discharge from these coastal -Odum and McIver, 1990; watersheds end up in estuarine systems and place critical Turner and Lewis, 1997 habitats and biological communities at risk. These critical estuarine habitats are rapidly being degraded as the coastal human population increases exponentially. Nationally, coastal counties are now home to more than half of the U.S. population, and it is predicted that another 15 million people will live along the U.S. coastline by 2015. This growth is dramatic in Southwest Florida, where the population of Collier County increased from approximately 16,000 in 1960 to more than 250,000 in 2000, with the Naples Metropolitan area having the second-fastest growth rate in the nation during the 1990s. Lee County’s population increased seven-fold from 1960 to 2000. 3 Extensive land development is the primary threat to estuarine systems in Southwest Florida, with impacts from direct 1 destruction of estuarine habitats as well as from upstream drainage projects that disrupt the timing and amount of freshwater flow into estuaries. Pollution is significantly degrading the water quality. The Pew Ocean Commission Report found that two-thirds of our estuaries and bays were moderately or severely degraded by nutrient run- off (nitrogen and phosphorous compounds) from lawns, golf courses, and farm fields. 4 Several Southwest Florida estuaries and their tributaries have been designated as “impaired” by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) as a result of nutrient pollution, meaning that they do not meet the water quality standard for them to maintain their basic designated use – whether that be fishing, swimming, or for shellfish harvesting.5 The Conservancy of Southwest Florida is dedicated to protecting and conserving the natural environment of Southwest Florida. One of our primary goals is the protection of estuaries and coastal waters through strategic advocacy, scientific research, and action-oriented public education. Creating a sustained public will to protect and restore these estuaries