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For the ’s eponymous debut , see The Red was replaced after a few weeks by of Jane’s Hot Chili Peppers (album). Addiction for their subsequent album, “RHCP” redirects here. For right handed circularly (1995). Although commercially successful, the album polarized waves, see Polarization (waves). failed to match the critical or popular acclaim of , selling less than half as much as its pre- [2] Red Hot Chili Peppers (also sometimes shortened to decessor. Navarro was fired from the band in 1998. Frusciante, fresh out of , rejoined the "The Chili Peppers" or abbreviated as "RHCP") are an American formed in in 1983. band that same year at ’s request. The reunited The group’s musical style primarily consists of rock with quartet returned to the studio to record Californication an emphasis on , as well as elements from other (1999), which became the band’s biggest commercial suc- genres such as and . When cess with 16 million copies worldwide. That album was played live, their music incorporates elements of jam followed three years later by (2002), and then band due to the improvised nature of much of their per- four years later by the double album formances. Currently, the band consists of founding (2006), their first number one album in America. Af- members (vocals) and Flea (bass), long- ter a world tour, the group went on an extended hiatus. time drummer , and guitarist Josh Klinghof- Frusciante announced he was amicably leaving the band fer, who joined in late 2009, replacing . in 2009 to focus on his solo career. Josh Klinghoffer, Red Hot Chili Peppers have won seven Grammy Awards, who had worked both as a sideman for the band on their and have become one of the best-selling bands of all time, Stadium Arcadium tour and on Frusciante’s solo projects, selling over 80 million records worldwide.[1] In 2012, joined as lead guitarist shortly after Frusciante’s depar- they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. ture and the band spent the next year and a half recording their tenth studio album, I'm with You, which was released The band’s original line-up featured guitarist Hillel Slo- in 2011 and topped the charts in 18 different countries vak and drummer , alongside Kiedis and Flea. and included a world tour which lasted until April 2013. Because of commitments to other bands, Slovak and The band quickly followed up that tour a month later with Irons did not play on the band’s debut album, The Red another tour lasting into mid-2014 and that included an Hot Chili Peppers (1984). Cliff Martinez was the drum- appearance with as a part of the halftime mer for the first two records (Irons played on the third), performance at Super Bowl XLVIII, a performance that and guitarist played on the first. Slovak was viewed by a record 115.3 million viewers. The band performed on the second and third by the band, started recording their eleventh studio album in January (1985) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan 2015 with producer replacing longtime (1987); he died of a overdose in 1988. As a re- producer however due to an injury suffered sult of the death of his friend, drummer Irons chose to by Flea, production was delayed for over six months and depart from the group. Parliament-Funkadelic guitarist resumed in August 2015. The album is expected to be DeWayne McKnight was brought in to replace Slovak, released in 2016. though his tenure was short and he was replaced by Frus- ciante in 1988. Former drummer D.H. Peligro was brought in to replace Irons. his tenure, too, was short and he was replaced by Chad Smith that same 1 History year. The line-up of Flea, Kiedis, Frusciante and Smith was the longest-lasting, and recorded five studio albums starting with 1989’s Mother’s Milk. In 1990, the group 1.1 Early history (1983–1984) signed with Warner Bros. Records and, under producer Rick Rubin, recorded the album Blood Sugar Sex Magik Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by (1991), which became the band’s first commercial suc- Fairfax High School classmates singer Anthony Kiedis, cess. Frusciante grew uncomfortable with the success of guitarist , Flea and drummer Jack [3] the band and left abruptly in 1992, in the middle of the Irons. Originally going under the band name of Tony Blood Sugar Sex Magik Tour. Flow and the Majestic Masters of Mayhem, their first per- formance was at the Rhythm Lounge club to a crowd of After recruiting guitarist Arik Marshall to complete the approximately 30 people, opening for Gary and Neigh- tour, Kiedis, Flea, and Smith employed , who bor’s Voices.[4] They “wrote” for the occasion, which in-

1 2 1 HISTORY

volved the band improvising music while Kiedis rapped ing it was overly polished and as if it had “gone through a a poem he had written called “Out in L.A.”.[5] At the sterilizing Goody Two-shoes machine”.[13] The album in- time, Slovak and Irons were already committed to an- cluded backing vocals by Gwen Dickey, the singer for the other group, What Is This? however, the performance successful 70’s -funk group, and horns was so lively, that the band was asked to return the fol- arraglements doned by Patrick English (), Kenny lowing week.[4] Due to this unexpected success, the band Flood (tenor sax) and ().[14] The changed its name to The Red Hot Chili Peppers, play- band embarked on a grueling tour during which they per- ing several more shows at various LA clubs and musical formed sixty shows in sixty four days. During the tour, venues. Six songs from these initial shows were on the continuing musical and lifestyle tension between Kiedis band’s first demo tape.[6] and Sherman complicated the transition between and daily band life.[15] When the tour ended in October In November 1983, manager Lindy Goetz struck a seven album deal with EMI America and . Two 1984, Sherman was fired. Hillel Slovak, who had just quit What Is This?, would re-join the band in early 1985.[16] weeks earlier however, What Is This? had also obtained a record deal with MCA. Slovak and Irons still consid- ered The Red Hot Chili Peppers as only a side project 1.2 Building a following and Slovak’s and so in December 1983 they quit to focus on What Is This?. Instead of dissolving the band, Kiedis and Flea re- death (1985–1988) cruited new members.[7] Cliff Martinez, a friend of Flea’s and member from the punk band, , was the George Clinton produced the next album, Freaky Styley new replacement for Irons. The band held auditions for (1985). Clinton combined various elements of punk and [17] a new guitarist but decided after a few practices that funk into the band’s repertoire, allowing their music Weirdos guitarist Dix Denney didn't fit. Kiedis described to incorporate a variety of distinct styles. The band of- the two final candidates, Mark Nine and Jack Sherman, ten indulged in heavy heroin use while recording the al- respectively as a “hip avant-garde art school refugee” and bum, which influenced the lyrics and musical direction [18] a nerd looking guy with a combed-back Jewfro with an of the album. The band had a much better relation- [19] unknown background. Musically Sherman clicked right ship with Clinton than with Gill, but Freaky Styley, away with Flea and Martinez and was hired as Slovak’s released on August 16, 1985, also achieved little suc- replacement.[8] cess, failing to make an impression on any chart. The subsequent tour was also considered unproductive by the band.[20][21][22] Despite the lack of success, the band was satisfied with Freaky Styley; Kiedis reflected, that “it so surpassed anything we thought we could have done that we were thinking we were on the road to enormity.”[23] The band appeared in the 1986 movie Thrashin' (directed by David Winters and starring Josh Brolin) playing the song “Blackeyed Blonde” from Freaky Styley. During this time the band also appeared in the movie starring Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas performing the song “Set It Straight” at a Los Angeles nightclub.[24] In the spring of 1986, the band decided to begin work on their upcoming album. EMI gave the band a budget of $5,000 to record a demo tape, and the band chose to Founding guitarist Hillel Slovak performing in , work with producer , because he shared the Pennsylvania in 1983. band’s interest in drugs.[25] Levene and Slovak decided to put aside $2,000 of the budget to spend on heroin and The band released their eponymous debut album, The , which created tension between the band mem- Red Hot Chili Peppers on August 10, 1984. Though the bers. Martinez' “heart was no longer in the band”, but he album did not set sales records, airplay on college radio did not quit, so Kiedis and Flea fired him.[26] After the and MTV helped to build a fan base,[9] and the album firing of Martinez in April 1986, original drummer Jack ultimately sold 300,000 copies. Gang of Four guitarist Irons rejoined the band to Kiedis, Flea, and Slovak’s great , who produced the album “didn't embrace [the surprise, which marked the first time all four founding band’s] musical aesthetic or ideology”, argued constantly members were together since 1983. During the recording with the band over the record’s sound.[10] Kiedis recalled, and subsequent tour of Freaky Styley, Kiedis and Slovak that “Andy’s thing was having a hit at all costs, but it was were dealing with debilitating heroin addictions. Due to such a mistake to have an agenda.”[11] Despite the mis- his addiction, Kiedis “didn't have the same drive or desire givings of Kiedis and Flea, Gill pushed the band to play to come up with ideas or lyrics” and appeared at rehearsal with a cleaner, crisper, more radio-friendly sound.[12] The “literally asleep”.[27] He was briefly kicked out of the band band was disappointed in the record’s overall sound, feel- after the tour, and given a month to rehabilitate. 1.3 Successful new line-up (1988–1989) 3

The band won the LA Weekly “Band of the Year Award,” 1.3 Successful new line-up (1988–1989) which prompted Kiedis to get clean in order to continue making music. He called his mother in for guidance, who sent him to drug rehabilitation.[28] After Kiedis completed his stint in rehab, he felt a “whole new wave of enthusiasm” due to his sobriety and wrote the lyrics to "" on the plane ride home.[29] He rejoined Red Hot Chili Peppers in Los Angeles to record the group’s next album, The Uplift Mofo Party Plan (1987).[30] The Chili Peppers attempted to hire Rick Rubin to produce their third album, but he declined. The band eventually hired , the band’s last choice.[31] Kiedis sat down with producer Michael Beinhorn to discuss the recording of the album; Kiedis planned to record the album in ten days and write the songs during the recording sessions.[32] Songs began to form quickly, and the album took shape, blending the same funk feel and rhythms as Freaky Styley, with a harder, more immediate approach to punk rock. The album was recorded in the basement of the Building.[33] The recording process for the al- bum was difficult; Kiedis would frequently disappear to Chad Smith became the band’s drummer through open auditions seek drugs.[34] After fifty days of sobriety, Kiedis decided in November 1988 replacing D.H. Peligro. to take drugs again to celebrate his new music. His drug use “made a mess of the early recording process”, but the After losing two of the original band members, Flea band still had an enjoyable time recording the album.[33] and Kiedis started looking for to fill those The band was musically inspired by the return of their spots. Shortly after Irons departure they chose as Slovak’s original drummer Jack Irons, who added “such an impor- replacement DeWayne “Blackbyrd” McKnight, former tant and different element to our chemistry.”[35] Slovak member of Parliament-Funkadelic and who at one point helped Kiedis record his vocals on the album. In between briefly filled in for Slovak, when he was temporarily fired. takes, Slovak would run around the studio out of excite- D. H. Peligro of the punk rock outfit Dead Kennedys re- ment and say “This is the most beautiful thing we've ever placed Irons. Kiedis and Flea had been friends of Peli- done.”[36] gro for many years and even had a joke band together called Three Little Butt Hairs. With a new lineup set, On September 29, 1987, The Uplift Mofo Party Plan Kiedis decided to enter rehab to fix his drug problem. was released, becoming their first album to appear on Kiedis entered a rehab facility in Van Nuys called ASAP. any chart. Although it peaked at only No. 148 on the After two weeks into Kiedis’ rehab he was taken by his [37] , this was a significant success compared counselor, Bob Timmons, to finally visit Slovak’s grave. to the first two. During this period however, Kiedis and Kiedis had no desire to be there, however Timmons urged [38] Slovak had both developed serious drug addictions, him to talk to Slovak. Within minutes, Kiedis had opened often abandoning the band, each other, and their signif- up and could not stop crying. Thirty days later, Kiedis icant others for days on end. Slovak’s addiction led to left rehab and was ready to resume his career with the his death on June 25, 1988, not long after the conclu- band. Three dates into the tour, McKnight was fired, be- [39] sion of the Uplift tour. Kiedis fled the city and did not cause the chemistry wasn't there with the other three[42] attend Slovak’s funeral (referenced in the song “This Is McKnight was with the band however long enough to the Place”), considering the situation to be surreal and record one song, “Blues For Meister”, a song sung by [40] dreamlike. After returning to L.A. following his de- Flea. McKnight was so unhappy about being fired he parture after Slovak’s death, Kiedis, Flea, Irons and man- threatened to burn down Kiedis’ house.[43] ager Lindy Goetz had a meeting to figure out what to do next. Irons decided he had to leave the group, say- Shortly after McKnight’s firing, Peligro introduced ing that he did not want to be part of a group where his Kiedis and Flea to a young teenage guitarist named John friends were dying. Irons, who would battle through years Frusciante. Kiedis actually had met Frusciante a year ear- of depression, went on to become a member of lier outside of one of the band’s shows. Frusciante was band many years later.[41] With Slo- originally directed to audition for the band Thelonious vak dead, Irons quitting, Kiedis and Flea debated whether Monster, however Kiedis said right away he knew, that they should continue making music, but ultimately de- Frusciante was going to be in his band. An avid Red Hot cided to move ahead, hoping to continue what Slovak Chili Peppers fan, Frusciante was, according to Flea, “a “helped build”.[41] really talented and knowledgeable . He [Frus- ciante] knows all the shit I don't know. I basically know 4 1 HISTORY nothing about music theory and he’s studied it to death, Unlike the stop-start sessions for The Uplift Mofo Party inside and out. He’s a very disciplined musician—all he Plan (1987), where Kiedis would frequently disappear to cares about are his and his cigarettes.”[44] Frus- seek drugs, pre-production for Mother’s Milk (1989) went ciante performed his first show with the band on Septem- smoothly. The band recorded basic tracks during March ber 17, 1988. The new lineup started right away writing and early April 1989 at Hully Gully studios in Silver Lake; music for the next album and went on a short tour dubbed songs like "" were formed from jam ses- the Turd Town Tour although in November, Kiedis and sions without any input from returning producer Michael Flea felt the need to fire drummer Peligro due to his own Beinhorn.[46] Although there had been stress and con- various drug and alcohol problems. Much like McKnight, flict during the recording of other Chili Peppers albums, Peligro didn't take the news well. It was Flea’s turn to do the Mother’s Milk sessions were especially uncomfortable the firing and it was worse than the band could have imag- due to Beinhorn’s incessant desire to create a hit. Fr- ined. Flea stayed in bed for days after making the tough usciante and Kiedis were frustrated with the producer’s decision. Years later Kiedis said firing Peligro was one attitude.[47] In April 1989, the Chili Peppers embarked of the toughest things the band ever had to do, however on a short tour to break in the new lineup.[46] Kiedis became a major part of Peligro’s road to sobriety, Released on August 16, 1989, Mother’s Milk peaked at which began right after he was fired. number 52 on the U.S. Billboard 200.[37] The record The Chili Peppers were again without a drummer and failed to chart in the United Kingdom and Europe, were forced to hold open auditions. Denise Zoom, a but climbed to number 33 in Australia.[48] "Knock Me friend of the band suggested Chad Smith, claiming he was Down" reached number six on the U.S. the best drummer she had ever seen, that he ate drums for Tracks whereas "Higher Ground" charted at number breakfast. The band agreed to audition Smith, however eleven;[49] the latter of the two ultimately proved to be he was late and the last to audition. Kiedis recalled the more successful, however, by influencing foreign charts first time he saw Smith by saying “I spied this big lum- at number fifty-four in the UK and forty-five in Aus- mox walking down the street with a really bad Guns N' tralia and France.[50][51] Mother’s Milk was certified gold Roses hairdo and clothes that were not screaming I've got by the Recording Industry Association of America in late style”. Smith was a six-foot three-inch tall drummer who, March 1990—it is now certified platinum—and was the according to Flea, “lit a fire under our asses”. From the first Chili Peppers album to ship in excess of 500,000 moment they started jamming, Smith and Flea instantly units.[52] clicked. The band knew they had their guy. Smith was a hard-hitting musician the Chili Peppers believed they would create a strong relationship with. Kiedis later said 1.4 Breakthrough, international fame and the audition with Smith “left the band in a state of fren- Frusciante’s first departure (1990– zied laughter, that we couldn't shake out of for a half an hour”. Smith was so much different from the other three. 1992) Kiedis, Flea and Frusciante were heavily influenced by the punk rock, where Smith’s taste in heavy metal mu- In 1990, after the success of Mother’s Milk, the group de- sic and biker appearance went against their punk rock cided they had enough with EMI and entered a major views. Kiedis informed Smith he would be hired on one label bidding war ultimately signing with Warner Bros. condition. As an initiation to the band, Smith had to Records and hired Rick Rubin to produce their then- cut his long heavy metal looking haircut. Smith untitled fifth album. Rubin would go on to produce five of though Kiedis wasn't about to argue with the much larger the band’s subsequent studio albums, but originally turned Smith.[45] Smith was hired as the band’s fourth drummer the band down in 1987 because of Anthony’s and Hillel’s on December 3, 1988. drug problems. This time, in 1990, Rubin felt the band was in a better place and much more focused. The writ- ing process for this album was far more productive than it had been for Mother’s Milk, with Kiedis stating, "[every day], there was new music for me to lyricize”.[53] The band spent six months recording a new album, with long periods of rehearsal, songwriting, and incubating ideas. However, Rubin was dissatisfied with a regular recording studio, thinking the band would work better in a less orthodox setting, believing it would enhance their creative output. Rubin suggested the mansion magician once lived in, to which they agreed. A crew was hired to set up a recording studio and other equipment required for production in the house. The band decided that they would remain inside the mansion Chili Peppers in Amsterdam (Aug. 1989) for the duration of recording, though Smith, convinced 1.5 Transitional period (1993–1997) 5

the location was haunted, refused to stay.[54] He would, Arik Marshall, of Los Angeles band Marshall Law, was instead, come each day by motorcycle.[54][55] Frusciante hired to replace Frusciante and the band headlined the agreed with Smith, and said “There are definitely ghosts festival in 1992. Marshall would also ap- in the house”, but unlike Smith, Frusciante felt they were pear in the music videos for "", "If You “very friendly. We [the band] have nothing but warm Have to Ask" and on fourth season finale, vibes and happiness everywhere we go in this house.”[56] "Krusty Gets Kancelled". Rubin is the current owner of the studio known as The In September 1992, the Peppers, with Marshall, per- Mansion. During production, the band agreed to let Flea’s formed “Give It Away” at the MTV Video Music Awards. brother-in-law document the creative process on film.[54] The band was nominated for seven awards including When the album’s recording was complete, the Chili Pep- Video of the Year (which they did not obtain), however pers released the film, titled . The band was they did manage to win three other awards, including unable to decide on the title of the album, but to Ru- Viewer’s Choice. On February 24, 1993, the band, along bin, one particular song title stuck out: "Blood Sugar Sex with George Clinton & the P.Funk All-Stars and Weapon Magik". Although it was not a featured song, Rubin be- [57] of Choice, performed “Give It Away” at the Grammy lieved it to be “clearly the best title”. Awards, a song which won the band their first Grammy On September 24, 1991, Blood Sugar Sex Magik was re- later that evening. The performance marked the end of leased. "Give It Away" was released as the first single; the Blood Sugar Sex Magik tour and Marshall’s final per- it eventually became one of the band’s biggest and most formance with the band. The band had planned to be- well known songs, winning a Grammy Award in 1992 for gin a follow-up to Blood Sugar Sex Magik with Marshall. “Best Hard Rock Performance With Vocal” and became However, when it came time to play music, Marshall was the band’s first number one single on the Modern Rock always busy, so the band decided that Marshall failed to chart[49][58] fit with their future plans and he was dismissed. The ballad "" was released as a second With Marshall gone, the band decided to hold open au- single, and went on to reach No. 2 on the Billboard Hot ditions (which they considered a huge mess), but which 100 chart,[49] the highest the band has reached on that however did lead to an encounter with . The chart as of 2011,[49] and became one of the band’s most band enjoyed his rehearsal even though he claimed to recognizable songs. Other singles such as "Breaking the have never heard of them; Flea felt he didn't fit the feel of Girl" and "" also charted well. the band.[62] Still without a guitarist, Kiedis was out one The album sold over 12 million copies.[59] Blood Sugar night at a local club and spotted Jesse Tobias of the Los Sex Magik was listed at number 310 on the Angeles -based band Mother Tongue. Kiedis felt like he magazine list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, had the right vibe for the band and he was recruited to and in 1992 it rose to No. 3 on the U.S. album charts, be the new guitarist after a few auditions. However, his almost a year after its release. tenure with the band did not last long, with the rest of the band stating that “the chemistry wasn't right”.[63] It was at The unexpected success instantly turned Red Hot Chili this same time that Smith informed the band that Navarro Peppers into rock stars. Frusciante was blindsided by his was now ready to join the band. When offered the spot newfound fame, and struggled to cope with it. Soon after this time he accepted.[64] the album’s release, he began to develop a dislike for the band’s popularity and personal problems between Kiedis and Frusciante began to unfold. Kiedis recalled that he 1.5 Transitional period (1993–1997) and Frusciante used to get into heated discussions back- stage after : “John would say, 'We're too popular. Navarro first appeared with the band at '94. I don't need to be at this level of success. I would just be The band opened their set wearing enormous light bulb proud to be playing this music in clubs like you guys were costumes attached precariously to chrome metallic suits, doing two years ago.'"[60] The final dates with Frusciante making it near-impossible for them to play their instru- were a mess and Frusciante was so disconnected from the ments. Navarro hated the idea but went with it. The per- group, often changing the way he played on certain songs, formance saw the debut of new songs such as “Warped”, which further got under Kiedis’ skin. Unknown to oth- “Aeroplane”, and “Pea” although the songs were in the be- ers, Frusciante was also starting his own drug habit at the ginning stages and the lyrics were very different from the time and was shutting himself off from everyone except final versions. The band followed up their performance for his girlfriend. Frusciante abruptly quit the band hours at Woodstock with a brief tour, which included head- before a show during the Blood Sugar Japanese tour in lining appearances at the and Reading Festi- May 1992.[3][61] The band reached out to Dave Navarro, vals as well two performances as the opening act for had just split from Jane’s Addiction, but who was Rolling Stones. According to Kiedis, however, opening involved in his own personal drug battles. The group for the Stones was a horrible experience.[65] While ex- held rehearsals with , though after a few ternally, the band appeared to be settled, the relation- days they decided he wasn't the right fit either. Guitarist ship between the three established members and Navarro had begun to deteriorate.[66] His differing musical back- 6 1 HISTORY

“Pea”. Navarro’s only album with the band was One Hot Minute, released on September 12, 1995 after many delays and setbacks. Navarro’s guitar work had created a stylistic departure in the band’s sound, which was now character- ized by prominent use of heavy metal guitar riffs and hints of psychedelic rock.[69] The band described the album as a darker, sadder record compared to their previous mate- rial, which was not as universally well-received as Blood Sugar Sex Magik.[67] Many of the lyrics written by Kiedis were drug-related, including the lead single, "Warped,” which left Kiedis stunned that nobody else in the band picked up on his lyrics that he was using again. Broken re- lationships and deaths of friends and family also played a major role in the album’s darker tone and lyrics. The bal- lad, “Tearjerker,” was written about , while “Transcending”, which was written by Flea, was about longtime friend, ; and the single "Shallow Be Thy Game" took shots at religion. Despite mixed re- views, the album was a commercial success. Selling eight million copies worldwide,[70] it spawned the band’s third No.1 single, the ballad "My Friends", and enjoyed chart success with the songs “Warped” and "Aeroplane". This iteration of the band appeared on several soundtracks. “”, a cover, was featured on : A Tribute to John Lennon. The cover, "", was featured on the Dave Navarro (pictured) replaced Jesse Tobias as the band’s gui- Beavis and Butthead Do America soundtrack, and was re- tarist in 1993. leased as a single. The band began its tour for One Hot Minute in Europe on September 27, 1995 and played 16 shows. A US tour ground made performing difficult as they began playing was to follow but was postponed after Chad Smith broke [67] together, and continued to be an issue over the next his wrist. The band considered carrying on with the tour year. Navarro admitted he didn't care for funk music or even at one point considering Jack Irons as a replacement jamming. Kiedis was also struggling with his heroin ad- for Smith but there just wasn't enough time to rehearse diction; he had been through a dental procedure in Bev- with anyone new and the dates were rescheduled for early erly Hills, in which an addictive sedative, Valium, was 1996. The band spent most of 1996 playing shows in the used; this caused him to relapse, and he once again be- and Europe. By 1997, for the first time, came dependent on drugs, although the band would not the band cancelled many shows. Most of this was again [68] find this out until later. Navarro’s joining and Kiedis’s due to problems within the band. Flea at that point was continued drug addiction had a profound effect on the exhausted, tired of playing the same songs each night band and the subsequent sound of their next album, One and was seriously talking about quitting the band while Hot Minute (1995). With Frusciante no longer present for Kiedis had recently been involved in a motorcycle acci- [68] collaboration, songs were written at a far slower rate. dent which left one arm in a sling and created yet another Working with Frusciante had been something Kiedis took drug relapse due to his use of painkillers. Even Navarro for granted: “John had been a true anomaly when it came was back to using drugs. 1997 saw the band playing just to song writing. He made it even easier than Hillel to one show. This was at the very first Fuji create music, even though I'd known Hillel for years. I on July 26, 1997. A massive typhoon hit that day but just figured that was how all guitar players were, that you the band played anyway. They played through an 8 song showed them your lyrics and sang a little bit and the next set before having to cut the show short due to the storm. thing you knew you had a song. That didn't happen right This would be the final show with Navarro and due to [68] off the bat with Dave.” To compensate, Kiedis and Flea’s previous comments left many speculating if it was bassist Flea took several vacations together, during which the end of the band. entire songs were conceived and with Kiedis often absent from recording due to his drug problems or struggling to After making attempts to carry on with Navarro and come up with lyrics, Flea took a much bigger role in the record a follow-up to One Hot Minute things were not writing process; coming up with ideas for many songs in- working out and due to Navarro’s drug problems and lack cluding full lyrics and even lead on his own song, of effort in wanting to create new music and chemistry on 1.7 Continued success (2001–2007) 7 the road the band felt it was time to part ways. In April had not picked up a guitar in years. He had lost his 1998 it was announced that Navarro had left the band in a house fire from which he barely escaped,[72] due to creative differences; Kiedis stated that the deci- and experienced a difficult time resuming his prior life. sion was “mutual”.[71] Reports at the time, however, indi- The group began jamming in Flea’s garage and it didn't cated Navarro’s departure came after he attended a band take long for Frusciante to regain his talent, however, practice under the influence of drugs, which at one point and new songs began to roll out. Frusciante’s return re- involved him falling backwards over his own amp.[70] stored a key component of the Chili Peppers’ sound, as well as a healthy morale. He brought with him his deep devotion to music, which had an impact on the band’s 1.6 Return of Frusciante and new-found recording style during the sessions which produced their next album.[82] Frusciante has frequently stated that his popularity (1998–2001) work on Californication was his favorite.[82] On June 8, 1999, after more than a year of production and meticu- In the years following his departure from the band, it be- lous practice, Californication was released as the band’s came public that John Frusciante had developed a heroin seventh studio album. The album ultimately sold over [72] addiction, which left him in poverty and near death. 16 million copies and became the band’s most success- Frusciante had lost contact with most of his friends. How- ful recording to date.[83] Californication contained fewer ever, Flea always remained in contact, and he helped talk rap-driven songs than its predecessors, instead integrat- Frusciante into admitting himself to Las Encinas Drug ing textured, consistent, and melodic guitar riffs, vocals [73][74] Rehabilitation Center in January 1998. He con- and bass-lines.[84] The record produced three more num- cluded the process in February of that year and began ber one modern rock hits, "", "" and [75] renting a small apartment in Silver Lake. He acquired "Californication".[49] Californication gained positive crit- many injuries and problems in the years of his addiction, ical acceptance in contrast to its less popular predecessor, some requiring surgery, including permanent scarring on One Hot Minute, and was a greater success worldwide.[84] his arms, a restructured nose, and an oral infection, which While many critics credited the success of the album to led to his teeth being removed, and replaced with dental Frusciante’s return, they also noted that Kiedis’ vocals had [76][77] implants. also greatly improved.[85] It was later listed at number 399 After Navarro’s departure in early 1998, Red Hot Chili on the Rolling Stone magazine list of The 500 Greatest Peppers were on the verge of breaking up. Flea told Albums of All Time. Kiedis, “the only way I could imagine carrying on [with In July 1999, as part of the band’s two-year-long inter- Red Hot Chili Peppers] is if we got John back in the national world tour in support of their new album, Red [78] band.” Kiedis was surprised and thought there was no Hot Chili Peppers played at Woodstock 1999, which be- way Frusciante would ever want to work with him as the came infamous for the violence that resulted.[3][86] Some two still had unresolved personal problems from when Fr- 10 minutes before the show, they were asked by Jimi Hen- usciante quit in 1992. With Frusciante free of his addic- drix's stepsister to play a cover of her brother’s songs. Af- tions and ailments, Kiedis and Flea thought it was an ap- ter some hesitation due to not having performed the song propriate time to invite him back. In April 1998, when in years, the band decided to play his classic "Fire", which Flea visited him at his home and asked him to rejoin the they had covered on Mother’s Milk. Coincidentally, about band, Frusciante began sobbing and said “nothing would two thirds of the way into the band’s set, the closing set [75][79] make me happier in the world.” Flea decided to of the three-day concert, a small fire escalated into full- contact Anthony and have him meet with John to try and fledged vandalism and resulted in the intervention of riot resolve any personal problems that the two might have control squads.[87] The disruption escalated into violence had. Flea was relieved to find out that both had no bad when nearby property including ATMs and several semi- blood towards each other and were once again excited tractor trailers were looted and destroyed.[88][89] Kiedis to make music together. Within the week and, for the felt that “It was clear that this situation had nothing to do first time in six years, the reunited foursome jump-started with Woodstock anymore. It wasn't symbolic of peace [80] the newly reunited Red Hot Chili Peppers. Anthony and love, but of greed and cashing in ... We woke [81] Kiedis said of the situation: For me, that was the defin- up to papers and radio stations vilifying us for playing ing moment of what would become the next six years of 'Fire'.”[90] The tour also originated the band’s first con- our lives together. That was when I knew that this was the cert DVD, 2001’s Off the Map.[91] real deal, that the magic was about to happen again. Sud- denly we could all hear, we could all listen, and instead of being caught up in our finite little balls of bullshit, we 1.7 Continued success (2001–2007) could all become players in that great universal orchestra [80] again. The writing and formation of the band’s next album, By Despite the band’s elation, Frusciante was both mentally the Way began immediately following the culmination of and physically torn. Frusciante had not played with the Californication’s world tour, in the Spring of 2001. As band since his departure and other than his solo albums with Californication, much of the creation took place in 8 1 HISTORY the band members’ homes, and other locations of prac- on August 23, 2003. The band released their first tice, such as a recording studio stage.[92] Kiedis recalled full-length live album, Live in Hyde Park; recorded dur- of the situation: “We started finding some magic and ing their performances in Hyde Park, .[100] More some music and some riffs and some rhythms and some than 258,000 fans paid over $17,100,000 for tickets over jams and some grooves, and we added to it and subtracted three nights, a 2004 record; the event ranked No.1 on from it and pushed it around and put melodies to it.”[92] Billboard's Top Concert Boxscores of 2004.[101] Frusciante and Kiedis would collaborate for days straight, [93] In November 2003, the Chili Peppers released their discussing and sharing guitar progressions and lyrics. Greatest Hits album, which featured two new songs, For Kiedis, “writing By the Way ... was a whole differ- "" and "Save the Population".[102] The two ent experience from Californication. John was back to songs were selected out of sessions that generated fifteen himself and brimming with confidence.”[92] tracks[103] and Smith later said the band had hopes to use along with new compositions to create a full album after finishing the tour, but the idea was vetoed by Frusciante because his musical influences and styles had evolved and he wanted to do something new.[104] In 2006 the band released the Grammy Award–winning Stadium Arcadium produced by Rick Rubin. Although 38 songs were created with the intention of being released as three separate albums spaced six months apart,[105] the band instead chose to release a 28-track double album, and released nine of the ten as B–sides. It was their first album to debut at No. 1 on the US charts, where it stayed for two weeks, and debuted at number one in the UK and 25 other countries. Stadium Arcadium sold over seven [106] The band performing during the By the Way Tour. million units.

Before recording By the Way (2002), the Chili Peppers decided that they would again have Rick Rubin produce the album.[94] In the past, Rubin had given the band cre- ative freedom on their recording material; this was some- thing they thought essential for the album to be unique, and could only occur with his return.[95] Originally the album was headed in a much different direction than the final production. The album started out as a group of fast, songs, which Rubin rejected. Frusciante also wanted a darker, 1980s UK pop/new wave sound mixed in with 1980s hardcore. The recording process was tough for Flea, who felt like an outsider in the band and that his role was being diminished due to a musical power struggle with Frusciante.[96] Flea wanted to create more The band in 2006, featuring its long-time lineup: Flea, Kiedis, funk-inspired songs, while Frusciante felt that the band Smith, Frusciante had overused their funk side.[96] Flea considered quitting the band after the album, but the two eventually worked [97] The record’s first single, "Dani ", was the band’s out all their problems. fastest-selling single, debuting on top of the Modern Rock By the Way was released on July 9, 2002 and pro- chart in the U.S., peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot duced four singles; "By the Way", "", 100, and reaching No. 2 in the UK. "", "Can't Stop" and "Universally Speaking". The album released next, also topped the charts in 2006. " was their most subdued album to date, focusing primar- ((Hey Oh))" was released in late 2006, breaking multiple ily on melodic ballads as opposed to their classic rap- records by 2007. The song became their eleventh number driven funk. Frusciante also concentrated on a more lay- one single, giving the band a cumulative total of 81 weeks ered texture on many of the songs, often adding keyboard at number one. It was also the first time three consecutive parts, that featured low in the mix, and also writing string singles by the band made it to number one. "Desecration for songs such as “Midnight” and “Mi- Smile" was released internationally in February 2007 and nor Thing”.[98] The album was followed by an eighteen reached number 27 on the UK charts. "" month-long world tour.[99] The European leg of the By the was planned to be the next single for the US, Canada, Way tour produced the band’s second full-length concert and Australia only, but due to positive feedback from the DVD, Live at , recorded at Slane Castle in , it was released as a worldwide single in May 1.9 Klinghoffer replaces Frusciante and I'm with You (2010–2013) 9

2007. release a mainly instrumental solo record, that was be- ing recorded in his home; guest musicians include Patti The band began another world tour in support of Stadium [109] Arcadium in 2006, beginning with promotional concerts Smith and a choir from the Silverlake Conservatory. in Europe and culminating in a two-month-long European Flea also joined of in the super- group Atoms for Peace.[110] Frusciante continued his solo tour from late May to mid-July. During this tour Fr- [111] usciante’s friend and frequent musical collaborator Josh career and released his solo album, . Klinghoffer joined the touring band, contributing gui- Chad Smith worked with , , and tar parts, back up vocals, and keyboards. Klinghoffer’s Michael Anthony in the supergroup , as well as on his solo project, Chad Smith’s Bombastic Meat- presence allowed the live performances of songs to sound [112] more like the recorded versions, in which Frusciante laid bats. The band planned to remain on hiatus for “a minimum of one year”. down multiple tracks himself. The group toured North America from early August to early November, returning In October 2009 the band officially ended their hiatus and to Europe later in November for a second leg, that ran un- minus Frusciante, entered the studio to begin writing for til mid–December. The Chili Peppers began 2007 with their tenth studio album. The band was joined by Josh a second North American leg, this time including Mex- Klinghoffer, who to the public was still the band’s backup ico, from mid–January to mid–March. This was followed touring guitarist, although it was later confirmed, that he by April shows in various cities in Australia and New was already an official member and Frusciante’s replace- Zealand and concerts in Japan in early June. The Pep- ment with Frusciante having quit the band on July 29, pers concluded their tour with a third European leg from 2009. An official announcement on Frusciante’s depar- late June to late August. They appeared at the ture wasn't made until December 2009.[113] Frusciante concert at London’s Wembley Stadium on July 7, 2007. explained on his MySpace page, that there was no drama The band appeared at several festivals, including Den- or anger about him leaving the band this time, and that marks , Ireland’s in July 2006, the other members were very supportive and understand- Lollapalooza in August 2006 in Grant Park, Chicago, a ing. Frusciante said he felt his musical interests had led subsequent set at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts him in a different direction, and that he needed to fully Festival in Indio, California in late April 2007 and in Au- focus his efforts on his solo career.[114] gust 2007 they appeared as one of three headliners at the Reading and Leeds festivals along with and Smashing Pumpkins. 1.9 Klinghoffer replaces Frusciante and I'm with You (2010–2013) In February 2007, Stadium Arcadium won five Grammys: Best Rock Album, Best Rock Song (“”), The band, with Josh Klinghoffer on guitar, made their Best Rock Performance by a Duo Or Group With Vo- live comeback on January 29, 2010, paying tribute to Neil cal (“Dani California”), Best Boxed Or Special Limited Young with a cover of "A Man Needs a Maid" at Musi- Edition Package, and Best Producer (Rick Rubin).[58] Cares. After months of speculation, in February 2010 Rolling Stone’s '100 Best Albums of the Decade (2000– Klinghoffer was officially confirmed by Chad Smith as 2009)' included Stadium Arcadium at # 74. Frusciante’s full-time replacement.[115] The band officially began recording their tenth studio al- 1.8 Hiatus and Frusciante’s second depar- bum with producer Rick Rubin in September 2010. Ac- ture (2008–2009) cording to Rubin, the band recorded enough material to release a second double album, following Stadium Arca- Following the last leg of the Stadium Arcadium tour, the dium but ultimately decided not to. Rubin notes, “it was painful not to share all of the material that we had, but band members took an extended break. Kiedis attributed this to the band being worn out from their years of non- we felt it would be too much. We really wanted it to stop work since Californication (1999). The band’s only be twelve songs but it ended up being fourteen just be- recording during this time was in 2008 with George Clin- cause nobody could agree on which twelve.” The record- ton on his latest album George Clinton and His Gang- ing process lasted until March 2011. Many of the songs sters of Love. Accompanied by Kim Manning, the band were written between October 2009 and August 2010 and recorded a new version of Shirley and Lee’s classic "Let according to Flea around 60–70 songs were written in the ten months prior to entering the studio to record the the Good Times Roll". The song would become the last [116] song the band would record with Frusciante.[107] album. Kiedis, who had recently become a father, was looking In July 2011, the band kicked off a trio of invitation-only forward to the time off and taking care of his son Everly warm-up dates in California. These were the first shows the band played since August 2007 and their first official Bear and possibly creating a short television series called [117][118] Spider and Son,[108] which was set to recap his autobi- shows with Josh as their lead guitarist. ography. Flea began taking music theory classes at the I'm with You, the band’s tenth studio album was released University of Southern California, and revealed plans to in the United States in August 2011. The album topped 10 1 HISTORY

a surgery Kiedis went to resolve multiple foot injuries he had suffered through since the Stadium Arcadium tour. The first U.S. leg of the tour, including dates in Canada, kicked off in March 2012 and lasted into June, followed by summer shows in Europe, while the rest of the already scheduled U.S. dates took place in August and then from September through November 2012. Jack Irons and Cliff Martinez again joined the band during their August 12, 2012 performance of “Give it Away” in Los Angeles.[124] Following the I'm with You World Tour, the band set out on another small tour consisting mostly of festivals in the United States however the tour expanded to dates in South America as well for November. Flea along with Chili Peppers touring percussionist, spent the band’s break keeping busy with their side-project Atoms For Peace, who had many dates throughout the world scheduled from July to November 2013. The band was nominated for two MTV Europe Music Awards for Best Rock Band and Best Live Artist[125] and nominated for Best Group at the 2012 People’s Choice Awards[126] I'm with You was also nominated for a 2012 Grammy Award for Best Rock Album.[127] The band released 2011 Live EP on March 29, 2012. The EP a free five live song MP3 download through their web- Josh Klinghoffer (pictured), who acted as backup touring guitarist for the band in 2007, replaced John Frusciante in 2009 as the site. The five songs were selected by Chad Smith from band’s full-time guitarist. the band’s 2011 European live albums, which were re- leased for purchase through their website as well. On April 14, 2012, the band was inducted into the Rock the charts in 18 different countries although failed to pro- and Roll Hall of Fame. May 1, 2012 saw the release of vide the band with their second straight number one debut digital download only Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Covers in the U.S. The album was met with mostly positive re- EP which consisted of previously released studio and live views from the critics. The album’s first single, "The Ad- covers of artists, that influenced the band. In addition ventures of Rain Dance Maggie" was released a month to their newly released live performances, starting in Au- earlier and went on to become the band’s twelfth number gust 2012, the band started to put out a collection of sin- one hit single, topping their own record. was gles from the I'm With You Sessions. The singles, which tapped to direct the music video for the single, however contained two songs each and total 17 songs were made due to unknown reasons, the video shot by Kreayshawn available on 7” vinyl, digital download and CD. All of went unreleased and a second video directed by Marc the singles were eventually released together as I'm Be- Klasfeld was released in its place.[119][120] "Monarchy of side You LP on November 29, 2013 as a Record Store Roses", "Look Around" and "", re- Day exclusive. leased only in , followed as singles/music videos. The band wrapped up the I'm with You Tour in April "Brendan’s Death Song" would be the next single and re- 2013. The tour ranked 15th on Billboard 's “Top 25 leased during the summer of 2012.[121] Tours” list of 2012. Following the end of that tour, the The band kicked off a month long promotional tour in Au- band headed right back out on the road the next month for gust 2011 starting in Asia. On August 30, 2011, the band another lengthy tour which included their first ever shows appeared on movie screens throughout the world via satel- in , , the and . lite from Cologne, Germany performing the entire new album in sequence, minus “Even You Brutus” and adding “Give It Away” and “Me and My Friends”.[122] The band 1.10 Eleventh studio album (2014– officially kicked off the I'm with You Tour on September present) 11, 2011, the next day, on September 12, they played in Costa Rica. The tour is expected to last into 2013 The Chili Peppers joined Bruno Mars as performers at and be one of the band’s biggest to date. All shows from the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show on February 2, the upcoming world tour will be made available to pur- 2014, to which a record 115.3 million viewers tuned in. chase as downloads through LiveChiliPeppers.com.[123] The band’s performance was met with mixed reviews The North American leg of the tour, which was expected from fans, the media, and even musicians towards Flea to begin on January 19, 2012, had to be postponed due to and Klinghoffer for performing to pre-recorded music; 11

Flea responded that it was a NFL rule for bands to pre- bum however it still sounded like a Red Hot Chili Pep- record music due to time and technical issues, and that the pers album and that although he was unsure which songs band agreed because it was a once in a lifetime opportu- would make the final cut, having recorded many songs, nity. He said Kiedis’ vocals were completely live and the they were funky and good.[136] [128] band pre-recorded “Give it Away” during rehearsals. Flea commented on the album’s progress in mid- In June 2014 the band wrapped up a tour which began December 2015 and said that the album was finished in May 2013; since September 2011 they had played 158 musically however they were still waiting for Kiedis to shows on two tours, the longest span of touring in their track the vocals. Flea said the new album sounds very history without a real break. 2012-13 Live EP was re- emotional.[137] leased on July 1, 2014 through their website as a free download. Like the 2011 Live EP, five songs were se- lected by Chad Smith from the band’s tour as a way to announce the official conclusion of the tour. 2 Recognition and legacy On November 17, 2014, Kiedis gave an interview with KROQ where he announced that the band would be re- In October 2004, lead singer Anthony Kiedis released his turning to the studio in December to record their newly autobiography Scar Tissue. It tells his life story from birth written album. Kiedis said that he hoped for the album in 1962 until 2004. The book follows many major events to contain 13 songs, however it is likely they will “put for Kiedis such as growing up in Los Angeles, coming in 10 more songs on top of that”.[129] During a November contact with drugs at a young age, forming the band, and 21, 2014 interview with David Fricke, Kiedis confirmed the troubling drug addictions he experienced during his that Rick Rubin would not be producing the band’s next career.[138] record and for the first time since 1989 they would work In May 2009, Kiedis was honored with the Stevie Ray [130] with someone else. Vaughan Award at the fifth annual MusiCares event for Flea confirmed in January 2015 that Danger Mouse his dedication and support of the MusiCares MAP Fund would be replacing Rick Rubin as the producer on the and for his commitment to helping other addicts with the band’s next album.[131] The following month Flea suf- addiction and recovery process.[139] Kiedis’ fellow band fered a broken arm during a skiing trip which would delay members, minus Frusciante were on hand to pay tribute the recording of the album.[132] and under the name, 'The Insects’, Kiedis, Smith, Flea along with Ron Wood, Josh Klinghoffer and On March 17, 2015, the band released Cardiff, Wales: performed a brief set of cover songs.[140] 6/23/04, a full show for free MP3 download through their website. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 14, 2012 by actor/comedian , Flea announced on August 3, 2015 that after over six who is a longtime friend and fan of the band. The in- months, his broken arm has fully healed and production duction line-up was Kiedis, Flea, Smith, Klinghoffer, Fr- was about to resume on the band’s next album.[133] usciante, Slovak (who was represented by his brother Kiedis in an October 2015 interview with Rolling Stone James), Irons and Martinez. Frusciante did not attend gave an update on the band’s next album saying “We've the ceremony. Smith said “We asked him, he said, 'I'm been writing new music for the last year, and we’ve writ- just not really comfortable with that, but good luck and ten some songs that I feel are as good as any songs we’ve thanks for inviting me.' He’s the kind of guy, I think, ever written.” Kiedis also discussed working with new that once he’s finished with something he’s just on to the producer Danger Mouse saying “He’s very good about next phase of his life. The Chili Peppers are not really coming up with super-modern ideas, but he'll also touch on his radar right now.”[121] Despite recording one album on the acoustic guitar in the control room and strip the with the band, Dave Navarro and Jack Sherman were the song down to its acoustic essentials which is a beautiful only two former recording band members not inducted. place to be.”[134] Kiedis explained that Navarro, who appeared to be fine The band announced that they would be playing summer with not being included, was better suited for induction festivals in the United States and Europe starting in May as a member of Jane’s Addiction, the band he was best 2016 and which will mark the first tour in two years for known for. Sherman on the other hand was angry about the band.[135] not being included and spoke out about the band’s induc- tion blaming the band for not including him or Navarro by On November 29, 2015, Chad Smith gave a short in- saying he was told only original members, current mem- terview video to Red Hot Chili Family, a fan page on bers and those who played on multiple albums were el- saying that he expected the new album to be fin- igible for induction (although this has proven to not be ished in May or June 2016 in time for the festival dates. the case with other inductees). “It appeared to be a po- Smith said that compared to Rick Rubin, producer Dan- litically correct way of omitting Dave Navarro and I for ger Mouse was more involved in the musicial parts of the whatever reasons they have that are probably the band’s album and there was some different influences on the al- and not the Hall’s,” Sherman also said “It’s really painful 12 3 ACTIVISM

to see all this celebrating going on and be excluded. I'm cert in June 1996 in . They also performed not claiming that I've brought anything other to the band at the June 1998 Washington DC concert as well. The ... but to have soldiered on under arduous conditions to concerts, which were held world-wide, were to support try to make the thing work, and I think that’s what you do the cause of Tibetan independence. in a job, looking back. And that’s been dishonored. I'm [141] In September 2005 the band performed “Under the being dishonored, and it sucks.” During his induction Bridge” at the ReAct Now: Music & Relief benefit which speech, Smith made sure to thank all of the band mem- was held to raise money for the victims of Hurricane Kat- bers, past and present including Sherman, Navarro along rina. The live event, which was broadcast on various tele- D.H. Peligro (whom he accidentally called H.R. Peligro) vision states, raised $30 million. and Arik Marshall for the contributions they brought to the band. At 32, Klinghoffer was the youngest artist ever In July 2007, the band performed on behalf of for- to be inducted into the hall of fame passing Stevie Won- mer U.S. Vice President who personally in- der, who was 38 at the time of his induction.[142] The vited the band to perform at the London version of his band performed three songs, including “By the Way”, Live Earth concerts which were held to raise awareness “Give it Away” and “Higher Ground”, which included towards global warming and solving the most critical Irons and Martinez on drums. It was the first time Kiedis environmental issues of our time. Gore said on getting and Flea had performed with Irons in 24 years and Mar- the band to perform “I was pushing and pushing them that tinez in 26 years.[143] Near the end of the ceremony, the no matter how difficult it was, that it was important.”[148] band was joined by George Clinton, Michael Hampton, In October 2008, Flea appeared in a ad , Billie Joe Armstrong, Tre Cool, and voicing his support for for president of the for a performance of “Higher Ground”. United States in the upcoming election.[149] In 2012, three of the band’s albums Blood Sugar Sex The band performed a free concert in downtown Cleve- Magik, Californication, and By the Way are ranked among land, Ohio on April 15, 2012 in support of President Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ranked Barack Obama's re-election campaign. The requirement [144] at 310, 399, and 304 respectively. for getting into the concert was agreeing to volunteer for The band released their book, on Novem- the Obama 2012 phone bank. The event quickly met its ber 18, 2014. The book is dedicated to the band’s fans capacity limit after being announced.[150] throughout the world. To promote the book, Kiedis, Flea On May 11, 2013, the band performed a special con- and Smith did some in store book signings at Barnes & cert in Portland, Oregon for the Dalai Lama as part of Noble in Los Angeles and . On November 20, the Dalai Lama Environmental Summit. According to Kiedis appeared on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon the press release “The musical element of this event is sitting in the entire show with and performing intended to be a display of joyful celebration and an some Chili Peppers songs while also promoting the book. inspiration to future generations to care for our planet. Kiedis received the George and Award for The Red Hot Chili Peppers have been great supporters Lifetime Musical Achievement, presented at the UCLA of the Tibetan cause, of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Spring Sing on May 16, 2015. Following his acceptance and of the need to work to protect and preserve our speech, he was joined on stage Josh Klinghoffer for an environment.”[151][152] acoustic performance of "Otherside", "If You Want Me The band, especially Flea, has been very outspoken to- to Stay" (a song the Chili Peppers haven't performed in wards guns and gun violence sometimes speaking out [145] almost 30 years), and "By the Way". about the issue during the band’s concerts. In 2013 on his Twitter page Flea posted “why anyone would ever want to own an automatic weapon I will never ever understand. 3 Activism it’s a pathetic useless concept for sick people. Automatic, semi automatic, I don't care. I'm against em...... Melt em all down turn em into sculptures there is no need for In 1990, the band appeared in PSA ads for , them on earth. in many countries the cops have no guns a non-profit organization in the United States geared to- and they do perfectly fine. No civilians should be allowed ward increasing voter turnout in the United States Pres- [146] to have guns. none. and i dont think the cops should have idential Election among voters ages 18 to 24. That guns either. change the constitution.”[153] same year Kiedis appeared in a television special where he discussed his love for the ocean and raising awareness On January 10, 2015, the band performed their first show for ocean pollution. Since the beginning of the band has of the new year, for the Sean Penn & Friends Help Haiti very outspoken about the environment, supported vari- Home fundraiser in support of the J/P Haitian Relief Or- [154] ous environmental causes and included their views of the ganization. [147] environment in their lyrics. On September 18, 2015 the band were among over 120 The band were invited by the and the entertainers and celebrities to sign up and announce that to perform at the Tibetan Freedom Con- they would be voting for in the 2016 pres- 4.1 Techniques 13

idential election.[155][156] Is This?, with Slovak adopting a more fluid style featur- ing “sultry” elements as opposed to his original hard rock The band performed at a fundraiser event at The Belly Up [175] Tavern in Solana Beach on September 27, 2015. The set techniques. On The Uplift Mofo Party Plan (1987), Slovak experimented with genres outside of traditional featured a mixture of songs from the band’s more recent [176] albums and older songs that have not been performed in funk music including and . His over 15 years. The band previously performed at the 600 guitar riffs would often serve as the basis of the group’s capacity venue in 1986. The Fundraiser was in support songs, with the other members writing their parts to com- of the nonprofit San Diego Foundation and tickets for the plement his guitar work. His melodic riff featured in the song “Behind the Sun” inspired the group to create 21 and over show cost $1,000 of which $750 is tax de- [33] ductible). All money was donated to ARTS — A Reason “pretty” songs with an emphasis on melody. Kiedis de- scribes the song as “pure Hillel inspiration”.[177] Slovak To Survive, Heartbeat Music Academy, San Diego Young Artists Music Academy, and the Silverlake Conservatory also used a talk box on songs such as “Green Heaven” and “Funky Crime”, in which he would sing into a tube of Music.[157] while playing to create psychedelic effects.[178] On October 17, 2015, Kiedis and Flea hosted the annual benefit for the Silverlake Conservatory of Music. The Guitarist John Frusciante's musical style has evolved over band performed a special rare acoustic set and John Leg- the course of his career. His guitar playing employs end headlined the event which also includes dinner and melody and emotion rather than virtuosity. Although virtuoso influences can be heard throughout his career, a silent auction. Only 300 tickets were available costing [179] $2,500 each.[158] he has said that he often minimizes this. Frusciante brought a more melodic and textured sound to albums such as Californication (1999), By the Way (2002) and Stadium Arcadium (2006). This contrasts with his pre- 4 Musical style vious abrasive approach in Mother’s Milk,[180][181] as well as his dry, funky and more docile arrangements on Blood 4.1 Techniques Sugar Sex Magik. On Californication (1999) and By the Way (2002), Frusciante derived the technique of cre- Red Hot Chili Peppers’ musical style is character- ating tonal texture through chord patterns from post- ized as ,[160][161] [162][163] and punk guitarist of , and [82][182][183] ,[164][165] with influences from hard rock, bands such as and . He orig- psychedelic rock and punk rock. The band’s influences inally intended By the Way to be made up of “these include , Parliament-Funkadelic, , punky, rough songs”, drawing inspiration from early punk The Misfits, , Gang of Four, , artists such as The Germs and The Damned. However, , , , Ohio this was discouraged by producer Rick Rubin, and he Players, Queen, , , Deep Pur- instead built upon Californication's (1999) melodically [184] ple, , Black Flag, , Led driven style. During the recording of Stadium Arca- Zeppelin, Yes,[166] Fugazi, , , Billie dium (2006), he moved away from his New Wave influ- Holiday, Santana, , ,[167] The ences and concentrated on emulating flashier guitar play- [185] Clash, Siouxsie and the Banshees,[168] , and Miles ers such as Hendrix and . Davis.[169] Guitarist Dave Navarro brought an entirely different Vocalist Anthony Kiedis provided multiple vocal styles. sound to the band during his tenure, with his style based [186] His primary approach up to Blood Sugar Sex Magik was on heavy metal, and . spoken verse and "". Complemented with tradi- Current guitarist Josh Klinghoffer's style employs a wide tional vocals, he helped the band maintain a consistent range of unconventional guitar effects and vocal treat- style.[170] Nevertheless, as the group matured, starting ments. In his debut Chili Peppers album, I'm With You with Californication (1999) the group reduced the num- (2011), he focused heavily on producing a textured, emo- ber of rapped verses. By the Way contained only two rap- tional sound to complement the vocals and atmosphere of driven-verse/melodic form.[171] Kiedis’ more re- each song. He has stated that he is a huge fan of and cent style was developed through ongoing coaching.[172] funk, which shows itself in many of the album’s tracks. Original guitarist Hillel Slovak's style was strongly based Flea's electric bass style is an amalgamation of funk, on blues and funk. Slovak was primarily influenced by psychedelic, punk, and hard rock.[187] The groove- hard rock artists such as Jimi Hendrix, Kiss and Led Zep- heavy, low-tuned melodies, played through either finger– pelin.[173] His playing method was highly based on im- picking, or slapping, contributed to their signature style. provisation, a style commonly used in funk music.[174] While Flea’s slap bass style was prominent in earlier al- He also was noted for his aggressive playing style; bums, albums after Blood Sugar Sex Magik[187] have more he would often play with such force, that his fingers melodic and funk–driven bass lines. He has also used would “come apart”.[174] Kiedis observed that his play- double stops on some newer songs. Flea’s bass playing ing evolved during his time away from the group in What 14 6 DISCOGRAPHY

has changed considerably throughout the years. When he daughter.[196] joined Fear, his technique centered largely around tradi- [188] On By the Way (2002), Kiedis was lyrically influenced tional punk rock bass lines, however he was to change by love, his girlfriend, and the emotions expressed, when this style, when Red Hot Chili Peppers formed. He be- one fell in love.[197] Drugs also played an integral part in gan to incorporate a “slap” bass style, that drew influence [189] Kiedis’ writings, as he had only been sober since Decem- largely from . Blood Sugar Sex Magik ber 2000.[198] Tracks like “This Is the Place” and “Don't saw a notable shift in style as it featured none of his sig- Forget Me” expressed his intense dislike for narcotics and nature technique but rather styles, that focused more on the harmful physical and emotional effects they caused traditional and melodic roots.[190] His intellectual beliefs, him. Stadium Arcadium (2006) continued the themes of on how to play the instrument, were also altered: “I was love and romance; Kiedis stated, that “love and women, trying to play simply on Blood Sugar Sex Magik because I pregnancies and marriages, relationship struggles – those had been playing too much prior to that, so I thought, 'I've are real and profound influences on this record. And it’s really got to chill out and play half as many notes’. When great, because it wasn't just me writing about the fact that you play less, it’s more exciting—there’s more room for I'm in love. It was everybody in the band. We were brim- everything. If I do play something busy, it stands out, ming with energy based on falling in love.”[199] I'm With instead of the bass being a constant onslaught of notes. [190] You (2011) again featured Kiedis writing about the loss Space is good.” of a close friend this time in the song “Brendan’s Death Drummer Chad Smith blends rock with funk. He mixes Song”, a tribute to club owner who gave funk, rock, metal and jazz to his beats. Influences include the band some of their earliest shows and showed support to .[191] He brought a different to them throughout their career. sound to Mother’s Milk, playing tight and fast. In Blood Themes within Kiedis’ repertoire include love Sugar Sex Magik, he displays greater power. He is recog- and friendship,[200][201] teenage angst, good-time nized for his ghost notes, his beats and his fast right foot. aggression,[202] various sexual topics and the link MusicRadar put him in sixth place on their list of the “50 between sex and music, political and social com- Greatest Drummers Of All Time”, behind Mike Portnoy, [203] [192] mentary (Native American issues in particular), , , Rich and Bonham. romance,[200][204][205] loneliness,[206] globalization and the cons of fame and ,[207] poverty, drugs, alcohol, dealing with death, and California.[208] 4.2 Lyrics and songwriting

Through the years, Kiedis’ lyrics covered a variety of top- 5 Band members ics, which shifted as time progressed. Early in the group’s career, Kiedis wrote mostly comical songs filled with sex- ual innuendos as well as songs inspired by friendship and Main article: List of Red Hot Chili Peppers band the band members’ personal experiences. However, after members the death of his close friend and band mate Hillel Slo- vak, Kiedis’ lyrics became much more introspective and personal, as exemplified by the Mother’s Milk (1989) song “Knock Me Down”, which was dedicated to Slovak along 6 Discography with the Blood Sugar Sex Magik (1991) song, “My Lovely Man”. Main article: Red Hot Chili Peppers discography When the band recorded One Hot Minute (1995) Kiedis had turned to drugs once again, which resulted in darker lyrics.[193] He began to write about anguish, and the self Studio albums mutilating thoughts he would experience as a result of his heroin and cocaine addiction.[194][195] The album also • The Red Hot Chili Peppers (1984) featured tributes to close friends the band lost during • Freaky Styley (1985) the recording process including Kurt Cobain on the song “Tearjerker” and River Phoenix, on the song “Transcend- • The Uplift Mofo Party Plan (1987) ing”. • Mother’s Milk (1989) After witnessing Frusciante’s recovery from his heroin addiction, Kiedis wrote many songs inspired by rebirth • Blood Sugar Sex Magik (1991) and the meaning of life on Californication (1999). He • was also intrigued by the life lessons, that the band had One Hot Minute (1995) [61] learned, including Kiedis’ experience with meeting • Californication (1999) a young mother at the YMCA, who was attempting to battle her crack addiction while living with her infant • By the Way (2002) 15

• Stadium Arcadium (2006) [16] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 132

• I'm with You (2011) [17] Birchmeier, Jason. “Freaky Styley > Review”. Allmusic. Retrieved June 6, 2007.

[18] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 172 7 Awards and nominations [19] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 175

Main article: List of awards and nominations received [20] Kiedis & Sloman 2004, pp. 178–9 by Red Hot Chili Peppers [21] “What’s Red Hot and Chili (Advertisement)". Common- wealth Times (Richmond Va). 1985-11-12. p. 4. Re- trieved 2013-06-06. 8 See also [22] Cope, Michael (1985-11-12). “Photos from RHCP Tour, Nov. 16, 1985, Richmond Va.”. Commonwealth Times (Richmond Va). pp. 1, 11–12. • List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart [23] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 176

• List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. [24] “Tough Guys, Full Credits”. Retrieved August 28, 2009. chart [25] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 187 • List of best-selling music artists [26] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 188 • List of awards and nominations received by Red Hot [27] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 191 Chili Peppers [28] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 193 9 References [29] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 200 [30] Apter, p. 133

Footnotes [31] Apter, p. 130–141

[1] Serba, John (2014-02-03). “Red Hot Chili Peppers play [32] Kiedis, Sloman, p. 201 Super Bowl 2014: Anthony Kiedis’ mom is proud of per- [33] Kiedis, Sloman, p. 204 formance”. Booth Newspapers. Retrieved 2014-04-03. [34] Apter, 2004, p. 184. [2] Kiedis, Anthony (2004). Scar Tissue. New York: Hyper- ion. p. 394. ISBN 978-1-4013-0745-5. [35] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 205

[3] Prato, Greg. “Red Hot Chili Peppers > Biography”. All- [36] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 206 music. Retrieved June 5, 2007. [37] “Red Hot Chili Peppers Album & Song Chart History: [4] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 106 Billboard 200”. Billboard. Retrieved December 26, 2011.

[5] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 105 [38] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 219–25

[6] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 115 [39] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 222

[7] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 127 [40] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 210–223

[8] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. [41] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 224

[9] Prato, Greg. “The Red Hot Chili Peppers > Overview”. [42] Apter, 2004, p. 224. Allmusic. Retrieved July 26, 2009. [43] Apter, 2004, p. 173. [10] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 142 [44] Apter, 2004, p. 179. [11] Kiedis, Sloman, p. 143 [45] Apter, 2004, p. 181. [12] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 144 [46] Apter, 2004, p. 185. [13] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 145 [47] Apter, 2004, p. 188. [14] Jeff Apter, Fornication: The Red Hot Chili Pepper’s story. [48] “australian-charts.com — Australian charts portal”. [15] Kiedis, Sloman, 2004. p. 133–134 ARIA Charts. Retrieved May 31, 2008. 16 9 REFERENCES

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Bibliography

• Apter, Jeff (November 23, 2004). Fornication: The Red Hot Chili Peppers Story. Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-381-4. • Kiedis, Anthony; Sloman, Larry (October 6, 2004). Scar Tissue. Hyperion. ISBN 1-4013-0101-0. • Thompson, Dave (September 1, 2004). Red Hot Chili Peppers – By the Way: The Biography. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-7535-0970-9. 20 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

• Red Hot Chili Peppers Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers?oldid=696434750 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Robert Merkel, The Anome, Koyaanis Qatsi, RAE, Gareth Owen, William Avery, Zoe, Graham, Camembert, Hephaestos, Edward, Ceaser, Infrogmation, JohnOwens, SGBailey, MarcusAurelius, Cyde, Sannse, AlexR, GTBacchus, David4286, Mcarling, Paul A, Tregoweth, Mde- bets, Ahoerstemeier, Snozzwanger, Ronz, Docu, TUF-KAT, Notheruser, TUF-KAT, Michael, Whkoh, LouI, Netsnipe, Uyanga, Jonik, Soulrider~enwiki, Raven in Orbit, Conti, Tony~enwiki, Adam Bishop, EmphasisMine, Fuzheado, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, Ldrhcp, Mor- wen, Floydian, Topbanana, MagicTom, Mtcv, Francs2000, Denelson83, Bearcat, Dale Arnett, Astronautics~enwiki, Pigsonthewing, Matt me, RedWolf, Amgine, Academic Challenger, Rholton, LGagnon, Acegikmo1, Hadal, Wikibot, MykReeve, Mushroom, Isopropyl, Uzi tany, Dina, Jacoplane, HangingCurve, MadmanNova, Obli, Peruvianllama, Average Earthman, Everyking, No Guru, Aoi, 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Archita78, CactusBot, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Groovyman1969, LogX, This lousy T-shirt, Peloponneso, Sevencardz, Bulldog73, Jesse Striewski, Chester Markel, Baseball Watcher, Voupi, BKmarian, Diesildee123, E Con211, Smokealope, Emmons986, Costanzor, Perkinbr, Snorklex, Keogruteras, Pm01297, Asukite, Kasirbot, Smallvjlle, Hennessy145, Go Phightins!, Widr, Karl 334, Benj Mur- ray, Soloboat, Anupmehra, Randynewmanhimself, Richeu, Mishukdero, Toblerone07, My5stringwillkillyou, Test piggy, F76512, Helpful Pixie Bot, Novusuna, The rakish fellow, HMSSolent, Strike Eagle, Nribb8, Austin Snake Boy, Calabe1992, Wbm1058, Ramaksoud2000, Fog8, P.H.SPFC, Bolete2, Levdr1lostpassword, I hate fabio, Henry53527, BG19bot, Bigsoft, Jenniferkang15, Billy Liakopoulos, Samlon- don1988, Sandwriter, Dom Pomp, Mastrsushi, TGilmour, Frankiethebunny, Husqy, HEYPEG, Sweet diosa, Beachdude42, CityOfSilver, Jcartwright32123, NathanielCobb, Cyberpower678, Rocke Clup, StevenJ81, MusikAnimal, AvocatoBot, Yoda956, Brickshits, Clapton- ish, Punkinfo, Kittie13, Aashrey, Mark Arsten, Calebharry, Jayfartsalot, Ionic73, Lizmajuice, Versace1608, Radunfe, Sendu1984, Al- taïr, JakeKlassman, Nickwashere26, Awooooga22, The Ride, Tharealdeal42, Jhepher12, Kinguin7, MrBobby12345654321, Jjjim 09baby, 11.2 Images 23

AntonyT25, Jayadevp13, Richter2101, Stack123456789, Fatguys, Metalhead012, TheCMC, Klilidiplomus, Austinsmith6276, Jellois- goodforthesoul, Shuhaber, Mrmoustache14, Lilysir, Woofra-Pumpkin, Ddomalik, Aleksandar Bulovic', Wisehelp, Samwalton9, Sergeant- dan101, BattyBot, Connorbetts13, Adtrlol, Crunchynutcornflakes, HueSatLum, MGSWAN, Luisredtr, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Myx- omatosis57, Alexcuriel77, Esszet, Larskk101, JYBot, LaHearne, Musiclover1567, Aed24PITT, Mifunao, WWIIexpert101, Jacobrobin- son28, Dexbot, Alameda15, Weeblesdontwobble, I call the big one bitey, Mogism, Silverlinden, Gggame1, Jaredkramer, ChrisCalvertUS, Jul3s54, Tnewey1984, Aqlpswkodejifrhugty, Lugia2453, Leon saudanha, Erfg3679069034, Frosty, Graphium, Justin7375, Ante69, Ath- omeinkobe, Plant’s Strider, Corn cheese, Robstar1998, Eddiesuperstar, Hannahbanana741, Zzzzaaaacccchhh, Weirdtr, Elmedinsa, Tool- fan12, Bertpress, 89zuzu89, PinkAmpersand, Faizan, Zedsicles546, Politsi, UW Dawgs, Joshuaosinski, Collinschwab, Clashfan2, The- FatNourse, Rjsk8ter, Melonkelon, Juanseamador, Baker Hughes, Kenzitron, ProtossPylon, Everymorning, Vegas30, Batamamma, Aida.maz, EvergreenFir, Chartbot, CrassRimbaud, X2-Avalanche, Jhstark27, Lawlovesscalia, NYBrook098, Flat Out, TreCoolGuy, El- Hef, ArmbrustBot, Monkeypolice000, 06fox.w, Lena 212017, Ugog Nizdast, NorthBySouthBaranof, Kelso613, , Vycl1994, Sports742, PrivateMasterHD, Jghapher, Music32, .94, Jianhui67, Jackmcbarn, Arfæst Ealdwrítere, Sienerin111, IDropBabies, Elaqueate, SHABO808, Jonathan.fallows45, Zeroeffects88, Wagnerol22, IPadPerson, BabyBlueSedan, Super Bazooka, Lucas Landgraf, DLManiac, InsideEmptiness, Brendawg33, BeLIEveCA, Blake332, Covynj, Mommyknowsbestchild, Jovisoh, 4TheWynne, BethNaught, The YouTube Team, Maxadelic98, Amortias, Editorial weekly, MrLW97, Shoobster, Jbcolli6, Brookehinkel, Spurs333, WordSeventeen, Golu7276, Astyuikmn, Marcus9292, Crystallizedcarbon, Curtis towle, Grungeguy92, Jamie28993, Dblackwood1, DevilLover101, Bri- anrisk, Derpinate, Rhcpfan92, Tjryan35, Ajasem99, Zzaxx1, SwankHalo, Sereenag, Trentreznorfanboy, KasparBot, Samhan Dobo, Pepo Julio Cesar, Indie.Punk.Hardcore, C.demarx, Kenzziecopeland, Coneheads13, CLCStudent, Jnevarez12, Information4Lyfe, Keigan Veer, Sarah Olivia-Taylor and Anonymous: 5537

11.2 Images

• File:Bytheway.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Bytheway.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Cantstop.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b4/Cantstop.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Chadsmithclinic.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Chadsmithclinic.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by DingirXul. Original artist: Bojosoto at English Wikipedia • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Dave_Navarro,_Santa_Barbara_2009_large.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Dave_ Navarro%2C_Santa_Barbara_2009_large.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gebgdc • File:FightLikeABrave.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dc/FightLikeABrave.ogg License: Fair use Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/ Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work. Based on File:Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart. svg, which is public domain. Original artist: User:Eubulides • File:HillelSlovak1983.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/HillelSlovak1983.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/65258891@N00/5478104378/ Original artist: John Coffey • File:JoshKlinghoffer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/JoshKlinghoffer.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia Original artist: Kez Cunningham • File:RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/ RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: GaHetNa (Nationaal Archief NL) Original artist: Rob C. Croes (ANEFO) • File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_-_Give_It_Away.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c2/Red_Hot_Chili_ Peppers_-_Give_It_Away.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_-_Knock_Me_Down.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Red_Hot_Chili_ Peppers_-_Knock_Me_Down.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_-_Otherside.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/86/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_-_ Otherside.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_-_Under_the_Bridge.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/09/Red_Hot_Chili_ Peppers_-_Under_the_Bridge.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Red_hot_chili_peppers.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Red_hot_chili_peppers.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jacob Siverskog • File:Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://flickr.com/photo_zoom.gne?id=164919340&size=o Original artist: original by flickr user xPassenger, changes by de:user:JD • File:Rhcp2013.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Rhcp2013.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: Red Hot Chili Peppers Original artist: Colleen Benelli • File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil • File:Warped.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/31/Warped_%28Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers_song_-_sample%29. ogg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original artist: ? 24 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0