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Madagascar Faa 118/119 Biodiversity and Tropical Forestry Analysis

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ANDREW WATSON - DAI MADAGASCAR FAA 118/119 BIODIVERSITY AND TROPICAL FORESTRY ANALYSIS May 2019 Acknowledgements The 118/119 team would like to thank USAID/Madagascar staff for their support during the field assessments – especially Corinne Rafaell and Jean Patrice Randriamampionona who joined the team for field visits in the Boeny region and Baie de Baly National Park. USAID staff also provided valuable feedback on earlier drafts of this document as well as the presentation on the 118/119 analysis that was made at the start-up planning workshops for the new Mikajy and Hay Tao projects in early August 2018. We would also like to thank the many people that generously shared their time and knowledge with the team during the field assessments. While most are listed in Annex 3 of this report, there are many other NGO staff and community members that collaborated with the team, notably in the villages of Mahaleotse and Mahaboboka (Atsimo Andrefana), Farafangana (Atsimo Atsinanana) and Baly de Baly National Park (Boeny). We also thank Trevor Olexy (DAI) for the analyses of forest cover change that are summarized in Annex 9 of this report. The image on the cover of this report is of one of the 150 or so Ploughshare Tortoises (Astrochelys yniphora or angonoka in Malagasy) that remain in the species’ native range in Baie de Baly National Park in northwest Madagascar. This iconic species – threatened by loss of habitat as well as poaching for the international pet trade – is one of the most endangered reptile species on earth. Its future in the wild is in the hands of a small group of dedicated conservationists and the local communities. Communities can benefit from conservation initiatives but only if these programs are thoroughly integrated with economic and social development programs that catalyze private sector investment and confound the efforts of profiteering local elites engaged in wildlife trafficking. CONTRACT INFORMATION: This work is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development through the contract number AID-OAA-I-14-00014/AID-OAA-TO-15-00020 for the Biodiversity Results Integrated and Development Gains Enhanced (BRIDGE) project. BRIDGE is funded and managed by the USAID Bureau for Economic Growth, Education and Environment/Office of Forestry and Biodiversity. DISCLAIMER: The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. i Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................. 1 I. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Purpose ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Brief Description of the USAID Program ......................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 II. Country Context .............................................................................................. 6 2.1 Location and Country Context .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Biophysical Framework ......................................................................................................................................... 7 III. Status of the Country’s Biodiversity and Forests ......................................... 9 3.1 Major Ecosystem Types and Status .................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Species Diversity and Status .............................................................................................................................. 11 3.3 Genetic Diversity.................................................................................................................................................. 13 3.4 Status and Management of Protected Areas and “Managed Forests” ..................................................... 14 3.5 Status and Management of Key Natural Resources Outside Protected Areas ..................................... 18 IV. Value and Economic Potential ................................................................... 20 4.1 Ecosystem Goods and Services ........................................................................................................................ 20 4.2 Value of Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................................ 22 V. Legal Framework Affecting Conservation and Forest Management .......... 24 5.1 National Laws, Policies, and Strategies ........................................................................................................... 24 5.2 International Agreements ................................................................................................................................... 26 5.3 Government Agencies ......................................................................................................................................... 27 5.4 Conservation Initiatives ...................................................................................................................................... 29 VI. Threats to Biodiversity and Forests ............................................................... 31 6.1 Direct Threats to Biodiversity (Terrestrial, Aquatic, and Marine) and Forests .................................... 31 6.2 Threat Factors (Drivers) .................................................................................................................................... 35 VII. Actions Necessary to Conserve Biodiversity and Forests ............................ 41 7.1 Integrated Programming – Avoiding the Risks Associated with Siloed Programming ......................... 41 7.2 Opportunities to Link Sectors .......................................................................................................................... 42 7.3 Emphasize Scalable Interventions ..................................................................................................................... 45 7.4 Strengthen Environmental Governance .......................................................................................................... 46 7.5 Other Actions ....................................................................................................................................................... 49 VIII. Extent to Which the Mission Meets the Identified Actions Needed ......... 51 IX. Recommendations ..................................................................................... 53 9.1 Recommendations Based on Actions Necessary to Conserve Biodiversity and Forests ................... 53 9.2 Other Opportunities – Conservation Financing ........................................................................................... 56 Annex 1: FAA 118/119 Analysis Team Members ............................................... 58 Annex 2: FAA 118/119 Scope of Work ............................................................... 61 ii Annex 3: List of Meetings with Contact Details ................................................... 76 Annex 4: Biodiversity Data Tables ...................................................................... 84 Annex 5: Overview of Ecosystem Services ......................................................... 86 Annex 6: Analysis of FAA 118/119 Questionnaire Data ...................................... 88 Annex 7: Bibliography ....................................................................................... 121 Annex 8: Case Studies and Site Visit Notes ..................................................... 134 1 – CSO Efforts to Combat Wildlife Trafficking .............................................................................................. 134 2 – Civil Society Lobbying Activities .................................................................................................................... 136 3 – The Angonoka: A Symbol of Madagascar’s Unique Fauna Under Threat of Extinction in the Wild 138 4 – Diversifying Livelihoods Opportunities in Fishing Communities of Southwest Madagascar ........... 141 5 – Multiple Use Sanitation Facility and Ecosystem Services: The Pride of Ambinaninony .................... 144 Annex 9: Analysis of Global Forest Watch Data for Madagascar ..................... 145 Annex 10: Climate Change Projections ............................................................ 149 Annex 11: Donor and NGO-Funded Projects in Madagascar that Support Conservation of Forests and Biodiversity .......................................................... 151 Annex 12: Map Showing Madagascar’s Protected Area System ...................... 159 iii Acronyms ABS Access and Benefit-Sharing ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency ALARM Application of the Law against Abuse on Natural Resources of Madagascar ANAE Association Nationale d’Actions Environnementales ANGAP Association Nationale pour la Gestion des
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