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5/31/18 The Scriptures give the answer to the question, “What about the kingdom of ” from three vantage points. What About The Kingdom Of God I. The Old Testament perspective. II. The New Testament perspective. The Kingdom of God is a topic found through out the III. The present age perspective. Scriptures from Genesis to Revelation with its ultimate establishment in the rule and reign of I. The Old Testament perspective. on the earth for one-thousand years. A. The Kingdom is presented as Eternal. The Jews saw the Kingdom of God in two ages, the 1. Though it is presented as eternal there is a Present Age, fallen and corrupt, and the Age to Come temporal aspect at the same time. when would set up the kingdom on the earth a. God is the Eternal One who rules at all fulfilling all the promises given to Israel. times as supreme and absolute Ruler in direct authority from eternity to eternity. The interpretations about the nature and purpose of b. Within the eternal nature of the the Kingdom of God are many and a person can end Kingdom, we see the temporal kingdom up more confused about the Kingdom. of man through God’s sovereignty 1. Some interpret the Kingdom of God simply with indirectly by appointed sovereigns. the eternal state of with no relation to the c. The Kingdom of God then is also earth. universal and local, having a definite 2. Others think the Kingdom of God as simply historical beginning, with an ongoing spiritual, as God rules over the hearts of men in the progressive process towards a present age and unrelated to the earth. termination of the temporal. 3. Still other think the Kingdom of God to be political d. The Kingdom of God in the Bible refers and socially activity now, to gain territory and from to the authority and power, in view of the Satan and elect Christians in order to bring in the existence, character and position of a Kingdom, called “Kingdom Theology”. king. 4. Some have attempted to use the Kingdom of God e. The word kingdom and kingdoms for “social justice”, to overthrow governments and appears 211 times in the Old Testament, political institutions, called “Liberating Theology”. though not all refer to God’s kingdom. 2. The Kingdom of God is timeless in nature. 3 4

a. “Before the mountains were brought b. God multiplied His signs and wonders by forth, Or ever You had formed the earth the plagues in . Ex. 5-11 and the world, Even from everlasting to everlasting, You are God.” Ps. 90:2 B. The Kingdom is presented as theocratic. b. “But the LORD is the true God; He is the 1. Theocratic is defined as a government of the living God and the everlasting King. At State by the immediate direction of God, His wrath the earth will tremble, And the such as Yahweh reigned over Israel just like nations will not be able to endure His an earthly king would reign over the people. indignation.” Jer. 10:10 (Pentecost:433) 3. The Kingdom of God is universal. * Israel was a theocracy, ruled by God a. “For the LORD is the great God, And the through a divinely chosen men who great King above all .” Ps. 95:3 spoke and acted on God’s behalf, such as b. “The LORD is high above all nations, , the High Priest, etc. His glory above the .” Ps. 113:4 2. The evidence of theocratic rule to manifest 4. The Kingdom of God is worked out through Yahweh’s sovereign rule on the earth is men on the earth. clear from Genesis to Revelation, where it a. “The king’s heart is in the hand of the becomes a reality, delivered to the Father. LORD, Like the rivers of water; He turns 1Cor. 15:24 it wherever He wishes.” Prov. 21:1 3. The theocratic kingdom started in the b. Assyria is called by God, the “rod of His Garden of Eden. anger”. Is. 10:5 a. God delegated to Adam authority to rule c. Cyrus is called by God, “My Shepherd “ over the earth and animal kingdom, in an “My anointed”. Is. 44:28; 45:1 submission to the will of God. Gen. 1:26 d. Nebuchadnezzar is called by God “My b. All the blessings of the Kingdom were servant”. Jer. 25:9 Adam’s, but the ideal of eternal life was * Some were aware and other weren’t. not realized by disobedience. 5. The Kingdom of God involves the c. Adam rebelling against the sovereign miraculous, God’s direct intervention. rule of God as his King, resulted in the a. God intervened and caused it to rain for setting up of Satan’s kingdom on earth. forty days and forty nights, destroying d. Thereby God announced the coming of the entire world. Gen. 7:4 His Son as the Last Adam, as the Seed of 5 6

the woman, re-establishing the authority And to Him shall be the obedience of of God to fulfill the program of the the people.” Gen. 49:10; Num. 24:17- Kingdom. Gen. 3:15 19; Deut. 18:15 e. The theocratic kingdom was carried on 6. There was the theocratic kingdom under the by the godly seed of Adam, Seth. Gen. judges. 4:25 a. The period was a time of spiritual 4. The next theocratic kingdom is under human degeneracy characterized by the phrase, government. Gen. 9:1-7 “In those days there was no king in a. The kingdom would be through human Israel; everyone did what was right in his rulers beginning with Noah, now fear in own eyes.” Judges 17:6 animals was present and capital b. The excepted rule of God brought about punishment was established. deliverance and the rejection to bondage. b. The kingdom of God was rejected and c. The final rejection of the theocratic rebelled against by Nimrod, under the kingdom came when they elected to have kingdom of Babel, who took men away a king like all the other nations. 1Sam. 8 from God. Gen. 10:9-10 * Samuel thinking he was being rejected 5. Then we see the theocratic kingdom under was corrected by God, telling him the Patriarchs. they were rejecting God! 1Sam. 8:7 a. is chosen by God to establish d. The monarchial form of government had His purpose upon the earth, through him already been prophesied by God as king. all men should be blessed. Gen. 12:1-3 Gen. 17:5-7; 35:1; Deut. 17:14-20 b. Isaac the son of promise through whom * He was to be Yahweh’s substitute, His God would continue His kingdom. Gen. anointed. 1Chron. 17:14; 28:5; 29:23; 17:21; Gal. 4:28 1Sam. 24:10; 26:9; 2Sam. 1:14 c. Jacob whose name is changed to Israel as e. Saul was man’s choice and was rejected he wrestled with God, “God prevails”, by Yahweh and the authority was being governed by God! transferred to David, God’s choice. * The constant reminder of the Messiah 1Sam. 13:11-14; 16:1-13 appears, “The scepter shall not depart f. God identifies His kingdom with David’s from Judah, Nor a lawgiver from kingdom. between his feet, Until Shiloh comes; 7 8

1) The throne and kingdom of David is honored Him who lives forever: For His dominion is called the Lord’s. 1Chron. 28:5; an everlasting dominion, And His kingdom is from 2Chron. 9:8 generation to generation. All the inhabitants of the 2) The king was called the Lord’s earth are reputed as nothing; He does according to His anointed. 1Sam. 24:6; 2Sam. 19:21 will in the army of heaven And among the inhabitants 3) The prophets identified the Kingdom of the earth. No one can restrain His hand Or say to of God with the Davidic throne and Him, “What have You done?” Dan. 4:34-35 kingdom, God’s theocratic rule. Jer. 33, 36; Amos 9 Application 7. Then came the theocratic kingdom under the 1. Yet the Kingdom of God has been challenged by prophets. Satan. a. They were divinely appointed to call the a. Isaiah provides for us the five “I wills” of nation back to God. Lucifer against the authority of God, to become b. The authority of their message was the sovereign ruler with all power and authority. Is. direct words of God by His Spirit. 14:2-17; Ezk. 28:11-19 c. Ezekiel revealed the departure of the b. Through the fall of Adam and the deception of Shekinah glory of God from the temple Eve the kingdom of Satan is now in opposition indicating the start of the “time of the to the Kingdom of God as the Kingdom of ”, as Israel is set aside till the darkness. Eph. 6:11 First Coming of Messiah. Ezk. 8:4; 9:3; c. He is called the god of this world, the prince 10:4; 11:22, 23 and power of the air. 2Cor, 4:4, Eph. 2:2 d. The prophets are flooded with the future d. Satan is a created cherub, whose end will be in theocratic kingdom to come and the Lake of Fire. Matt. 25:41 established in it’s final form. Is. 2;1-4; 2. The Kingdom of God will be established. Jer. 23:1-8; Ezk. 20:33-42; Dan. 2:31-45; a. Isaiah prophecies, “The word that Isaiah the son 7:1-28; 9:1-3, 20-27 of Amoz saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem. Now it shall come to pass in the latter days That Illustration the mountain of the LORD'S house Shall be “And at the end of the time I, Nebuchadnezzar, lifted established on the top of the mountains, And my eyes to heaven, and my understanding returned to shall be exalted above the hills; And all nations me; and I blessed the Most High and praised and shall flow to it. Many people shall come and 9 10

say, “Come, and let us go up to the mountain of a. Jesus used the term knowing the Jews the LORD, To the house of the God of Jacob; would understand it. He will teach us His ways, And we shall walk b. The word for kingdom is “basileia” in His paths.” For out of Zion shall go forth the referring to royal power, kingship and law, And the word of the LORD from dominion, appearing 162 times in the Jerusalem. He shall judge between the nations, New Testament. And rebuke many people; They shall beat their c. Matthew uses the word more than any swords into plowshares, And their spears into other writer, fifty-four times. pruning hooks; Nation shall not lift up sword * This should be no surprise, since against nation, Neither shall they learn war Matthew portrays Jesus as King of the anymore.” Is. 2:1-4 Jews in his gospel. b. The King will be Emmanuel. Is. 7:14; Matt. 2. The Jews understood the term “the Kingdom 1:22-23 of God” and were anticipating the kingdom. c. The kingdom will be in Jerusalem and world- a. The Jews were expecting a literal wide. Ps. 2:8; Is. 11:9 restoration of the Davidic throne and d. The kingdom will be established by the kingdom with the Messiah reigning. returning king. Ps. 50:3-5; Zech. 2:10-13 b. The disciples and apostles understood e. The Kingdom will be spiritual with the Kings this, that is why James and John asked absolute rule, yet in a material world. Is. 11:2-5 Jesus for the right and the left hand in His glory as they were headed for This is the Kingdom of God from the Old Testament Jerusalem, they wanted to riegn with perspective! Jesus! Mk. 10:35-45 b. Luke says, “Now as they heard these II. The New Testament perspective. things, He spoke another parable, because He was near Jerusalem and A. The kingdom of God is presented as the Old because they thought the kingdom of Testament, a theocracy at the First Advent of God would appear immediately”. Lk. Christ. 19:11 1. Jesus Christ offered a theocracy as He c. After the resurrection Jesus spoke for announced the Kingdom of God and the forty days to His apostles about the Jews were awaiting for the Kingdom. things pertaining to the kingdom of God, 11 12

at which time they asked Him, “Lord, e. The church will not bring in the will You at this time restore the kingdom “Kingdom”, but will return with Jesus, to Israel?” Acts 1:3, 6 who will set up the Kingdom. d. Due to the rejection of Jesus as Israel’s Messiah, the kingdom of God was B. The recognition of Jesus as Messiah at His First present, but yet to come in it’s ultimate Advent is unmistakenable. fulfillment. 1. The angel Gabriel told Mary that the child 3. The Kingdom of God appears eighty-one conceived in her womb was called the Son times in the New Testament. of the Highest, who would reign over the a. Five times. Matt. 6:33: 12:28; 19:24; house of David forever and to be called 21:31, 43 Jesus. Lk. 1:31-33 b. The “kingdom of God”' is not 2. The mother of John the Baptist synonymous with the “kingdom of acknowledged the Messiah in the womb of heaven”. Mary and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy c. The “kingdom of God” is a broader term Spirit, John leaped in her womb. Lk. 1:41-45 encompassing all the creation of God, 3. Mary in what is called “The Magnificant” including angels. gives thanks to God for choosing her and d. The “kingdom of heaven” indicates sending her God and Savior as promised. God’s rule over the earth referring to the Lk. 1:46-55 prophecies of the Old Testament 4. Simeon attested seeing with his eyes the concerning the First Coming of the King Messiah “Consolation of Israel”. Lk. 2:25 from heaven to set up a kingdom on this 5. The wise men declare Jesus was the King of earth at the Second Coming with the Jews. Matt. 2:2 heaven’s standard. The concept is not 6. The genealogy of Jesus is traced to David new.” (Daniel 2:44; 7:14, 27). through both Joseph and Mary. Matt. 1:1-17; c. The phrase “kingdom of heaven” appears Lk. 3:23-38 thirty-two times in the New Testament 7. Jesus confirmed His First Coming by the and only in Matthew. two-fold fulfillment of Elijah. Matt. 17:12 d. The church is not the Kingdom of heaven or the Kingdom of God, but it is part of C. The announcement of the First Advent of Jesus both. was the theocratic Kingdom of God. 13 14

* It was God’s offer to man to have God rule 5. The offer to Israel regarding the Kingdom over their lives through repentance! was real and genuine as well as their 1. John the Baptist proclaimed in the rejection of Jesus and the Kingdom. wilderness, “Repent, for the kingdom of a. Jesus wept over Jerusalem, “Now as He heaven is at hand!” Matt. 3:2 drew near, He saw the city and wept over 2. After John was put in prison, Jesus began to it, saying, “If you had known, even you, preach , “Repent, for the kingdom of especially in this your day, the things heaven is at hand.” Matt. 4:17 that make for your peace! But now they 3. Jesus said the following about the Kingdom. are hidden from your eyes.” Lk. 19:41-42 a. “The kingdom of God has come near to b. Jesus said, “And they will fall by the you.” Lk. 10:9 edge of the sword, and be led away b. “The kingdom of God is within you.” captive into all nations. And Jerusalem Lk. 17:21 will be trampled by Gentiles until the c. The confirmation of Jesus to John He times of the Gentiles are fulfilled.” Lk. was the Messiah was the accompaniment 21:24 of miracles, but the preaching of the c. Jesus again said, “See! Your house is left gospel announced the arrival of the to you desolate; for I say to you, you Kingdom. Matt. 11:3-6 shall see Me no more till you say, 4. The theocratic message of the kingdom of `Blessed is He who comes in the name of God was limited to Israel first. the LORD!” Matt. 23:38-39 a. Jesus commanded His disciples, “Do not c. Now we can better understand why the go into the way of the Gentiles, and do apostles thought Jesus was going to set not enter a city of the Samaritans. But go up the kingdom asking Him just before rather to the lost sheep of the house of He ascended, “Lord, will You at this time Israel. And as you go, preach, saying, restore the kingdom to Israel?” Acts 1:6 `The kingdom of heaven is at hand.” Matt. 10:5-7 D. The Kingdom of God was presented in a two- b. Jesus told the Syro-Phonician woman, “I fold fulfillment. was not sent except to the lost sheep of 1. The First Advent of the Messiah was the the house of Israel.” Matt. 15:24 short-term fulfillment. a. The seed of the woman. Gen. 3:15 15 16

b. The Messiah would come at a time when He will tell them that He received them the authority of Judah had been removed. in the house of His friends. Zech. 13:6 Gen. 49:10 e. The Messiah will have Elijah as His c. The Messiah would be the ultimate forerunner at His Second Advent. Mal. prophet, who God would required His 4:5-6 words of every man. Deut. 18:18 d. The Messiah would first come as the Illustration Redeemer and Savior. Is. 61:1 Paul told the Romans, “For I do not desire, brethren, e. The Messiah would be born in that you should be ignorant of this mystery, lest you Bethlehem. Mic. 5:2 should be wise in your own opinion, that blindness in f. The Messiah would have a forerunner, part has happened to Israel until the fullness of the His cousin, John the Baptist, who would Gentiles has come in. And so all Israel will be saved, come in the power and the spirit of as it is written: “The Deliverer will come out of Zion, Elijah. Lk. 1:17 And He will turn away ungodliness from Jacob; For 2. The Second Advent would be the long-term this is My covenant with them, When I take away fulfillment. their sins.” Rom. 11:25-27 a. The establishment of the throne of David would be forever, but not by Solomon Application but at the Second Coming of the 1. Jesus was the Messiah proclaiming the Kingdom of Messiah. 2Sam. 7:1-17 God. b. The give a preview of the a. Jesus said to Nicodemus, “Most assuredly, I say Messiah’s Second coming to fight the to you, unless one is born again, he cannot see armies of the world. Ps. 2 the kingdom of God.” Jn. 3:3 c. The prophet Isaiah joins the First and b. Jesus said, “Assuredly, I say to you, among Second Coming of the Messiah without those born of women there has not risen one distinction to proclaim the acceptable greater than John the Baptist; but he who is year of the Lord and the day of least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than vengeance our God…that He may be he. And from the days of John the Baptist until glorified. Is. 61:2-3 now the kingdom of heaven suffers violence, d. The Messiah will return and the Jews and the violent take it by force.” Matt. 11:11-12 will ask Him about His pierced hands, 17 18

c. Jesus told the , “But if I cast out A. The Kingdom of God in it’s theocratic form is demons by the Spirit of God, surely the available to all who will believe the revelation kingdom of God has come upon you”. Matt. of God about His Son to be saved. 12:28 1. “For I am not ashamed of the gospel of 2. God in His Omniscience and foreknowledge knew Christ, for it is the power….” Rom. 1:16 all along Israel would reject their Messiah at His First a. The Jew came first in priority of time in Advent. the offer of the Kingdom before the a. Therefore the prophecies in the Old Testament , but now the nation has been contain both Advents. rejected by Jesus. b. The rejection of Jesus by the Jews was not b. Individual Jews can be saved, but not as predetermined by God, but their own free-will. a nation, until Jesus returns. c. To ask, “What if Israel would of received Jesus 2. “For there is no distinction between Jew and and the kingdom would have been set up, how Greek, for the same Lord over all is rich to would the forgiveness of sins been possible all who call upon Him.” Rom. 10:12 without the cross? This is to not acknowledging a. All come on the same basis, faith in God’s Omniscience and Foreknowledge! Jesus. Eph. 2:8-9 d. That would not of happened since God knew b. All are children of Abraham by faith. what they would do and the prophecies were Gal. 3:7 already proclaimed. c. All are new creature, everything becomes e. The prophecies did not make the Jews reject new. 2Cor. 5:17 their Messiah, the prophecies only declared d. All are given a new divine nature to beforehand they would reject their Messiah. escape the corruption of this world. 2Pet. f. That is why Jesus said, “Therefore I say to you 1:3-4 (Israel), the kingdom of God will be taken e. Where there is neither Greek nor Jew, from you and given to a nation bearing the circumcised nor uncircumcised, fruits of it.” Matt. 21:43 barbarian, Scythian, slave nor free, but Christ is all and in all. Col. 3:11 This is the kingdom of God from the New Testament 3. The entrance into the kingdom of God is perspective! through the new birth revealed to Nicodemus by Jesus. Jn. 3:3-5 III. The present age perspective. 19 20

a. The of the Christian are to be in prophets agree, just as it is written: After perspective of the kingdom of God, this I will return And will rebuild the “Your kingdom come.” Matt. 6:10 tabernacle of David, which has fallen down; b. The pursuit of the Christian is to be the I will rebuild its ruins, And I will set it up; kingdom of God, not their denomination, So that the rest of mankind may seek the “But seek first the kingdom of God and LORD…” Acts 15:13-17 His righteousness…”. Matt. 6:33 7. Jesus is sanctifying and cleansing his bride with the washing of water by the word, that B. The Kingdom of God is it’s theocratic form is He might present her to Himself a glorious being proclaimed through the church. church, not having spot or wrinkle or any 1. “And the Lord added to the church daily such thing, but that she should be holy and those who were being saved.” Acts 2:47b without blemish. Eph. 5:26-27 2. “And I also say to you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build My church, and C. The kingdom of God will be instituted at the the gates of Hades shall not prevail against Second Coming. it.” Matt. 16:18 1. Proclaimed in the Great-Tribulation period. 3. “And He put all things under His feet, and Rev. 6-19 gave Him to be head over all things to the a. Through the believing remnant, the 144, church.” Eph. 1:22 000 Jews. Rev. 7 4. “But if I am delayed, I write so that you may b. Through the two witness. Rev. 11 know how you ought to conduct yourself in c. “Then I looked, and behold, a Lamb the house of God, which is the church of the standing on Mount Zion, and with Him living God, the pillar and ground of the one hundred and forty-four thousand, truth.” 1Tim. 3:15 having His Father's name written on their 5. “To the general assembly and church of the foreheads…” Rev. 14:1, 3-4 firstborn who are registered in heaven...” d. Through the angel, “Then I saw another Heb.12:23 angel flying in the midst of heaven, 6. “Men and brethren, listen to me: “Simon has having the everlasting gospel to preach to declared how God at the first visited the those who dwell on the earth--to every Gentiles to take out of them a people for His nation, tribe, tongue, and people--saying name. And with this the words of the with a loud voice, “Fear God and give 21 22

glory to Him, for the hour of His c. The believer is to know, “And the Lord will judgment has come; and worship Him deliver me from every evil work and preserve who made heaven and earth, the sea and me for His heavenly kingdom. To Him be glory springs of water.” Rev. 14:6-7 forever and ever. Amen!” 2Tim. 4:18 2. Jesus will appear to establish the kingdom d. The believer is to know the Lord is coming, age on the earth. Rev. 19-20 “And behold, I am coming quickly, and My a. To save Israel and give them a new heart. reward is with Me, to give to every one Rom. 11:25-26; Jer. 31:35-37; 33:14-22; according to his work. Rev. 22:12 Ezk. 37:18-25 2. The kingdom parables reveal the church age in the b. To destroy the armies at the battle of absence of the King. Matt. 13 Armageddon, the beast, False Prophet. a. The Sower, the method of the kingdom. 2Thess. 1:7-9; Rev. 19:15-21 b. The tares, the counterfeits of the kingdom. c. To judge the nations. Matt. 25:31-46 c. The mustard seed, the corruption within the d. Satan will be bound for one thousand kingdom. years. Rev. 20:1-3 d. The leaven in the meal, the false teaching in the midst of the kingdom. Illustration e. The hidden treasure, no cost is to great to enter Paul exhorted the Romans, “And do this, knowing the the kingdom. time, that now it is high time to awake out of sleep; f. The pearl of great price, nothing can be for now our salvation is nearer than when we first compared to the kingdom. believed”. Rom. 13:11 g. The dragnet, only those who come in faith enter the kingdom. Application h. Jesus said, “That it might be fulfilled which 1. The Christian is told many thing regarding the was spoken by the prophet, saying: “I will open Kingdom of God. My mouth in parables; I will utter things kept a. The believer has been brought into the kingdom secret from the foundation of the world.” Matt. by God’s dear Son. Col. 1:13 13:35 b. The believer is warned that those practicing i. Jesus said to them, “Do you not understand this certain sins will not have part in the kingdom. parable? How then will you understand all the 1Cor. 6:9-10; Gal. 5:21; Eph. 5:5 parables?” Mk. 4:13 23 24

j. Jesus said, “Therefore every scribe instructed to Jesus and for the word of God, who had not concerning the kingdom of heaven is like a worshiped the beast or his image, and had not householder who brings out of his treasure received his mark on their foreheads or on their things new and old.” Matt. 13:52 hands. And they lived and reigned with Christ 3. John wrote the book of Revelations to assure the for a thousand years. But the rest of the dead Christian of the establishment of the Kingdom of did not live again until the thousand years were God. finished. This is the first resurrection. Blessed a. He introduced himself as being in the Kingdom, and holy is he who has part in the first “I, John, both your brother and companion in resurrection. Over such the second death has no the tribulation and kingdom and patience of power, but they shall be priests of God and of Jesus Christ, was on the island that is called Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand Patmos for the word of God and for the years.” Rev. 20:4-6 testimony of Jesus Christ.” Rev. 1:9 d. He refers to the certainty of the Kingdom, “And b. He records the arrival of the kingdom, “Then the Spirit and the bride say, “Come!” And let the seventh angel sounded: And there were loud him who hears say, “Come!” And let him who voices in heaven, saying, “The kingdoms of this thirsts come. Whoever desires, let him take the world have become the kingdoms of our Lord water of life freely. For I testify to everyone and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever who hears the words of the prophecy of this and ever!” Rev. 11:15 book: If anyone adds to these things, God will c. He repeats the announcement of the Kingdom, add to him the plagues that are written in this “Then I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, book; and if anyone takes away from the words "Now salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of the book of this prophecy, God shall take of our God, and the power of His Christ have away his part from the Book of Life, from the come, for the accuser of our brethren, who holy city, and from the things which are written accused them before our God day and night, in this book. He who testifies to these things has been cast down.” Rev. 12:10 says, “Surely I am coming quickly.” Amen. d. He reveals the setting up of the Millennial Even so, come, Lord Jesus! The grace of our Kingdom upon the earth, “And I saw thrones, Lord Jesus Christ be with you all.” Rev. 22:17- and they sat on them, and judgment was 21 committed to them. Then I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their witness 25 26

This is the kingdom of God from the present age perspective!

Conclusion This is what the Scriptures about the Kingdom of God from these three vantage points. I. The Old Testament perspective! II. The New Testament perspective1 III. The present age perspective!