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3161532112 Lp.Pdf Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey (Zürich) Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala) Hans-Josef Klauck (Chicago, IL) Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) J. Ross Wagner (Durham, NC) 332 John J. Collins Scriptures and Sectarianism Essays on the Dead Sea Scrolls Mohr Siebeck JOHN J. COLLINS, born 1946; 1972 PhD; 1985–91 Professor at the University of Notre Dame; 1991– 2000 Professor at the University of Chicago; since 2000 Holmes Professor of Old Testament in Yale. e-ISBN PDF 978-3-16-153211-5 ISBN 978-3-16-153210-8 ISSN 0512-1604 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; de- tailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2014 by Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany. www.mohr.de This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copy- right law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfi lms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Gulde-Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper and bound by Buch- binderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. Preface The essays in this volume were written over a decade, roughly 2003 to 2013. The introductory essay, “What have we learned from the Dead Sea Scrolls?” has not been published in this form before. The essays are grouped in three clusters. The fi rst deals with the authority of Scripture and the various ways in which it is inter- preted. The second deals with historiography, the emergence of the sect and its rela- tion to the Enochic writings and 4QInstruction. The third cluster deals with aspects of the sectarian worldview: covenant and dualism, the angelic world, the afterlife, prayer and ritual, and wisdom. Finally, an epilogue consisting of one essay illus- trates the relevance of the Scrolls for early Christianity by discussing the case of the Suffering Servant. These essays are intended to complement my other writings on the Dead Sea Scrolls: Apocalypticism in the Dead Sea Scrolls (London: Routledge, 1997); The Scepter and the Star. Messianism in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls (2nd ed.; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2010); Beyond the Qumran Community. The Sectarian Movement of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2010); and The Dead Sea Scrolls. A Biography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012). I have not included in this collection essays that are reworked in one or other of those books, but some occasional overlap is inevitable. I would like to thank Jörg Frey, with whom I have co-chaired a seminar at SNTS on the Scrolls and the New Testament for fi ve years, for accepting the volume for publication in WUNT, Mark Lester for preparing the Bibliography and James Nati for compiling the indices. Table of Contents Preface . V Chapter One. Introduction. What Have We Learned from the Dead Sea Scrolls? . 1 The origin of the collection . 1 The Scrolls and the Bible . 4 The phenomenon of re-written scriptures. 5 A biblical canon? . 6 The Scrolls and Judaism . 8 The Scrolls and Christianity . 12 Conclusion . 16 Part One Scripture and Interpretation . 17 Chapter Two. The Transformation of the Torah in Second Temple Judaism . 19 The transformation of Torah . 21 Ancestral law in the Hellenistic period . 25 Antiochus Epiphanes . 28 The Temple Scroll and Jubilees . 31 Halakah and Sectarianism . 34 Chapter Three. Changing Scripture . 35 The case of Deuteronomy . 35 The second century BCE . 40 Rewritten Scriptures . 42 Jubilees . 44 The Temple Scroll . 47 The question of fraud . 50 Chapter Four. Tradition and Innovation in the Dead Sea Scrolls . 51 The nature of the Scrolls collection . 52 VIII Table of Contents The sectarian ideology . 55 Pseudepigrapha in the Scrolls . 56 The Torah re-written . 59 The sectarian view of revelation . 60 The role of the Teacher . 61 An oral tradition? . 62 A distinctive view of tradition . 65 Scripture and interpretation . 66 Conclusion . 68 Chapter Five. The Interpretation of Genesis in the Dead Sea Scrolls . 70 The earliest interpretations . 71 Ben Sira . 73 Wisdom texts in the Scrolls . 77 4QInstruction . 78 The Instruction on the Two Spirits . 83 Conclusion . 84 Chapter Six. The Interpretation of Psalm 2 . 87 The relation between 2 Samuel 7 and Psalm 2 in 4Q174 . 89 The messianic interpretation of Psalm 2 . 90 Psalm 2 in the Pseudepigrapha . 92 The Psalms of Solomon . 93 The Similitudes of Enoch . 95 4 Ezra 13 . 97 The Scrolls . 99 The Florilegium again . 101 Chapter Seven. The Book of Daniel and the Dead Sea Scrolls . 102 Explicit citations . 102 Allusions to Daniel in sectarian literature . 104 Texts related to Daniel . 106 The Prayer of Nabonidus (4QPrNab) . 107 The Pseudo-Daniel texts . 109 The Aramaic Apocalypse . 111 The Four Kingdoms Text . 112 Conclusion . 114 Table of Contents IX Part Two History and Sectarianism . 117 Chapter Eight. Historiography in the Dead Sea Scrolls . 119 Apocalyptic Historiography . 120 The Pesharim . 123 Historiographical texts among the Scrolls . 126 The so-called “annalistic lists” . 128 Conclusion . 132 Chapter Nine. Reading for History in the Dead Sea Scrolls . 133 The Damascus Document . 136 The Hodayot . 140 The Pesharim . 141 Conclusion . 148 Chapter Ten. “Enochic Judaism” and the Sect of the Dead Sea Scrolls . 150 The Essenes . 151 The Hasidim . 152 A split in the emerging movement . 154 “The Qumran Community” . 158 The Essenes revisited . 159 Enochic Judaism and the Scrolls . 160 Conclusion . 163 Chapter Eleven. Sectarian Consciousness in the Dead Sea Scrolls . 164 The yahad . 166 Creation and Election . 170 4QInstruction . 171 Part Three The Sectarian Worldview . 177 Chapter Twelve. Covenant and Dualism in the Dead Sea Scrolls . 179 Covenantal Nomism . 179 A sectarian covenant? . 180 The Two Spirits . 182 Persian dualism . 186 The provenance of the Instruction . 188 Covenant and dualism . 189 X Table of Contents Chapter Thirteen. The Angelic Life . 195 Angelic afterlife . 195 Angelic afterlife in the Scrolls . 197 Fellowship with the angels in this life . 199 The Yahad . 200 The Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifi ce . 202 Personal transformation . 204 Permanent or temporary transformation . 208 Resurrection and transformation . 209 Chapter Fourteen. The Essenes and the Afterlife . 212 Josephus and Hippolytus . 212 Essene eschatology according to Josephus . 217 Does Josephus refl ect a Semitic belief? . 219 The evidence of the rule books . 220 Hippolytus and the Scrolls . 222 Conclusion . 226 Chapter Fifteen. Prayer and the Meaning of Ritual in the Dead Sea Scrolls . 227 The Meaninglessness of.
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