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Karen Grujicic Marcelja.Pdf PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Karen Grujicic Marcelja De gordas a plus size Mudanças na representação das mulheres consideradas acima do peso DOUTORADO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS SÃO PAULO 2018 PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Karen Grujicic Marcelja De gordas a plus size Mudanças na representação das mulheres consideradas acima do peso DOUTORADO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Sociais, na área de concentração de Antropologia, sob a orientação da Profª. Drª. Maria Celeste Mira SÃO PAULO 2018 Banca Examinadora ___________________________________________ Profª. Drª Ana Lúcia de Castro Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Jorge Leite Jr. Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar ____________________________________________ Profª. Drª Mariza Martins Furquim Werneck Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo – PUC-SP ____________________________________________ Profª. Drª Rita de Cássia Alves Oliveira Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo – PUC-SP Para meus pais, Vera e Wilim; para meu marido e parceiro, Pedro; para minha filha, Helena, com o desejo de que sua geração tenha referências positivas para se relacionar com o próprio corpo com prazer, liberdade e amor. AGRADECIMENTOS Cheguei ao doutorado vinda de uma experiência muito gratificante no mestrado em Gerontologia, no qual estudei sobre corpo, mídia e consumo. Empolgada, logo me candidatei ao processo seletivo para o doutorado em Ciências Sociais. A intenção era estudar mais sobre corpo, dessa vez o gordo ao invés do velho, e o arcabouço teórico da Antropologia certamente era a melhor escolha para isso. Naquela ocasião, era impossível prever o quanto a vida me levaria por rumos diferentes, embora muito desejados. Já aprovada no curso, conheci aquele que viria a ser meu marido e, pouco tempo depois, pai de minha filha. Tudo, então, ganhou nova posição em minha lista de prioridades e passou a ser visto com outro olhar, inclusive eu mesma. E, claro, isso teve impactos em minha pesquisa. Todos que estão aqui citados, de uma forma ou de outra, foram essenciais para que eu concluísse este trabalho. Alguns pelos conhecimento teórico; outros, pelas conversas e intensas trocas de ideias. Alguns, pela ajuda com tarefas do cotidiano e outros, ainda, pelo carinho e incentivo, duas coisas essenciais para qualquer pós-graduando. Meus agradecimentos à Prof.ª Dr.ª Maria Celeste Mira pelo acolhimento inicial e, sobretudo, pela compreensão e carinho com que me recebeu ao longo das fases de pesquisa e vida pessoal pelas quais passei. Obrigada por entender minha “escrita jornalística” e por sempre apresentar soluções, leituras, olhares e interpretações que enriqueceram este trabalho. Obrigada a Prof.ª Dr.ª Ana Lucia de Castro e a Prof.ª Dr.ª Mariza Werneck pelo carinho com que acolheram minha pesquisa e pelas importantes observações no exame de qualificação, além de terem aceitado o convite para compor a banca de defesa deste trabalho. Aos amigos e colegas do Grupo de Pesquisa de Práticas Culturais Contemporâneas (GEPRACC), conduzido pela orientadora Prof.ª Dr.ª Celeste. Agradeço o acolhimento, as oportunidades de apresentar minha produção e as sugestões que recebi para minha pesquisa. A Katia e ao Rafael, que auxiliam, orientam e socorrem os alunos do curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais sempre que necessário. Aos funcionários da Divisão de Bolsas de Estudos pela atenção e disponibilidade em todos os momentos. A minha sogra, Adelia Bezerra de Meneses, pelas conversas sobre a tese, pelo carinho em me indicar leituras e pelos preciosos momentos que passou com a Helena enquanto eu me dedicava à elaboração da tese. Isso não tem preço para nenhuma de nós três. A Ulpiano Bezerra de Meneses, meu “tio”, que não só se interessou pelo meu tema de pesquisa como procurou várias referências bibliográficas para me indicar. Obrigada por transmitir um pouquinho de todo o seu conhecimento! A meu sogro, Willi Bolle, e sua esposa, Fátima Monteiro, por estarem sempre próximos e disponíveis, além das palavras de incentivo. À querida amiga Merilyn Escobar de Oliveira, cuja amizade foi crescendo ao longo do curso e se estendeu para muitos aspectos além da vida acadêmica. Obrigada pelos conselhos, sugestões, indicações de leituras e eventos, parcerias em viagens e também pela disponibilidade que sempre teve comigo. Aos meus queridos irmãos, Denis e Ivan, pelo carinho, incentivo e força que sempre me deram. Vocês são meus melhores amigos e as pessoas que mais admiro. Este trabalho, e tudo o que o envolveu, tem muito de vocês. Obrigada! Aos meus pais, Vera e Wilim. Que falar dos pais? É um privilégio ser filha de vocês e poder ter a certeza de que sempre terei sua confiança, apoio, encorajamento e amor. Obrigada por sempre terem me incentivado nos estudos e nas escolhas que fiz até aqui. Obrigada também por mostrarem que distância não significa nada... Ao meu marido, meu companheiro e meu amor Pedro Bolle, pelo interesse e pela parceria que sempre teve comigo durante o curso. Obrigada pelo incentivo quando nos casamos, quando me descobri grávida e depois que a Helena nasceu, quando você cuidou dela para que eu pudesse me dedicar aos livros e às muitas horas diante do computador. Tenho orgulho de ser sua esposa e de ter dado um pai tão carinhoso e dedicado para nossa filha. Amo você! Ao meu amor, minha Helena. Você veio para deixar minha vida melhor e ser minha companheirinha nessa jornada da vida. É uma felicidade enorme ser sua mãe e ver que, a cada dia, você vai ganhando o mundo. Espero que eu consiga mostrar para você as coisas boas que existem nele. Espero, ainda, que as reflexões desta pesquisa cheguem até você na forma de muito amor, carinho e incentivo para que você cresça sabendo amar seu corpo do jeito que ele é – e ele é perfeito. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), pelo apoio financeiro concedido a este trabalho. Por fim, à vida, sempre generosa comigo. RESUMO Há séculos, os discursos sobre beleza envolvem o corpo feminino em delicadas relações de poder, além de transformá-lo em objeto de consumo e desejo em diferentes sociedades. Nas últimas décadas, o corpo ganhou ainda mais importância com a possibilidade de intervenções estéticas e cirúrgicas em prol da beleza e do rendimento físico. Por tudo isso, a figura do gordo, do barrigudo e do sedentário virou um indicativo de fracasso diante de tantas possibilidades de beleza, saúde e sucesso divulgadas pela publicidade e pela mídia e geral. No entanto, desde o início dos anos 2000 algo vem mudando nesse discurso. Blogs, redes sociais e outras mídias alternativas vêm divulgando uma mensagem mais otimista em relação à obesidade. Sem apologias à gordura, o que se vê na Internet são incentivos ao amor próprio e o fim do sofrimento causado por dietas inúteis e tratamentos para emagrecer. O que se vê nesses canais são jovens que supostamente aprenderam a gostar de si mesmas e a superar questões como preconceito, falta de acessibilidade e representatividade. Algumas blogueiras já somam centenas de milhares de seguidores e conseguiram bons contratos publicitários graças ao seu poder de influência nas redes sociais. Boa parte desse discurso positivo passa pela moda, que já enxerga nas pessoas consideradas acima do peso um filão importante para os negócios. A chamada moda plus size (tamanhos grandes, em inglês), como foi batizado o segmento, hoje movimenta a indústria da moda mais do que qualquer outro, e já conta com eventos, desfiles, estilistas e modelos próprios, todos cada vez mais requisitados. Mesmo diante desse novo cenário em relação à obesidade, é possível imaginar que as mudanças vieram para ficar? Este trabalho discute um pouco do histórico em relação ao corpo gordo e à construção de padrões de beleza, bem como os paradigmas que as redes sociais e a cultura de massas estão ajudando a quebrar ao propor a noção de que é possível ter quilos a mais e ser bonita e, sobretudo, feliz. Palavras-chave: corpo, obesidade, discurso, moda, Internet. ABSTRACT For centuries, discourses about beauty have involved the female body in delicate power relations, in addition to transforming it into the object of consumption and desire in different societies. In the last decades, the body has gained even more importance with the possibility of aesthetic and surgical interventions for beauty and physical performance. For all this, the figure of the fat, the potbellied and the sedentary became an indication of failure before so many possibilities of beauty, health and success released by advertising and the media and general. However, since the early 2000s something has been changing in this discourse. Blogs, social networks and other alternative media have been releasing a more optimistic message about obesity. Without apologies to fat, Internet encourages self-love and the end of suffering caused by useless diets and treatments to lose weight. These channels are lead by young women who are supposed to have learned to like themselves and to overcome issues such as prejudice, lack of accessibility and representativeness. Some bloggers already add up to hundreds of thousands of followers and have achieved good advertising contracts thanks to their power of influence on social networks. A good part of this positive discourse is fashion, which already sees in people considered to be overweight an important lode for business. The so-called fashion plus size, as the segment was named, today moves the fashion industry more than any other, and already has events, parades, stylists and own models, all increasingly sought after. Even in the face of this new scenario in relation to obesity, is it possible to imagine that the changes have come to stay? This paper discusses a bit of the history of the fat body and the building of beauty standards, as well as the paradigms that social networks and mass culture are helping to break down by proposing the notion that it is possible to have extra kilos and be beautiful and, above all, happy.
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