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Gheller Pre-Defense Draft Without Codesii Geopolitics, State-Formation and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario Frantz Gheller A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Political Science York University Toronto, Ontario January 2015 © Frantz Gheller 2015 Abstract This dissertation challenges the prevailing periodization of Quebec and Ontario’s economic development in Canadian historiography by contrasting the specificity of capitalist social relations with the non-capitalist forms of social reproduction belonging to French Canadian peasants and Upper Canadian farmers in the colonial period. With a few notable exceptions, existing historical interpretations assume that capitalism was there, at least in embryo, from the colony’s very beginning in the guise of the fur trade, manufacturing, or a local bourgeoisie. By contrast, this thesis brings together, through a comparative perspective, different pieces of the interconnected histories of France, Britain, the United States, Ontario, and Quebec in order to show that capitalism did not arrive on the shores of the St. Lawrence River with the first settlers. The dissertation also brings together pieces of the uneven intra-regional histories of these regions, and provides a general reflection on how to systematically integrate the geopolitical dimension of social change into historical sociology, political economy, and comparative politics. As such, the question with which the thesis is concerned is not exclusively that of the transition to capitalism in Quebec or in Ontario, but more broadly the interrelated questions of state-formation and ‘late development’ in north-eastern North America. One of the main findings of the dissertation is that only with the development of industrial capitalism in the north-eastern United States were the conditions for the emergence of capital-intensive types of agriculture in rural areas of Quebec and Ontario put in place. American breakthroughs toward industrial capitalism irrevocably ii transformed the system-wide conditions under which subsequent agricultural evolution took place in neighbouring regions, generating a new geopolitical configuration in which customary peasant production continued to persist in Quebec alongside petty-commodity farmers in Upper Canada and the development of industrial capitalism in urban areas such as Montreal. These findings bring to the fore the need to directly address the ‘peasant question’ in order to understand the impact of the continued existence of a large peasantry on state-formation and the long-term economic development of Quebec during the period when industrial capitalism was emerging as a dominant feature of the North American economy. iii À la mémoire d’Eva, décédée alors que la rédaction touchait à sa fin. iv Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have assisted me on this journey, and without whom I would never have been able to realize this project. My deepest thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Hannes Lacher, for his steady and resolute encouragement and guidance, as well as his thoughtful and challenging engagement with my work. His support during the writing process and his intellectual generosity were invaluable. Thanks also to my committee members, Dr. George Comninel and Dr. Frédérick-Guillaume Dufour, whose writings and years of insightful teaching have been a continuing source of profound inspiration to me. Discussions with Dr. George Comninel about the differences between agrarian capitalism, non-capitalist commercial agriculture, commercial agriculture in a capitalist context, and capitalist agricultural production in industrial capitalist society, were crucial to help me clarify many of the conceptual issues at stake in the dissertation. To those who guided me at an earlier point in my academic life, my warmest recognition: Dr. Jules Duchastel and Dr. Raphael Canet, who accompanied and supported me as I was making my first steps in the graduate world. The research opportunities they offered me laid the foundational skills on which my work still builds today. I would also like to express my appreciation to Benno Teschke and Samuel Knafo from Sussex University for their warm welcome every time I have the chance to visit v Britain, and to Alison Blay-Palmer and Haroon Akram-Lodhi for their support as I was planning the aftermath of the Ph.D. The prospect of embarking on new research adventures has been an important motivation to finish the thesis in a timely manner. Thanks to the fantastic friends whom I met during the PhD and whose love, laughter, and support assisted me in the best as well as the most difficult moments along the road. All of you, each in your own way and at different times, made possible the realization of this project: Alexis Vaillancourt, Amélie Delage, Claudia Hébert, Dan Furukawa- Marques, Étienne Godard-Flamand, Eren Duzgun, Gary Romanuk, Janick Roy, Jonathan Martineau, Julian Germann, Kamila Pietrzyk, Lilian Yap, Nancy Turgeon, Nicole Swerhun, Sébastien Rioux, Sean Starrs, Thierry Drapeau, Thomas Chiasson-Lebel, Valérie Gingras, Xavier Lafrance, Yasin Kaya (and many others!). Thanks also to my old pals, Alexis Dumont-Blanchet, Francis Boilard, Luc-Étienne Rouillard-Lafond, Priscilla Guy, and Vincent Lafrenaye-Lamontage, for more than ten years of precious friendship. From the bottom of my heart, thanks to Alain and Carmen, my parents, who have always considered my education to be important and showed a kind and unwavering support for all my projects. They have thought me to cherish le travail bien fait. A special thanks also to my brother, Hans, who has always managed to find ways of making me feel close to home, despite the geographical distance. The three of them have often gone out of their way in order to give me a helping hand and make my life easier. vi My greatest debt—an incalculable one—is to Christine Henderson, my dear love, whose help in editing the manuscript has been indispensable to the completion of the thesis. Even more importantly, through creative discussion, exchange of ideas, and emotional connection, you forced me to think beyond academia, opened my eyes to how precious life is, and taught me to treasure human relationships. You not only beautified my world, you made me a better person. Finally, I am very grateful to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities for funding the research and writing of this thesis. vii Table of Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................v Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... viii List of Maps ..................................................................................................................x Introduction......................................................................................................................1 Capitalism beyond the European Heartland...............................................................17 The Commercialization Model ....................................................................................19 The Agrarian Origin of Capitalism ..............................................................................22 The Transition Debate in the Canadian Historiography ..............................................27 Fur Trade, Merchant Capital and Capitalist Production ..............................................31 The Geopolitical Diffusion of Capitalist Social Relations...........................................41 Pre-Capitalist Social Relations in Early Modern Quebec............................................46 Geopolitically Uneven and Socially Combined Development ....................................50 Concluding Remarks: Bringing in the ‘Peasant Question’ ..........................................59 Colonial State-Formation in New France ....................................................................65 From Feudal Rent-Taking Lords to the Absolutist Tax/Office State...........................71 France and England: Two Different Patterns of Historical Development ...................75 The Seigneurial Regime in New France ......................................................................82 The ‘Rates’ of Exploitation..........................................................................................91 Inheritance Rights ......................................................................................................101 Colonial State-Formation, Geopolitics and Mercantilist Rivalries............................106 Politically Constituted Property in the Colony ..........................................................114 Conclusion..................................................................................................................120 The British Conquest and its Consequences..............................................................123 Mercantilist Trade Wars in Northeastern North America..........................................125 Changes in the Geo-Territorial Configuration ...........................................................132 The Cooptation of French Canadian Elites ................................................................140
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