DOCSLIB.ORG

Linking Historical, Field, and Satellite Data to Determine the Relationship Between Gas Emissions and Vegetation Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2019 LINKING HISTORICAL, FIELD, AND SATELLITE DATA TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GAS EMISSIONS AND VEGETATION CHANGE IN THE PUHIMAU GEOTHERMAL AREA EAST RIFT ZONE KILAUEA, HAWAII Christie Torres Rosa Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2019 Christie Torres Rosa Recommended Citation Torres Rosa, Christie, "LINKING HISTORICAL, FIELD, AND SATELLITE DATA TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GAS EMISSIONS AND VEGETATION CHANGE IN THE PUHIMAU GEOTHERMAL AREA EAST RIFT ZONE KILAUEA, HAWAII", Open Access Master's Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2019. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/835 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the Geology Commons, and the Volcanology Commons LINKING HISTORICAL, FIELD, AND SATELLITE DATA TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GAS EMISSIONS AND VEGETATION CHANGE IN THE PUHIMAU GEOTHERMAL AREA EAST RIFT ZONE KILAUEA, HAWAII By Christie Eileen Torres Rosa A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Geology MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Christie Eileen Torres Rosa This thesis has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Geology. Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences Thesis Advisor: Chad D. Deering Committee Member: Curtis Edson Committee Member: Snehamoy Chatterjee Department Chair: John S. Gierke Table of Contents List of Figures .....................................................................................................................v List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................x List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... xi Abstract ...............................................................................................................................1 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................2 2 Geological Setting .......................................................................................................4 3 Eruptive History of the Kilauea Volcano and the East Rift Zone .........................5 4 Description of field locality ........................................................................................7 5 Methodology ..............................................................................................................10 5.1 Field campaign (February 13 to March 6, 2017) ............................................... 10 5.2 Diffuse Soil Degassing Data Analysis ............................................................... 12 5.3 Remote Sensing Applications to Volcanic Environments ................................. 15 5.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)............................................. 17 5.5 Supervised Classification and Difference .......................................................... 18 6 Results ........................................................................................................................19 6.1 Diffuse soil gas fluxes and soil temperature ...................................................... 19 6.2 Sequential gaussian simulation .......................................................................... 26 6.2.1 CO2 Flux ......................................................................................................... 26 6.2.2 H2 S Flux ......................................................................................................... 28 6.3 Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)............................................... 32 6.4 Supervised classification and Difference ........................................................... 34 7. Discussion ..................................................................................................................42 7.1 Diffuse CO2 flux ................................................................................................. 42 7.2 Diffuse H2S flux ................................................................................................. 43 7.3 Origin of soil gas emission distribution ............................................................. 45 iii 7.4 Spatiotemporal changes in vegetation health and/or extent ............................... 50 8. Conclusion .................................................................................................................52 References .........................................................................................................................54 Appendix I ........................................................................................................................59 Appendix II .......................................................................................................................61 Appendix III .....................................................................................................................66 Appendix IV .....................................................................................................................75 iv List of Figures Figure 1. Location of the Kilauea volcano, its craters, shields, and cones that are documented thought its eruptive history. Eruptive history from the craters is: from 1924 Halema‘uma‘u crater (biggest crater on the figure), 1955 events at lower Puna, 1960 the Kapoho crater, 1969 to 1974 Mauna Ulu, and from 1983 to present Pu’u’O’o in the East Rift Zone. Represented as a green triangle is the Puhimau geothermal area, study site. ......................... 5 Figure 2. Puhimau geothermal area, at the East Rift Zone of Kilauea, Hawaii. Area of study for the field campaign and data collection. ................................................................................... 8 Figure 3. Location of the 400 sample locations at the Puhimau geothermal area during the February-March 2017 field campaign. .................................................................................. 11 Figure 4. Example of how the equipment was set up for each measurement showing the accumulation chamber and the soil thermometer. ................................................................. 12 Figure 5. Omnidirectional variogram model for the 1,000 simulations of CO2. In red the experimental variogram and in blue the fitted variogram. .................................................... 14 Figure 6. Two direction (X and Y) variogram model for the 1,000 simulations of H2S. In red the experimental variogram in the x direction and in blue the fitted variogram. In green the experimental variogram in the Y direction and in orange the fitted variogram. ................... 15 Figure 7. NDVI classification for the Puhimau geothermal area for 2017. .................................. 18 Figure 8. Data distribution for CO2 gas emissions at the Puhimau geothermal area values are in g -2 -1 m d . ................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 9. Data distribution for H2S gas emissions at the Puhimau geothermal area values are in g -2 -1 m d . ................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 10. Data distribution for ground temperature (~15cm) for the Puhimau geothermal area. Soil temperature values are in oC. ......................................................................................... 22 Figure 11. Scatter plot showing a lack of correlation between CO2 and soil temperature. Depth of soil temperature measurements: ~15cm. ............................................................................... 24 Figure 12. Scatter plot showing a lack of correlation between H2 S and soil temperature. Depth of soil temperature measurements: ~15cm. ............................................................................... 25 Figure 13. Scatter plot showing a lack of correlation between CO2 and H2 S. .............................. 26 Figure 14. Map of the SGS average results for CO2 flux modeled for the Puhimau geothermal -2 -1 area.CO2 flux values are in g m d . ..................................................................................... 27 Figure 15. Example of a fumarole with steam activity at the center of the Puhimau geothermal feature, an area that shows a high CO2 flux value based on the SGS model. ........................ 27 v Figure 16. Center of the Puhimau geothermal area showing lack of vegetation, bare soil, and fumaroles with steam activity. This area was identified as the highest CO2 flux emissions based on SGS model results. ................................................................................................. 28 Figure 17. Map of the SGS average results for H2S flux modeled for the Puhimau geothermal -2 -1 area. H2S flux values are in g m d . .................................................................................... 29 Figure 18. Fumarole with steam activity at the northeast region of the Puhimau geothermal feature, an area with
Recommended publications
  • Geology of Hawaii Reefs

    Geology of Hawaii Reefs

    11 Geology of Hawaii Reefs Charles H. Fletcher, Chris Bochicchio, Chris L. Conger, Mary S. Engels, Eden J. Feirstein, Neil Frazer, Craig R. Glenn, Richard W. Grigg, Eric E. Grossman, Jodi N. Harney, Ebitari Isoun, Colin V. Murray-Wallace, John J. Rooney, Ken H. Rubin, Clark E. Sherman, and Sean Vitousek 11.1 Geologic Framework The eight main islands in the state: Hawaii, Maui, Kahoolawe , Lanai , Molokai , Oahu , Kauai , of the Hawaii Islands and Niihau , make up 99% of the land area of the Hawaii Archipelago. The remainder comprises 11.1.1 Introduction 124 small volcanic and carbonate islets offshore The Hawaii hot spot lies in the mantle under, or of the main islands, and to the northwest. Each just to the south of, the Big Island of Hawaii. Two main island is the top of one or more massive active subaerial volcanoes and one active submarine shield volcanoes (named after their long low pro- volcano reveal its productivity. Centrally located on file like a warriors shield) extending thousands of the Pacific Plate, the hot spot is the source of the meters to the seafloor below. Mauna Kea , on the Hawaii Island Archipelago and its northern arm, the island of Hawaii, stands 4,200 m above sea level Emperor Seamount Chain (Fig. 11.1). and 9,450 m from seafloor to summit, taller than This system of high volcanic islands and asso- any other mountain on Earth from base to peak. ciated reefs, banks, atolls, sandy shoals, and Mauna Loa , the “long” mountain, is the most seamounts spans over 30° of latitude across the massive single topographic feature on the planet.
  • Hawaiian Volcanoes: from Source to Surface Site Waikolao, Hawaii 20 - 24 August 2012

    Hawaiian Volcanoes: from Source to Surface Site Waikolao, Hawaii 20 - 24 August 2012

    AGU Chapman Conference on Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface Site Waikolao, Hawaii 20 - 24 August 2012 Conveners Michael Poland, USGS – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, USA Paul Okubo, USGS – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, USA Ken Hon, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, USA Program Committee Rebecca Carey, University of California, Berkeley, USA Simon Carn, Michigan Technological University, USA Valerie Cayol, Obs. de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand Helge Gonnermann, Rice University, USA Scott Rowland, SOEST, University of Hawai'i at M noa, USA Financial Support 2 AGU Chapman Conference on Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface Site Meeting At A Glance Sunday, 19 August 2012 1600h – 1700h Welcome Reception 1700h – 1800h Introduction and Highlights of Kilauea’s Recent Eruption Activity Monday, 20 August 2012 0830h – 0900h Welcome and Logistics 0900h – 0945h Introduction – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Its First 100 Years of Advancing Volcanism 0945h – 1215h Magma Origin and Ascent I 1030h – 1045h Coffee Break 1215h – 1330h Lunch on Your Own 1330h – 1430h Magma Origin and Ascent II 1430h – 1445h Coffee Break 1445h – 1600h Magma Origin and Ascent Breakout Sessions I, II, III, IV, and V 1600h – 1645h Magma Origin and Ascent III 1645h – 1900h Poster Session Tuesday, 21 August 2012 0900h – 1215h Magma Storage and Island Evolution I 1215h – 1330h Lunch on Your Own 1330h – 1445h Magma Storage and Island Evolution II 1445h – 1600h Magma Storage and Island Evolution Breakout Sessions I, II, III, IV, and V 1600h – 1645h Magma Storage
  • Another Clue for Fast Motion of the Hawaiian Hotspot 27 February 2018

    Another Clue for Fast Motion of the Hawaiian Hotspot 27 February 2018

    Another clue for fast motion of the Hawaiian hotspot 27 February 2018 Northwest Pacific. But soon there was doubt over whether hotspots are truly stationary. The biggest contradiction was a striking bend of about 60 degrees in this volcanic chain, which originated 47 million years ago. "If you try to explain this bend with just a sudden change in the movement of the Pacific Plate, you would expect a significantly different direction of motion at that time relative to adjacent tectonic plates," says Bernhard Steinberger of the GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences. "But we have not found any evidence for that." Recent studies have suggested that apparently two processes were effective: On the one hand, the Pacific Plate has changed its direction of motion. On the other hand, the Hawaiian hotspot moved relatively quickly southward in the period from 60 to about 50 million years ago - and then stopped. If this hotspot motion is considered, only a smaller change of Pacific plate motions is needed to explain the volcano chain. Graph shows the dates of volcanoes of the three volcanic chains in the Pacific and their relative movement over time (left). The location of the three This hypothesis is now supported by work in which volcanic chains shown in the map (right). The stars mark Steinberger is also involved. First author Kevin the youngest end or the active volcanoes today. Credit: Konrad, Oregon State University in Corvallis, Nature Communications, Kevin Konrad et al. Oregon, and his team have evaluated new rock dating of volcanoes in the Rurutu volcanic chain, including, for example, the Tuvalu volcanic islands in the Western Pacific.
  • Chapter 2 the Evolution of Seismic Monitoring Systems at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

    Chapter 2 the Evolution of Seismic Monitoring Systems at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

    Characteristics of Hawaiian Volcanoes Editors: Michael P. Poland, Taeko Jane Takahashi, and Claire M. Landowski U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1801, 2014 Chapter 2 The Evolution of Seismic Monitoring Systems at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory By Paul G. Okubo1, Jennifer S. Nakata1, and Robert Y. Koyanagi1 Abstract the Island of Hawai‘i. Over the past century, thousands of sci- entific reports and articles have been published in connection In the century since the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory with Hawaiian volcanism, and an extensive bibliography has (HVO) put its first seismographs into operation at the edge of accumulated, including numerous discussions of the history of Kīlauea Volcano’s summit caldera, seismic monitoring at HVO HVO and its seismic monitoring operations, as well as research (now administered by the U.S. Geological Survey [USGS]) has results. From among these references, we point to Klein and evolved considerably. The HVO seismic network extends across Koyanagi (1980), Apple (1987), Eaton (1996), and Klein and the entire Island of Hawai‘i and is complemented by stations Wright (2000) for details of the early growth of HVO’s seismic installed and operated by monitoring partners in both the USGS network. In particular, the work of Klein and Wright stands and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The out because their compilation uses newspaper accounts and seismic data stream that is available to HVO for its monitoring other reports of the effects of historical earthquakes to extend of volcanic and seismic activity in Hawai‘i, therefore, is built Hawai‘i’s detailed seismic history to nearly a century before from hundreds of data channels from a diverse collection of instrumental monitoring began at HVO.
  • Hawaii Hotspot (Crustal Plate Movement)

    Hawaii Hotspot (Crustal Plate Movement)

    Earth Science Name: Dynamic Crust Laboratory # 13 Hawaii Hotspot (Crustal Plate Movement) Introduction: Plate tectonics has been an accepted theory since the 1960’s. According to this theory, the crust of the Earth is composed of plates that move over the asthenosphere. There are two basic types of plates: heavy, thin and dense oceanic plates, which are primarily composed of basalt; and thick, lighter continental plates, which are comprised of silicate rocks (granite). Movement of the Pacific plate over the Hawaiian Hot Spot: The idea behind plate tectonics is that the crustal plates are moving with respect to one another over geologic time. The rates of movement of crustal plates can be determined by using data from the plate margins along the mid-ocean ridges, or at regions known as “HOTSPOTS” where the distance and age can be measured. The Hawaiian Islands are volcanic islands that are produced as superheated molten material rises upward from deep within the mantle. As the molten material breaks through weak places in the crustal plate a new “island” will form. Hawaii Crustal Plate Lab.doc 10/6/2013 1 Procedures: 1. Using Map 1 on this page and the absolute dates of lava in bold black numbers that represent millions of years before the present. Calculate the age difference between the islands and enter the data in the table on page 3. When there is more than one age on an island use an average! 2. Make distance measurements between the “dots” of each circle using the scale on the diagram. 3. Convert the distance from kilometers to “land” or “real” centimeters (NOT cm on the map!) by multiplying the distance in KM by 100,000 (which is the number of cm in 1 km).
  • Hawaiian Hotspot

    Hawaiian Hotspot

    V51B-0546 (AGU Fall Meeting) High precision Pb, Sr, and Nd isotope geochemistry of alkalic early Kilauea magmas from the submarine Hilina bench region, and the nature of the Hilina/Kea mantle component J-I Kimura*, TW Sisson**, N Nakano*, ML Coombs**, PW Lipman** *Department of Geoscience, Shimane University **Volcano Hazard Team, USGS JAMSTEC Shinkai 6500 81 65 Emperor Seamounts 56 42 38 27 20 12 5 0 Ma Hawaii Islands Ready to go! Hawaiian Hotspot N ' 0 3 ° 9 Haleakala 1 Kea trend Kohala Loa 5t0r6 end Mauna Kea te eii 95 ol Hualalai Th l 504 na io sit Mauna Loa Kilauea an 509 Tr Papau 208 Hilina Seamont Loihi lic ka 209 Al 505 N 98 ' 207 0 0 508 ° 93 91 9 1 98 KAIKO 99 SHINKAI 02 KAIKO Loa-type tholeiite basalt 209 Transitional basalt 95 504 208 Alkalic basalt 91 508 0 50 km 155°00'W 154°30'W Fig. 1: Samples obtained by Shinkai 6500 and Kaiko dives in 1998-2002 10 T-Alk Mauna Kea 8 Kilauea Basanite Mauna Loa -K M Hilina (low-Si tholeiite) 6 Hilina (transitional) Hilina (alkali) Kea Hilina (basanite) 4 Loa Hilina (nephelinite) Papau (Loa type tholeiite) primary 2 Nep Basaltic Basalt andesite (a) 0 35 40 45 50 55 60 SiO2 Fig. 2: TAS classification and comparison of the early Kilauea lavas to representative lavas from Hawaii Big Island. Kea-type tholeiite through transitional, alkali, basanite to nephelinite lavas were collected from Hilina bench. Loa-type tholeiite from Papau seamount 100 (a) (b) (c) OIB OIB OIB M P / e l p 10 m a S E-MORB E-MORB E-MORB Loa type tholeiite Low Si tholeiite Transitional 1 f f r r r r r r r f d y r r d b b
  • The Cavernicolous Fauna of Hawaiian Lava Tubes, 1

    The Cavernicolous Fauna of Hawaiian Lava Tubes, 1

    Pacific Insects 15 (1): 139-151 20 May 1973 THE CAVERNICOLOUS FAUNA OF HAWAIIAN LAVA TUBES, 1. INTRODUCTION By Francis G. Howarth2 Abstract: The Hawaiian Islands offer great potential for evolutionary research. The discovery of specialized cavernicoles among the adaptively radiating fauna adds to that potential. About 50 lava tubes and a few other types of caves on 4 islands have been investigated. Tree roots, both living and dead, are the main energy source in the caves. Some organic material percolates into the cave through cracks associated with the roots. Cave slimes and accidentals also supply some nutrients. Lava tubes form almost exclusively in pahoehoe basalt, usually by the crusting over of lava rivers. However, the formation can be quite complex. Young basalt has numerous avenues such as vesicles, fissures, layers, and smaller tubes which allow some intercave and interlava flow dispersal of cavernicoles. In older flows these avenues are plugged by siltation or blocked or cut by erosion. The Hawaiian Islands are a string of oceanic volcanic islands stretching more than 2500 km across the mid-Pacific. The western islands are old eroded mountains which are now raised coral reefs and shoals. The eight main eastern islands total 16,667 km2 and are relatively young in geologic age. Ages range from 5+ million years for the island of Kauai to 1 million years for the largest island, Hawaii (Macdonald & Abbott, 1970). The native fauna and flora are composed of those groups which dis­ persed across upwards of 4000 km of open ocean or island hopped and became successfully established.
  • Hawaiʻi Board on Geographic Names Correction of Diacritical Marks in Hawaiian Names Project - Hawaiʻi Island

    Hawaiʻi Board on Geographic Names Correction of Diacritical Marks in Hawaiian Names Project - Hawaiʻi Island

    Hawaiʻi Board on Geographic Names Correction of Diacritical Marks in Hawaiian Names Project - Hawaiʻi Island Status Key: 1 = Not Hawaiian; 2 = Not Reviewed; 3 = More Research Needed; 4 = HBGN Corrected; 5 = Already Correct in GNIS; 6 = Name Change Status Feat ID Feature Name Feature Class Corrected Name Source Notes USGS Quad Name 1 365008 1940 Cone Summit Mauna Loa 1 365009 1949 Cone Summit Mauna Loa 3 358404 Aa Falls Falls PNH: not listed Kukuihaele 5 358406 ʻAʻahuwela Summit ‘A‘ahuwela PNH Puaakala 3 358412 Aale Stream Stream PNH: not listed Piihonua 4 358413 Aamakao Civil ‘A‘amakāō PNH HBGN: associative Hawi 4 358414 Aamakao Gulch Valley ‘A‘amakāō Gulch PNH Hawi 5 358415 ʻĀʻāmanu Civil ‘Ā‘āmanu PNH Kukaiau 5 358416 ʻĀʻāmanu Gulch Valley ‘Ā‘āmanu Gulch PNH HBGN: associative Kukaiau PNH: Ahalanui, not listed, Laepao‘o; Oneloa, 3 358430 Ahalanui Laepaoo Oneloa Civil Maui Kapoho 4 358433 Ahinahena Summit ‘Āhinahina PNH Puuanahulu 5 1905282 ʻĀhinahina Point Cape ‘Āhinahina Point PNH Honaunau 3 365044 Ahiu Valley PNH: not listed; HBGN: ‘Āhiu in HD Kau Desert 3 358434 Ahoa Stream Stream PNH: not listed Papaaloa 3 365063 Ahole Heiau Locale PNH: Āhole, Maui Pahala 3 1905283 Ahole Heiau Locale PNH: Āhole, Maui Milolii PNH: not listed; HBGN: Āholehōlua if it is the 3 1905284 ʻĀhole Holua Locale slide, Āholeholua if not the slide Milolii 3 358436 Āhole Stream Stream PNH: Āhole, Maui Papaaloa 4 358438 Ahu Noa Summit Ahumoa PNH Hawi 4 358442 Ahualoa Civil Āhualoa PNH Honokaa 4 358443 Ahualoa Gulch Valley Āhualoa Gulch PNH HBGN: associative Honokaa
  • Neon, Helium and Argon Isotope Systematics of the Hawaiian Hotspot

    Neon, Helium and Argon Isotope Systematics of the Hawaiian Hotspot

    Universität Potsdam Institut für Geowissenschaften Neon, Helium and Argon Isotope Systematics of the Hawaiian Hotspot Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades "doctor rerum naturalium" (Dr. rer. nat.) in der Wissenschaftsdisziplin Geowissenschaften eingereicht an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam von Tina Mailer, geb. Krüsmann Potsdam, Juni 2009 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License: Attribution - Noncommercial - Share Alike 3.0 Germany To view a copy of this license visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/de/deed.en Published online at the Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam: URL http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3963/ URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39633 http://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39633 Fire and Ice Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice. From what I've tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice. Robert Frost, 1923 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Zusammmenfassung................................................................................................................... 2 Motivation and goals of this study ............................................................................................. 3 1 Noble Gas Geochemistry .......................................................................................................
  • Explore Crater Rim Drive and Chain of Craters Road VISITOR ALERT High Amounts of Dangerous Sulfur Dioxide Gas Are Present at the Volcano”S Summit

    Explore Crater Rim Drive and Chain of Craters Road VISITOR ALERT High Amounts of Dangerous Sulfur Dioxide Gas Are Present at the Volcano”S Summit

    National Park Service Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park U.S. Department of the Interior Explore Crater Rim Drive and Chain of Craters Road VISITOR ALERT High amounts of dangerous sulfur dioxide gas are present at the volcano”s summit. Personal Safety When driving along Crater Rim Drive, keep your windows closed when visible. Volcanic gas conditions (visually similar to smog) exist along Chain of Craters Road— keep your windows closed when visible. If the air irritates, smells bad, or you have difficulty breathing, return to your vehicle and leave the area. If open, the Kīlauea Visitor Center is a clean air environment. Please be flexible in your travel plans. Some areas may be closed for your safety. Points of Interest Automated Cell Phone Tour 0 Dial 1-808-217-9285 to learn more about the numbered stops listed below. Kīpukapuaulu Nāmakanipaio For emergencies call Mauna Loa Road (13.5-miles one way) Kīlauea Military Camp Campground 808-985-6170 or 911 11 9 Steam Vents 1 To Kailua- Sulphur Banks 4 Kona Crater Rim Drive Jaggar Kīlauea Overlook Museum and Picnic Area Kïlauea Visitor Center 0 Volcano Village 2 7 Volcano House (Gas and Food) closed for renovations Park Entrance 11 KĪLAUEA CALDERA To Hilo 6 Halema‘uma‘u Kīlauea Iki Crater Crater Overlook Thurston Lava Tube (Nāhuku) 3 Road Closed Pu‘u Pua‘i Due to high amounts of sulphur dioxide gas. Pit Devastation Trail 5 Craters Hilina Pali Road (9 miles / 14.5 km one-way) Pu‘u Huluhulu Cinder Cone Hilina Pali Mauna Ulu Shield Overlook Kulanaokuaiki Mau Loa o Campground Mauna Ulu Pu‘u
  • Maunaloa/Current/Longterm.Html K!Lauea – the Most Active Volcano on Earth K!Lauea Structure

    Maunaloa/Current/Longterm.Html K!Lauea – the Most Active Volcano on Earth K!Lauea Structure

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
  • Non-Hawaiian Lithostratigraphy of Louisville Seamounts and the Formation of High-Latitude Oceanic Islands and Guyots

    Non-Hawaiian Lithostratigraphy of Louisville Seamounts and the Formation of High-Latitude Oceanic Islands and Guyots

    Non-Hawaiian lithostratigraphy of Louisville seamounts and the formation of high-latitude oceanic islands and guyots David M. Buchsa,⁎, Rebecca Williamsb, Shin-ichi Sanoc, V. Paul Wrightd a Cardiff University, UK b University of Hull, UK c Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, Japan d National Museum of Wales, UK This is an author accepted manuscript for an article published in Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.12.019. ABSTRACT Guyots are large seamounts with a flat summit that is generally believed to form due to constructional biogenic and/or erosional processes during the formation of volcanic islands. However, despite their large abundance in the oceans, there are still very few direct constraints on the nature and formation of guyots, in particular those formed at high latitude that lack a thick cap of shallow-marine carbonate rocks. It is largely accepted based on geophysical constraints and surficial observations/sampling that the summit platform of these guyots is shaped by wave abrasion during post-volcanic subsidence of volcanic islands. Here we provide novel constraints on this hypothesis and the summit geology of guyots with a lithostratigraphic analysis of cores from three Louisville seamounts (South Pacific) collected during Expedition 330 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). Thirteen lithofacies of sedimentary and volcanic deposits are described, which include facies not previously recognized on the top of guyots, and offer a new insight into the formation of high-latitude oceanic islands on a fast- moving plate. Our results reveal that the lithostratigraphy of Louisville seamounts preserves a very consistent record of the formation and drowning of volcanic islands, with from bottom to top: (i) volcaniclastic sequences with abundant lava-fed delta deposits, (ii) submarine to subaerial shield lava flows, (iii) post-volcanic shallow to deeper marine sedimentary rocks lacking thick reef deposits, (iv) post-erosional rejuvenated volcanic rocks, and (v) pelagic sediments.