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The Changing Ground Flora of an Upland Planted Woodland

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The Changing Ground Flora of an Upland Planted Woodland The changing ground flora of an upland planted woodland John Holland, SRUC Hill & Mountain Research Centre, Kirkton & Auchtertyre Farms SRUC Hill & Mountain Research Centre Loch Lomond & the Trossachs National Park 2 Caol Gleann Gleann a’Chlachain 3 Gleann a’Chlachain Main Woodland (217 ha) 4 Allt Gleann a’Chlachain Gorge Woodland (43 ha) 5 Trees planted in the in the Allt Gleann a‘Chlachain Gorge Woodland and main Gleann a‘Chlachain Woodland (260 ha) Latin Name English Name Total Percentage Betula pubescens Downy Birch 219710 45.35% Betula pendula Silver Birch 63505 13.11% Pinus sylvestris Scot’s Pine 49300 10.18% Alnus glutinosa Common Alder 43765 9.03% Sorbus aucuparia Rowan 38110 7.87% Salix cinerea Grey Willow 23250 4.80% Salix caprea Goat Willow 17505 3.61% Quercus petraea Sessile Oak 8850 1.83% Salix aurita Eared Willow 6250 1.29% Salix mysinifolia Dark-leaved Willow 5010 1.03% Fraxinus excelsior Ash 4060 0.84% Corylus avellana Hazel 3300 0.68% Populus tremula Aspen 1110 0.23% Salix lapponum Downy Willow 750 0.15% Total 484,475 100% 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Downy Willow (Salix lapponum) 13 14 Vegetation Changes in the Gorge Woodland • Increase in dwarf shrubs, particularly Ling (Calluna vulgaris) • Increase in Bog Myrtle (Myrica gale) 15 Bog Myrtle (Myrica gale) 16 Vegetation Changes in the Gorge Woodland • Increase in dwarf shrubs, particularly Ling (Calluna vulgaris) • Increase in Bog Myrtle (Myrica gale) • Increase in Purple Moor Grass (Molinia caerulea) and a decrease in Mat Grass (Nardus stricta) 17 Scotch Argus (Erebia aethiops) 18 Scotch Argus (Erebia aethiops) 19 Vegetation Changes in the Gorge Woodland • Increase in dwarf shrubs, particularly Ling (Calluna vulgaris) • Increase in Bog Myrtle (Myrica gale) • Increase in Purple Moor Grass (Molinia caerulea) and a decrease in Mat Grass (Nardus stricta) • Increase in tall herb species: – Northern Bedstraw, Wild Angelica, Globeflower, Melancholy Thistle, Wood Cranesbill, Meadowsweet, Common Valerian, Smooth Lady’s- mantle, Sneezewort, Primrose, Water Avens 20 Northern Bedstraw (Galium boreale21 ) Wild Angelica (Angelica sylvestris) 22 Globeflower (Trollius europaeus) 23 Melancholy Thistle (Cirsium heterophyllum) 24 Wood Crane’s-bill (Geranium sylvaticum) 25 Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria26 ) Common Valerian (Varleriana officinalis) 27 Sneezewort (Achillea ptarmica) 28 Vegetation Changes in the Gorge Woodland • Increase in dwarf shrubs, particularly Ling (Calluna vulgaris) • Increase in Bog Myrtle (Myrica gale) • Increase in Purple Moor Grass (Molinia caerulea) and a decrease in Mat Grass (Nardus stricta) • Increase in tall herb species: – Northern Bedstraw, Wild Angelica, Globeflower, Melancholy Thistle, Wood Cranesbill, Meadowsweet, Common Valerian, Smooth Lady’s- mantle, Sneezewort, Primrose, Water Avens • Flowering of flush and wetland species: – Grass-of-Parnassus, Marsh Violet 29 Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palustris) 30 Marsh Violet (Viola palustris) 31 Common Dog Violet (Viola riviniana) 32 Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary (Boloria selene) 33 Vegetation Changes in the Gorge Woodland • Increase in dwarf shrubs, particularly Ling (Calluna vulgaris) • Increase in Bog Myrtle (Myrica gale) • Increase in Purple Moor Grass (Molinia caerulea) and a decrease in Mat Grass (Nardus stricta) • Increase in tall herb species: – Northern Bedstraw, Wild Angelica, Globeflower, Melancholy Thistle, Wood Cranesbill, Meadowsweet, Common Valerian, Smooth Lady’s- mantle, Sneezewort, Primrose, Water Avens • Flowering of flush and wetland species: – Grass-of-Parnassus, Marsh Violet • Appearance/expansion of Mountain Willow (Salix arbuscula) 34 Mountain Willow (Salix arbuscula) 35 Gleann a’Chlachain Main Woodland (217 ha) 36 37 38 39 40 41 Tree Monitoring June 2013 © Crown Copyright / Database-right 2013. An Ordnance Survey42 / EDINA supplied Service. Relationship Between Tree Height and Altitude 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 Tree Height (m) Height Tree y = -0.0033x + 2.2555 R2 = 0.2612 0.50 0.00 350 400 450 500 550 600 Altitude (m) 43 Tree Monitoring June 2013 © Crown Copyright / Database-right 2013. An Ordnance Survey44 / EDINA supplied Service. 45 46 Vegetation Changes in the Main Woodland • Increase in dwarf shrubs: – Ling, Cross-leaved Heath, Bell Heather, Blaeberry, Cowberry, Crowberry 47 48 49 50 Cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) 51 Northern Eggar (Lasiocampa Quercus Callunae) 52 Northern Eggar (Lasiocampa Quercus Callunae) 53 Emperor Moth (Saturnia pavonia) 54 Emperor Moth (Saturnia pavonia) 55 Vegetation Changes in the Main Woodland • Increase in dwarf shrubs: – Ling, Cross-leaved Heath, Bell Heather, Blaeberry, Cowberry, Crowberry • Appearance of Lesser Twayblade beneath the tall heather 56 Lesser Twayblade (Neottia cordata) 57 Vegetation Changes in the Main Woodland • Increase in dwarf shrubs: – Ling, Cross-leaved Heath, Bell Heather, Blaeberry, Cowberry, Crowberry • Appearance of Lesser Twayblade beneath the tall heather • Increase in Purple Moor Grass and Creeping Soft-grass, and a decrease in Mat Grass • Increase in Wood Anemone, Bluebell and Bugle 58 Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa) 59 60 61 Vegetation Changes in the Main Woodland • Increase in dwarf shrubs: – Ling, Cross-leaved Heath, Bell Heather, Blaeberry, Cowberry, Crowberry • Appearance of Lesser Twayblade beneath the tall heather • Increase in Purple Moor Grass and Creeping Soft-grass, and a decrease in Mat Grass • Increase in Wood Anemone, Bluebell and Bugle • Increase in Sphagnum and other bog and wetland plants: – Common Cotton-grass, Hare’s-tail Cotton-grass, Bog Asphodel, Bottle Sedge, Marsh Lousewort, Lousewort, Yellow Pimpernel, Marsh Violet 62 Sphagnum 63 Common Cotton-grass (Eriophorum angustifolium) 64 Heath Spotted Orchid (Dactylorhiza maculata) 65 Vegetation Changes in the Main Woodland • Increase in dwarf shrubs: – Ling, Cross-leaved Heath, Bell Heather, Blaeberry, Cowberry, Crowberry • Appearance of Lesser Twayblade beneath the tall heather • Increase in Purple Moor Grass and Creeping Soft-grass, and a decrease in Mat Grass • Increase in Wood Anemone, Bluebell and Bugle • Increase in Sphagnum and other bog and wetland plants: – Common Cotton-grass, Hare’s-tail Cotton-grass, Bog Asphodel, Bottle Sedge, Marsh Lousewort, Lousewort, Yellow Pimpernel, Marsh Violet • Increase in tall herb species: – Goldenrod, Northern Bedstraw, Devil’s-bit Scabious, Heath Spotted Orchid, Marsh Thistle, Marsh Hawk’s-beard, Marsh Willow-herb, Water Avens, Bitter Vetch, Smooth Lady’s Mantle, Great Woodrush, Hard Fern 66 Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) 67 Vegetation Changes in the Main Woodland • Increase in dwarf shrubs: – Ling, Cross-leaved Heath, Bell Heather, Blaeberry, Cowberry, Crowberry • Appearance of Lesser Twayblade beneath the tall heather • Increase in Purple Moor Grass and Creeping Soft-grass, and a decrease in Mat Grass • Increase in Wood Anemone, Bluebell and Bugle • Increase in Sphagnum and other bog and wetland plants: – Common Cotton-grass, Hare’s-tail Cotton-grass, Bog Asphodel, Bottle Sedge, Marsh Lousewort, Lousewort, Yellow Pimpernel, Marsh Violet • Increase in tall herb species: – Goldenrod, Northern Bedstraw, Devil’s-bit Scabious, Heath Spotted Orchid, Marsh Thistle, Marsh Hawk’s-beard, Marsh Willow-herb, Water Avens, Bitter Vetch, Smooth Lady’s Mantle, Great Woodrush, Hard Fern • Increase in Stag’s-horn Club-moss 68 Stag’s-horn Clubmoss (Lycopodium clavatum) 69 Common Lizard (Lacerta vivipara) 70 Common Frog (Rana temporaria71 ) Golden-ringed Dragonfly (Cordulegaster boltonii) 72 Bird Species Changes in the Gleann a’Chlachain Woodlands Species that utilise the new woodland habitat and have shown an increase since the woodland was planted Species Status (Birds of Conservation Concern 4) Black Grouse red Tree Pipit red Cuckoo red Lesser Redpoll red Woodcock red Mistle Thrush red Whinchat red Willow warbler amber Bullfinch amber Snipe amber Reed Bunting amber Wren green Robin green Chaffinch green Buzzard green Stonechat* green * Showed an initial increase, but has since declined due to the harsh winters of 2009/10 and 2010/11 73 Bird Species Changes in the Gleann a’Chlachain Woodlands Three visits Year Early Mid Late 1999 17/05/1999 25/05/1999 08/06/1999 2001 25/05/2001 04/06/2001 08/06/2001 2017 18/05/2017 01/06/2017 14/06/2017 Total Count of Birds (in all distance bands (up to 100m from transect line)) 4.0 km of transect 5.7 km of transect inside outside the enclosure Outside Enclosure the enclosure Inside Woodland Enclosure Species 1999 2001 2017 Species 1999 2001 2017 Meadow Pipit 267 239 249 Meadow Pipit 375 349 441 Skylark 5 3 0 Skylark 0 2 0 Snipe 3 2 0 Snipe 7 2 1 Wheatear 23 3 0 Wheatear 24 2 0 Grey Wagtail 4 0 1 Grey Wagtail 6 0 2 Dipper 0 0 0 Dipper 1 0 0 Twite 2 0 0 Twite 1 2 1 Common Sandpiper 1 0 0 Common Sandpiper 4 1 0 Raven 0 4 2 Raven 0 0 0 Hen Harrier 0 0 0 Hen Harrier 0 1 0 Whinchat 0 0 0 Whinchat 0 0 9 Willow Warbler 0 0 0 Willow Warbler 0 0 6 Wren 0 0 4 Wren 0 0 2 Lesser Redpoll 0 0 0 Lesser Redpoll 0 0 11 Grand Total 305 251 256 Grand Total 418 359 473 Count of species inside Count of species inside 7 5 4 7 7 8 transects transects 74 75 Woodland Vision “A mountain woodland of low growing trees and shrubs with extensive open areas of heath, grassland, wetland and tall herb vegetation, creating a diverse and species-rich mosaic of habitats that will enhance the landscape and provide an important home for wildlife” 76 .
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