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_ Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. L 3 _ 8 8 9 4 0 locations aroundtheworld. made twicedaily, allatthesame time,athundredsof above groundbyaweatherballoon.Radiosondereportsare isapackageofweatherinstrumentscarriedhigh are measuredbyaradiosonde(RAY deeohsahnd).A conditions above Earth’s surface often measuredbyhumanobservers. speedanddirection.Cloudamountsvisibilityare report ,airpressure,humidity, ,and station. Aweatherstationisacollectionofinstrumentsthat on Earth’s surface edn setas ete Reading Essentials andUpper-AirSurface Reports Measuring the Weather Weather Forecasts Weather weather forecasts. Meteorologistsusethedatafromtheseinstrumentstomake humidity, andananemometermeasureswindspeed. measures airpressure.Apsychrometerrelative variables. Athermometermeasurestemperature.barometer that avarietyofinstrumentsisusedtomeasureweather the conditionsofatmosphere.You learnedinLesson1 7 this lesson,reread thestatements to seeifyou have changedyour mind. if you agree withthestatement oraDifyou disagree. After you’ve read whether you agree ordisagree withthem.Place anAintheBefore column What doyou think? . i n eoeSaeetAfter Statement Before d d An A The firststepinmakingaweatherforecastistomeasure

1 surface report surface 5

upper-air report 6. 5. weatherModern forecasts are doneusing computers. at locations around theworld. Weather variablesare day measured every . Weather variablesaremeasuredbyaweather

describes asetofweather measurements made Readthetwo statements below anddecide

describes wind, temperature, andhumidity . Theseatmosphericconditions K • • Key Concepts 1. Relate radiosonde reports? weather balloonassistwith read this lesson. read this forecasts you after have learned aboutweather youcolumn withfacts forecasts. Fill inthethird aboutweatherto know column, write whatyou want forecasts. thesecond In aboutweatheryou know the firstcolumn, write what paper into three columns. In - weather? used to the predict How are computer models variables? weather measure used to What instrumentsare W 3TUDY#OACH - L Divideasheetof How doesa CHAPTER 13 LESSON 3

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0 1 / 9 1 / Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 22/19/10 3:21:55 PM . Wind causes . Wind Barometric Barometric coded (in tenths of millibars) (in tenths speed Wind and direction Change in pressure is a specialized type

2 + 194 70 76 Doppler radar temperature Temperature (°F) Temperature precipitation Type of Type 2 + 194 76 70 Richmond Every day, thousands of surface reports, upper-air reports, thousands of surface reports, upper-air Every day, model. The station The figure below shows the station Images taken from satellites orbiting at 35,000 km above above km at 35,000 orbiting satellites from taken Images bounce precipitation when radio waves Radar measures and satellite and radar observations are made around the that help them understand world. Meteorologists have tools of weather data collected. large amount the off raindrops and snowflakes. off raindrops and Earth provide information about weather conditions on conditions about weather information Earth provide Earth. over shows white visible light image Earth. A false energy in a shows infrared satellite image An infrared It is stored in from Earth. energy comes The infrared color. energy as latent heat. Monitoring infrared the atmospheric about height and provides information images to use these satellite temperature. Meteorologists and air masses. identify fronts The Station Model Station The Weather Maps Radar and Images model diagram displays data from many different weather model diagram displays data from It uses numbers and measurements for one location. symbols, and it displays all observations from surface reports and upper-air reports. of radar that can detect precipitation as well as the movement of small as the movement detect as well precipitation that can of radar particles, be used to approximate which can Thus, Doppler radar can be the movement of precipitation. wind speed is used to estimate wind speed. Measuring such as weather, especially important during severe tornadoes or . VIRGINIA The Station Model The Station

Radar

Doppler 6 1

the weather the weather d d n i . two weather two weather 7 0 4 9

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Weather 8 Key Concept Check Concept Key _ 3 L Visual Check Visual _ Weather Weather Essentials Reading E R _ 8 variable measurements variable measurements included on the station model. 224

3. Name 3. Name

2. Identify 2. Identify variables that , and satellites, infrared Doppler radar measure. and then use it to collect it to then use and on satellite information and radar images. Makea two-tab book, 1 0 _ 5 1 0 _ 3 7 1 CC173_015_018_RE_L3_889407.indd 16 CC173_015_018_RE_L3_889407.indd 17 1 7 3 _ 0 1 5 _ 0 1 8 _ R E

_ Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. L 3 _ 8 8 9 4 0 edn setas ete Weather Reading Essentials the Predicting Weather Mapping TemperaturePressure and Internet. to thepublicthroughtelevision,radio,newspapers,and computer models.Themapsandforecastsaremadeavailable day. Weather maps aredrawnandforecastsmadeusing the Internettoshareweathermeasurementsthroughout clouds willform. when andwhereitwillrainorsnow, andwhattypesof formulas predictwhattemperaturesandwindsmightoccur, programs thatsolve asetofcomplex mathematical formulas forecast theweather. types offronts. Look atthemapbelowtoseesymbolsusedfordifferent which arecold.Lineswithsymbolsonthemshowfronts. temperature. Isothermsshowwhichareasarewarmand below) ar apart. are farther isobars areclosetogether. areweakerwhenisobars information aboutwindspeed.Winds arestrongwhen high-pressure andlow-pressuresystems.Isobarsalsogive an isobaronthemapbelow. Isobarsshowthelocationof connect allplaces on amapwhere pressure hasthesamevalue For example,weathermapsshowisobars. 7 15 22 Wind (N) direction . KEY i n * d H L d In asimilarway, isotherms(notshownonthemap Weather mapsusemoresymbolsthanthestationmodel. Government meteorologicalofficesusecomputersand Meteorologists usecomputermodelstohelpthem

1 7 Dew point15°F Air temperature 22°F Wind speed(20knots)

Low- High-pressure system Light rain Light snow Precipitation Occluded front front Stationary H 1020 e linesthatconnectplaceswiththesame A Computer models 1024 H 18 6 50 59 - 10 2

are detailedcomputer 20 23 Isobars 49 58 25 25 **

L 1000 1004 isobar

are linesthat 28 28 ** 34 34 H . The 1016 . Find low-pressure systems? represent high-pressure and 6. Describe the weather? computers usedto predict 5. Identify 4. Compare isotherms. Vsa Check Visual Raig Check Reading Key Concept Check

Which symbols How are isobars and 225 22/19/10 3:22:06PM / 1 9 / 1 0

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0 1 / 9 1 / Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 22/19/10 3:22:14 PM END OF LESSON ______c. b. a description of wind, temperature, and and temperature, a description of wind, a set of weather measurements made on made on measurements a set of weather ED a line that connects all places on a map where pressure pressure connects on a map where all places a line that onnect C has the same value has the same Earth’s surface Earth’s humidity conditions above Earth’s surface Earth’s humidity above conditions Log on to ConnectED.mcgraw-hill.com ConnectED.mcgraw-hill.com on to Log find this to textbook your and access resources. lesson’s Barometric Barometric coded pressure Change in pressure of millibars) (in tenths speed Wind and direction isobar: surface report: upper-air report: 2 + 194 76 70 Dew point temperature Temperature (°F) Temperature Type of Type precipitation a detailed computer program that solves solves that program a detailed computer 8 1 a specialized type of radar that can detect type that of radar a specialized

d d n i . 7 0 4 9 8 8 _ 3 ______L a set of complex mathematical formulas mathematical set of complex a which can be used to approximate wind speed wind approximate which can be used to precipitation as well as the movement of small particles, of small movement as the as well precipitation _ Weather Weather Essentials Reading E a. What is infrared energy and how does an infrared satellite image display it? What is infrared energy and how In the station model below, identify the measurements that were made by a barometer, by a barometer, identify the measurements that were made In the station model below, the name of the instrument in the blank next Write and an . , a to its measurement. compares and contrasts a surface report and an upper-air report. a surface report and an compares and contrasts Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Write a sentence that Write Mini Glossary. and their definitions in the Review the terms agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. disagree. or a D if you the statement with agree mind? change your Did you Reread the statements at the beginning of the at the beginning the statements Reread with an A if you column in the After lesson. Fill R What do you think _ 8 226 3. 2. 1. Mini Glossary model: computer Doppler radar: 1 0 _ 5 1 0 _ 3 7 1 CC173_015_018_RE_L3_889407.indd 18 Name Date Class

Content Vocabulary LESSON 3 Weather Forecasts Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly replaces the underlined words in each sentence. NOTE: You may need to change a term to its plural form.

computer model Doppler radar isobar surface report upper-air report

1. Tornadoes and thunderstorms, as well as other types of weather, can be tracked using a special system of measurement that can detect precipitation and can estimate wind speed.

2. On a weather map, high- and low-pressure systems are indicated by lines that connect all places where pressure is the same.

3. Weather forecasts use information from sets of mathematical formulas calculated by computer programs.

4. Information gathered by a and by human observers is used to put Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. together a(n) summary of weather measurements on Earth’s surface.

5. A(n) summary of weather conditions above Earth’s surface is based on measurements made by a .

48 Weather

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Lesson Outline LESSON 3 Weather Forecasts

A. Measuring the Weather 1. Meteorologists measure before making a forecast. 2. A(n) describes a set of weather measurements made on Earth’s surface. 3. Measurements include temperature, air pressure, humidity, precipitation, and wind and . 4. A(n) describes wind, temperature, and humidity conditions above Earth’s surface. 5. A(n) is a package of weather instruments that are carried into the atmosphere by a weather balloon. 6. Satellites provide weather information by measuring the given off by Earth and by taking photographs. 7. images provide information about cloud temperature and height. 8. is a special form of radar that can be used to detect precipitation and approximate wind speed. B. Weather Maps 1. The model displays many weather measurements for a specific location. It appears on . 2. Weather maps have , which are symbols made up of lines that connect places that have equal air pressure. These lines give information about . 3. are lines that connect places that have the same temperature. 4. are represented as lines with symbols on them. C. Predicting the Weather 1. Modern weather forecasts are made with the help of . 2. are detailed computer programs that solve a set of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill of a division © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright complex mathematical formulas. The formulas predict , winds, precipitation, and types of clouds.

Weather 49

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MiniLab LESSON 3: 20 minutes

How is weather represented on a map?

Meteorologists often use station models to record what the weather conditions are for a particular location. A station model is a diagram containing symbols and numbers that displays many different weather measurements. Use the station model legend provided by your teacher to interpret the data in each station model shown here.

Model A Model B 72 342 28 775 10 58 + 20 0

Analyze and Conclude 1. Compare and contrast the weather conditions at each station model. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Explain why meteorologists might use station models instead of reporting weather information another way.

3. Key Concept Discuss what variables are used to describe weather.

50 Weather

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