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«The Power of Christ Compels You!»

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«The Power of Christ Compels You!» «The Power of Christ Compels You!» En studie av eksorsisme i tre filmer Masteroppgave i religionsvitenskap Vår 2014 Institutt for arkeologi, historie, kultur- og religionsvitenskap Det humanistiske fakultet Universitetet i Bergen Espen Morland ii Takk Først og fremst vil jeg takke mine to veiledere Lisbeth Mikaelsson og Ingvild S. Gilhus for deres tålmodighet og gode råd under arbeidet med denne oppgaven. Jeg vil også gjerne takke Lene Lundervold og Åse Marie Morland for å ha lest gjennom og kommentert oppgaven underveis. Til sist vil jeg takke min fantastiske kone, Marthe Taranger Morland, for hennes støtte, entusiasme og positive kommentarer. Hun har lest utkastene til oppgaven gjentatte ganger, til tross for at hun fikk mareritt av dem. Tusen takk! Espen Morland Bergen, 14. mai 2014 iii «The Power of Christ Compels You!» En studie av eksorsisme i tre filmer iv v Innholdsfortegnelse: 1. INTRODUKSJON .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 TEMA OG PROBLEMSTILLING ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 METODE ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 NARRATIV ANALYSE ................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.2 FILMANALYSE ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 INNSAMLING AV DATA ............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3 TIDLIGERE FORSKNING ............................................................................................................................................ 6 2. DEMONTRO OG EKSORSISME ................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 INNLEDNING .................................................................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 DEFINISJON ................................................................................................................................................................. 10 2.3 HVA ER DEMONER? ................................................................................................................................................. 10 2.4 EKSORSISME I JØDEDOM OG KRISTENDOM ................................................................................................ 12 2.4.1 DEN KATOLSKE KIRKE .......................................................................................................................................... 13 2.5 DEMONISKE SYMPTOMER ................................................................................................................................... 15 2.6 HVORDAN UTFØRES EN EKSORSISME? ......................................................................................................... 17 2.7 ÅRSAK TIL DEMONANGREP ................................................................................................................................ 20 2.8 MEDISINSKE DIAGNOSER ..................................................................................................................................... 21 3. EKSORSISME OG DEMONER I FILM .................................................................................................... 23 3.1 SKREKK SOM UNDERHOLDNING ...................................................................................................................... 23 3.2 THE EXORCIST-SERIEN – OG ANDRE FILMER OM EKSORSISME ......................................................... 27 3.3 SKREKKFILM SOM SJANGER ................................................................................................................................ 28 3.4 SKREKKFILMENS RELIGIØSE DIMENSJON ................................................................................................... 29 3.5 SKREKKFILMENS KJØNNSASPEKT ................................................................................................................... 31 3.6 DEN VIDERE UTVIKLINGEN ................................................................................................................................ 32 4. ANALYSE AV THE EXORCIST ................................................................................................................ 33 4.1 FILMENS TILBLIVELSE .......................................................................................................................................... 33 4.2 HANDLINGSREFERAT ............................................................................................................................................. 35 4.3 FILMENS DRAMATURGISKE OPPBYGGING ................................................................................................... 36 4.4 FILMENS SKILDRING AV BESETTELSE OG EKSORSISME ....................................................................... 37 4.4.1 TEGN PÅ BESETTELSE ........................................................................................................................................... 38 4.4.2 REGLER FOR EKSORSISME OG RITUALE ROMANUM ........................................................................................ 40 4.4.3 EKSORSISMERITUALET ......................................................................................................................................... 41 4.5 FILMENS PERSONER OG DERES LIVSSITUASJON ...................................................................................... 44 4.5.1 FILMENS BEHANDLING AV KVINNER .................................................................................................................. 46 4.5.2 DET AVSKYELIGE ................................................................................................................................................... 47 4.5.3 SPIRITISME OG KATOLSK MORAL ........................................................................................................................ 48 4.6 FILMATISKE VIRKEMIDLER ................................................................................................................................ 49 4.7 BETYDNING AV KRISTEN IKONOGRAFI ......................................................................................................... 50 vi 4.8 TRO OG TVIL ............................................................................................................................................................... 53 4.9 AVSLUTNING .............................................................................................................................................................. 54 5. ANALYSE AV THE EXORCIST III ........................................................................................................... 55 5.1 FILMENS TILBLIVELSE .......................................................................................................................................... 55 5.2 HANDLINGSREFERAT ............................................................................................................................................. 55 5.3 FILMENS DRAMATURGISKE OPPBYGGING ................................................................................................... 58 5.4 FILMENS SKILDRING AV BESETTELSE OG EKSORSISME ....................................................................... 58 5.4.1 EKSORSISMERITUALET ......................................................................................................................................... 60 5.5 FILMENS PERSONER OG DERES LIVSSITUASJON ...................................................................................... 63 5.6 FILMATISKE VIRKEMIDLER ................................................................................................................................ 66 5.7 RELIGIØSE INNSLAG OG DERES FUNKSJON ................................................................................................. 68 5.8 AVSLUTNING .............................................................................................................................................................. 70 6. ANALYSE AV THE EXORCISM OF EMILY ROSE ................................................................................ 72 6.1 FILMENS TILBLIVELSE .......................................................................................................................................... 72 6.2 HANDLINGSREFERAT ............................................................................................................................................. 73 6.3 FILMENS DRAMATURGISKE OPPBYGGING ................................................................................................... 74 6.4 FILMENS SKILDRING AV BESETTELSE OG EKSORSISME ....................................................................... 75 6.4.1 TEGN PÅ BESETTELSE ........................................................................................................................................... 76 6.4.2 EKSORSISMERITUALET
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