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Bakalářská Práce TÉMA Český Politický Systém Druhé Republiky

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Bakalářská Práce TÉMA Český Politický Systém Druhé Republiky CEVRO Institut Bakalářská práce TÉMA Český politický systém druhé republiky Zpracoval: David Voráček Praha 2012 CEVRO Institut Politologie a mezinárodní vztahy Bakalářská práce TÉMA Český politický systém druhé republiky Katedra politologie a mezinárodních vztahů Vedoucí bakalářské práce Zpracoval PhDr. Daniel Kunštát Ph.D. David Voráček 2 „Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci na téma Český politický systém druhé republiky zpracoval sám. Veškeré prameny a zdroje informací, které jsem použil k sepsání této práce, byly citovány v poznámkách pod čarou a jsou uvedeny v seznamu použitých pramenů a literatury“. V Praze dne 25. dubna 2012 ……………………………………… David Voráček 3 Obsah Anotace ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Úvod ........................................................................................................................................... 6 1 Důvody vzniku druhé republiky .............................................................................................. 8 1.1 Mnohonárodnostní stát ..................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Extrémní multipartismus .................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Zahraniční politika Československa v letech 1918 – 1938 .............................................. 9 1.4 Požadavky německé národnostní menšiny a Hitlerovského Německa ............................ 9 1.5 Mnichovská dohoda ....................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Československá armáda ................................................................................................. 10 2 Druhá republika – od demokracie k autokracii ..................................................................... 12 2.1 Okamžité důsledky mnichovské dohody pro stát ........................................................... 12 2.2 Hledání viníka ................................................................................................................ 13 2.3 Konzervativní pravice v čele dění – Strana národní jednoty.......................................... 13 2.4 Opozice a její postavení ................................................................................................. 16 2.5 Volba prezidenta ............................................................................................................ 17 2.6 Vláda .............................................................................................................................. 19 2.7 Zmocňovací zákon ......................................................................................................... 21 2.8 Opoziční síly v novém státě ........................................................................................... 22 2.9 Zahraniční politika nového státu .................................................................................... 23 2.10 Autonomie Slovenska a Podkarpatské Rusi ................................................................. 25 3 Poslední měsíce samostatného Československa ................................................................... 27 3.1 Moc zákonodárná ........................................................................................................... 27 3.2 Moc výkonná .................................................................................................................. 29 3.3 Moc soudní (ústavní soud) ............................................................................................. 30 3.4 Rasový národ .................................................................................................................. 31 3.5 Konec druhé republiky ................................................................................................... 33 3.6 Druhá republika: demokracie x autoritářství x totalita x fašismus ................................. 34 Závěr ......................................................................................................................................... 36 Seznam použité literatury: ........................................................................................................ 38 Seznam příloh: .......................................................................................................................... 40 4 Anotace V této bakalářské práci se snažím popsat politický systém druhé republiky a odpovědět na otázku, jaké důvody vedly ke změně demokracie na autoritativní režim a jaké je riziko stejné zásadní změny politického systému v dnešní době. Zasazuji vznik druhé republiky do historického a mezinárodního kontextu. Tj. jaké události vedly ke vzniku druhé republiky a přesah těchto událostí na další vývoj. Hlavní část práce se věnuje politickým změnám v druhé republice, zjednodušení stranického systému, omezení parlamentu, volbě prezidenta, zmocňovacímu zákonu a dopadu nástupu dříve okrajových politických a ideologických proudů na politický systém druhé republiky. Tyto události se snažím popsat chronologicky, jak šly za sebou. Práce končí vyhlášením Protektorátu Čechy a Morava a tím i koncem druhé republiky. Abstract The aim of this bachelor thesis is to describe the political system of The Second Czechoslovak Republic, and to answer the question which purposes led to the change of the democracy to the authoritative regime, and how big the risk is that such an important change of the political system could heapen today.I follow the roots of The Second Republic in the historical and international perspective; respectively what had preceded the formation of The Second Republic and the impact of this occurrence on its future development. The main part of this thesis concentrates on the political changes in The Second Republic, the political system and parliament reduction, president election, legislative, and the impact of the enter of the parties which used to be minorite intend to describe the occurrences chronologically. The thesis concludes by the declaration of of The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and by the end of The Second Czechoslovak Republic. 5 Úvod Období druhé republiky je krátkým obdobím v moderních dějinách našeho státu. Druhá republika nebyla výsledkem přirozeného a kontinuálního vývoje, ale jeho rychlým a umělým přerušením v důsledku tzv. Mnichovské dohody. Československá republika byla posledním liberálně demokratickým státem ve střední Evropě obklopena diktátorskými režimy jako v případě Německé říše nebo autokratickými systémy úspěšnými např. v Maďarsku a Polsku. Neúspěch systému liberálně demokratického státu a jeho spojenců při ochraně státních hranic a celistvosti mladého státu nevedl jen ke ztrátě značného množství obyvatelstva a území, ale hlavně k obrovskému rozčarování občanů a ztráty víry v hodnoty, které byly základními kameny od vzniku státu. Většina obyvatelstva i politické reprezentace volala po změně systému, neboť liberální demokracii považovali za model, který selhal. Zdůrazněny byly všechny slabiny a nevýhody liberální demokracie. Prezident Beneš, který byl hlavním symbolem předchozího režimu, se stal hlavním nepřítelem. Druhá republika, ač byla svébytným státním útvarem, vykazovala značné znaky diskontinuity oproti první republice. Během velmi krátkého období došlo ke změnám nejen v politickém, ale i kulturním a občanském životě. Tyto změny vedly k rychlé změně politického systému od liberální demokracie k autokratickému režimu. Bakalářská práce je rozdělena na tři základní části. První je věnována historickému kontextu mnichovské dohody, která vedla ke vzniku druhé republiky a její přímé dopady na Československou republiku. Druhá část se zabývá změnami v politickém systému nového státu. Ve třetí části je popsána situace v posledních dnech před 16. březnem 1938. Práce je zaměřena na situaci v českých zemích a dění na Slovensku se dotýká jen okrajově. Cílem mé práce je co nejsrozumitelněji s pomocí dostupné literatury, a to zejména Ratajovi knihy O autoritativní národní stát, kterou já osobně považuji za zásadní text vztahující se k období Druhé republiky a knihy Jana Gebharta a Jana Kuklíka Druhá republika 1938-1939 Svár demokracie a totality v politickém, společenském a kulturním životě, popsat změny politického systému. Závěrem si chci dát odpověď na otázku, zda může obdobná situace, kdy dochází u občanů státu a politické reprezentace k velké deziluzi z uznávaných hodnot, vést k rychlé změně či destrukci politického systému. 6 Vždy mě zajímala historická období, na která lze nahlížet z mnoha pohledů, a která lze jen těžko hodnotit. Druhá republika trvala jen 5 měsíců, přesto za tuto krátkou dobu došlo k přechodu z demokracie na autoritářský režim. Dvacet let budovaná tradice byla zbořena během pouhých 163 dnů. Druhá republika je zároveň jediným příkladem v moderních českých dějinách, kdy se k moci dostala krajní pravice a umožnila přístup k moci i části českých fašistů. 7 1 Důvody vzniku druhé republiky Tato práce se bude zabývat druhou republikou. Přesto považuji za nutné uvést historický kontext a důvody, které vedly k jejímu vzniku. Musím se alespoň v základních historických faktech vrátit ke vzniku Československé republiky jako důsledek výsledku první světové války. A to z toho důvodu, že tyto historické souvislosti měly velký vliv na pozdější dění. Československá republika vznikla jako samostatný státní útvar na podzim roku 1918 a jeho státní hranice určila pařížská
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