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Dissertacao Carine Pedrotti.Pdf (4.608Mb) 1 UNIVERSIDADE DE CAXIAS DO SUL CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS E DA SAÚDE INSTITUTO DE BIOTECNOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOTECNOLOGIA PROSPECÇÃO DE ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS COM ATIVIDADE ANTIFÚNGICA PARA ALTERNATIVA NO CONTROLE DE Botrytis cinerea (PERS) e Colletotrichum acutatum (SIMMONDS) EM VIDEIRA CARINE PEDROTTI CAXIAS DO SUL 2016 CARINE PEDROTTI PROSPECÇÃO DE ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS COM ATIVIDADE ANTIFÚNGICA PARA ALTERNATIVA NO CONTROLE DE Botrytis cinerea (PERS) e Colletotrichum acutatum (SIMMONDS) EM VIDEIRA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Biotecnologia da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, visando a obtenção de grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia. Orientador(a): Prof. Dra. Joséli Schwambach Co-orientador(a): Dra. Rute Terezinha da Silva Ribeiro CAXIAS DO SUL 2016 CARINE PEDROTTI PROSPECÇÃO DE ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS COM ATIVIDADE ANTIFÚNGICA PARA ALTERNATIVA NO CONTROLE DE Botrytis cinerea (PERS) e Colletotrichum acutatum (SIMMONDS) EM VIDEIRA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Biotecnologia da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, visando à obtenção do título de Mestra em Biotecnologia. Orientadora: Profª Drª Joséli Schwambach Co-orientadora: Profª Drª Rute Terezinha da Silva Ribeiro DISSERTAÇÃO APROVADA EM 17 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2016. ____________________________________________ Orientadora: Profª Drª Joséli Schwambach ____________________________________________ Co-orientadora: Profª Drª Rute Terezinha da Silva Ribeiro ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Antônio Martinelli ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Lucas da Ressurreição Garrido ____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Gabriel Fernandes Pauletti Aos meus pais... Geni e Vili Pedrotti, pelo exemplo de amor e companheirismo, pelo apoio a todas às minhas decisões e por confiarem e sempre acreditarem em mim. Ao meu namorado... Luis Jovani de Magalhães Rodrigues, por todo amor, carinho, companheirismo e paciência. À minha família... Minha irmã Vivian Pedrotti, por existir e por estar ao meu lado sempre. Ao meu cunhado Marciano Menegotto, pela amizade e por me ceder algumas videiras do seu vinhedo. DEDICO. AGRADECIMENTOS À Universidade de Caxias do Sul e ao Instituto de Biotecnologia. Ao Capes/Prosup pela bolsa de Mestrado concedida. A Profª. Drª. Joséli Schwambach pela orientação e confiança no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. As colegas do Laboratório de Controle Biológico de Doenças de Plantas, Márcia Rodrigues Sandri e Fabiane Fellini pelos ensinamentos e momentos de descontração. À Márcia Pansera por toda ajuda no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Ao Prof. Dr. Sérgio Echeverrigaray Laguna e a colega Ângela Rossi Marcon do Laboratório de Microbiologia Aplicada por sua disponibilidade e inestimável ajuda no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Aos membros da banca de acompanhamento, Profª. Drª. Ana Paula Longaray Delamare e ao Prof. Dr. Gabriel Pauletti pelas correções no trabalho. Ao coordenador do PPGBio Prof. Dr. Aldo Dillon e às secretárias Lucimara e Claudete por estarem sempre disponíveis a ajudar. À minha família linda e ao meu namorado, pelo incentivo, amor e por estarem sempre comigo. AMO VOCÊS! MUITO OBRIGADA! ÍNDICE LISTA DE FIGURAS................................................................................................ i RESUMO................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... iv 1. INTRODUÇÃO..................................................................................................... 01 2. REVISÃO BIBLIOGRAFICA............................................................................... 03 2.1. Cultura da videira ............................................................................................... 03 2.1.1. Vitis vinifera..................................................................................................... 04 2.1.2. Vitis labrusca, V. bourquina e Vitis spp. ......................................................... 05 2.2. Importância econômica da cultura da videira..................................................... 07 2.3. Doenças fúngicas da parte aérea da videira........................................................ 08 2.3.1. Botrytis cinerea................................................................................................ 09 2.3.2. Colletotrichum acutatum.................................................................................. 11 2.4. Controle alternativo de doenças de plantas...................................................... 13 2.5. Óleos essenciais.................................................................................................. 14 2.5.1. Eucalyptus staigeriana e Eucalyptus globulus............................................. 16 2.5.2. Foeniculum vulgare......................................................................................... 22 2.5.3. Baccharis trimera e Baccharis dracunculifolia............................................. 24 3. OBJETIVOS.......................................................................................................... 30 3.1. Objetivo Geral..................................................................................................... 30 3.2. Objetivos Específicos.......................................................................................... 30 4. RESULTADOS...................................................................................................... 31 4.1. Capítulo 1............................................................................................................ 32 4.2. Capítulo 2............................................................................................................ 55 4.3. Capítulo 3............................................................................................................ 83 4.4. Capítulo 4............................................................................................................ 119 5. DISCUSSÃO GERAL........................................................................................... 149 6. CONCLUSÕES...................................................................................................... 156 7. PERSPECTIVAS................................................................................................... 158 8. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS................................................................... 159 i LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Vitis vinifera var. “Tannat”........................................................................ 05 Figura 2. Vitis spp. var. “Isabel”............................................................................... 07 Figura 3. Sintomas da podridão cinzenta. A: Sintomas da doença em Vitis spp. var. “Isabel” B: Sintomas da doença em Vitis vinifera var. “Tannat” C: Conídiósporo e conídios de B. cinerea................................................................................................ 11 Figura 4. Sintomas da podridão da uva madura. A: Sintomas da doença em Vitis spp. var. “Isabel” B: Sintomas da doença em Vitis vinifera var. “Tannat” C: Conídios de C. acutatum................................................................................................................ 13 Figura 5. A: Eucalyptus staigeriana; B: folhas e ramos........................................... 19 Figura 6. A: Eucalyptus globulus; B: folhas; C: flores.......................................... 21 Figura 7. A: Foeniculum vulgare; B: caule; C: folhas; D: inflorescência e flores; E: frutos.......................................................................................................................... 24 Figura 8. A: Baccharis trimera em estágio vegetativo; B: Baccharis trimera em estágio reprodutivo; C: ramo de inflorescência; D: detalhe dos frutos aquênios....... 27 Figura 9. A: B. dracunculifolia em fase vegetativa; B: inflorescência.................... 29 ii RESUMO A viticultura brasileira apresenta-se como uma das atividades mais importantes social e economicamente dentro da fruticultura nacional. A Serra Gaúcha é a principal região produtora de uvas e vinhos do Brasil. Todavia, possui condições climáticas desfavoráveis ao cultivo, devido ao elevado índice pluviométrico e à alta umidade relativa do ar. Sendo assim, a vitivinicultura na região somente se torna possível com um rigoroso sistema de controle preventivo e curativo de doenças fúngicas. Dentre as muitas doenças que acometem a cultura da videira, destacam-se Botrytis cinerea e Colletotrichum acutatum, causadores da podridão cinzenta e podridão da uva madura, respectivamente. Estes fungos atacam principalmente as bagas, o que reduz a qualidade e produtividade, acarretando elevados prejuízos econômicos. As medidas de controle para estas doenças geralmente consistem na aplicação de fungicidas sintéticos, porém este método pode apresentar consequências indesejáveis, tanto para a saúde humana quanto para o meio ambiente. Assim, se faz necessária a busca por novos métodos de controle de baixo impacto ambiental, que sejam economicamente viáveis e que possam ser integrados em programas de controle de doenças de plantas. Muitos óleos essenciais possuem propriedades fungicidas. Assim, pesquisas nesta área que confirmem esta atividade, segundo protocolos científicos, tornam-se cada vez mais necessárias. Diante desta situação, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar
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