DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of the March 1964 Alaska Earthquake on Glaciers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of the March 1964 Alaska Earthquake on Glaciers Effects on Hydrologic Regimen Glaciers r,FQLOGICA SURVFY PROFFSSIONA PAPER 544-D This page intentionally left blank THE ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27,1964: EFFECTS ON THE HYDROLOGIC REGIMEN Effects of the March 1964 Alaska Earthquake on Glaciers By AUSTIN POST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 544-D UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1967 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 45 cents THE ALASKA EARTHQUAKE SERIES The U.S. Geological Survey is publishing the results of investigations of the Alaska earthquake of March 27,1964, in a series of six Professional Papers. Professional Paper 544 describes the effect on hydrology. Other Professional Papers, some already published and some still in preparation, describe the effects of the earthquake on communities; the regional effects of the earthquakes; the effects on transporta­ tion, communications, and utilities; and the history of the field investigations and reconstruction effort. CONTENTS Page Pap;e Page Abstract ... D1 Earthquake-induced rockslide Changes m drainage and flow of Introduct.IQn 1 avalaniJhes on glaciers Con glacially fed rivers due tQ the Acknowledgments 2 Smaller avalantJhes TCon 1964 earthquake D33 Possible effects of earthquakes Allen Glacier_ . D21 Effects of the 1964 tectomc dis- . 6n glaciers. 2 Fickett Glacier_ _ _ . 21 placement.s on glaciers 34 Snow avalaMhmg .. 3 Unnamed glacier near Direct effects of the 1964 earih- Ice avalanching 5 Paguna Bay 21 quake on titial glaciers 36 Earthquake-intiuced roiJkslide Ro~Jkslide avalanches not asso­ Interpretatio11 of the data 36 avalaniJhes on glaciers 6 ciated with the 1964 earth­ Effect of avalanche-caused Sherman Glacier. 6 quake. _. 26 truckemng OTJ! the flow of Schwan Glacier .. 13 Avalanches before the 1964 gladers 36 Bermg and Steller Glaciers 13 earthquake._ 26 The earthquake-advance Martm River Glacier. 13 Rockshde avalaniJhes since theQry 37 Sioux Glacier 13 August 1964 26 Glacier surges 38 Smaller avalaniJhes . 21 General characteristics of the Summary anti conclusions 41 Saddlebag Glacier 21 larger rockslide avalaniJhes .. 31 References 41 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES Page Page Pa!'e 1. Map of sQuth-central Alas­ 10. S1Jhwan ·Glamer on August 18. Allen Glamer rockslide ava- ka vi 26, 1963 D14 lanche 1, August 25, 1965. D23 2. Head of Meares Glader, 11. Schwan Glader on August 19. Crulds Gleder, August 26, August 24, 1964 D4 25, 1964___ 15 1963.- 24 3. Cliffs on south side of Har­ 12. Map of rockslide avalanches 20 Childs Glacier, August 25, vard Glacier, August 24, in the W axell Ridge region, 1965.. 25 1964 ... 5 Fering anti Steller Gla- 21. Allen roiJkslide avalaMhe 4, 4. Honzoni,al profiles of roiJk­ ciers. _ _ _ HI August 25, 1965 27 slide avalaniJhes on gla­ 13. Map of roiJkslide avalaMhes 22. F.ockslide avalanche on Fair­ ciers. _ . - 7 on the Martin River an<:l weather Glacier, August 5. Map of rockslide avalanches western Steller Glaciers . _ 1 7 22, 1965.. 29 in the Sherman and Sad­ 14. Map of rollkslide avalanches 23 Map of rockslide avalaniJhe dlebag Glaciers area.. 8 and rockfalls m the Sioux, 011 Fairweather Glacier ' 30 6. RQIJkshde avalantJhe on Sher­ Johnson, and Miles Gla 24 RotJkslide avalanllhll on Net- man Glacier, August 25, mer region 18 land Glacier, August 29, 1965 .• 9 11). SiQux Glacier, August 26, 1964 32 7. Sherman Glacier, August 26, 1963 and August, 24, 1964. 19 25. Map showing relat10n of 1963 ________ ·-----·- 10 16. Saddlebag Glacier, August earthquake subsidence anti 8. Sherman Glacier, August 24, 26, 1963 anti August 25, uplift to glaciers _ 35 1964. ··-- 11 1965 20 26. Observed glacier surges smre 9. Map of rockslide avalanche 17. Map of rockslide avalanllhes 1936 in Alaska and western on Schwan Glacier. 12 on Allen Glacier_ _ _ _ _ 22 Canada. 40 TABL~JS Pap;e I. Snow avalaMhes on large glaciers near the epiceni,er of the 1964 earthquake D4 2. Earth'luake-mduceti rockshde avalaniJhes 6 3. Rockshde avalanche deposits on glaciers since 11}45 and pnor to 1964 earthquake 26 4. Rockslide avalanr,hes more recent than 1964 earthquake 26 5. Late August levels of glamllr-dammed lakes m the Chugach and Kenai Mountams, 19RO 65 33 6 Changes in termmi of tidewater glaciers in the Chugallh and Kenai Mount.ams, 1960 65 31) 7. Lengths anti times of sudden movement of glaciers observed by Tarr and Martin llfter the 1899 earth quake 39 v 138° 0 50 100 MILES 0 50 100 KILOMETERS 0 F Yakutat G U L F ALASKA EXPLANATION ~Bagley All enD Icefields and glaciers Limit of cracking of alluvial deposits Epicenter of 1964 earthquake Glacier areas shown as figures and photographs in this report FIGURE 1.-Map of south-central Alaska showing the major glaciers and icefields and the epicenter of the March 27 earthquake. VI THE ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27,1964: EFFECTS ON THE HYDROLOGIC REGIMEN EFFECTS OF THE MARCH a964 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE ON GLACIERS By Austin Post ABSTRACT The 1964 Alaska earthquake occurred occurring in the Copper River region scale dynamic response of any glacier in a region where there are many 160 kilometers east of the epicenter. to earthquake shaking or avalanche hundreds of glaciers, large and small. Some of these amlanches traveled sev- loading was found in either the Chugach Aerial photographic investigations in- eral kilometers at low gradients; com- or Kenai Mountains 16 months after dicate that no snow and ice avalanches pressed air may have provided a lubri- the 1964 earthquake, nor was there any of large size occurred on glaciers despite cating layer. If long-term changes in evidence of surges (rapid advances) as the violent shaking. Rockslide ava- glaciers due to tectonic changes in alti- postulated by the Earthquake-Advance lanches extended onto the glaciers in tude and slope occur, they will probably Theory of !L'arr and Martin. many localities, seven very large ones be very small. No evidence of large- INTRODUCTION Alaskan glaciers are of such size Most rivers in this area derive a The author conducted aerial- and number that they influence the part of their flow from glaciers, photographic investiga1;ions on climate, streamflow, and works of and, for many major streams, such glaciers in northwestern North man in many parts of the State. as the Matanuska and Copper America from 1960 to 1963 under Their influence is especially im- Rivers, glacier melt provides a grants from the National Science portant in the region most strongly substantial part of their summer Foundation. This project was runoff. Although it is primarily administered by the University of affected by the Alaska earthquake the glacial rivers that affect works Washington, Seattle, P. E. Church of March 27,1964, where about 20 of man in the State, in a few places being principal investigator. percent of the land area is covered the glaciers themselves are near Practically all of the larger gla- by ice (fig. 1). North, east, and transportation routes or facilities. ciers in Alaska were examined and west of the epicenter, the Chugach Changes in glaciers resulting from their various features noted. More Mountains are covered with ap- earthquakes thus may have eco- than 2,000 oblique and vertical proximately 6,500 km2 (square nomic as well as scientific interest. photographs were taken each year. kilometer) of icefields and snow- The 1964 earthquake was one of These observations and pictures filled valleys from which more the strongest ever recorded in provide detailed information than a dozen major and hundreds North America. Tectonic dis- about the glaciers before the earth- of s m a 1 1e r glaciers descend. placements occurred over a larger quake occurred. Southwest of the epicenter the area than has previously been ob- The U.S. Geological Survey Sargent and Harding Icefields served (Plafker, 1965a; Plafker continued these studies in 1964 and Mayo, 1965). The area in and 1965 as part of n broader and other glaciers cover approxi- which cracking occurred in allu- program of investigation of the mately 4,200 krn2 in the Kenai vial deposits is considered the relation of glaciers to climate and Mountains. East of the Copper probable limit of the area where the role of glaciers in the hy- River, the Bagley Icefield con- noticeable effects on glaciers might drologic cycle. Mark F. Meier tains some 10,400 km2 of glaciers. be expected (fig. 1). directed this program. Dl D2 ALASKA EARTHQUAKE, MARCH 27, 196:4 By comparing photographs m o r a i n e s, superglacial photographs were furnished the taken before and after the earth- streams and lakes. author by George Plafker of the quake, the immediate effects on Glacier termini-position, Geological Survey and Troy glaciers can be analyzed. The configuration, and relative P6w6 of the University of data available make it possible activity. Alaska, John Sater of the Arctic to determine what changes have Iceberg discharge of tidal Institute of North America, and occurred in other years in the glaciers. W. 0. Field of the American shaken area. Changes in regions Outlet and marginal streams, Geographical Society. John R. where earthquake shaking did not and glacier-dammed lakes. Reid of the University of North take place were also analyzed. Terminal and lateral mo- Dakota, Colin Bull of the Ohio Studies were conducted in late rainos, trimlinw, and bar- State University, Institute of August and in September, the ren zones. Polar Studies, Samuel Tuthill of time when the seasonal snow In addition, a careful search was Muskingum College, Ohio, fur- cover on glacier ice is at a mini- made during the 1964 and 1965 nished information regarding mum.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DEC Avalanche Preparedness in the Adirondacks Brochure (PDF)
    BASIC AVALANCHE AWARENESS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES New York State Department of This brochure is designed to let the recreational Organizations Environmental Conservation user know that avalanche danger does exist in New York and gives basic ideas of what to look for U.S. Forest Service Avalanche Center PO Box 2356 and avoid. To learn more about avalanche Ketchum, Idaho, 83340 awareness consider attending professional Office Phone: (208) 622-0088 courses, reading and experience. www.fsavalanche.org Avalanche Westwide Avalanche Network Preparedness in the www.avalanche.org 1. Know basic avalanche rescue techniques. American Avalanche Association Adirondacks 2. Check the snow depth. www.avalanche.org/~aaap 3. Check how much new snow has fallen. Books 4. Practice safe route finding. Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills Published by The Mountaineer Books 5. Check the degree of the slope. Snow Sense: A Guide to Evaluating Snow Avalanche Hazard Published by Alaska Mountain Safety Center, Inc. 6. Check the terrain. 7. Carry basic avalanche rescue equipment. Thank You For Your 8. Never travel alone. Cooperation 9. Let someone know where you are going. NYSDEC - Region 5 Ray Brook, New York 12977 10. Do not be afraid to turn around. (518) 897-1200 Emergency Dispatch Number: (518) 891-0235 11. Use common sense. Visit the DEC Website at www.dec.ny.gov Photograph by: Ryland Loos Photograph by: Ryland Loos WHAT IS AN AVALANCHE? HOW CAN YOU KEEP FROM GETTING CAUGHT WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN CAUGHT IN AN IN AN AVALANCHE? AVALANCHE? An avalanche is a mass of snow sliding down a mountainside. Avalanches are also called You can reliably avoid avalanches by recognizing Surviving avalanches can depend on luck, but it is snowslides; there is no difference in these terms.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Information in Famine Early Warning A
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Fixing Famine: The Politics of Information in Famine Early Warning A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Suzanne M. M. Burg Committee in Charge: Professor Robert B. Horwitz, Chair Professor Geoffrey C. Bowker Professor Ivan Evans Professor Gary Fields Professor Martha Lampland 2008 Copyright Suzanne M. M. Burg, 2008 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Suzanne M. M. Burg is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2008 iii DEDICATION For my past and my future Richard William Burg (1932-2007) and Emma Lucille Burg iv EPIGRAPH I am hungry, O my mother, I am thirsty, O my sister, Who knows my sufferings, Who knows about them, Except my belt! Amharic song v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………………. iii Dedication……………………………………………………………………….. iv Epigraph…………………………………………………………………………. v Table of Contents………………………………………………………………... vi List of Acronyms………………………………………………………………… viii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………. xi List of Tables…………………………………………………………………….. xii Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………….. xiii Vita……………………………………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating the El Capitan Rock Avalanche
    BY GREG STOCK INVESTIGATING THE EL CapITAN ROCK AVALANCHE t 2:25 on the morning of March 26, 1872, one of avalanche, an especially large rockfall or rockslide that the largest earthquakes recorded in California extends far beyond the cliff where it originated. Most Ahistory struck along the Owens Valley fault near Yosemite Valley rockfall debris accumulates at the base the town of Lone Pine just east of the Sierra Nevada. The of the cliffs, forming a wedge-shaped deposit of talus. earthquake leveled most buildings in Lone Pine and sur- Occasionally, however, debris from a rock avalanche will rounding settlements, and killed 23 people. Although extend out much farther across the valley floor. seismographs weren’t yet available, the earthquake is esti- Geologist Gerald Wieczorek of the U.S. Geological mated to have been about a magnitude 7.5. Shock waves Survey and colleagues have identified at least five rock from the tembler radiated out across the Sierra Nevada. avalanche deposits in Yosemite Valley. The largest of these On that fateful morning, John Muir was sleeping in occurred in Tenaya Canyon, at the site of present-day a cabin near Black’s Hotel on the south side of Yosemite Mirror Lake. Sometime in the past, a rock formation on Valley, near present-day Swinging Bridge. The earth- the north wall of the canyon just east of and probably quake shook the naturalist out of bed. Realizing what similar in size to Washington Column collapsed into was happening, Muir bolted outside, feeling “both glad Tenaya Canyon. The rock debris piled up against the and frightened” and shouting “A noble earthquake!” He south canyon wall to a depth of over 100 feet.
    [Show full text]
  • Controlled Avalanche – a Regulated Voluntary Exposure Approach for Addressing
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.12.20062687; this version posted April 22, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Controlled Avalanche – A Regulated Voluntary Exposure Approach for Addressing 2 Covid-19 ₤ 3 Eyal Klement1* DVM, Alon Klement2 SJD, David Chinitz3 PhD, Alon Harel4 Dphill, Eyal 4 Fattal5 PhD, Ziv Klausner5 PhD 5 6 1. Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public 7 Health, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel 8 2. Buchmann Faculty of Law, Tel-Aviv University, Israel 9 3. Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Hebrew 10 University, Jerusalem, Israel 11 4. Phillip and Estelle Mizock Chair in Administrative and Criminal Law, The Faculty of 12 Law, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel 13 5. Department of Applied Mathematics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness- 14 Ziona, Israel 15 ₤ 16 All authors contributed equally to the manuscript 17 18 * Corresponding author: 19 Address: Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of 20 Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, 21 Rehovot 76100, Israel. 22 Tel: 972-8-9489560. Fax: 972-8-9489634 23 E-mail: [email protected] 24 25 NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.12.20062687; this version posted April 22, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Avalanche Safety Tips
    Submit Education Center | Photo Gallery Contents Avalanche Awareness: 1. Why avalanche awareness? Surviving an avalanche 2. Who gets caught in avalanches? A true account 3. When and where avalanches happen 4. Anatomy of an avalanche Avalanche Books 5. Avalanche factors: what conditions cause an avalanche? Credits & Citations 6. How to determine if the snowpack is safe 7. Avalanche gear For more information, see our 8. Tips for avalanche survival list of other avalanche sites 9. Avalanche danger scale 10. Avalanche quick checks 1. Why avalanche awareness? Mountains attract climbers, skiers and tourists who scramble up and down the slopes, hoping to conquer peaks, each in their own way. Yet, to do this they must enter the timeless haunt of avalanches. For centuries, mountain dwellers and travelers have had to reckon with the deadly forces of snowy torrents descending with lightning speed down mountainsides. Researchers and experts are making progress in detection, prevention and safety measures, but avalanches still take their deadly toll throughout the world. Each year, avalanches claim more than 150 lives worldwide, a number that has been increasing over the © Richard Armstrong past few decades. Thousands more are caught in avalanches, partly buried or injured. Everyone from An avalanche in motion. snowmobilers to skiers to highway motorists are (Photograph courtesy of caught in the "White Death." Most are fortunate Richard Armstrong, National enough to survive. Snow and Ice Data Center.) This is meant to be a brief guide about the basics of avalanche awareness and safety. For more in depth information, several sources are listed under "More avalanche resources" in the last section of these pages.
    [Show full text]
  • Protest at the White House
    Classroom Resource Packet Protest at the White House INTRODUCTION For more than 100 years, people have exercised their First Amendment rights to speak out using the White House as both their stage and audience. Many of these protests have influenced legislation and encouraged government action. Demonstrations at the White House have taken the form of nighttime vigils, marches, picketing, and other peaceful activities. CONTEXTUAL ESSAY The United States Constitution provides for “the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” Lafayette Park, located on the north side of the White House, has become an important place for public exercises of the First Amendment, which protects Americans’ freedom of speech (Image 1). Advocates of a wide variety of causes have long understood the relevance of the location and used it in their attempts to effect change. Sometimes their campaigns changed the views of fellow citizens including government decision makers. In 1916, the National Woman’s Party moved their headquarters to Lafayette Square. Suffragists, wanting to confront President Woodrow Wilson about women’s voting rights, gave speeches, marched with banners demanding the right to vote, and stood with picket signs in front of the White House gates (Images 2-4). Supportive onlookers cheered; others hissed and accused the protestors of “bad manners and mad banners.” Hundreds of women were arrested, charged with inciting unlawful assembly and obstructing the sidewalk. In August 1917, an unruly crowd, upset by a banner labeling the president “Kaiser Wilson,” threw eggs and Image 3 tomatoes at the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage headquarters, and a bullet was fired through a second-floor window (Image 5).
    [Show full text]
  • In November, 1965, and the Results Were Compared with 1960 Census Statistics
    DOCUMENT RESUME .ED 022 589 RC 002 576 NEGROES AND MEXICAN AMERICANS IN SOUTH AND EAST LOS ANGELES, CHANGES BETWEEN 1960 AND 1965 IN POPULATION, EMPLOYMENT, INCOME, AND FAMILY STATUS; AN ANALYSIS OF A SPECIAL U.S. CENSUS SURVEY OF NOVEMBER 1965. California State Dept. of Industrial Relations, San Francisco. Fair Employment Practices Commission. Report No-76123-501-12-66-2M Pub Date Jul 66 Note-40p. EDRS Price Mr-'41025 HC-$1.68 Descriptors-ECONOMIC DISADVANTAGEMENT, *EMPLOYMENT LEVEL, EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS, *FAMILY STATUS, GFETTOS, HOUSING DEFICIENCIES, LOW INCOME GROUPS, MARITAL STATUS, *MEXICAN AMERICANS, *NEGROES, ONE PARENT FAMILY, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, *URBAN AREAS, URBAN POPUt ATION Identifiers-California, *Los Angeles, U.S. Bureau of the Census A special survey of South Los Angeles (predominantly. Negro) and East Los Angeles (predominantly Mexican-American) was taken by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in November, 1965, and the results were compared with 1960 census statistics. Although total population declined in both areas, further "ghettoization" took place as percentages of major culture groups increased. Housing conditions and family status deteriorated in both areas. Increases were shown in women heads of households and children living in one-parent homes. Unemployment rates decreased slightly, but not in keeping with the nationwide drop in unemployment. Although median family income increased slightly in both areas, purchasing power fell significantly at a time when real income in both the nation and the west increased. In addition to widespreadproblems of education and job preparation, cultural discrimination was a major problem in South and East Los Angeles. (JH) huT NEGROES AND MEXICAN AMERICA in South and East Los Angeles CHANGES BETWEEN 1960 AND 1965 IN * POPULATION * EMPLOYMENT * INCOME * FAMILY STATUS .
    [Show full text]
  • Clemson Commencement Program, August 1965 Clemson University
    Clemson University TigerPrints Clemson Commencement Programs Academic Affairs 8-14-1965 Clemson Commencement Program, August 1965 Clemson University Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/comm_programs Materials in this collection may be protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. code). Use of these materials beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. For additional rights information, please contact Kirstin O'Keefe (kokeefe [at] clemson [dot] edu) For additional information about the collections, please contact the Special Collections and Archives by phone at 864.656.3031 or via email at cuscl [at] clemson [dot] edu Recommended Citation University, Clemson, "Clemson Commencement Program, August 1965" (1965). Clemson Commencement Programs. 54. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/comm_programs/54 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Academic Affairs at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in Clemson Commencement Programs by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLEMSON UNIVERSITY GRADUATING EXERCISES August 14, 1965 ELEVEN A. M. CLEMSON, SOUTH CAROLINA Graduating Exercises Saturday, August 14, 1965 11 :00 a. m. - University Auditorium ORDER OF EXERCISES Processional ......,... and r • nd 9 1 r ln ocaUonJ Invocation Th R \ fi nd C. J . Lupo, Jr. Cl mson 1ethodist Church CI mson, South Carolina Address to Graduating Class Dr. Jol1n Ed~'-''ard 11ller Alumni Prof or of Pl1)'SJCS, Cl mson University Conferring of Degrees and Delivery of Diplomas Pres1d nt Rob ~rt C. FAl\\'ards Benediction ~1r .
    [Show full text]
  • School Segregation in Milwaukee in the 1960S
    LESSON 2 School Segregation in Milwaukee in the 1960s Goals Students investigate survey responses by Black residents and a school boycott flier to learn about segregated schools.They will compare conditions then with their own schools today. Central Questions What were schools in Milwaukee like in the early 1960s? What were the major issues facing students and teachers? Do you see any of these issues in your own school? What can be done to improve schools and learning? Background Information Despite the 1954 Brown v. Board decision declaring racial segregation illegal, a 1960 survey of Milwaukee schools found that schools in the central city were 90 percent black. In March 1964, community activists, in- cluding attorney Lloyd Barbee, Milwaukee Common Council member Vel Phillips, and Father James Groppi organized the Milwaukee United School Integration Committee (MUSIC). In May 1964, MUSIC organized a boycott of predominantly Black schools in which more than half of African American students participated. They also challenged segregated schools through picketing, demonstrations, and other direct actions. Parents were upset by the vast differences in quality between majority Black and majority white schools. Another point of contention was “intact busing,” or transporting African American students to all-white schools but keeping them in segregated classrooms, cafeterias, and activities in those schools. Many Black children were also tracked into vocational classes instead of business or college prep classes. In 1965, Barbee filed a lawsuit charging the Milwaukee School Board with practicing discrimination. The city fought the lawsuit for 14 years, all the way to the US Supreme Court, which finally ruled in Barbee’s favor in March 1979.
    [Show full text]
  • International Review of the Red Cross, March 1964, Fourth Year
    INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS LEOPOLD BOISSIER, Doctor ofLaws, Honorary Professoratthe University ofGeneva,for- mer Secretary-General to the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Pt'esident (member since 1946) JACQUES CHENEVIERE, Hon. Doctor of Literature, Honot'a,y Vice-Pt'esident (1919) CARL J. BURCKHARDT, Doctor of Philosophy, fonner Swiss Minister to France (1933) MARTIN BODMER, Han. Doctor of Philosophy, Vice-Pt'esident (1940) ERNEST GLOOR, Doctor (1945) PAUL RUEGGER, fanner Swiss Minister to Italy and the United Kingdom, Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (1948) RODOLFO OLGIATI, Han. Doctor of Medicine, former Director of the Don Suisse (1949) MARGUERITE VAN BERCHEM, fanner Head of Section, Central Prisoners of War Agency (1951) FREDERIC SIORDET, Lawyer, Counsellor of the International Committee of the Red Cross from 1943 to 1951 (1951) GUILLAUME BORDIER, Certificated Engineer E.P.F., M.B.A. Harvard, Banker (1955) ADOLPHE FRANCESCHETTI, Doctor of Medicine, Professor of clinical ophthalmology at Geneva University (1958) HANS BACHMANN, Doctor of Laws, Assistant Secretary-General to the International Committee of the Red Cross from 1944 to 1946, Vice-Pt'Csident (1958) JACQUES FREYMOND, Doctor of Literature, Director of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Professor at the University of Geneva (1959) DIETRICH SCHINDLER, Doctor of Laws (1961) SAMUEL GONARD, former Colonel Commanding an Army Corps, fonner Professor at the Federal Polytechnical School (1961) HANS MEULI, Doctor of Medicine, Brigade Colonel, former Director of the Swiss Army Medical Service (1961) MARJORIE DUVILLARD, Directress of "Le Bon Secours" Nursing School (1961) MAX PETITPIERRE, Doctor of Laws, former President of the Swiss Confederation (1961) Honorary members: Miss LUCIE ODIER, Honot'at'y Vice-Pt'esident; Messrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Changes in the United States Silver Policy, August 1967
    FEDERAL RESERVE DANK OF NEW YORK 151 Recent Changes In United States Silver Policy Following the emergence in the late fifties of an increas- of speculative purchases in May of this year, the Treasury ingly severe shortage of silver, United States silver policy discontinued sales of silver to buyers other than "legiti- has undergone a series of changes, which in effect provide mate domestic concerns" and simultaneously invoked its for the demonctization of silver. For a brief period in the statutory authority to prohibit the melting and export of late fifties, the Treasury was able to accommodate market silver coins. By early July it became clear that the amount demands by sales of "free" silver, that is, its holdings of of clad coins was adequate to meet public needs, and on silver over and above the amount legally required as "back- July 14 the Treasury halted sales of silver to domestic ing" for outstanding silver certificates. By late 1961, how- users at the fixed price of $1.29 per ounce. ever, it was clear that the Treasury could not continue to fill market demands and at thc same time meet the nation's SOURCESAND USES OF SILVER increasing coinage requirements. Accordingly, in Novem- ber of that year, the Treasury moved to conserve its free The changeoverto a silverlcss coinage system as well silver stock by temporarily suspending sales of silver to the as earlier changes in silver policy was dictated fundamen- market. At the same time, and for the same purpose, it also tally by the development of a global imbalance between began to retire silver certificates in the first of a series of industrial and other demands for silver and available sup- moves toward the removal of certificates from the cur- plies.
    [Show full text]
  • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Lesson Plan
    Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Was the U.S. planning to go to war with North Vietnam before the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? Materials: • Gulf of Tonkin Powerpoint • Gulf of Tonkin Timeline • Gulf of Tonkin Documents A-D • Gulf of Tonkin Guiding Questions Plan of Instruction: 1. Show map of Vietnam (PPT) and hand out Gulf of TonkinTimeline. Have students follow along as you lecture on background to Vietnam War: • French colonialism in Vietnam: 1800s-1941. • Japan took over Vietnam during WWII, but when Japan was defeated in 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnamese independence. • But French came back in and tried to take over again; U.S. supported French. The French lost in 1954. • 1954: Geneva Convention split the country into North and South, with the idea that there would be free elections in the near future. • (U.S. DID NOT sign Geneva Accords, for fear that Communists would win the general elections). • U.S. supported South Vietnam leader, Diem. But Diem turned out to be oppressive and unpopular. He canceled elections, repressed Buddhists; caused major discontent in South Vietnam. • U.S. feared that Diem’s unpopularity will push more South Vietnamese to support Communists. So they supported a coup and Diem was overthrown and assassinated—Nov. 1, 1963. • JFK assassinated only weeks later. LBJ inherited the problem in Vietnam. • Under new weak South Vietnam government, support for Communism grew; North Vietnam smuggled weapons into South Vietnam to support Communist insurgents through a network of trails through Laos and Cambodia (Ho Chi Minh trails). • Aug.
    [Show full text]