Report Report

2020/05/06 21:05 1/68 Report Report

Author(s):

Bárbara Cruz Caruso David van Duivenboden Jens Hoernschemeyer Solenne Peytard Jan Starosta Charlie Stenskie

Acknowledgement

Glossary

Abbreviation Description EPS European Project Semester ISEP Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto USB Universal Serial Bus NCHS The National Center for Health Statistics National Highway Traﬃc Safety NHTSA Administration LF Low Frequency HF High Frequency UHF Ultra High Frequency NFC Near-Field Communication RFID Radio-Frequency Identiﬁcation USB Universal Serial Bus HID Human Interface Device SPI Serial Peripheral Interface

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Abbreviation Description ISP Internet Service Provider CAN Controller Area Network ADC Analog to Digital Converter DAC Digital to Analog Converter HD High-Deﬁnition HDMI High-Deﬁnition Multimedia Interface X10CrNi18-8 Stainless Steel PE-HD Polyethylene High-Density ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene POM-C Polyoxymethylene ECEC European Council of Engineers Chambers

1 Introduction

In this chapter our project will be introduced to you. You will discover our team, the goals of this project and why we decided to work on this subject. Then, you will have an overview of the organization of the project and of the structure of the report.

1.1 Presentation

Team 6, better known as Team Schnabeltier (German for platypus), consists of six team members from diﬀerent countries and with diﬀerent scholar backgrounds. Table 1 shows an overview of the members in team Schnabeltier.

Table 1: Overview of team members

Country of Name Field of Study Picture origin

Bárbara Cruz Caruso Brazil Design

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Country of Name Field of Study Picture origin

David van Duivenboden the Netherlands Chemical Engineering

Jens Hoernschemeyer Germany Materials Engineering

Mechanical Engineering & Solenne Peytard France Ergonomics

Telecommunication & Jan Starosta Poland Computer Science

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Country of Name Field of Study Picture origin

Charlie Stenstkie Scotland Electrical Power Engineering

1.2 Motivation

We decided to participate to EPS project for different reasons. For some of us it was to improve our english, some others wanted to discover Portugal, Porto and the portuguese culture. But for everybody the goal was to enrich his knowledge by working with an international and multidisciplinary group of students to discover new cultures, other ways of working and to obtain a complete project by contributing all with our knowledge related to our background. Team 6 of 2020's EPS is responsible for developing the “smart pedestrian crossing”, although every team member has a different scientific background and do not have experience in designing and developing traffic systems. Team motivations behind developing the smart pedestrian crossing were mainly associated with increasing road users' awareness and to make pedestrian crossings safer for their users. The team has the motivation to decrease the number of accidences and especially the number of fatalities on the roads caused by different factors which will be explained further in the report. The project would allow increasing people awareness of how dangerous pedestrian crossing might be, as thousands of people die each year when crossing the road or get injured.

1.3 Problem

Our project meets a need which is to ﬁnd a solution that enables to reduce the number of accidents happening at pedestrian crossings by creating a “smart pedestrian crossing”. We will analise the statistics to ﬁnd the reasons of the high rate of fatalities and the environment where the most accidents happen to see on which aspects we can act to minimise the number of deaths.

1.4 Objectives

The objective for Team 6 is to create a new take on the standard pedestrian crossing and make certain adjustments to an already established system in order to aid the safety aspect of the standard pedestrian crossing. We concentrated our eﬀorts on the motivation of pedestrians to make them use pedestrian crossings each time they want to cross. As a team we have set out to create a 'smart pedestrian crossing' that will help to generate a safer environment for both pedestrians and other road users, and hopefully over time bring down the total amount of accidents that occur at crosswalks.

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In this part we will see the general requirements that all projects of the European Project Semester have to respect. And then, a set of requirements speciﬁc to our project that we deﬁned together.

1.5.1 General requirements

The general requirements that our project must adhere to are:

1. Use or reuse low cost hardware solutions; 2. Use open source software; 3. Follow EU Directives: 1. Machine Directive (2006/42/CE 2006-05-17); 2. Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (2004/108/EC 2004 12 15); 3. Low Voltage Directive (2014/35/EU 2016-04-20); 4. Radio Equipment Directive (2014/53/EU 2014-04-16); 5. Restriction of Hazardous Substances (ROHS) in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (2002/95/EC 2003-01-27); 4. Mandatory adoption and use of the International System of Units (The NIST International Guide for the use of the International System of Units)

1.5.2 Speciﬁc Requirements

As a team we decided on our own set of requirement speciﬁc to our own project these are listed below:

1. The project we create must meet the laws and regulations of the road. 2. It must not alter the traﬃc ﬂow too drastically. 3. It must be user friendly for all. 4. Increase the safety of all road users.

1.6 Functional Tests

First, a prototype was planned to see if our solution will work in terms of materials, electrical components and network that has to work properly. But because of coronavirus, a prototype will be hard to realize, so, we will create a simulation that will enables us to see if our solution is feasible and if it works. Then we will analyse if this solution answers well to our major problems that are to improve the safety of pedestrian crossing by motivating people to use them.

The requirements are : 1. To ﬁnd a solution that could be implemented on all pedestrian crossings without traﬃc lights in Porto 2. The materials must resist to the weather 3. The network including scanners box, displays, sensors and cards must work properly (the points have to appear on the accounts of customers)

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Our project will follow the principles of agile and Scrum methods : figure 1. First, we will establish a product backlog to share the tasks and have a good repartition of the work. For each week, we will plan a sprint. First, we determine the free time that we have, then we list all the tasks that are urgent and attribute them a duration, a responsible and eventually some participants. With this organization we try to create an equivalent workload for all the team members. At the end of the week, we are going to do a sprint retrospective to see what was great, what we must start and what we must improve. We will also check if the planned tasks are finish or not. If not, we will analyse why they are not finished and then plan them again for a next week.

Figure 1: SCRUM [1]

1.8 Report Structure

This report is structured in eight chapters, detailed in table 2.

Table 2: Report structure

Chapter Title Description Introduce the team, the motivation and the objectives of 1 Introduction the project Research of different products on the market and 2 State of the Art scientific studies Documentation of the progress in the agile management 3 Project Management method SCRUM The main objectives are the marketing strategy, target 4 Marketing Plan and advertising Eco-efficiency Measures for 5 All the necessary tasks to make the project sustainable Sustainability Ethical and Deontological 6 Analysis of the ethical challenges and their solutions Concerns 7 Project development Product requirements and prototype development 8 Conclusion Discussion of the results and the view in the future

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In this chapter, the objective is to do an initial research before developing the actual product or solution.

2.1 Introduction

In order to be able to decrease the amount of accidents occuring when pedestrians cross the road, research has been done to diﬀerent types of safe road-crossing options currently in use. In this section of the report, the results of this research will be displayed. The solutions that were found can be divided into three diﬀerent groups:

Signalized crossings Physical aids Grade separated crossings

These solutions include more than just diﬀerent types of crosswalks, the physical aids for example are mostly other road infrastructure solutions.

Beside diﬀerent road crossing options, accident rates among pedestrians who are crossing the road have been investigated in order to determine the focus of the project.

The main requirements for the development of a safe pedestrian crossing have to be taken into account. They were deﬁned as follows:

Reduce accidents and make roads safer Don't alter the traﬃc ﬂow too drastically User friendly for everyone Meet road regulations

2.2 Signalized crossings

Signalized crossings are crosswalks with signs and/or lights to indicate the presence of the crosswalk. Diﬀerent types of signalized crossings exist, with diﬀerent types of signaling. The table below summarizes these options.

Table 3: Signalized crossings

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Name Schematic Features

* Belisha beacons Zebra crossing * Give way line [2] * Road marking * Diﬀerent crossing markings around the world

* Belisha beacons * Give way line * Road marking * Audible signals for people who are visually Pelican impaired crossing [3] * Diﬀerent crossing markings around the world * Stop line * Traﬃc lights * Pedestrian button

* Belisha beacons * Give way line * Road marking * Audible signals for people who are visually Puffin crossing impaired [4] * Different crossing markings around the world * Stop line * Traffic lights * Pedestrian sensor

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Name Schematic Features

* Wider belisha beacons * Give way line * Road marking * Audible signals for people who are visually Toucan impaired crossing [5] * Diﬀerent crossing markings around the world * Stop line * Traﬃc lights * Pedestrian sensor or pedestrian button * Suitable both for pedestrians and cyclists

* Wider belisha beacons * Give way line * Road marking * Audible signals for people who are visually impaired Pegasus * Diﬀerent crossing markings around the world crossing * Stop line or Equestrian * Traﬃc lights crossings [6] * Two pedestrian buttons, one in the normal position for pedestrians and the other at a height of two metres for mounted riders * Suitable for pedestrians, dismounted horse riders and mounted riders

If pedestrian steps on the curb of the street a pedestrian crossing will automatically appear in front of him if it is safe to cross. The width of the pedestrian crossing can be adjusted based on the number of pedestrians willing to cross the The Starling road. Cameras monitoring the street can detect crossing [7], and calculate the speed and trajectory of each [8] road user and then stop traﬃc, highlight where bikes should wait and help pedestrians cross. The whole system is based on machine learning so in the future system can learn the shortcuts people take across the street and reshape the crossing to ﬁt those natural paths.

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Name Schematic Features

Pedestrian countdown timers have replaced the ﬂashing red man don't walk signal. The Pedestrian countdown timers show how many seconds you countdown have left to ﬁnish crossing before oncoming counters [9] vehicles will be given a green light. If you haven’t started to cross, the countdown timers can help you decide if it’s safe to do so.

Some intersections display red lights in all directions for a period of time. Known as a Pedestrian pedestrian scramble, this type of vehicle all-way scramble [10] stop allows pedestrians to cross safely in any direction, including diagonally.

The above tables clarify the aspect of diﬀerent types of pedestrian crossings, their features and diﬀerent approaches of signalization to increase the safety of road users.

2.3 Physical aids

The table 4 summarizes the options of physical aids.

Table 4: Physical aids

Name Schematic Features

* Extended sidewalks * Slows down drivers Curb extensions [11] * Reduces the length of the crossing * Increased visibility of pedestrians

* Adds a safe place for pedestrians Median refuge islands between two driving lanes [12] *Easier to cross for pedestrians

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Name Schematic Features

* The road surface is raised at the Raised pedestrian location of pedestrian crossings crossings [13] * Slows down drivers * Increased visibility of pedestrians

Colourful pedestrian * The colourful design promotes usage of crossing [14] pedestrian crossings

* The design promotes usage of 3D painted pedestrian pedestrian crossings crossing [15] * The 3D image looks like an obstacle for the driver, making them slow down

* The robot has a traﬃc light incorporated in it Pedestrian crossing *Sound eﬀects attract pedestrians with robot [16] *The robot is interactive, when it is touched for example, it will say “Don't touch me!

* Located around schools * Only operated during school hours Children's crossing [17] * Visual aids, like red ﬂags, are used to inform drivers about the crossing

The physical aids were developed as additions to diﬀerent types of pedestrian crossing which were mentioned in the previous table. Their main applications are:

increasing the visibility of pedestrians forcing drivers to keep extreme caution increasing motivation of pedestrian to use pedestrian crossings by their unusual appearance

2.4 Grade separated crossings

Grade separated crossings are crossings that use diﬀerent approaches than previously mentioned crossings. Those crossings were developed to minimize possible contact between pedestrians and drivers. Even though they meet their goals, they are not suitable for the infrastructure of every place and they are much more expensive than traditional approaches of pedestrian crossings.

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Table 5: Grade separated crossings

Name Schematic Features

Footbridges or pedestrian tunnels may be Above the road used in instead of crosswalks at very busy (footbridge) / below intersections as well as at locations where the road (tunnels) limited-access roads and controlled-access [18] highways must be crossed

2.5 Accidents statistics

Basing on The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) estimates 7,680 pedestrians died in traffic or non-traffic incidents in 2018. Non-traffic incidents occur on non-traffic ways such as driveways, parking lots, or other private property. The latest data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that in 2018 6,283 pedestrians died in traffic crashes occurring on public roads.

According to NHTSA reports, in 2018 most pedestrian traﬃc deaths occurred in urban settings (79 %), on the open road (74 %) vs. intersections (25 %), and at night (76 %) [19].

Table 6: Accident statistics

The graph clearly shows that low visibility during the night has a huge impact on the safety of pedestrians, as over 75 % of accidents basing on this data, happened durning the evening. That shows how important well visible pedestrian crossings are.

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Statistics presented on this graph pointed out, that pedestrians, crossing the road where there are no intersections nearby, are more often involved into accidents.

Rural area occured to have smaller percentage share of accidentes that happened in this area than in urban area. However, that might be caused by amount of people leaving in both areas as in cities there live much more people.

2.6 Conclusion

The results of the developed research show that there are already a lot of different safe pedestrian crossings all over the world. For example traffic lights at intersections are already quite safe, because people use it and usually wait at red lights. More accidents happen in non-intersection environments and at night. Due to this fact we decided to focus on pedestrian crossings without traffic lights in non- intersection environments. Furthermore we will improve the visibility of the crosswalk and the pedestrian.

The survey gave us the result, that most of the people are not patient enough to use pedestrian crossings, because it takes too long or there are too less crosswalks in the citys. Accordingly we also decided to focus on improving the motivation for pedestrians to use crosswalks by adding a scan system, so the pedestrians can get discounts on public transports by using crosswalks.

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In this chapter you will discover the organisation and the management that we implemented in our project.

3.1 Scope

In order to successfully complete this project, we had to use project management techniques to make sure everything went as smooth as possible to, therefore, gain the best results. The best method that was discovered for this was is the creation of an overview to set and organize the tasks that need to be completed by the team. The idea fathomed was a method that ranked each individual task in order to complete every task in good time and accomplish the overall project. The goal of the project is to obtain a developed solution at the end. Before that, we need to meet all the deadlines of the project. We have to respect a budget and to follow a plan given at the beginning. It concerns all the course modules that we have. What we learn in this modules enable us to develop our study with all the necessary aspects to realize a complete project, avoiding any important oversight. One of the most popular and widely used methods to organize and prioritize the structure of tasks is a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), this works by organizing overview into sections and explaining the tasks in more speciﬁc detail.

3.1.1 Work Breakdown Structure

The Work Breakdown Structure details all the steps of the project. This diagram is in 6 parts. The list of deliverables is a part of the scope of our project, we can ﬁnd them in the WBS.

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Figure 2: Work Breakdown Structure

3.2 Time

To meet the deadlines in terms of deliverables and to organize our work, we did a Gantt chart ﬁgure 3. This chart is organized in 6 parts, it follows the same structure as the Work Breakdown Structure.

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Figure 3: Gantt Chart

3.2.1 Product backlog

We created a product backlog table 7 to list all the tasks that we need to achieve. Moreover, it is with this list of tasks that we created the sprints backlog each week.

Table 7: Product backlog

PBI Task Status A Component Research Incomplete B Component list Incomplete C Weekly Wiki Update Incomplete D Gantt Chart Complete E Sprint plans Incomplete F Costing Incomplete G System schematic Incomplete H Leaﬂet Complete I Structural drawings Incomplete J Ethics and Sustainability research Incomplete K Market research Incomplete

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PBI Task Status L EU Directive Incomplete M SWOT analysis Incomplete N Material purchasing Incomplete O Coding Incomplete P Assembly Incomplete Q Prototype Incomplete R Testing Incomplete S Final Presentation Incomplete T Final Report Incomplete U Desired Features Complete V Video Incomplete W Work breakdown structure Complete X Survey Complete Y User personas Complete Z Black box Complete AA Motivation research Complete AB Crosswalk research Complete AC Conﬁguring statistics Complete AD Accident research Complete AE Design ideas Complete AF State of the Art Complete

3.3 Cost

To calculate the costs, the team created two tables regarding the resources needed. Table 8 shows all the resources which are essential for the process of creating the project.

Table 8: team resources

Types of Project What resources the team What resources the team needs Management resources has David, Charlie, Solenne, David, Charlie, Solenne, Barbara, Jan, Human Resources Barbara, Jan, Jens Jens Providers, Teachers, Providers, Teachers, Supervisors, Services or 3rd parties Supervisors Sponsor PC, Projector, pointer, tables, Equipment PC, Projector, tables, chairs, boards chairs, boards All the materials and the components Materials None to build the prototype Money 100 € ??? Space F515 F515, electrical workshop Time 85 working days 85 working days

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In table 9 is displayed the resources needed and the costs to build the prototype.

Table 9: list of materials

cost product per total cost material quantity Supplier Link name unit/kg prototype [€] 2×0,32 kg scanner 23,90 ABS-filament (minimum 3dprima https://www.3dprima.com/filaments/abs-1-75mm/primavalue-abs-filament-1-75mm-1-kg-spool-white/a-20643/ 23,90 € box €/kg purchase of 1 kg) Arduino microcontroller Nano 33 16.00 € 2 Arduino Store https://store.arduino.cc/arduino-nano-33-iot 32.00 € IoT MFRC RFID scaner 6.26 € 2 Amazon https://paperpile.com/c/kEP8sT/QLeu 12.52 € 522 LCD TC1602A 10.15 € 2 Maritex https://en.maritex.com.pl/optoelectronics/lcd_character_displays/16x2_characters_tinsharp/lcmtc1602a1blw-lf.html 20.30 € PW-CT-9V Charger/Adapter DC Power 6.16 2 Amazon https://www.amazon.com/DAddario-PW-CT-9V-Power-Adapter-Sleeve-Positive/dp/B00191WVF6/ref=sr_1_16?dchild=1&keywords=arduino+power+supply&qid=1587663790&sr=8-16 12.32 Adapter Metric Machine Screw X10CrNi18-8 0,60 € 16 screwerk https://de.screwerk.com/en/shop/detail/stm/STM390300100E.html 9,60 € STM39 3×10 - T10 S235 Steel zinc- bracket 4,25 € 2 Schilder-befestigung https://www.schilder-befestigung.de/schildhalter-fuer-60mm-rohre-t-ausfuehrung 8,50 € plated Metric Machine Steel 8.8 zinc- Screw 1,11 € 4 Screwerk https://de.screwerk.com/en/shop/detail/stm/STM320600180S.html 4,44 € plated STM32 6×18 - H3 4 M6 1,66 (minimum Steel zinc plated hexagon €/25 purchase Amazon https://www.amazon.de/Home-Fusion-Company-Stahl-Sechskantmuttern/dp/B07PX3GDT5/ref=sr_1_10?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&dchild=1&keywords=m6+sechskantmutter+stahl+verzinkt&qid=1587399098&sr=8-10 1,66 € nuts units of 25 units) Total 125.24 €

3.4 Quality

In order to achieve quality, the project group needs to look at diﬀerent attributes of quality which are written in 3 topics. All these topics directly aﬀect the overall quality of the product and the resulting documentation at the end of the project.

Team Work Quality The goal for us is to be eﬃcient, so we have to divide tasks in an eﬃciently way : we try to give the tasks following the knowledge of each one, what he is used to do to and what he wanted to do. Because if we did a task lots of time we have already improved the way of doing it. We also divided the task following what we wanted to do, because everybody can try something new. The most important for us was that the person was motivated on doing the task. The complex tasks were checked by others to be sure that there was no mistakes. And some other tasks were also checked by others when their opinion can be useful to improve the task.

Materials & Component Quality We have to find the materials and the components that best fit with our needs. For this we have to well define what are our needs. We also must choose good suppliers in term of quality of the product and in term of delivery to try to avoid receiving a broken component. To prevent this, we can try to do some research on suppliers to see his reputation and the comments of the previous customers. When the components will be received we will have to check if they are not broken or damaged before using them. We want to avoid material waste, this rate needs to be inferior to 1% for each product. The material that we chose has to resist to the weather conditions of Porto : the rain, the corrosion partly due to salt of the ocean, the summer heat (the colour of the material has to stay intact).

Table 10 includes the summary of diﬀerent parameters which can directly or indirectly aﬀect the overall quality of the outcoming product.

Table 10: Quality matrix

Description What? How (much) Isolated Cables and no possible harm to Electronics overall Safety user

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Description What? How (much) built-in Wi-Fi and bluetooth Microcontroller enable wireless connection modules LCD visibility at night back reﬂection Scanner box resist to weather conditions appropriate materials (e.g. Polymers)

Customer satisfaction If all the components and materials are of good quality but that the customers rate of our product is bad, this product could not be considered as good quality. Our product will be tested by a panel of technicians who will evaluate the product with some criterias. The goal is to obtain an average score of 8/10 for each criteria, without individual scores under the score of 7/10. The criterias are for example : comfort, ergonomic functionnality, dexterity, aesthetics, size and adjustability.

3.5 People

Identify key people related to the project and associated roles. The key people of a project are the stakeholders : they are the persons or the groups who have an interest or an inﬂuence for the project. They may be aﬀected by the actions, the decisions and the objectives of it. First we detailed the roles of the members of the team for the tasks that we realized table 11.

R: responsible P: participant C: consultant I: informed

Table 11: Responsibility Assignment Matrix

Task Bárbara David Jens Jan Charlie Solenne Supervisors Statistics+ﬁrst reserch+accident P P P P P P C/I research State of the Art P P P P P P C/I Gantt chart I I I R I I C/I Design ideas P P P P P P C/I Motivation research P P P P P P C/I Video I I R R I I C/I User persona P P P P P P C/I Product backlog I I R I R I C/I Work Breakdown Structure I I I I I R C/I Survey I I I R I I C/I Leaﬂet+Flyer I I I I I R C/I Black box diagram I I I I I R C/I Electrical schematics control system I I I R I I C/I Drawings R I I I I I C/I 3D modeling R I I I I I C/I Materials for the box I I R I I I C/I

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Task Bárbara David Jens Jan Charlie Solenne Supervisors Electrical components I I I R I I C/I Promotional Object I I I I I R C/I

Then, we detail the power/inﬂuence and the interest that all the stakeholders have in this project table 12.

Table 12: Stakeholders Analysis

Stakeholder Role Power/Influence Interest Team Develop the project : Manage closely High High Supervisors Control the project : Manage closely High High ISEP Sponsor : Keep satisfied High Low Customers Buy the product : Manage closely High High Supliers Provide materials : monitor(minimum effort) Low Low Competitors Competition : Keep informed Low Low

Here is a stakeholders matrix ﬁgure 4 :

Figure 4: Stakeholders matrix

3.6 Communications

The success of a project is in a big part due to the good communication between the members of the team and more widely between all the stakeholders of the project. Here, we detail the ways that we used to communicate in an internal way (just for the tem), and in an external way (for everybody else) table 13. For each task we have to choose the targets and the frequency of this communication.

Table 13: Communication Matrix

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What Why Who When To whom The responsible Following the Deliverables To develop the project Supervisors person deadlines Meetings with To follow the progress of Team and Each thursday Supervisors supervisors the project supervisors Agenda To structure the meeting Team On wednesday Supervisors The person in To follow our At the end of the Team, Weekly report charge of this advancement week supervisors task To divide the task and Sprint planning attribute the time for Team Weekly Team each one To divide tasks and to At least twice in Team meeting Team Team share ideas the week

Concerning the communication of the team. First, in the begining of this semester we realized some teambuilding activities to discover the other members of the team and to begin to reﬂect together. The communication includes the verbal and non-verbal communication. These activities were really diﬀerent and some of them encouraged us to use the verbal communication, some others required non-verbal communication and some others ones required to think and to develop a group strategy.

During the ﬁrst weeks of the project, the discussions of the team and the work were realized face to face. And some meetings and informations were given by whatsapp. Then because of coronavirus and because of the closure of isep, the courses and the meetings were realized by video-conference. For the courses, the platforms used were : Microsoft Teams, Zoom and One-Note.

For the internal communication of the Team we used diﬀerent tools, some oral and written tools : ﬁgure 5.

Figure 5: Communication channels

3.7 Risk

Identify key risks (product and project level), evaluate them and deﬁne how they should be handled (responses) and monitored.

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To evaluate the risk we used a qualitative risk matrix ﬁgure 6

Figure 6: risk[20]

We created a table that references all the potential risks that could happen in the management of our project table 14. The goal is to ﬁnd solutions ans strategies that enable to reduce the impact of the problem if it happens.

Types of strategy: Transfer: Transfer the risk to another person Mitigate: Decrease the level of probability or impact Avoid: Suppress the risk

Table 14: potential risks

Description Cause Effect Probability Impact Risk Strategy Internal Risk Mitigate and Transfer : we transfer the Less efficiency task to One team Sickness, (lower working someone else member is accident, Unlikely Moderate low-1 capacity and and try to talk missing irresponsibility less opinions) to the member who is missing to understand what happened Mitigate : Disagreement Lost of time, Lack or bad establish a between team bad Likely Moderate medium-2 communication good members atmosphre communication Avoid : by Lack or establishing a Bad time Not finishing in inefficiency of Unlikely High medium-2 good planning management time the work with achievable goals External Risk Problem of Avoid : order Delay of the stock or Waste of time Likely Moderate medium-2 components supplier transportation very early

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Description Cause Effect Probability Impact Risk Strategy Internal Risk Mitigate : Bad quality of Increase costs replacement of Supplier Fault packaging, bad and big waste Unlikely High medium-2 components verification of time quickly Transfer : the information can Cancelled The teacher is Misinformation Unlikely Low low-1 be given by class sick email or by someone else Technical Risk Mitigate : The order new Waste of time components components Bad quality to find new Unlikely High medium-2 are non- eventually to components functional an alternative supplier Bad Avoid : test programmation Reprogram Bugs in the regularly the or bad what is wrong Likely High high-3 network code and the connection in : waste of time network the network Bad choice Need to do Avoid : do The materials new Not enough in- good are bad calcultions : Unlikely High medium-2 depth study calculations chosen waste of time and test it and money People are not Mitigate : Bad study of motivated to good definition Our product is what people use our Unlikely High medium-2 and study of inefficient needed or like product it is people useless motivation Instructions Avoid : write People don't People don't uncleared or clearly the understand use our Unlikely High medium-2 product not instructions on how it works product intuitive the screen

3.8 Procurement

Document your procurement management strategy including make vs buy decisions, materials/services to be acquired, sources, costs, timings, etc. In this part, we are going to detail what items we are going to order and the conditions of the procurement. The deadlines of procurement are also decided in this part following the project schedule.

Table 15: Procurement

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Delivery Make vs Alternative Name Supplier Quantity time Buy supplier Up to 5 Ardunino Nano 33 Arduino official store 2 working Buy BoxElectronica IoT days Up to 5 MFRC 522 Amazon 2 working Buy BoxElectronica days Up to 5 TC1602A DigiKey 2 working Buy days Up to 5 Charger/Adapter Amazon 2 working Buy Amazon days 1 kg Up to 5 make (print ABS filament for 3dprima (minimum working at filamentworld Scanner Box purchase) days university) Metric Machine Up to 5 Screw STM39 3×10 screwerk 16 working Buy boltdepot - T10 days Up to 5 bracket schilder-befestigung 2 working buy amazon days Metric Machine Up to 5 Screw STM32 6×18 screwerk 4 working Buy boltdepot - H3 days Up to 5 M6 hexagon nuts amazon 4 working Buy amazon days

3.9 Stakeholders Management

Deﬁne how you will manage stakeholders to keep them engaged. The stakeholder management includes four steps [21]:

1. Identify, recognize and acknowledge stakeholder 2. Determine their inﬂuence and interest 3. Establish communication management plan 4. Inﬂuencing and engaging stakeholder

The determination of their inﬂuence and interest has been already done in chapter 3.5 People The inﬂuencing and engaging stakeholders according to the association of Project Management [22]:

1. Communicate It is important to implement a good communication between all the team members and more widely between all the stakeholders to have a good organization and to be sure that everybody share is opinion and fulﬁls his role.

2. Consult, early and often We have to make sure that the goals, the risks and the organization of the project are understood by

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3. Remember, they’re only human We have to accept that sometimes all the stakeholders do not agree on some ideas or ways of working. We have to settle conﬂict when they appear. Sometimes, some of the members can be sick or can have other problems. When the person is missing, we will have to reorganize the work and to understand why the person was missing or didn't do her job.

4. Plan it! A good planning will enable to don't forget anything important that we have to deliver or to do. The workload will be shared equitably and everybody is aware of what he has to do without wasting time on looking for what he could do.

5. Relationships are key It is great to establish a good relationship between all the stakeholders because ﬁrst of all they will be happier to work together. Moreover, they will trust others and this avoids wasting time by checking all the works that other members did.

6. Simple, but not easy Analyse the risks of the project at the beginning could be a good idea to ﬁnd strategies that minimise the impact of the problem if it happens. We can apply this analyse for internal risks, external risks, technical risks and risks linked to a bad choice.Managing the risks avoids a big waste of time by ﬁnding solutions in advance so that when the problem occurs we already know how to act.

7. Just part of managing risk We have to keep in mind that all the stakeholders could be potential risks because they all have an inﬂuence on the project.

8. Compromise In the project not everybody will agree on all the ideas and on the choices made. To take the best decision possible, we have to prioritise the inﬂuence of the stakeholders to meet the requirements of the project and in the same time agreed with the Sponsor.

9. Understand what success is When we deﬁne the objectives of the project, we have to consider the question : What a succesful project is ? for all the stakeolders. With the answer of this question, we can see what are the expectations of these stakeholders to meet them.

10. Take responsibility When you take part in a project, you are commiting to work properly and accomplish all the tasks that you have been assigned. The role and the expectations about each member have to be clear.

Then, the goal is to identify the strategy that we have to adopt the manage the stakeholders in an eﬀective way table 16. We are going to choose strategies for stakeholders identiﬁed in chapter 3.5 People

Table 16: Stakeholders management

Stakeholder Concerns Quadrant Strategy Have a good communication and share Team Develop the project Manage closely and check the results of the tasks

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Stakeholder Concerns Quadrant Strategy Do meetings each week, explain our Supervisors Control the project Manage closely problem and listen and apply the advices Keep an administrative communication ISEP Sponsor Keep satisfied and respect the rules Theproduct is better Find the best solution to meet the big Customers that the previous Manage closely majority of the customer requirements ones Order components ahead of time to be Provide materials in Monitor Suppliers sure that the delivery will be realized in time (minimum effort) time Get some Monitor Analysis of the market. Try to add value Competitors informations and spot (minimum effort) to the current products good ideas

3.10 Sprint Outcomes

Include the outcomes of all sprint reviews (what was the sprint backlog, completion status, planned capacity vs. achieved velocity).

Each week we planned the tasks for everybody following the deadlines and what supervisors asked.

Table 17: Sprint 1 (02/03/2020 - 06/03/2020)

Task Responsible Priority Duration (h) Status Comments needs a ID01 Black box diagram Solenne ++ 1 done revision ID02 Gantt chart Jan +++ 1 done ID03 Motivation ideas Team ++ 2*6=12 done ID04 First sketches Bárbara +++ 2 done ID05 Product backlog Jens and Charlie +++ 2 done ID06 User personas Team ++ 1*6=6 done ID07 Survey Jan + 1 done ID08 Leaﬂet +Flyer Solenne + 5 done ID09 State of the Art Team ++ 1*6=6 not ﬁnished

Table 18: Sprint 2 (09/03/2020 - 13/03/2020)

Task Responsible Priority Duration (h) Status Comments ID01 Revision of black box Solenne +++ 1 done diagram ID10 New sketches with the choice of the design of the Bárbara +++ 1 done scanner ID11 State of the Art Team ++ 1*6=6 not ﬁnished

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Table 19: Sprint 3 (16/03/2020 - 20/03/2020)

Duration Task Responsible Priority Status Comments (h) We didn't well understand ID12 Schematics Jan ++ 1 done what we had to do, we control system have to revise it ID13 First 3D models Bárbara ++ 3 done We need to detail more ID11 State of the Art Team ++ 1*6=6 done

Table 20: Sprint 4 (23/03/2020 - 27/03/2020)

Duration Task Responsible Priority Status Comments (h) ID12 Schematics control Jan ++ 2 done system ID13 Detailed 3D models Bárbara ++ 3 done ID14 Materials for the box Jens +++ 3 done We need to do a comparison and ID15 Electrical components Jan +++ 3 not ﬁnished to explain our choice ID16 Project management Solenne +++ 10 not ﬁnished chapter ID17 Ethical and David +++ 3 Deonthological concerns ID18 Promotional object Solenne +++ 1 done

Table 21: Sprint 5 (30/03/2020 - 03/04/2020)

Duration Task Responsible Priority Status Comments (h) ID16 Project management Solenne and Jens +++ 4 not finished chapter ID17 Ethical and David +++ 3 not finished Deonthological concerns ID19 Logo + name Team ++ 2*6=12 done Charlie and ID20 Marketing chapter +++ 3 not finished Bárbara ID21 Eco-efficiency Measures Charlie +++ 3 not finished for Sustainability ID22 List of materials Jens, Jan ++ 2 not finished

Table 22: Sprint 6 (06/04/2020 - 10/04/2020)

Duration Task Responsible Priority Status Comments (h) ID17 Ethical and David +++ 4 done Deonthological concerns

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Duration Task Responsible Priority Status Comments (h) ID23 Oral training for interim not We need one Team ++ 1 presentation ﬁnished more training ID24 Support for interim Bárbara +++ 3 presentation Charlie and ID20 Marketing chapter +++ 2 Bárbara ID21 Eco-eﬃciency Measures Charlie +++ 2 for Sustainability

Table 23: Sprint 7 (14/04/2020 - 17/04/2020)

Duration Task Responsible Priority Status Comments (h) ID16 Project management Solenne 0.5 + not ﬁnished chapter ID20 Marketing chapter Charlie and Bárbara +++ 3 not ﬁnished ID22 List of materials Jens, Jan +++ 2 done ID23 Oral training for Team +++ 12 done interim presentation ID25 Sustainable Jan, Jens and Charlie +++ 5 done presentation ID26 Ethics presentation David and Solenne ++ 6 ID27 Costs Jan, Jens ++ 3 done ID28 Interim presentation Team +++ 8 done

Table 24: Sprint 8 (20/04/2020 - 24/04/2020)

Planned Duration Task Responsible Priority Status Comments effort (h) (h) ID20 Marketing not Charlie and David +++ 2 1.30 chapter finished ID21 Eco-efficiency not Measures for Charlie and Jens +++ 1 2 finished Sustainability ID26 Ethics David and +++ 6 5 done presentation Solenne ID29 Upload the list of Jan and Jens +++ 1 1 done materials ID30 Update the new not Bárbara ++ 1.30 2 design finished ID31 Revision of Solenne ++ 1 1 done chapter 1 ID16 Project Solenne ++ 1 1 done management chapter

Table 25: Sprint 9 (27/04/2020 - 01/05/2020)

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Planned Duration Task Responsible Priority Status Comments effort (h) (h) ID20 Marketing not Charlie +++ 1.30 1.30 chapter finished ID21 Eco-efficiency not Measures for Charlie +++ 1 1 finished Sustainability ID30 Final video of not Bárbara ++ - - the 3D model finished ID31 Revision of Solenne ++ 1 1 done chapter 1 ID16 Project not Solenne ++ 1 1 management chapter finished ID32 3D for the not Bárbara ++ - - reflective bracelet finished Jens, Charlie and ID33 Poster + 5 4 done Solenne not ID34 Paper Solenne + 1 2 finished not ID35 App Jan + 10 12 finished

3.11 Sprint Evaluations

Here we described the summary of the sprint. We listed what we can start doing, keep doing and stop doing to have a better eﬃciency : table 26.

Table 26: sprints evaluation

Start doing Keep doing Stop doing Sprint 1 Splitting tasks that we have Learning how to add references and Write too much text in to do. Propose our help to pictures on the wiki the presentations others Sprint 2 A correct black box diagram Dividing tasks. Being fair Sprint 3 Share the tasks for the Work less because of Find a way to communicate even if following week after the coronavirus and that we everybody stays at home meeting with supervisors are back at home Sprint 4 Start to complete all the chapters of the Not explaining our wiki.Developing a promotional object. Discussing the project. Keep choices for the Write a text for pictures and add all the having contact components and references materials in the wiki Sprint 5 Think to the brand : logo + name and Keep the wiki updated build an image

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Start doing Keep doing Stop doing Sprint 1 Sprint 6 Not have a good A support for interim presentation. Train Continue the training for communication between for interim presentation interim presentation team members who work on the same chapter Sprint 7 Assign a person each week to do the weekly report and the minute of the meeting with coordinators to have a Propose help to other better repartition of the work. Correct members the wiki with the comments of teachers. Propose some ideas of improvement in our organization Sprint 8 Start video of 3D model, Developing the Updating the wiki, Have a mobile app, Proposal for the reﬂective good communication, One bracelet, Deliverables : poster, paper Note updated Sprint 9 Not choosing before the Work on the paper. Research about iot Wiki updated. Meeting twice meeting who is going to platform in the week lead

3.12 Conclusion

Provide here the conclusions of this chapter and introduce the next chapter.

4 Marketing Plan

This part of the report focuses on the importance of marketing as an essential part of the business world.

4.1 Introduction

Marketing is a process that everyone in the business world seems to perceive differently, from business to even just at a company level everyone seems to have their own take on the subject. In simple terms marketing is a process which works on either finding demand for product or service for example or creating demand for the product or service. Key factors that are considered by the company are: first of all deciding on a product, evaluating its demand, decide an appropriate or attractive price and choosing distribution channels. Marketing is just about the product its about getting the product known and getting the product to be desirable whether its desirable because: features, price or even luxury. In order to make a product desirable those involved with the marketing must develop and apply a promotional strategy. The Chartered institute of marketing, a institute based in the United Kingdom, described marketing as; “Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably.” which

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4.2 Market Analysis

During the market analysis, we conducted a survey. We received 171 responses from people from around the world of different ages and different genders. The results will clarify the needs of possible users and their motivation to use or skip the pedestrian crossings. Those results occurred to be helpful for us to focus our final solution on customers’ needs and to motivate them to use pedestrian crossings. Figure 7 shows the results of the survey.

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Figure 7: Survey results

From the above graphs, we found out what are people's preferences and what makes them not use pedestrian crossings. Basing on those results we came up with a solution that will motivate people to use pedestrian crossings and cross the road in the designated places. What is more, it occurred that people are very often in a hurry and crossing the road using pedestrian crossing need to much time to be spent. Respondents were not using crosswalks because there were not enough of them nearby. Moreover, what is very important for our future solution many people use public transport so discounts might motivate them to use pedestrian crossings more often and make it ﬁnally a habit.

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4.2.1 Macro-environment Analysis

Demographic The goal for us is to obtain more informations about the population that we are targeting. That is to say citizens who live in Porto. Economic Our customer will be the government or the city of Porto, the cost has to be reasonable. What is going to interest the government is the improvement of the safety of road users. And the increase of people motivation to take pedestrian crossings. Natural If the pedestrian crossing is eco-friendly (the materials used are recyclable, reused and sustainable. We will use renewable energies.) The government will be more interested by the project, because all citizens will see that they are doing some eﬀorts and give the example.The discount on public transport can enable to initiate some people taking public transport and to use less their car. Which is a good thing, because cities are over-polluted Technological People can be interested by this new kind of pedestrian crossings. Moreover, they can be curious and interested by the discount. It will be an innovation, people have the habit of classical pedestrian crossings. If they see something diﬀerent they will get close to the scanners and maybe ask questions to the users. Political Our solution could be one of the solution to promote public transport. And if the motivation of people is increasing to take pedestrian crossings, maybe the rate of fatalities will decrease, because most of them happen when there is no pedestrian crossing. Cultural By observing users of our pedestrian crossing, some people may want to try and then it becomes a habit for them thanks to social mimicry.

4.2.2 Micro-environment Analysis

Suppliers The suppliers can be the same as the suppliers of the scanners and cards of andante because our system will enable a discount on andante trips. Marketing intermediaries The main marketing intermediary of our product would be the city of Porto because our system would be implemented in this city, so the pedestrian safety could be increased and citizens could get discounts for local transportation. Customers Everybody can be a customer of our product because it will be implemented in the street, so everybody will have access to it and it can be tried when people want. Competitors The competitors are the company that produce equipments for the road safety like beacons sign, thermal detection, in-road warning lights. The diﬀerence with our product is that we had something new: a discount on public transport that will motivate people to take pedestrian crossings. Publics The public would be the city, the citizens and the society of transportation of Porto.

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A SWOT analysis is a method to step back and look into depth of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are of your product/company. The SWOT analysis helps to plan and really help the company achieve its goal, as it will outline their market much clearer. The ﬁgure below shows the SWOT analysis of the product.

Figure 8: SWOT analysis of the product

4.4 Strategic Objectives

Strategic objectives allow for our already planned objectives to be most easily obtained and achieved; theses objectives allow for the marketing plan to be executed more effectively. There are different methods of strategic objectives one of which is the SMART method, SMART stands for: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-related.

The ﬁve letters of SMART are described below:

Speciﬁc:- This means that the objectives and goals of the project should be made clear as possible as soon as possible. This means the ﬁve W’s should be taken into consideration: Who, What, Where, Why and When. This refers the team itself also who will be carrying out certain tasks, what are the targets and end goals, where will this take place, what is the purpose for this project and the time frame that it needs to be completed within.

Measurable:- Evaluation of progress of the product over time and measure the outcome, this will aid the team to know when the product is reaching its targets and/or if it needs to be ﬁxed or adapted.

Achievable:- The goals or targets set need to be capable of being met but also of a high standard, so the product stands out. This area of smart allows for planning on how the goals will be met and gives the company something to aim for.

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Relevant- The targets set should coordinate with the what the product is all about and how it will integrate within society as from the oﬀset the overall goals should be planned and thought out.

Time-related:- Allows for a basis for goals and targets to be achieved and gives a set or rough time that tasks or results are to be viewed and if needed reviewed. This generates a sense of urgency but also gives a time-frame to tie up results so the results can be taken seriously to see if the product is heading the intended direction or if its straying oﬀ course[23].

Strategic objectives will allow us to gain a better understanding and better action plan of how we are going not only going to develop our product but also develop our brand. These objectives and aims will help with the economic planning as well as other areas such as the customer and environmental aspects of the product. The target is to develop a product for our business that is not only proﬁtable but also sustainable with geographical growth running parallel. Other than the business side of things another objective would be adding an improved solution to an already universal idea all whilst, increasing knowledge of all road users of the importance of when and how to use a road crossing correctly, this would be aimed at younger children mainly. Ways that the knowledge could be passed on are online websites, apps or even workshops. The strategic objectives will aid the business when it comes to being more environmentally conscious with view to reduce our carbon footprint with not only the solution but the product itself being as circular as possible with views to waste and material use.

Figure 9: Smart strategic objects [University of Sheﬃeld, 2017]

4.5 Segmentation

Geographic

In terms research into crossing use around the world globally there are few resources with hard evidence of facts and ﬁgures for the entire world. We as a team have decided to ﬁrst and foremost focus on one key city for the use of our project. Since this project is taking place in the Portuguese city of Porto it made the most sense to being sales of the product in this city. With Porto being the second largest city in Portugal this correlates to it being a large urban area with lots of intersections and road user with unfortunately means there is more chance of accidents occurring. As show by Table 6 more accidents happen in larger more built up urban areas so this means a larger market segment for WalkSafe . The size of the city and the widely used public transport system through the city means it’s the ideal city to initially sell the product. Shown below in Figure 10 is a population heat map of the country of Portugal.

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Figure 10: Heat map of the country of Portugal [25]

Demographical

The product is open to everyone that is of age to cross the road by themselves in theory. Although the idea of promotional discounts on andante public transport tickets allows for us to gauge a better understanding of our primary target audience. Shown by Figure 11 is a few statistics of andante metro system user proﬁles.

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Figure 11: Statistics of andante metro system user proﬁles [26]

This graphic allows us to see that the metro is primarily used by people under that age of 35 with the median age being 33. With this information it allows us to better understand the area of impact our promotional Andante system may work best in. Although these facts are good for giving us an insight of the average public transport user on the andante system it doesn’t tell us who is using roads and who is crossing the road and the answer that is undetermined exactly but with Porto having a total population of 237,559 people it is safe to assume it’s a relatively high proportion of that ﬁgure [27].

Psychological (psycho-graphic)

One of the main psychological targets for our product are people who are environmentally conscious but also people who are open to change and innovation. With the climate crisis only increasing in size as an issue more and more people are becoming aware of what impact their actions have on the environment and increasing amount of people are trying to change their lifestyles to beneﬁt the planet. By encouraging the population to walk to their destination and then if they need to use a vehicle the points gained from walking via crossings will push them to use the greener option in the public transport versus cars debate. Another psychological aim is viewed at targeting almost every single human being, as human it is natural that we want to be safe and not put ourselves in danger, with the encouragement of using crossing from our product we hope that the users will make the right decision and use the crossings.

4.6 Strategy/Positioning

Branding marketing elements

Business Objective: Implement WalkSafe devices in strategic locations, where pedestrian traﬃc safety improvements are required.

Language: Customers will use the device by reading a data card, in which the required needs for safe crossing are requested and transferred to the traﬃc equipment.

Vallues: Integrity, Respect, Safety and Continuous Improvement. The Walksafe device is aimed at improving pedestrian safety conditions in critical locations, with high pedestrian circulation. Its full and correct use is therefore essential.

Communication to the Public: It is essential that there is a disclosure by the company that installs the devices about the use and improvements provided by such a device. Use campaigns and training are of equal importance.

4.7 Adapted Marketing-Mix

Marketing mix is a term that refers to a set of strategies used to generate people's desire to buy or to use an implemented equipment , as Walksafe devices. These strategies can and should be controlled and customized according to the proﬁle of the business or the implemented services. and your persona. Marketing, in essence, aims to identify and satisfy human and social needs and

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The Walksafe device is designed to meet all profiles of pedestrian users, regardless of age, gender, social class, etc. Therefore, there is no specific niche for customers to be served. Any user with the card will be able to use the device, swiping the card through the reader and will be attended to in their request regarding the safe crossing of streets, for example. Therefore, there is no need for a differentiated approach or adaptation of a specific Marketing strategy for a specific niche of customers. Additionally, we can include more 3P's in the analysis of the 4P's: People, Processes and Perception.

Figure 12: The four P's

4.8 Budget

4.9 Strategy Control

To ensure that WalkSafe is able to control operations and overall evaluate the quality of these measures, a stragegic control system needs to be put into place. This method allows WalkSafe to see what is working and what may not be, aiding the company to see if the previous plan is going well or needs altered.The process consists of three main areas monitoring, analysis and evaluation with the view to adapt and change. The concept that were are going to use is called PDCA abbreviated for Plan, Do, Check and Act. By following this method closely, it allows for the business to grow and strive in the best way possible. PDCA is a beneﬁcial tool in many regards but its especially helpful when it is helping a business choose between a large variety of solutions and helping them gauge the correct one for their problem. It also helps with waste management by stopping companies transporting large amounts of poor-quality products on a large scale.

The PDCA method of strategy control is also referred to as the Deming Wheel that was created by a well know management consultant called Dr William Edwards Deming around 1950. Deming wanted to develop a method that would aid businesses in understanding what cause products or services to

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Figure 12, The PDCA Cycle.

PDCA is method that pushes a business to test multiple diﬀerent solutions, taking the information from the results and putting into place the solutions that work the best. Below is listed the four stages of the PDCA loop:

Plan- Define the area of opportunity for the business that they can have the largest impact on. Through gathering information and understanding the problem area, develop different solutions and decide which are the best fit for the problem being addressed.

Do- initially test the solution and extract the results this will give an indication if the desired outcome was achieved.

Change- Analyse the result and compare with the desired or expected results to determine if the proposed solution was successful or if the solution will need altered. It is very important during this section not to lower the standard of the desired results but keep to the quality that was initially planned.

Act- Apply the successful solution and begin again as it isn’t a process it’s a loop, this means that the business is always asses its products and targets to see if they are the best for their customers.

4.10 Conclusion

From this macro- environmental analysis, the WalkSafe team have found that there is many different factors that play their own individual role in how a product should be made and how it should be marketed. These factors are social, environmental, political, economic, legal, geographical and technological. When analysing the market many can be taken as strengths such as more and more people are becoming more environmentally friendly trying to do their bit for the environment and one small step is, moving from single use cars to public transport. On the other hand, some areas can be seen as a negative such as the social aspect of changing the mind set of crossing the road that is deeply implanted already in society. After discussing a few of the positives and negatives of our product we also carried out a SWOT analysis of our brand and product which helped us outline the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats which helped us define what we want our product to be so it can have optimum performance levels on the market. WalkSafe when linked to market segmentation we realised there isn’t anything else on the market similar to WalkSafe itself. We found that the issue would not be finding the gap in a crowded market however trying to create a market by changing user habits of an already trained idea of how one should cross a road.

5 Eco-eﬃciency Measures for Sustainability

Sustainability helps to satisfy the needs of the present without damaging the planet and doesn’t restrict the next generation in meeting their own needs.

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For this project, the goal is to respect sustainability concerns using materials and solutions that are eco-friendly and to take into account the environment to find the solution that best fits to the place chosen. In our case : the city of Porto. Every year there is heightened pressure on companies to be more and more environmentally friendly and overall more sustainable, as this is an issue that isn't going to fix itself. Its an area where many large companies are making an effort some more than other and even some companies are are making changes for the wrong reasons. Although businesses over the last ten years haven begun to wake up to this environmental crisis, companies still aren't doing enough, one of the main reasons for this is the company not focusing on every step of the product life cycle some only focus at the start and have no interest what the product does after it leaves their shop and some only focus on the end, meaning the entire production process could be detrimental to the environment but because its biodegradable its apparently its deemed a win for the environment. The approach of some businesses is that of a more environmentally conscious one, this links to the companies from the beginning of production applying sustainability methods usually formed by the ideology of less resources and a better end goal.

5.2 Environmental

Transport is Europe’s biggest source of CO2, responsible for the emission of over a quarter of all greenhouse gases.

Figure 13 shows the share of CO2 caused by the transport sector.

transport emissions [28] Figure 13:

From These 26,96% over 2/3 is caused by road transport. This is another reason, that road transport

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CO2 emissions from road transport [29] Figure 14:

But it's not the public transport that causes so much CO2, it's more the using of private cars. The following ﬁgure shows, that private cars have a share of over 40% of all greenhouse gas emissions caused by road transport. Compared with that heavy duty trucks and buses together are only causing about 20% of all greenhouse gas emissions caused by road transport.

emissions from cars and buses [30] Figure 15:

Furthermore transport is the only sector in which emissions have grown since 1990, contributing to the increase in the EU’s overall emissions in 2015. If we are to achieve the Paris climate goals, it is likely that transport emissions must be reduced by 94% from 2005 levels 16.

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95% reduction target [31] Figure 16:

These ﬁgures conﬁrm that we have to push the people from the cars into public transport. The WalkSafe is contributing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by motivating the society to use public transport more.

WalkSafe views itself as an environmentally friendly minded solution to the issue faced in order to create a smart pedestrian crossing. Its is solution that not only aims to decrease the number of accidents that occur on the road by motivating the user to choose to cross at a crossing, as this is where the least accidents happen. WalfSafe from the beginning has always had at the forefront of the issue of how to make the product as environmentally friendly as possible. By motivating the pedestrian to use the crossing and building up a credit systems that can be redeemed with discounts on public transport, it looks at the idea of reducing the number of cars on the road and pushing more and more people to use the city’s already built in public transport system. Whilst WalkSafe overall improves the safety of the user by the motivations aspect of using the crossing and being more visible to the other road users it also in theory reduces the number of cars using the roads due to offering the customers of WalkSafe free or discounted public transport tickets. This shift from cars to public transport has a positive effect on the environment, the table below shows the difference in carbon dioxide pollution between an average car with one user compared to an average bus with multiple scenarios of user quantities.

Type of Vehicle Average PMPG Max PMI Plugin Hybrid 110.6 350 Motorcycle 71.8 113 Passenger Train 71.6 189.7

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Type of Vehicle Average PMPG Max PMI Airplane 42.6 53.6 Bus 38.3 330 Car 35.7 113 18-Wheeler (truck) 32.2 64.4 SUV/Mini Van 31.4 91

The table above shows the impact of single user cars have on the environment and how an increase of public transport use by the motivation to use it can have a positive impact on the environment. Another aim was to use materials that were easily recyclable for this we aimed to use a reusable card in order to gain points with views to furthering the idea on to an app system where the user can use a barcode or QR code to cut down on materials used. With materials in mind we also considered the main casing for the scanner for this we have decided to use a polymer called high density Polyethylene (HDPE) this not only has suitable chemical properties but also i easily and widely recycled. the final step to make WalkSafe more environmentally minded with the view of using less materials was adding a bracket to the back of the product so it can be easily attached to already exists poles such as street lights or traffic lights instead of creating our own pole the object [Eric Jaffe, Eric Jaffe, CityLab, 2012].

5.3 Economical

The economical sides of things link to the sustainability of materials or process and the strategies that can be implemented to make the process overall more efficient meaning less waste. This also means that the process as it done more efficiently it therefore results in higher profit margins. The idea of WalkSafe takes this concept with the view of making an impact through looking at already existing key components to the idea such at lampposts, already used cards such as the andante card and even the public transport itself. By using these already created aspects of the systems it means that less will need to be created for the system/product to work. By using the andante card it allows WalkSafe to be implemented into a society without the need for a new card, this would benefit further with the view of creating an app with QR code this would eliminate the need for the card altogether this would cost time and money and it may reduce profits initially but would also reduce waste of materials. Other materials can be saved by using already made lampposts and traffic lights to attach the scanner to, this reduces the amount of material needed, with means not only is it more sustainable but its more economical.

5.4 Social

Sustainability not only refers from the economic and environmental side of operations, but some have realised that it derives from the social area of things. This refers to the idea that the product may be very well minded in terms of environmental and even economic but if the product becomes mundane and, in a few months,, it becomes neglected by the target market then the product is not socially sustainable. Other aspects that need to be considered in order to fully understand social sustainability and how it could aﬀect a product are: living conditions, health and safety, human rights, fair labour practice, diversity, wellness, work life balance and equity. These are only some of the ways that social sustainability could be aﬀected. WalkSafe is a business than not only intends to improve the immediate safety of the user by using the crosswalk it also wants to educate and even make the average person rethink bad decisions when attempting to cross the road. It is a product that will hopefully allow younger pedestrians gain some experience using roads safely teaching them that a

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5.5 Life Cycle Analysis

Introduction to Life Cycle Analysis

The life cycle analysis is a method that calculates the overall environmental emissions of a product taking into account every step of the process that is taken in order to reach the final product or even in an industry. It is able to gain information and calculate environmental emissions through measuring each step from extraction, manufacturing, distribution, use and it even calculates the emissions from the final step of products which is disposal. It considers the idea of the entire lifetime of a product from birth to death. With more and more people choosing to use public transport but also more are buying cars so what impact does this have on the environment and as a product how we further improve the environmental impact our product has on emissions through use of specific materials to the ways they are extracted or even disposed of.

Material choice

High density polyethylene (HDPE)

Figure ”“ The ﬁgure above shows the life cycle analysis of high density polyethylene (HDPE) to make one plastic bottle.

The figure above shows the life cycle of the material, high density polyethylene. It shows the energy required at every step of the production process and the amount of energy in the two scenarios at end of life. The timeline is for a plastic bottle made composed of the specific material, but it shows similar results of what we would be aiming for with our product. It has a few variables of type of production and size of product in correspondence to a plastic bottle, but it shows the differences of the end of life processes and why recycling this type of polymer is the better option. As the product isn’t intended to be recycled after use, it is only planned to be recyclable if one is needing replaced or even updated to a new model in the future. Due to the polymers being widely recycled it allows the life cycle to have increased sustainability and makes this a more attractive choice of material compared to those of which are less recycled [33].

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Sustainability is one of the main features of WalkSafe, it aims to have minimal waste materials and any that need to be wasted can be used for other projects. With the public and business being made more aware than ever of our collective impact on the world we live in and how we can all play our role in helping the environment, we are trying to make or product as sustainable as possible whilst still being reasonable when it comes to functionality. More and more businesses are trying to adapt to the current world hat we live in trying to be more and more sustainable and have a more circular approach to their products and services. Thinking outside the box and looking at ways where the waste can be used in another stage of the process, meaning the term waste is somewhat contradictive. WalkSafe aims to allow urban areas to become safer whilst at the same time promote use of public transport systems and overall create a healthier environment. The studies have shown that public transport has overall a more positive impact on the environment compared to the single user car, with WalkSafe using promotional discounts on public transport this positive impact suggested can be helped to become more achievable and overall become more sustainable for communities. The use of the bracket attached to the main body of the scanner is to allow the device to be attached to any streetlight or existing crossing, this means less materials are used in order to create the device. In this section we have explained the process of choosing materials and ideas about WalkSafe that make it more environmentally friendly and overall more sustainable. I the next section we will go onto discuss the ethical issues surrounding the product and actions we have taken in order to match these perceived standards.

6 Ethical and Deontological Concerns

This chapter aims to provide an insight in the ethical and deontological concerns that have to be considered while developing this project. Four diﬀerent topics will be covered: engineering ethics, sales & marketing ethics, environmental ethics and liability. Before delving into these subjects, a general introduction to ethics and deontology will be provided.

6.1 Introduction

The ﬁeld of ethics(derived from the Greek word ethikos, “expressing character”) is a branch of philosophy that focuses on morality. Within this ﬁeld, a distinction is made between right and wrong conduct. Ethics is often divided into three distinct subject areas[34]:

Meta-ethics, which focuses on the origins and meaning of ethical principles Normative ethics, which tries to deﬁne a set of rules to live by in order to live ethically. Applied ethics, which focuses on speciﬁc ethical questions and how to deal with them in a moral way.

Deontology (derived from the Greek words deon, “duty” and logos, “science”) is an example of a normative approach to ethics. In deontological philosophy, morality is based on a set of foundational obligations or rules. Deontology is therefore also sometimes referred to as “rule-based ethics”. One of the best known examples of a set of deontological obligations or rules is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [35]

The four topics introduced before are examples of applied ethics. In the rest of this chapter,

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6.2 Engineering Ethics

ECEC logo [36] Figure 17:

Diﬀerent professions have diﬀerent ethical and deontological guidelines, depending on the impact of actions of someone with that profession on society. Engineers have an obligation to safeguard the wellbeing of anyone and anything that is impacted by the work they provide. In order to ensure that engineers adhere to this obligation, most countries have established a code of engineering ethics.

Since this project is based in Europe, the Code of Conduct for European Chartered Engineers, as issued by the European council of Engineers Chambers (ECEC) (ﬁgure17), will be taken into account. Articles 2 - 5 of this code of conduct list the general principles, expected behaviour towards clients and colleagues and the professional qualiﬁcation and development. [37] These are listed below.

Article 2: General principals

1. European chartered Engineers and their employees must respect and properly apply all European and national laws, regulations, technical rules, accepted standards, norms and codes of practice appropriate to their profession or speciality and to the services entrusted to them. 2. European chartered Engineers are personally responsible for their work. 3. European chartered Engineers are aware of their responsibility toward the general public and the enivornment. 4. European chartered Engineers are required to fulﬁl their tasks with care and diligence. 5. European chartered Engineers may only provide services for which they have the necessary competence.

Article 3: Behaviour towards clients

1. Confidentiality is the most important aspect for building trust between professionals and their clients 2. European chartered Engineers must respect and safeguard the confidentiality of information acquired in the course of providing services and ensure that information about the client is not disclosed to others except in specified circumstances and, where possible, with the informed consent of the client. 3. European chartered Engineers will insure that any member of staff to whom a task is delegated

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has the knowledge and skills necessary to undertake that task effectively and efficiently. There should also be appropriate supervision. 4. European chartered Engineers must not accept any direct or indirect compensation for themselves or other persons from a third party, which could endanger their duty to safeguard the client's interest. 5. The client has a right to expect assessment of circumstances to be carried out and decisions to be made impartially and objectively, without pressure from external sources and without conflicts of interest. 6. European chartered engineers will inform their clients about the insurance held, or other form of guarantee which is equivalent or comparable, in order to cover liabilities in the event of adverse effects resulting from errors or omissions made in the provision of an engineering service. 7. Advertising is an important means of information for the client and therefore must not be deceitful. 8. European chartered engineers must define, or cause to be defined, their services, terms and remuneration as clearly, accurately and completely as possible. They guarantee that the method of calculating fees is transparent for the client in order to protect the information of the latter and to avoid any competition deemed to be unfair.

Article 4: Behaviour towards colleagues

1. In their professional relations with colleagues, European chartered engineers shall behave with the greatest loyalty and honesty in order to aﬃrm a common culture and professional identity in all ﬁelds in which the profession is involved. 2. European chartered engineers may only take on an assignment previously executed by colleagues provided that the previous contracts have been terminated or denounced. 3. European chartered engineers shall strictly respect the copyright of others.

Article 5: Professional qualiﬁcation and development

1. European chartered engineers are obliged to keep their knowledge in their ﬁeld of practice up- to-date and will extend their competencies as the demand for new services develops. 2. To this end, they should participate in Continuous Professional Development (CPD) throughout their working lives. 3. European chartered engineers shall assist their junior colleagues in their professional development, especially by sharing their experiences.

6.3 Sales and Marketing Ethics

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Doughnut economics [38] Figure 18:

For a long time, maximizing profit has been thought to be the only legitimate purpose of a business. Scholars at business schools all over the world have lectured that growth is the biggest measure of success. Milton Friedman, one of the most influential economists of the 20th century, even went as far as to say that the only social responsibility of a business is to increase its profits for the benefit of the shareholders[39].

Over the past few decades the narrative has slowly started to change. It is no longer believed that shareholders should be the only beneficiaries of a business. Instead, all stakeholders, everything and everyone that is impacted, directly or indirectly, should be considered. While aiming for profit remains a vital part of business, the realization that it should not be the main objective and that endless growth is unsustainable is starting to settle in. Rather than aiming for profit, businesses should try to aim for the addition of value. Through that process, the profit necessary for business survival will come naturally. This new approach is sometimes referred to as Conscious Business, or the Economy of Meaning. Kaj Morel summarizes this beautifully in his essay “Marketing in the age of the economy of meaning”[40]:

“Aiming for proﬁt is not meaningful, but aiming for meaning is proﬁtable.” Kaj Morel

Kate Raworth translated this new economic approach into the doughnut economic model (ﬁgure

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18)[41]. This model can provide ethical guidelines for the entire economy and businesses alike by listing the aspects that have to be taken into account. The inner circle (the hole of the doughnut) represents the social foundation that ensures every human being is being provided in their basic needs. The space outside the doughnut represents the ecological ceiling, the planetary boundaries. The doughnut itself represents the safe and just space for humanity where all needs are met without crossing the environmental ceiling

Along with this new conscious approach to business, comes a new approach to ethical marketing. Or rather, an opportunity for marketing to once again fulfil its intended purpose. Marketing is the relational aspect of business. Its purpose is to identify, anticipate and satisfy the customers’ needs. In the years of idolizing profit maximization, marketing was misused as a means to simply boost sales without taking note of the needs of the customer and the effects on other stakeholders. Schemes like for example “Greenwashing” were (and are) being used by companies to appear “Greener” than they actually are, with the sole purpose of increasing revenue. This example showcases the importance of honesty, transparency and integrity in ethical marketing. Making unjustified claims about a product or service in order to boost sales is anything but morally right.

6.4 Environmental Ethics

Environmental ethics is the ﬁeld of ethics related to the relationship between human beings and their physical environment. Environmental ethics aims to ﬁnd argumentation for protecting the planet and the sustainable use of its resources. It considers the morality of sustainability measures related to the environment.

In the previous section on sales and marketing ethics, the doughnut economic model was introduced. This model can also provide guidelines when it comes to environmental ethics. The outer area of the doughnut model represents the planetary boundaries:

1. Climate change 2. Ocean acidiﬁcation 3. Chemical pollution 4. Nitrogen and phosphorus loading 5. Freshwater withdrawals 6. Land conversion 7. Biodiversity loss 8. Air pollution 9. Ozone layer depletion

It is important to remain within these boundaries in order to sustain life on earth. Limiting the negative impact on these aspects could be considered a moral obligation in a deontological sense.

6.5 Liability

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Statue of lady justice in Porto [42] Figure 19:

As described in the introduction to this section, deontology considers moral obligations that human beings should adhere to. Some of these obligations have laws and regulations associated with them in order to ensure compliance. The term liability describes the legal responsibility to comply to these rules and regulations.

During the development of this project, the following European directives should be taken into account:

1. Machine Directive (2006/42/CE 2006-05-17); 2. Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (2004/108/EC 2004 12 15); 3. Low Voltage Directive (2014/35/EU 2016-04-20); 4. Radio Equipment Directive (2014/53/EU 2014-04-16); 5. Restriction of Hazardous Substances (ROHS) in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (2002/95/EC 2003-01-27)

6.6 Conclusion

As engineers, we are fully aware of our responsibility toward the general public and therefore we will follow the conscious business approach described. We measure our success not by the amount of proﬁt we make or the size of our company. We will strive to maximize our meaning, our value, the amount of positive impact we have on society as a whole. We are not starting this business for the sake of starting a business, we are doing so because we believe that we can contribute to the safety of pedestrians. And in doing so, we strive to contribute to the necessary social foundation while not overshooting the planetary boundaries.

7 Project Development

This chapter presents the development of this project, starting with the ﬁrst ideas and ending with a ﬁnal solution followed by a prototype.

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The project development chapter describes the whole progress of building the ﬁrst prototype. First, a general vision of the product is designed with the black box, draft sketches and the architecture. After this step, the concept of Schnabeltier crossing is more and more precise.

The needs of our customers need to be deﬁned. Afterwards the work breakdown structure is created. The work breakdown structure is essentially and includes all components we need for the prototype. Therefore, the list of materials is chosen and purchased, followed by the work breakdown structure. The preferences are the must haves, which are the most important components for our prototype.

Finally, the prototype can be built up, the sensors can be installed and each part of Schnabeltier crossing is analysed in the Tests and Results chapter.

7.2 Architecture

In this chapter will be presented: the black box diagram, the user personas, the user perspective and the control system.

7.2.1 Black box diagram

Figure 20 shows the black box diagram.

Black box Figure 20:

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7.2.2 User personas

Figure 21 shows the user personas diagram.

User personas Figure 21:

Marked pedestrian crossings are often found at intersections, but may also be at other points on busy roads that would otherwise be too unsafe to cross without assistance due to vehicle numbers, speed or road widths. They are also commonly installed where large numbers of pedestrians are attempting to cross (such as in shopping areas) or where vulnerable road users (such as school children) regularly cross. For the Team it is crutial to ﬁnd the best solution for all of the road users.

7.2.3 User perspective

Figure 22 shows the user perspective diagram.

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User perspective Figure 22:

7.2.4 Control System

Figure 23 shows the ﬂow chart of control system.

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Flow chart of control system Figure 23:

7.3 Components

This chapter describes all needed components and how they are produced.

7.3.1 Scanner box components

The scanner box will be made using a polymer. Polymers have several advantages over other materials. They are relatively cheap, easy to manufacture and won't interfere with signals. Furthermore, recycling infrastructure for diﬀerent kinds of polymers is already in place. The following table 27 shows a list of common polymers, which we can use for the scanner box:

materials for the scanner box Table 27:

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tensile E-module scope of areas of material price strenght (stiﬀness) application application Household goods, storage and 0,48 - Polyethylen High-Density (PE- transport 0,85 30 MPa 1350 MPa -80°C - 90 °C HD) [43] containers, waste €/kg bins and containers 0,63 - Machine and Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol 1,00 45 MPa 2300 MPa -30°C - 95 °C vehicle (ABS) [44] €/kg construction Mechanical 0,60 - Polyoxymethylen Copolymer engineering, 1,25 65 MPa 2700 MPa -50°C - 100 °C (POM-C) [45] automotive €/kg industry

Very important to mention is that all these prices are prices for the raw plastic granule.

The next question is how to produce the box. There are a lot of ways to produce thermoplastics. Two very common ways are the 3D-print and the injection molding process. To produce the prototype once (only one exemplar) it is easier and cheaper to use a 3D-printer. For the series production it is deﬁnitely worth it to choose the injection molding process. In the following chapter we want to describe both processes and its pros and cons.

3D-printing

The 3D printing process builds a three-dimensional object from a computer-aided design (CAD) model, usually by successively adding material layer by layer, which is why it is also called additive manufacturing. CAD models can be saved in the stereolithography file format (STL), a de facto CAD file format for additive manufacturing that stores data based on triangulations of the surface of CAD models. Before printing a 3D model from an STL file, it must first be examined for errors. Most CAD applications produce errors in output STL files, of the following types: - holes - faces normals - self- intersections - noise shells - manifold errors

Then the next issue is the material. Most of the conventional thermoplastic materials which are used for injection molding cannot simply be used as a material for 3D-printing. For precise application of the melt in the correct position, it is imperative that the resulting component is firmly anchored on the printer's carrier plate. Non-polar materials such as PE or PP generally have only a low surface adhesion and are therefore difficult to fix. When cooling from the melt, crystallites form, which lead to severe shrinkage. This shrinkage cannot be compensated for in 3D printing. Warpage of the material is therefore very high. In extreme cases, the component may detach from the carrier plate. In addition to the greatly restricted choice of materials, the high quality requirements for the plastics also play a major role in series production. While minor quality fluctuations in the hobby area or in the production of prototypes are more accepted, this is no longer tolerated in series production. While a 100 g component in the injection molding process is completed within seconds, even a very fast professional 3D printer takes a few hours to do this. Any error in the drawing can render the component completely unusable.

Because of these reasons it is very important to choose the right polymer for a 3D-printer. For the prototype we will choose Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol (ABS), it is one of the most common polymers for 3D-printer, it is very easy to print and cheap. the quantitative compositions are 20% acrylonitrile,

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25% butadiene and 55% styrene. The properties of the plastic are changed by changing the proportions by mass[46]. injection molding

Injection molding is a manufacturing process for producing parts by injecting molten material into a or mold. Material for the part is fed into a heated barrel, mixed (using a helical shaped screw), and injected into a mould cavity, where it cools and hardens to the conﬁguration of the cavity. After a product is designed, moulds are made by a mould-maker (or toolmaker) from metal, usually either steel or aluminium, and precision-machined to form the features of the desired part. Injection moulding is widely used for manufacturing a variety of parts, from the smallest components to entire body panels of cars.

This process can be used to produce directly usable molded parts in large numbers at low cost. The tool costs make up a large part of the necessary investments. As a result, even with simple tools, economy is only achieved with a few thousand parts. On the other hand, the tools can be used to manufacture up to several million parts.

Figure 24 shows the process simpliﬁed.

injection molding [47] Figure 24:

The process cycle for injection molding is very short, typically between 2 seconds and 2 minutes, and consists of the following four stages:

1. Clamping - Prior to the injection of the material into the mold, the two halves of the mold must ﬁrst be securely closed by the clamping unit. Each half of the mold is attached to the injection molding machine and one half is allowed to slide. The hydraulically powered clamping unit pushes the mold halves together and exerts suﬃcient force to keep the mold securely closed while the material is injected. The time required to close and clamp the mold is dependent upon the machine - larger machines (those with greater clamping forces) will require more time. This time can be estimated from the dry cycle time of the machine.

2. Injection - The raw plastic material, usually in the form of pellets, is fed into the injection molding

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3. Cooling - The molten plastic that is inside the mold begins to cool as soon as it makes contact with the interior mold surfaces. As the plastic cools, it will solidify into the shape of the desired part. However, during cooling some shrinkage of the part may occur. The packing of material in the injection stage allows additional material to ﬂow into the mold and reduce the amount of visible shrinkage. The mold cannot be opened until the required cooling time has elapsed. The cooling time can be estimated from several thermodynamic properties of the plastic and the maximum wall thickness of the part.

4. Ejection - After suﬃcient time has passed, the cooled part may be ejected from the mold by the ejection system, which is attached to the rear half of the mold. When the mold is opened, a mechanism is used to push the part out of the mold. Force must be applied to eject the part because during cooling the part shrinks and adheres to the mold. In order to facilitate the ejection of the part, a mold release agent can be sprayed onto the surfaces of the mold cavity prior to injection of the material. The time that is required to open the mold and eject the part can be estimated from the dry cycle time of the machine and should include time for the part to fall free of the mold. Once the part is ejected, the mold can be clamped shut for the next shot to be injected.

After the injection molding cycle, some post processing is typically required. During cooling, the material in the channels of the mold will solidify attached to the part. This excess material, along with any ﬂash that has occurred, must be trimmed from the part, typically by using cutters. For some types of material, such as thermoplastics, the scrap material that results from this trimming can be recycled by being placed into a plastic grinder, also called regrind machines or granulators, which regrinds the scrap material into pellets. Due to some degradation of the material properties, the regrind must be mixed with raw material in the proper regrind ratio to be reused in the injection molding process.

Figure 25 shows the molded and the ﬁnal part.

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molded ﬁnal part [48] Figure 25:

Our material for the series production will be Polyethylen High-Density (PE-HD). It is very cheap to produce, good to recycle and because of the good ﬂowability also good for injection molding. The mechanical properties are suﬃcient for our applications, it has an excellent shock resistance at a low temperature and it is also UV-resistant[49].

Design

For the design of the box we decided to keep it as simple as possible to make it easy to manufacture but also with an appealing appearance. For the engineer it is very important not to create any undercuts into the CAD-model. An undercut is any indentation or protrusion that prohibits part ejection from a mold. It is a feature that cannot be captured with the cavity and core alone. It is die- locked which prevents the part from being ejected from the cavity.

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undercut [50] Figure 26:

In order to that we created two parts, the front part and the back part and fix them with 6 metric machine screws STM39 3×10 - T10 made of stainless-steel. The space inside is enough for all electrical components. The following figures 27 and 28 are the first approaches for the final design. An attachment, the LCD and the scanner is still missing, which will be presented in the next chapters.

Design Scanner Box Figure 27:

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Front Figure 28:

Attachment

The WalkSafe has been designed that it can be placed on any kind of road, depending on location, type of road, foot traﬃc, car traﬃc and other needs of road authorities. We use a simple bracket system to implement the product anywhere the customer wants it to have.

attachment to lamppost [Joachim R., Oliver S., Adam B., 2020] Figure 29:

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The following ﬁgure 30 shows the ﬁnal design of the scanner box attached to a pole.

ﬁnal design Figure 30:

7.3.2 Electrical components

When designing the prototype we have to consider different electrical components that will be used for the operation of the scanner box. Elements used for building the prototype may differ from ones selected for the final solution. The prototype will consist of a microcontroller, RFID or NFC scanner and LCD. The variety of different elements will be compared in the below tables.

Microcontrollers When selecting a suitable microcontroller for the prototype it is important to take into account diﬀerent aspects, like price, availability, and simplicity of usage and selection of available components. In the table 28 we can see a comparison of a few popular microcontrollers and their features.

Microcontrollers comparison Table 28:

Price Processor Analog Digital Dimensions Board Features Processor [€] Speed Pins Pins [mm] On-board USB controller Arduino Uno driver-less 14 (6 26.85 ATmega328 16 MHz 6 68.6 x 53.4 [52] USB-to-serial PWM) auto power switching

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Price Processor Analog Digital Dimensions Board Features Processor [€] Speed Pins Pins [mm] HID Arduino emulation 20 (7 Leonardo 22.38 USB ATmega32u4 16 MHz 12 68.6 × 53.3 PWN) [53] SPI on ISP header Arduino Wi-Fi and 14 (6 Nano 33 IoT 16.00 Bluetooth ATmega328 48 MHz 45 x 18 PWN) [54] connection 12 bit ADC / DAC 32-bit Arduino Due 54 (12 44.76 USB Host SAM3X8E ARM 84 MHz 12 101.6 × 53.3 [55] PWN) CAN BUS Cortex-M3 support 22 (GIPO 22 (GIPO Programmed - General - General Netduino 2 with .NET STMicro 32-bit 31.33 120 MHz Purpose) Purpose) - [56] Micro Cortex-M3 - digital - digital Framework or analog or analog HD Capable Video (GIPO - 8 (GIPO - processor General General Raspberry Pi HDMI and Purpose) 35.81 ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz Purpose) 65 x 56.5 [57] Composite - digital - digital Outputs or or analog On-board analog) Ethernet 66 (GIPO 66 (GIPO - General - General On-board USB BeagleBone TI AM3358 Purpose) Purpose) 80.57 Host and 720 MHz 86.40 × 53.3 [58] ARM Cortex-A8 - digital - digital Ethernet or or analog) analog)

After a comparison of diﬀerent microcontrollers, we decided to choose Arduino Nano as it has built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth wireless connection. What is more, it has a quite high operating frequency and has a relatively low price.

Wireless communication Our idea is based on scanning an object that will collect points for crossing the pedestrian crossing and then allowing for a discount on public transport. That is why we need to decide whether to use RFID or NFC communication technology. In this section, we will clarify the differences between those technologies and compare different scanners and choose one suitable for our prototype and final solution.

RFID and NFC are global wireless or rather contactless communication technologies. RFID technology enables the communication between an unpowered tag and a powered reader. RFID systems consist of a reader with an antenna, and a transponder (tag). There are two diﬀerent RFID tags possible. Either they are active, meaning they have own power source or they are passive. Passive tags have

http://www.eps2020-wiki6.dee.isep.ipp.pt/ Printed on 2020/05/06 21:05 2020/05/06 21:05 63/68 Report no own power source and have to be supplied with energy via an electromagnetic ﬁeld produced by the reader. Passive transponders or tags are available in three diﬀerent RFID frequency ranges: Low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and ultra-high frequency (UHF). The reading range of LF and HF systems is usually only a few centimeters. UHF tags, however, are often readable over distances of more than one meter.

NFC is also based on RFID protocols. The main diﬀerence to RFID is that an NFC device can act not only as a reader but also as a tag (card emulation mode). In peer-to-peer mode, it is also possible to transfer information between two NFC devices. NFC systems operate on the same frequency as HF RFID (13.56 MHz) systems. Therefore, there is only a short read range of limitations. Because of the short read range limitations, NFC devices have to be in very close proximity - usually no more than a few centimeters. That's why NFC is often used for secure communications, especially for access controls or in the consumer sector for contactless payment. [Ecom Instruments, 2017]

Diﬀerent types of RFID / NFC sensors Table 29:

Operating Sensor Price [€] Reading range Compatible controllers frequency Arduino MFRC 522 [60] 6.26 0-3.5 cm 13.56 MHz Raspberry Pi micro-controllers Arduino Adafruit PN532 [61] 8.68 0-18 cm 13.56 MHz Raspberry Pi RDM6300 [62] 5.36 0-5 cm 125 kHz Arduino HZ-1050 [63] 8.05 0-5.5 cm 125 kHz Arduino

The table 29 compares diﬀerent sensors and for our prototype, the most suitable one would be MFRC 522, which is characterized by its low price, the short reading range which is the desired feature in our application. What is more, it is an HF tag, what allows it to read multiple tags simultaneously [64].

Display When designing our ﬁnal solution we decided to allow the scanner box to communicate with potential users and the easiest way to achieve this goal would be using an LCD (liquid-crystal display). However there are plenty of diﬀerent types of LCDs to choose from, we decided to focus on something simple and low cost, something that will allow us to display for example time, temperature and points gathered by the user.

The category of LCD, which follows our restrictions and desires is monochrome (single-color) LCD, either segment or multiplex LCD.

One key advantage of the monochrome LCD is that they are not power hungry. They operate with very little current draw. This becomes an ideal choice when the only power you have is a battery. These displays are built to operate at 3.0V, 3.3V and 5V. The current draw for a display with no backlight can run as low as 6μA per $cm^2$.

Segment LCD, also called static or direct drive, is an older technology but are still in heavy use today. The goal of this display is simplicity. Their only job is to display letters, numbers, and icons. There is no 3-D eﬀect or range of brilliant colours and most do not contain a touch screen or any other type of human interface. If you need a display that contains a 7 segment number, you need 7 pins.

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The formula for a multiplex display is a little more complicated. One pin equals 2 or 4 segments. The advantage of multiplexing is that you reduce the number of pins which, in turn, reduces the cost of the display and the amount of time required to mount the display to a PCB. One disadvantage of multiplex display over direct drive displays is that the refresh rate is slower and this may allow the segments that are ON to ‘fade’ or not look as sharp. Some times this is referred to as ‘ghosting’. [65]

Comparison of diﬀerent displays Table 30:

Display Number of Number of Model Price [€] Characters format format pins characters VI_201_V01 [66] 2×1 3.87 18 2 7 - segments VI-602 [67] 6×1 8.85 50 6 7 - segments VIM-828 [68] 8×1 6.37 36 8 14- segments MDLS-16263 [69] 16×2 15.68 16 32 5×8 dots MDLS20464 [70] 20×4 49.76 16 80 5×8 dots TC1602A [71] 16×2 10.15 16 32 5×8 dots

The LCD is necessary for our project to display some information, like the number of collected points, time, date and weather conditions. The signs on the LCD need to be visible during the whole day cycle, so during the night as well, when there isn't any sunlight. That is why we decided to use LCD that has a back reflection on what will enable easy reading from the display. The LCD that full fills our requirements is TC1602A, having a relatively low price, back reflection and is a multiplex LCD so it would be easy to display all the necessary information.

Figure 31 shows the schematic control system.

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Schematic control system Figure 31:

Power budget The knowledge of total power consumption of electrical components is necessary to decide on power supply.

Power consumption of electrical components Table 31:

Power Total power Voltage Current consumption per Component Quantity consumption [V] [mA] single component [mW] [mW] Arduino Nano 33 2 3.3 98 323.4 646.8 IoT LCD TC1602A 2 5.2 (max) 150 (max) 780 1560 RFID sensor MFRC 2 3.3 26(max) 85.5 171.6 522

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Power Total power Voltage Current consumption per Component Quantity consumption [V] [mA] single component [mW] [mW] Total 1189.2 2378.4

Basing on calculation form table 31 we decided to supply both our microcontrollers with adaptor/charger AC/DC 9 V.

Power supply Table 32:

Current Max power Component Quantity Supplier Voltage [V] [mA] provided [mW] Adaptor/Charger AC/DC 9 V 2 Amazon 9 500 4500

7.4 Functionalities

7.5 Tests and Results

7.6 Conclusion

Provide here the conclusions of this chapter and introduce the next chapter.

8 Conclusions

The purpose of this semester was to improve teamwork and autonomy skills, as well as multiculturism, around a group project. The project that was chosen, the smart pedestrian crossing, had to be realized while respecting temporal (one semester), budgetary (100 €) and environmental (EU directives to respect and renewable materials to use) requirements.

8.1 Discussion

Provide here what was achieved (related with the initial objectives) and what is missing (related with the initial objectives) of the project.

8.2 Future Development

Provide here your recommendations for future work.

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