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Communal Violence in Indonesia: Lessons from Kalimantan

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Communal Violence in Indonesia: Lessons from Kalimantan COMMUNAL VIOLENCE IN INDONESIA: LESSONS FROM KALIMANTAN 27 June 2001 ICG Asia Report N° 19 Jakarta/Brussels Table of Contents MAP OF INDONESIA........................................................................................................ i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................... ii I. CENTRAL KALIMANTAN: THE SETTING ...................................................... 2 II. THE MASSACRE AND THE FLIGHT OF REFUGEES .................................... 2 A. PRELUDE: EARLIER CLASHES .............................................................................. 2 B. THE SAMPIT MASSACRE AND ITS AFTERMATH.................................................... 4 C. EXPLAINING THE MASSACRE............................................................................... 6 III. THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SECURITY FORCES ..................................... 8 IV. EVACUATION: TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT? ....................................... 11 V. THE ORIGINS OF DAYAK RESENTMENT ..................................................... 13 A. MIGRATION........................................................................................................ 13 B. LOSS OF LAND ................................................................................................... 15 C. EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATION ........................................................................ 16 D. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS ............................................................................ 17 E. THE POLICE AND MILITARY .............................................................................. 19 F. CULTURE AND RELIGION ................................................................................... 19 VI. THE DAYAKS AND THE MADURESE.............................................................. 20 VII. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................... 22 APPENDICES: A. GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND INDONESIAN TERMS ........................................ 26 B. ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP ..................................................... 27 C. ICG REPORTS AND BRIEFING PAPERS ............................................................... 28 D. ICG BOARD MEMBERS...................................................................................... 32 ° ° ° 110 120 130 PROVINCES OF INDONESIA P INDONESIA A 1. ACEH LAO 2. BALI THAILAND P.D.R. C 3. BENGKULU 4. IRIAN JAYA Bangkok I A Manila 5. JAKARTA RAYA VIET NAM F N 6. JAMBI CAMBODIA I 7. D PHILIPPINES JAWA BARAT C 8. JAWA TENGAH A G Phnom Penh u 9. JAWA TIMUR M l f o 10. KALIMANTAN BARAT A f O T SOUTH CHINA 11. KALIMANTAN SELATAN 10° N h 10° a 12. KALIMANTAN TENGAH il C S an SEA 13. KALIMANTAN TIMUR E d SULU SEA E 14. LAMPUNG A 15. MALUKU A 16. NUSA TENGGARA BARAT 17. NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR N Banda Aceh BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 18. RIAU S t Bandar Seri Begawan 19. SULAWESI SELATAN ✈ r a Kepulauan 20. 1 i SULAWESI TENGAH Langsa t MALAYSIA Natuna Talaud Medan Besar CELEBES 21. SULAWESI TENGGARA o Sangihe 22. SULAWESI UTARA ✈ f Kuala Lumpur M MALAYSIA Tebingtinggi a SEA A 23. SUMATERA BARAT l E Simeulue ac Borneo Tanjungredep S Morotai ca 24. SUMATERA SELATAN Padangsidempuan A 25. SUMATERA UTARA SINGAPORE Manado ✈ 18 Kepulauan 13 C Nias 25 Riau C Halmahera 26. YOGYAKARTA Pekanbaru 22 U Equator Kepulauan G M Ternate Waigeo 0° Payakumbuh Kalimantan o L 0° t ✈ Sumatra Lingga Samarinda Teluk Tomini r i o O Pontianak ✈ a Palu nta Manokwari S 10 r 20 lo Biak Padang ✈ t e M B l Peleng a a 12 S c i Sorong ✈ t o an at Biak 6 Jambi K Balikpapan Salaw Yapen Siberut 23 Bangka ar Palangkaraya Sulawesi Obi im r Misool Teluk at a Sungaipenuh Billiton a s (Celebes) Kepulauan Cenderawasih Jayapura ra ✈ s CERAM pu 24 Sula l S i ✈ S ra a EA a k P t 19 T ai U n Palembang Greater a Ceram Pag ta e a APUA el l Buru agai S n 11 M Pare Pare u Wamena u k P l Lahat rmasi Laut Kendari u u Banja B 4 k o g Sunda Islandsn Ambon Ben 3 Kotabumi J e 21 15 Timika A c New NEW GUINEA VA ✈ Enggano 14 Bandar Lampung SE M Guinea A u Buton 5 8 n BANDA SEA da Jakarta aya Unjungpandang a c Kepulauan un ✈ b at S ra BALI SEA Selajar Sel u Madura Kangean Aru ✈ Semarang S a Bandung Selat Madura Wetar A Yamdena ✈ lo Babar s 9 2 Sumbawa r Dolak 7 Java Flores Dili ta ✈ National capital r 26 r Merauke a i k a l k 17 a s a o m 16 SAVU SEA gy b East Timor Provincial capital Yo a B a p m r Lesser Sunda Islands Timor ARAFURA SEA 10° n o a 10° e L t ✈ Christmas I. D a Sumba Town, village (AUSTRALIA) M Sawu Kupang International boundary Roti TIMOR SEA Provincial boundary Ashmore Is. (AUSTRALIA) INDIAN OCEAN Cartier I. Darwin Main road (AUSTRALIA) Gulf of Secondary road INDONESIACarpentaria Railroad 0 250 500 750 1000 km The boundaries and names shown and the designations ✈ Major airport used on this map do not imply official endorsement or 0 250 500 750 mi acceptance by the United Nations. AUSTRALIA 100° 110° 120° 130° 140° Map No. 4110 UNITED NATIONS Department of Public Information June 1999 Cartographic Section ICG Asia Report No 18 27 June 2001 COMMUNAL VIOLENCE IN INDONESIA: LESSONS FROM KALIMANTAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Long-simmering tensions between indigenous Indonesia had the effect of undermining the Dayaks and immigrant Madurese suddenly authority of traditional village leaders and the exploded in the town of Sampit, Central cohesion of Dayak communities. Kalimantan, in the middle of February 2001. Overshadowing this dislocation was a Within days, isolated killings perpetrated by widespread feeling among Dayaks that they both sides had developed into a one-sided were often looked down on by other massacre of Madurese by enraged Dayaks. In communities as 'backward' and 'uncivilized'. the following weeks the killings spread to other areas in the province and by early April almost The dislocation experienced by Dayaks, the entire Madurese population had fled the however, does not fully explain the violence of province. The massacre of about 500 – and February and March. If the massacres had been possibly many more - Madurese by Dayaks and primarily a response to rapid demographic the flight of virtually the entire Madurese change or the destruction of the forests, it could community closely resembled two similar have been expected that Dayak anger would events in the Sambas district in the northern part have been directed against all the migrant of West Kalimantan in 1996-7 and in 1999 and communities. But the violence was focused highlighted the danger of violence spreading to entirely on the Madurese and was eventually West and East Kalimantan turned into a campaign to drive them out of the province. The Madurese community was not The violence in Central Kalimantan followed only small compared to the Dayaks but was also several decades of dislocation of the Dayak outnumbered by other migrant groups, community - which makes up more than half of especially the Javanese and Banjarese. Why the province's population. The demographic were the Madurese in Central Kalimantan - like composition of the province has been the Madurese in West Kalimantan several years transformed, especially during the last two earlier - the sole target? How would the 'ethnic decades, by the Soeharto government's cleansing' of the Madurese benefit the Dayak transmigration program and the influx of so- community? Why were other migrant called 'spontaneous' migrants from other communities untouched? provinces seeking economic opportunities. Dayak society was also disturbed by the There are no straightforward answers. The most Soeharto regime's handing out of vast parcels of popular explanations are expressed in terms of Kalimantan's forests to logging companies, common stereotypes. Dayaks often view the many of which were connected to members of Madurese as arrogant, exclusive, prone to the Soeharto family, his cronies or the military, violence and untrustworthy. Dayaks, on the with the result that many forest-dwelling other hand, have been portrayed - especially in Dayaks were driven from their traditional the international press - as barbarian warriors habitat. A 1979 law providing for uniform bent on reviving their ancient headhunting structures of local government throughout Communal Violence in Indonesia: Lessons From Kalimantan ICG Asia Report N° 19, 27 June 2001 Page iii traditions. As is usual in ethnic conflicts, there renewed violence at later times and in other is no agreed explanation of how the violence places. It can also stand in the way of long-term began. According to the Dayak version, Dayak reconciliation. But, aside from the inherent grievances against Madurese had been difficulties in finding sufficient evidence, the accumulating for years until Madurese attacks judicial settlement of cases of communal on Dayaks in Sampit on 18-19 February violence not only ignores the fundamental triggered the spontaneous massacre of hundreds causes of the conflict but can in itself create of Madurese. On the other hand, the Madurese new problems. The perpetrators of communal explanation claims that certain Dayak interests massacres are usually convinced that their provoked small-scale clashes as a pretext for the actions were justified and they are often massacre that followed. But, so far, there has regarded as heroes in their own community. been no complete explanation of the alleged Their incarceration can then become not only an motives of these Dayak interests. obstacle to eventual reconciliation but more immediately can trigger renewed violence. The On
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