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The Discursive Construction of Taiwanese National Identity

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The Discursive Construction of Taiwanese National Identity The Discursive Construction of Taiwanese National Identity Chengqiu Wu Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Planning, Governance, and Globalization Dr. Timothy W. Luke, Chair Dr. Scott G. Nelson Dr. Ioannis Stivachtis Dr. Edward Weisband Dr. Dennis T. Yang May 18, 2007 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Taiwan, China, nationalism, national identity, democratization, discourse, cross-Strait relations Copyright 2007, Chengqiu Wu The Discursive Construction of Taiwanese National Identity Chengqiu Wu Abstract Since the early 1990s, more and more people in Taiwan have come to view Taiwan itself as a country independent of China. They consider themselves Taiwanese rather than Chinese. Drawing on a social constructionist perspective to nationalism and Laclau and Mouffe’s theory of discourse, this dissertation attempts to analyze the discursive mechanisms that have constructed this new collective imagination by many people in Taiwan that now regard themselves as members of an independent Taiwanese nation. The research questions of this dissertation are: how has the post-1949 national identity of Taiwan been discursively transformed since the early 1990s? What are the discursive and institutional mechanisms that have reproduced the Taiwanese national identity? What challenges is the Taiwanese national identity facing? To answer these questions, this dissertation outlines three nationalist discourses and five representations that have been derived from them regarding Taiwan’s status, its relationship with mainland China, and the national identity of people in Taiwan. It examines the changes in Taiwan’s discursive regime and symbolic economy since the early 1990s, showing how the rise of Taiwanese national identity has been closely related to political leaders’ identification with Taiwanese nationalism. I argue that the rise of Taiwanese national identity in Taiwan has been an effect of a discursive contestation among the three major nationalist discourses and the polarization of the discursive field. This dissertation also explores the provincial origin issue---which has been closely related to ethnic tension in Taiwan---and the relations between the nationalist discourses and democratization. In addition, to explore the possibility for a deconstruction of the Taiwanese national identity, I examine the challenges that the Taiwanese national identity faces, focusing on democracy, the Democratic Progressive Party’s performance as the ruling party, and the cross-Strait economic integration and political interactions. Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without many people’s support. In particular, I am very grateful to my advisor and committee chair, Professor Timothy Luke, for his advising, patience, encouragement, and ideas. Tim has watched every step that I have walked in the last six years like a parent. His help has become my life-long heritage. I also thank my committee members --- Professor Scott Nelson, Professor Ioannis Stivachtis, Professor Weisband, and Professor Dennis Yang --- for their teaching, patience, and support. Dr. Nelson is the person that I have had the most interaction with in the Department of Political Science except Tim. I have learned a lot from him. I have also learned a lot from other committee members through taking their courses and talking to each of them. Each of them has an impact on my life and my future academic career. In particular, I have been impressed by Dr. Stivachtis’ energetic work style, Dr. Weisband’s wonderful teaching, and Dr. Yang’s rigorous thinking. I also would like to thank Professor Deborah Milly for her teaching and support. Her encouragement has helped me through the difficult time of my doctoral study. I would like to thank all the faculty and staff in the Department of Political Science and all my other teachers at Virginia Tech. Studying and working here will be a beautiful memory in my life. My gratitude would be incomplete without mentioning Professor Ilja Luciak, Chair of Political Science Department. His brilliant leadership and solid support has given my family and me a secure environment for study. I would also like to give special mention to Pat, Kim, Melissa, Robin, Karen, and Darleen. They have helped me so much, and I cherish their friendship. My thanks also go to all my friends and fellow students at Virginia Tech. In particular, I would like to extend my deep gratitude and best wishes to Xi Chen, Nicholas Kiersey, Michael Ferranti, Cecil Cook, Sunita Raina, Na Mi, Jinfeng Jiao, and others. A Graduate Research Development Program Award from Virginia Tech has funded this research, and a Travel Fund Program Award from Virginia Tech enabled me to present part of the research at the 2007 International Studies Association Annual Convention in Chicago. iii My six years’ doctoral study would have been very different without support from my family and my brothers and sisters. I was the first child to go to college in my large family, and my family’s love and support have always been with me. My parents, Yonghua and Xiujuan Wu, have taught me, all throughout these years, the meaning of the word “love.” In 2004, Xiaoyan, who was my fiancée when I wrote my last MA thesis, became my wife. My thanks are to Xiaoyan for her whole-hearted love. During my work on this dissertation, my daughter, Elaina, was born. Her sweet smile has given me hope and strength. Xiaoyan and I have experienced a lot of joys and hardships in learning to be parents. It is noteworthy that Xiaoyan has taken good care of Elaina and taken on most of the responsibility for housework. It was her sacrifice that enabled me to be finishing my study. It is to my family that this dissertation is dedicated. I also thank my brothers and sisters for their prayers, comforting words, and unreserved help. Six years ago, I came to this beautiful university to pursue my Ph.D. study. At that time, the name of “Planning, Governance, and Globalization” did not even exist in the world. I thank the Mighty One who has brought me here and guided me through all these years. Responsibility for all shortcomings of this dissertation is exclusively my own. iv Table of Contents Abstract............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................iii Table of Contents................................................................................................................ v Table of Figures ................................................................................................................ vii Table of Tables ................................................................................................................viii Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 2. Literature Review............................................................................................ 11 I. Approaches ................................................................................................................ 12 II. Views on Taiwanese national identity ..................................................................... 21 Chapter 3. Theories on Nationalism and Discourse.......................................................... 25 I. Theories on nationalism............................................................................................. 25 II. Laclau and Mouffe’s theory of discourse................................................................. 29 III. Other scholars on discourse and identity ................................................................ 33 Chapter 4. Three Nationalist Discourses and Their Representations ............................... 36 I. The KMT’s Chinese nationalism............................................................................... 38 II. The CCP’s Chinese nationalism............................................................................... 53 III. Taiwanese nationalism............................................................................................ 64 Chapter 5. The Rise of Taiwanese National Identity........................................................ 78 I. Multiple levels of meaning of Taiwan....................................................................... 78 II. Lee Teng-hui’s “two Chinas” discursive regime ..................................................... 82 III. Chen Shui-bian’s “one China, one Taiwan” discursive regime.............................. 91 IV. Changes of positions by the parties ...................................................................... 104 Chapter 6. The Discursive Mechanisms Underlying the Rise of Taiwanese National Identity ............................................................................................................................ 107 I. National identities defined by the three nationalist discourses................................ 107 II. The contestation among the three major discourses............................................... 110 III. The discursive strategy to construct a Taiwanese national identity...................... 122 Chapter 7. The Social Dimension behind the Discursive Construction of Taiwanese Nationalism....................................................................................................................
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