DOCSLIB.ORG

Surviving War Surviving Peace the Central Highlanders of Vietnam

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Surviving War Surviving Peace the Central Highlanders of Vietnam 2 Surviving War Surviving Peace THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDERS OF VIETNAM An exhibit in the UC Irvine Langson Library Muriel Ansley Reynolds Exhibit Gallery May - November 2007 Curated by Joseph Carrier, Ph.D. T H E U C I R V I N E L IBRARIES • I R V I N E , C ALIFORNIA • 2007 FOREWORD elcome to the UCI Libraries’ spring 2007 exhibit, Surviving War, Surviving Peace: The Central Highlanders of Vietnam. This Wexhibit of photographs of ethnic minority groups in the central highlands of Vietnam was inspired by a recent donation to our Southeast Asian Archive from Joseph Carrier, who holds a Ph.D. from UCI’s School of Social Sciences. Dr. Carrier took most of the photographs during the 1960s, followed by some in January 2007, while visiting the highlands and getting to know members of some of the ethnic groups who live there. Although he was in Vietnam during the War era of the 1960s working for The RAND Corporation, his doctoral work in Anthropology at UCI also informed his deep interest in ethnographic issues. The opening program on May 15th is a very special one. Dr. Carrier and two friends who also spent time in the central highlands will form a panel, each commenting on his or her individual experiences during the Vietnam War era of the 1960s and 1970s. Each was in Southeast Asia, and in the highlands, for a very different reason, but all had their own lives deeply affected by the highlanders whom they came to know. The program will be moderated by Professor Charles Wheeler of UCI’s Department of History, whose own doctoral work on early trade in Vietnam brought him in close contact with the people of the central highlands during his research travels. I hope you find that Surviving War, Surviving Peace enhances your understanding of this moving example of the members of an ethnic minority group struggling to maintain their cultural identity and quality of life during a time of complex change in their country. On behalf of both the Partners of the UCI Libraries and the entire library staff, we welcome you to this exhibit and invite you to return to view others in the future. Gerald J. Munoff University Librarian SURVIVING WAR, SURVIVING PEACE THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDERS OF VIETNAM he historical significance of my photographs of the indigenous peoples living in Vietnam’s central highlands is that they present a Tway of life that is mostly gone. This exhibit illustrates some of the changes that have taken place among the ethnic minority peoples living in the highlands during the past 45 years. Referred to as highlanders in English and montagnards in French, they live in the Truong Son—a mountainous region in South Vietnam known as the Long Mountains that extends south of the 17th parallel to the delta of the Mekong River. It is bordered on the west by the mountains in Laos and Cambodia and on the east by an elongated narrow coastal plain. The ethnic central highlander peoples resemble other Southeast Asians such as Cambodians, Indonesians, and Malays, who also speak similar languages. The highlander population is made up of at least 21 distinct ethnic groups; those represented in this exhibit include the Bahnar, Bru, Cua, Hre, Jarai, Katu, Mnong, Rhade, Sedang, and Stieng. During the time period 1965-1967, before the most serious disruptions of the American Vietnam War took place, the ethnic highlander population was estimated at 807,000. Since the reunification of the country in spring 1975, official policies of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam have led to the resettling of “over one million lowland Vietnamese in the highlands in order to bring Vietnamese culture and lowland adaptation to the highlanders. Highlanders are being moved into Vietnamese settlements to enable their ‘transition to socialism,’ a process of Vietnamization that threatens what remains of their shattered world” (Gerald Canon Hickey, 1993). I first met highlanders in August 1962 during one of my first work assignments to evaluate a joint U.S./Vietnamese military medical civic action project in various Hre villages located in the mountainous areas of Quang Ngai Province, a coastal province in central South Vietnam. I took the photos during the years I worked in Vietnam on and off from 1962 to 1973. I was in country a total of about three years: from July-December 1962; January-December 1965; January-June 1966; January-June 1967; and March 1972-March 1973. Except for the 1972-1973 time period, I worked on projects related to the war and counterinsurgency in South Vietnam for 1 The RAND Corporation and was based in Saigon (now Ho-Chi-Minh City). From spring 1972 to spring 1973, I worked as the onsite Staff Officer for the National Academy of Sciences Committee on the Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam and was again based in Saigon. It is important to note that most of the photos were not taken for any of my work assignments. The fact is, however, I never traveled to the highlands without a camera. While traveling there on work assignments, I used whatever free time I had available to visit villages and photograph the highlander peoples. I also used vacation time to visit the highlands with anthropologist Gerry Hickey while he was engaged in ethnographic fieldwork for The RAND Corporation, as well as while he was delivering needed food and clothing to highlander refugees in Kontum, Pleiku and Ban Me Thuot. I was thus able to take additional photos of the highlander peoples and their activities. Joseph Carrier, May 2007 The main exhibit case includes four sections: a dedication, followed by chronological sections focusing on traditional highlander culture, their experience as refugees during the Vietnam War, and their life as of 2007. The four smaller cases focus on a group of four people who have worked with, and been deeply affected by, the highlanders: Joe Carrier, Jackie Maier, Mike Little, and Gerald Canon Hickey. Surviving War, Surviving Peace was curated by Joe Carrier. Most photographs in the exhibit were Dr. Carrier’s gift to the Southeast Asian Archive in the UCI Libraries, where copies are available for research use. The three-dimensional artifacts and some other items were generously loaned by Dr. Carrier, Jackie Maier, and Mike Little. This exhibit celebrates their dedication to and love for the central highlanders of Vietnam. 2 DEDICATION have dedicated both my collection of photographs and this exhibit to the memory of Nay Luett, Minister for Development of Ethnic Minorities I for South Vietnam from 1971 to 1975. Luett was a valiant and charismatic Jarai leader who struggled against all forms of tyranny in support of highlander peoples. He did what he could to help his people adapt and survive during this most violent episode in their history. He and his family were on the American Embassy list to be evacuated by the U.S. military during the crucial few days in late April 1975 when the North Vietnamese forces were moving their tanks into Saigon. For unknown reasons, the Americans never came, and they were left behind. After the ensuing takeover of South Vietnam by military forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnamese government officials still living in Saigon were rounded up. Nay Luett was arrested by security police and sent to a communist labor camp. He spent the next eight years working at hard labor and is believed to have died in the camp in 1983 under horrific circumstances. 1. Map of the central highlands region of Vietnam. Adapted from: Gerald Canon Hickey. Free in the Forest: Ethnohistory of the Vietnamese Central Highlands, 1954-1976. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982, p. 321. 2. Nay Luett speaks to evacuated refugees in Pleiku. Two photographs by Joe Carrier, May 1972. 3. Jackie Maier learning Cua language from villagers near Tra Bong. Photographer unknown, 1966. 4. Joe Carrier with members of his adopted Cambodian family on their farm near Siem Reap, Cambodia. Photograph by Gail Myzoe, 2007. 5. Mike Little on road patrol between Pleiku and An Khe. Photographer unknown, 1968. 3 TRADITIONAL HIGHLAND CULTURES y photographs taken from 1962 to 1967 document the traditional life of the ethnic highlanders prior to the havoc Mwreaked on their culture and homes during the Vietnam War. As the images reveal, they were village oriented and lived in longhouses built up off the ground on pilings. The space under the house has many uses, such as storage for forest products and artifacts and as a place to pen animals. Each village was governed by elders whose authority was primarily founded on supernatural beings or spirits, but also on their personal skills, intelligence, courage, and reputation for wisdom. Historically, highlanders lived in harmony with nature and were self- sufficient. They hunted and trapped in the forests, farmed rice, cotton, and other agricultural products in cleared land nearby their villages, and grew fruit and vegetables in kitchen gardens. Their settlements were carefully located near springs or streams so they could have a source of good water and could bathe. Their longhouses were constructed of materials available in the forest: hardwood, bamboo, thatching grasses, and strands of rattan. The highlanders also made their own clothes, mats, and carrying baskets, and forged carpentry, hunting and farm tools made of iron. The women wove textiles from cotton (blankets, women’s skirts, slings for carrying infants, jackets, and loincloths), and the men wove sleeping mats and baskets from rattan, made fish traps from bamboo, and made crossbows for hunting from tropical hardwoods. Working iron and carving wood for handles, they made machetes, hoes, and knives of varying length for different uses.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lao Evangelical Church Expresses Desire to Establish
    UNION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA JUNE 2013 LAO EVANGELICAL CHURCH EXPRESSES DESIRE TO ESTABLISH LAOTIAN LANGUAGE SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY On May 24, 2013 Mr. Craiq Chambron, on Laos is a landlocked country in Southeast behalf of the Lao Evangelical Church (LEC), Asia. Its thickly forested landscape consists met with Dr. Son Nguyen, COO and Dr. Tu mostly of rugged mountains. The Mekong Truong, CAO of UUC to discuss the possibil- River forms a large part of the western ity of establishing the Laotian Language boundary with Thailand, whereas the School of Theology. mountains form most of the eastern bor- der with Vietnam and the northwestern The Lao Evangelical Church is the largest border with Thailand. Laos' population is registered Christian church in Laos. It is approximately 7 million and the median believed that the church has around age is 19.3 years old. 120,000 members (2% of the population) among approximately 150,000 total Chris- The Lao Evangelical Church grew out of the tian population, and 200 ordained Pastors. work of Swedish Protestant (1890), Swiss (continued on page 2) MEETING AT FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY A meeting was held at the School of Intercultural Studies to continue Fuller Seminary’s Inside this issue: Message from commitment to assist UUC in curriculum development efforts, particularly in the Doc- the President 2 tor of Ministry program. Ministry in Context 3 Present at the meeting were Dr. Scott Sunquist, Inside Story- Katu Tribe2 Dean of School of Intercultural Studies, Dr. Kurt Fredrickson, Associate Dean for Doctor of Min- UUC Summer 4 istry Program, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • THE IVORY TRADE of LAOS: NOW the FASTEST GROWING in the WORLD LUCY VIGNE and ESMOND MARTIN
    THE IVORY TRADE OF LAOS: NOW THE FASTEST GROWING IN THE WORLD LUCY VIGNE and ESMOND MARTIN THE IVORY TRADE OF LAOS: NOW THE FASTEST GROWING IN THE WORLD LUCY VIGNE and ESMOND MARTIN SAVE THE ELEPHANTS PO Box 54667 Nairobi 00200 ๸သࠥ ⦄ Kenya 2017 © Lucy Vigne and Esmond Martin, 2017 All rights reserved ISBN 978-9966-107-83-1 Front cover: In Laos, the capital Vientiane had the largest number of ivory items for sale. Title page: These pendants are typical of items preferred by Chinese buyers of ivory in Laos. Back cover: Vendors selling ivory in Laos usually did not appreciate the displays in their shops being photographed. Photographs: Lucy Vigne: Front cover, title page, pages 6, 8–23, 26–54, 56–68, 71–77, 80, back cover Esmond Martin: Page 24 Anonymous: Page 25 Published by: Save the Elephants, PO Box 54667, Nairobi 00200, Kenya Contents 07 Executive summary 09 Introduction to the ivory trade in Laos 09 History 11 Background 13 Legislation 15 Economy 17 Past studies 19 Methodology for fieldwork in late 2016 21 Results of the survey 21 Sources and wholesale prices of raw ivory in 2016 27 Ivory carving in 2016 33 Retail outlets selling worked ivory in late 2016 33 Vientiane 33 History and background 34 Retail outlets, ivory items for sale and prices 37 Customers and vendors 41 Dansavanh Nam Ngum Resort 41 History and background 42 Retail outlets, ivory items for sale and prices 43 Customers and vendors 44 Savannakhet 45 Ivory in Pakse 47 Luang Prabang 47 History and background 48 Retail outlets, ivory items for sale and prices 50 Customers
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Health Situation Analysis in Lao People's Democratic Republic
    Mental Health Situation Analysis In Lao People's Democratic Republic Didier Bertrand, Ph D Cultural Psychology Dr Chantharavady Choulamany, Psychiatrist, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane Vientiane, December 2002 2 Many thanks to HE. Dr Ponmek Dalaloy, Minister of Health of the Lao PDR Dr Sommone Phounsavath, Director of Curative and Therapy Department, MOH Dr Bounlay Phommasack, Deputy Director of Hygiene Department, MOH Dr Bounkhong Sihavong, Deputy Director, Mahosot Hospital Dr Bouakhan Phakhounthong, Chief of Central Hospital Management division, MOH Dr Bouavan Southivong, Mental Health Unit, Mahosot Hospital Dr Latsada, Mental Health Unit, Mahosot Hospital And MOH staff at the district and village levels who organised our field trips. At WHO Dr Giovanni Deodatto, Country representative. Dr Dean Shuey who provided advice and substantial editorial support. Mrs Uma Dahanayake, librarian who managed to find several documents in short delay. And Mr Phoubandith Soulivong who organised diligently our appointments. Mr Nguyen Tinh, Coordinator of Handicap International Rehabilitation Team, in Pon Hong district. And all the informants who agreed to answer our questions. The ‘Mental Health Situation Analysis in Lao People’s Democratic Republic’ was supported by the Regular Budget of the World Health Organization in the Lao PDR. 3 Doux pays, Il est un doux pays que le Mékong arrose Où n'a point pénétré le snob, ni la névrose, Où l'homme, insoucieux des vagues lendemains, S'en va joyeux et fort par les libres chemins Than, 1901 Sweet Country There is a sweet country that the Mekong waters Where neither snobbery nor neurosis penetrates, Where Man, unworrying about vague futures Goes happy and strong along free paths.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformation of Ethnic Minorities' Society in Central Vietnam
    TRANSFORMATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES’ SOCIETY IN CENTRAL VIETNAM - LIVELIHOOD NEGOTIATION DURING THE TRANSITION FROM MORAL ECONOMY 中部ベトナムの少数民族社会の変容 ― モラル・エコノミーからの移行期における生存のための交渉― March, 2016 NGUYEN TRINH MINH ANH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (Doctor’s Course) OKAYAMA UNIVERSITY For my son, Nguyen Khang Nguyen, who always shows trust, love and patience to his dad. ABSTRACT Upland area in Vietnam, generally defined as land above 600m altitude, accounts for approximately half of national terrestrial territory. In contrast to lowland and coastal area which are occupied almost entirely by Kinh people, the national ethnic majority, historically upland area was home exclusively to various ethnic minority groups. For this reason, ethnographically speaking, the upland was often associated with ethnic minorities while the lowland with Kinh people. The stereotypes of upland Vietnam as a separate ethnic realm are vigorously challenged by the economic and political transformation of this region during the last 40 years. Since the end of Second Indochina War in 1975, the state has emphasized on increasing authority on the upland via different development schemes to impose its centralized institutions and cultural vision on local population of ethnic minorities. Transition of national economy from centralized autarky to market model integrated into global trade has also transformed the upland area. Traditional resources such as land, forest and labor were no longer in sole control of local ethnic minorities but interwoven into commodity chains of national and international scales. In the meantime, a large number of Kinh lowlanders migrating to the upland to take advantage of its resourceful nature and space, leading to major alterations in ethnic composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Management and Shared Governance – the “Effective and Equitable Option” for Natural Resources and Protected Areas?
    Co-management/Shared Governance of Natural Resources and Protected Areas in Viet Nam Proceedings of the National Workshop on Co-management Concept and Practice in Viet Nam Soc Trang, 17 – 19 March 2010 Edited by Daniel G. Spelchan, Isabelle A. Nicoll & Nguyen Thi Phuong Hao Published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH • Management of Natural Resources in the Coastal Zone of Soc Trang Province, Vietnam • Nature Conservation and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park Region, Vietnam Funded by The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) Editors Daniel G. Spelchan, Isabelle A. Nicoll and Nguyen Thi Phuong Hao Cover picture: Illustration from the 2010 GIZ drawing competition, drawn by Lý Trung Huyên ISBN: 978-604-9801-00-6 © giz, April 2011 Contents Foreword .......................................................................................................................................... ii Keynote Paper: Co-management and Shared Governance – the “Effective and Equitable Option” for Natural Resources and Protected Areas? .................... 5 Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend Co-management: Concepts and Practices in Viet Nam ................................................................ 27 Steven Swan Co-management: from Jargons to Realities ................................................................................. 45 Hoang Huu Cai Scalar dimensions of Co-management in Viet Nam: Some preliminary insights from the Mekong Delta
    [Show full text]
  • Desk Review on Exposure of Humans to Wildlife and the Risk of Spread of Zoonotic Diseases with Pandemic Potential in Lao PDR
    Desk Review on Exposure of Humans to Wildlife and the Risk of Spread of Zoonotic Diseases with Pandemic Potential in Lao PDR Final Report Prepared by Ms. Nancy Bourgeois Lüthi, with inputs from Ms. Duangchith Viravongsa and Dr. Khounkham Xaymounvong for FHI 360 under the Global Avian Influenza and Zoonotic Behavior Change and Communication Support Activity PREVENT Project Vientiane, Lao PDR April 2012 1 Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures............................................................................................................... 6 Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 8 Meaning of Cited Lao Words ....................................................................................................... 11 Key Terminology and Definitions Used in This Report ............................................................... 14 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 16 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 18 Preliminary Remarks .................................................................................................................... 21 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 22 1.1 Background for the Desk Review .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bia Unesco 1+End.Ai
    Quang Nam visitors’ guide HOI AN - MY SON - CHAM ISLAND First edition Hoi An Tourism Information Office: Address: 45 Le Loi street, Tel: +84 5103 910919 Hoi An Tourist Guide Office: Address: 05 Hoang Dieu Street, Tel: +84 5103 861159 Ha Noi Office My Son Management Board: Office of the Representative to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam Address: Duy Phu commune, Tel: +84 5103 731757 United Nations Văn phòng Hà Nội Educational, Scientific and Văn phòng Đại diện tại nước Cultural Organization Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam Tổ chức Giáo dục, Khoa học và Văn hóa của Liên Hợp Quốc www.quangnamtourism.com.vn A SPECIAL THANKS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page This guide is based on the input Introduction 2 of local people from Hoi An, My Hoi An Ancient Town 4 Son and Cham Island including Nearby Hoi An 10 local communities, site manage- My Son Sanctuary 14 ment boards and local authorities Cham Island 18 as part of the UNESCO Public Broader region (Western Quang Nam, Danang, Hue) 22 Use Planning approach. We Local food & restaurants 25 hope that the guide provides you Events & festivals 27 with a deeper insight into the Hoi Handicrafts & shopping 29 An region and a memorable Visitor information 31 holiday and makes a contribution Maps of Hoi An region and Quang Nam province 36 to the preservation of the areas cultural heritage and ultimately benefits the people who call this Credits: Editorial: region home. Quang Nam Department of Culture, Sports & Tourism, SNV, UNESCO Ha Noi Cartography: Ha Noi Office Brad Tyberg Office of the Representative to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam United Nations Văn phòng Hà Nội Educational, Scientific and Photography: Văn phòng Đại diện tại nước Cultural Organization Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam Tổ chức Giáo dục, Mai Thành Chương, Nguyễn Quốc Quân, Đặng Khánh Ngọc Khoa học và Văn hóa của Liên Hợp Quốc Design, printing: Thong Nhat Printing Jsc.
    [Show full text]
  • Forests, Spirits, and High Modernist Development
    Forests, Spirits, and High Modernist Development ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology no 55 Nikolas Århem Forests, Spirits and High Modernist Development A Study of Cosmology and Change among the Katuic Peoples in the Uplands of Laos and Vietnam Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Geijersalen, Engelska parken, Thunbergsvägen 3H, Uppsala, Monday, 27 January 2014 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Pro- fesseur Titulaire Jean Michaud (Département d'anthropologie, Université Laval). Abstract Århem, N. 2014. Forests, Spirits and High Modernist Development. A Study of Cosmology and Change among the Katuic Peoples in the Uplands of Laos and Vietnam. Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology 55. 463 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.ISBN 978-91- 554-9113-0. This thesis explores how Katuic-speaking indigenous groups in the Central Annamitic Cor- dillera of Vietnam and Laos understand their environment – hills, streams and forest. Katuic eco-cosmology assumes that the natural landscape is imbued with spirit agents, with whom people must continuously communicate lest misfortune will strike and their livelihoods fail. The thesis posits the hypothesis that these spirit beliefs, and a variety of taboo notions ac- companying them, can be interpreted as expressions of a complex socio-environmental adaptation. Today, the indigenous groups in the study region are confronted with a massive development- and modernisation push on two fronts – that of the global development industry on the one hand, and the implementation of national development policies and programs as part of the high-modernist state project in communist Vietnam and Laos, on the other.
    [Show full text]
  • The Katu of Southern Laos
    am standing in an immense, high-ceilinged wood and thatch building. There are no walls, so a slight breeze provides Isome respite from the heat, while Mr Viphat’s gravelly voice is recounting a story. It is said that, long ago, a great flood covered the world, leaving two survivors - a woman, Anoi Amek, and a dog, Apuu Paner. The dog wished to marry the woman, but she refused. She would only marry the dog if he fetched fire from the mountaintop. On the first two attempts, the streams he crossed extinguished the fire upon his return. On the third attempt, he succeeded by placing the fire in a gourd tied around his neck, and Anoi Amek and Apuu Paner united. Their human offspring married, and their children are the Katu people. Mr Viphat is the village chief of Ban Kandone, an ethnic Katu village in Sekong Province in southern Laos. He is also the community’s unofficial historian, tourist guide, and culture keeper. 2 The Katu are traditionally swidden cultivators and skilled hunters living in the Annam Mountains in southern Laos and central Vietnam (the Central Annamite Mountain region). The total population, which amounts to approximately 300,000 peoples, is roughly evenly divided between the two countries. 1 3 The story of Anoi Amek and Apuu Viphat explains that these are from 1. Kandone’s communal house Paner is the Katu people’s origin myth, their annual buffalo sacrifice, the 2. Mr Viphat in front of the newly and we’re looking at painted statues of largest and most important ceremony painted community house the two central characters placed on of the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecotourism in Laos As Ecorational Instrumentality
    his study treats ecotourism in National Protected Areas of Lao PDR as a “recreational frontier”T which instrumentalizes the recreation Michael Kleinod of human natures in capitalism’s centers for that of nonhuman natures at capitalism’s (closing) frontiers. This world-ecological practice of The Recreational ecorational instrumentality – i. e. of nature Frontier domination in the name of “Nature” – presents a remedy for capitalism’s crisis that is itself crisis- ridden, enacting a central tension of ecocapitalism: Ecotourism in Laos that between “conservation” and “development”. as Ecorational This epistemic-institutional tension is traced Instrumentality through the preconditions, modes and effects of ecotourism in Laos by gradually zooming from the most general scale of societal nature relations into the most detailed intricacies of ecotouristic practice. The combination of Bourdieu, Marx and Critical Theory enables a systematic analysis of the recreational frontier as enactment of various contradictions deriving from the “false-and-real” Nature/Society dualism. Michael Kleinod The Recreational Frontier ISBN: 978-3-86395-246-4 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Michael Kleinod The Recreational Frontier This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Published by Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2017 Michael Kleinod The Recreational Frontier Ecotourism in Laos as Ecorational Instrumentality Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2017 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de Dissertation at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Address of the Author Michael Kleinod Email: [email protected] This work is protected by German Intellectual Property Right Law.
    [Show full text]
  • Militarized Landscapes in Vietnam
    Weyerhaeuser environmental Books Paul S. Sutter, Editor Weyerhaeuser environmental Books explore human relationships with natural environments in all their variety and complexity. They seek to cast new light on the ways that natural systems affect human communities, the ways that people affect the environments of which they are a part, and the ways that different cultural conceptions of nature profoundly shape our sense of the world around us. A complete list of the books in the series appears at the end of this book. Footprints o F wa r Militarized Landscapes in Vietnam DaviD Biggs university of Washington Press Seattle Footprints of War is published with the assistance of a grant from the Weyerhaeuser Environmental Books Endowment, established by the Weyerhaeuser Company Foundation, members of the Weyerhaeuser family, and Janet and Jack Creighton. The open-access edition of Footprints of War was made possible by an award from the National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowships Open Book Program. Copyright © 2018 by the University of Washington Press Printed and bound in the United States of America Composed in Minion Pro, typeface designed by Robert Slimbach 22 21 20 19 18 5 4 3 2 1 This book is free to read and share under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. To use this book, or parts of this book, in any way not covered by the license, please contact: university of Washington Press www.washington.edu / uwpress cover PhotograPh: Firebase Spear, 1971.
    [Show full text]
  • State-Making and Local Response in North Central Vietnam
    STATE-MAKING AND LOCAL RESPONSE IN NORTH CENTRAL VIETNAM 中部ベトナム山岳地域における国家機構形成と地域の対応 September, 2018 LE NGOC PHUONG QUY Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science (Doctor’s Course) OKAYAMA UNIVERSITY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my supervisor Professor Kim Doo-Chul for his unreserved support, valuable comments, constructive advice and patience guidance throughout my Ph.D study. I also would like to thank to my co-supervisor Professor Fumikazu Ubukata and Associate Professor Yasuko Honda for their kind support, encouragement and concrete comments in shaping the contents of my research. This dissertation could not have been accomplished without the support of the villagers in Bo Hon, Suoi Ton and Un where I did the fieldwork. I am very grateful for their kindness and willingness to provide the valuable information for the completion of my fieldwork. I particularly acknowledge the support of village heads and local officials of the Binh Thanh commune, Huong Tra Town, Thua Thien Hue Province; Phu Son commune, Quan Hoa district, Thanh Hoa Province and Muong Ly commune, Muong Lat district, Thanh Hoa Province who have enthusiastically helped me data collection, accommodation arrangement. Also, I would like to acknowledge interpreters Mr Mua A Lau, Mr Hang A Ky, Mr Thao A Chua for not only helping me have a smooth conservation with interviewees but also sharing valuable and insightful provision of local cultural customs during the fieldwork. My special thanks go to Bui Hoang Tien, Nguyen Thi Linh, Nguyen The Hieu and my dad for their enthusiasm assistance in the preparation before and during fieldwork.
    [Show full text]