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Desk Review on Exposure of Humans to Wildlife and the Risk of Spread of Zoonotic Diseases with Pandemic Potential in Lao PDR

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Desk Review on Exposure of Humans to Wildlife and the Risk of Spread of Zoonotic Diseases with Pandemic Potential in Lao PDR Desk Review on Exposure of Humans to Wildlife and the Risk of Spread of Zoonotic Diseases with Pandemic Potential in Lao PDR Final Report Prepared by Ms. Nancy Bourgeois Lüthi, with inputs from Ms. Duangchith Viravongsa and Dr. Khounkham Xaymounvong for FHI 360 under the Global Avian Influenza and Zoonotic Behavior Change and Communication Support Activity PREVENT Project Vientiane, Lao PDR April 2012 1 Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures............................................................................................................... 6 Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 8 Meaning of Cited Lao Words ....................................................................................................... 11 Key Terminology and Definitions Used in This Report ............................................................... 14 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 16 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 18 Preliminary Remarks .................................................................................................................... 21 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 22 1.1 Background for the Desk Review .................................................................................. 22 1.2 Objectives and Goal of the Desk Review....................................................................... 22 2 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 24 2.1 Research Questions ........................................................................................................ 24 2.2 Timing and Team Members of the Review .................................................................... 25 2.3 Methods to Access Data and Information ...................................................................... 26 2.4 Limitations to the Methodology ..................................................................................... 28 3 Results ................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1 The Lao PDR, Background Information ........................................................................ 30 Population ............................................................................................................................. 30 Geographic and Physio-geographic Background.................................................................. 31 Climate and Seasons ............................................................................................................. 31 Natural Resources ................................................................................................................. 32 Research on Wildlife in Lao PDR ........................................................................................ 35 3.2 Wildlife-Human Interactions and the Link with Emerging Zoonoses ........................... 37 Human Impact on Wildlife ................................................................................................... 37 Wildlife Impact on Humans .................................................................................................. 38 3.3 Institutional Framework of Wildlife Management......................................................... 44 Government Bodies Involved in Environmental Policy, Planning and Management .......... 44 Legislation on Wildlife ......................................................................................................... 44 2 Theoretical Implementation of Legislation ........................................................................... 46 Law Enforcement and General Wildlife Management ......................................................... 47 Management of NPAs ........................................................................................................... 49 Hunting Bans ........................................................................................................................ 50 Weapon Confiscation Campaigns ......................................................................................... 51 Other Means to Control Wildlife Hunting and Trade ........................................................... 53 Trans-border Conservation Initiatives .................................................................................. 55 International Treaties ............................................................................................................ 55 3.4 Wildlife Harvesting Versus Wildlife Extraction ............................................................ 56 3.5 Subsistence Hunting (Harvesting) .................................................................................. 59 Importance ............................................................................................................................ 59 Stakeholders .......................................................................................................................... 60 Habitat and Geographic Coverage ........................................................................................ 64 Seasonality of Hunting .......................................................................................................... 65 Hunting Methods and Devices .............................................................................................. 69 Hunting and Socio-cultural Aspects ..................................................................................... 77 Impact of Hunting on Wildlife .............................................................................................. 80 3.6 Household Consumption (Livelihood Consumption) of Hunted Animals..................... 83 Importance of Subsistence Hunting in Livelihoods .............................................................. 83 Alternatives to Wildlife Harvesting ...................................................................................... 90 Volume .................................................................................................................................. 90 Species Preferences ............................................................................................................... 93 Social and Spiritual Aspects of Wildlife Consumption (Bonds and Taboos) ..................... 102 Handling/Feeding/Caring of Live Wild Animals ............................................................... 103 Butchering Methods and Place ........................................................................................... 103 Handling of Dead Animals ................................................................................................. 103 Meat Preparation (Cooking or Preserving, such as Drying or Smoking) ........................... 104 Other Household Uses of Wildlife ...................................................................................... 105 3.7 Domestic Trade and Sale of Wildlife ........................................................................... 107 Typology of Domestic Trade .............................................................................................. 107 3 Historical Development and Latest Trends ......................................................................... 108 Seasonality of Domestic Wildlife Trade ............................................................................. 110 Animals and Products Traded Domestically....................................................................... 110 Commercial Harvesters ....................................................................................................... 114 Middlemen .......................................................................................................................... 115 Location of Commercial Harvest ........................................................................................ 116 Preparation for Trade .......................................................................................................... 116 Pathways and Means of Transport of Domestic Trade ....................................................... 117 Volume ................................................................................................................................ 121 Prices for Wildlife Sold Domestically ................................................................................ 122 3.8 Commercial Consumption and Use of Wildlife ........................................................... 126 Food .................................................................................................................................... 126 Traditional Medicine Use ................................................................................................... 126 Trophies, Curios, Skins and Furs ........................................................................................ 128 Recreational ........................................................................................................................ 128 Religious Merits .................................................................................................................
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