37 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 5(1): January-February 2016 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.093*** ICV 5.13*** Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE …………!!!

“A REVIEW-PHARMACOLOGY OF MEDICINAL ” 1S. Senthilkumar and 2K.Vijayakumari 1Research and Development, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Head, Department of Botany, Govt. Arts College for Women, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.

KEYWORDS: ABSTRACT

Pharmacology, Pharmacological industries have produced a number of new

Medicinal plants, antibiotics in the last three decades, in spite of that resistance to

Diseases. these drugs by microorganisms has also been increased. In

For Correspondence: general, bacteria have the genetic ability to transmit and acquire S. Senthilkumar * resistance to drugs, which are utilized as therapeutic agents. The Address: Research and world is now looking towards India for new drugs to manage

Development, Bharathiar various challenging diseases because of its rich biodiversity of University, Coimbatore, medicinal plants and abundance of traditional knowledge such as Tamil Nadu, India. siddha, Ayurveda etc.

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INTRODUCTION: The use of plants with pharmaceutical properties has received increased interest nowadays from both homeopathic and allopathic branches. These medicinal plants play an important role in public health, especially in developing countries, where it is belived that the intense utilization of plants with therapeutic action does not lead to intoxication. The cost of drugs in use today is too expensive for the majority of the population in the third world countries and therefore the search for some cheap sources of antimicrobial substances in nature become inevitable. Plants are good sources for new safe, biodegradable and renewable drugs. The use of plants as therapeutic agents in addition to being as food is age long. India is a country rich in indigenous herbal resources which grow on their varied topography and under changing agro climatic conditions permitting the growth of almost 20,000 species, of which about 2,500 are of medicinal value. The use of plant extracts and phytochemicals, both with known antimicrobial properties, can be of great significance in therapeutic treatments. In the last few years, a number of studies have been conducted in different countries to prove such efficiency. Phytochemical are analyzed qualitatively using various tests. Plant essential oils and their components have been known to exhibit biological activities especially antimicrobial, since ancient time. Pharmacology of medicinal plants Abies pindrow docoction of the dried shoots and fresh is used in cough, asthma and other chest infection. Abrus preacatorium seed used as purgative, emetic, tonic, aphrodisiac, nervous disorder and cattle poisoing, abortion. Acacia arabica leaves are astringent; fruit coagulant; gum astringent, colling and healing. It stops bleeding and cures dysentery, and diarrhoea. Bark extract mixed with honey is used in eyes to relieve conjunctivitis. Bark is good for gums an dulcers. Acacia catechu head wood used as astringent, diarrhea, demnicent. Acacia chundra during dysentery concentrated bark extract is given twice a day for 2-3 days. Acacia modesta dried gum is crushed, mixed in flour, sugar is added and then it is roasted in ghee and given to pregnant and lactating women as tonic. This is usually. It is also used for backache and weakness. Acacia nelotica stem bark used as astringent, demulcent, diarrhea, dysentery, diabetes melliturs. Achranthes aspera cures eye disorders, cough, worms and indigestion. Used in snakebite.

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Achillea millefolium a simulative tonic and carminative that helps expel gas from the stomach and intestines. It has a very healing and soothing effect on the mucous membranes. Aqueous extracts are used for thinning hair. Achillea millefolium the aerial parts of the plant are used to treat inflammation, especially in the intestinal and female reproductive tracts as well as to help the stop of minor bleeding and to treat wounds. In Bulgarian folk medicine the herb is applied in hepatic and urinary diseases, jaundice. Chemical analyses of Achillea millefolium show the presence of essential oil, tannins, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, alkamides, inulin and ascorbic acid. Essential oil of Achillea millefolium possesses antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in vitro against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium perfringens, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Acinetobacter lwoffii and Candida krusei while water-insoluble parts of the methanolic extracts exhibited slight or no activity. Achillea millefolium flowers and leaves are used to treat wounds, ulcers, diarrhoeae, skin injuries, gastrintestinal disorder, flu, fever and urinary afections. Achillea mellefolium whole plant is used as antipyretic, stimulant and tonic, diaphoretic and diuretic. Decoctions are used to treat inflammations, such as hemorrhoids, and headaches. Decoction of flowering tops is used in cold, in-fluenza and allergic mucus problems. Flowers infusion used for upper respiratory phlegm and used externally as a wash for eczma. Fresh leaves are uses to clot nose bleeding. Acorus calamus is used for treatment of Memory loss, anxiety, bronchitis, mental fatigue sinusitis, tension, headache and joint pains. Achillea millefolium a simulative tonic and carminative that helps expel gas from the stomach and intestines. It has a very healing and soothing effect on the mucous membranes. Aqueous extracts are used for thinning hair. Achyranthes aspera root used as astringent in hydrophobia, purgative, diuretic, in dropsy, piles, boils, skin eruption, colic, snake bite. Achyranthus aspera the leaves extract are used for all skin problem in combination with sesame oil. Seed powdered are used for strengthen and whiting of teeth. The smoke of root and seed are used to relive cough and asthma. The powder of whole plant when mixed with sugar are used for relive of phlegm, breathlessness, continued cough, heaving etc. the leaves are also used in fever, piles and dog biting. Root extract are used in anemia, improving digestive system and constipation. Acorus calamus the powder rhizome is used in diarrhea and dysentery. The rhizome is thought to be a powerful aphrodisiac, stimulant and mild tonic. Powder the dried root and put this up the nose to cure a runny nose. Roasted fruits are grinded and are used as expectorants. Juice of leaves and roots are used as anthelmintic. It has wonderfully tonic powers of stimulating and normalizing the

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40 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 appetite. An infusion of the root can bring about an abortion whilst chewing the root alleviates toothache. Aconitum chasmanthm about 200 gram of fresh rhizome is fried in synthetic ghee and used before going to bed for body tonic. Aconitum heterophyllum the dried tuberous roots and rhizome are used along with mutton for enhancing growth and weight. Adhatoda vasica expectorant used in asthma, bronchitis, cough and dysmenorrhea. Adhatoda vasica used in diarrhoea and dysentery, checks bleeding, throat emollient. Flowers are used in eye disorders. Root extract is used in stiffness of nect. Adiantum capillus root juice is applied for snake bite, migraine, and scorpion sting. Whole plant extract posses hypoglycaemic activity. It showed potent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Trichophyton rubrum and Aspergillus terreus. Plant extract is potential elicitor of phytoalexins in sorghum and soybean. Adiantum capillus veneris the infusion of fronds is used as diuretic, expectorant, in coughs, headache and toothache. The entire plant is used for its cooling effects, for diabetes, in lowering blood pressure, and externally it is used for boils, eczema, and wounds. Adiantum incisum are used for skin diseases, cough and cold. Adiantum venustum are used as astringent, diuretic, expectorant and tonic. The plant is used in the treatment of headaches and scorpion stings. A paste made from rhizomes is used to treat cuts and wounds. The plant is also used in combination with other plant species as expectorant, hypothermic, diuretic and in stomachache. Aegle marmelos used as diarrhea, gastritis and adult onset diabetes (Chopra et al., 2002). Aegle marmelos used in dysentery; root checks vomiting; leaves cure fever, piles and diabetes; fruits as brain tonic. Aesandra butyracea oil cake is used to escape out snake, and it can be used as fish poisoning. Oil or ghee is taken to cure cracked heels and lips. Root juice is useful in dysentery. Betulin and quercetin of Butter tree are anti-infectivity and anti-inflammatory in properties. Aesculus indca powered seeds are traditionally administered to livestock as anthelmintic. Powered seeds are also used for jaundice. Wood used for turned articles. Ageratum conyzoides stem juice is useful in bleeding control. Embryotoxic, tannin is insecticidal, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, musclerelaxant, analgesic. Fumaric acid shows hepatoprotective properties. Caffeic acid is effective against viruses, bacterial and fungi. Ageratum conyzodes used in stomach disorder and as a tonic.

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Ainslea latifolia root juice is taken for stomach pain. Ethanolic extract plant roots is diuretic. Flavonoides are anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregant in properties. Ajuga bracteosa its fresh leaves decoction is used for curing jaundice, hypertension and very effective in sore throat. Aleo barbadensis used as stomachic, purgative anathematic in piles and rectal fissures, constipation, menstrual, suppression. Alebezia lebbeck powdered bark is used in diarrhea and dysentery. The plant is also used as astringent, to treat boils, cough, to treat eye, flu, lung problems, tonic, and is used to treat abdominal tumors. Alkanna tinctoria the roots contain the naphthoquinone alkannin or shikonin (they are optics antipodes with common formula C16H16O5), alkanan and alkane’s esthers. The active compound alkannin (Shikonin) has antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory activity and shows certain anticancer activity. Allium cepa the juice of fresh plant is mixed with honey and is used for treatment of flue, cholera and diabetes. The bulb is eaten and smelled along with sugar to avoid vomiting. Allium filidens fresh leaves are bitter in taste and are eaten raw or cooked along with other pot herbs for gastrointestinal disorders especially stomachache. Alchemilla vulgaris is used for treatment on inflammation on mouth cavity; hemorrhage from nose, furuncles as well as at gynecological disorders. It is a valuble remedy for the uterus, helping to regulate the glandular activity of the uterine lining and reduce excessive bleeding. The infusion of plant is used as astringent antidiarrhetic and inti-inflammatory agent. Alstonia scholaris reported analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in ethanol extract of leaves; anti-diarrheal and spasmolytic activity of crude methanol extract of the plant; broad spectrum anti- bacterial activity of crude methanolic extracts of leaves, stems, and root barks of the plant. Allium sativum it is used for the treatment of cardiovascular atherosclerosis, HIV drug-indced lipid disorders, cancer prevention, colds and the flu, and tick bit prevention. It seems to be active against erythroleukemia as well as breast and prostate cancer cells. Amaranthus caudatus the decoction of shoots and leaves are used in cough and asthma, diuretic, sores, piles and other pulmonary diseases. The root is boiled with honey and is used as laxative. Amaranthus virdis used as blood purifier, in piles, as digestive agent. Amaranthus viridus it is eaten traditionally as a vegetable and the paste of leaves and roots are applied on boils and scorpion sting. Amaranthus spinosus used as anti-diarrheal plant in traditional medicine of Thailand; reported in vitro inhibition of the intestinal protozoa parasite Blastocystis hominis.

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Amorphophallus konjac used in reduction of serum cholesterol and inconstipation, control of blood glucose, found that glucomannan protected mice against clinically induced lung cancer Anacardium thisplant is used to treat gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin infection. Andrographis paniculata used to children’s bowel complaints, gastric acidity, viral hepatitis, liver congestion and flatulence. Angelica archangelica dried roots are anthelmintic and useful in gastric, and stomachache. Ethanol extract of root of this plant shows anti-trypanosomal activity. Anogeissus latifolia during vomiting bark extract is given twice at the interval of 6-8 hrs. Annona triloba acetogenins of this herb have been found to be active aginst certain lung and breast cancer. This herb is also used to treat fever, vomiting, and oral inflammation. Anthocephalus chinensis fruits are used in urinary problems. Bark extract is astringent and useful in snake bite poison. Linalool exhibits significant antimutagenic and antioxidative properties. Aphanamixis polystachya hepatoprotective action of ethanol extract of leaves against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. Arachis hypogaea it is used to lower cholesterol, aid in weight loss, or prevent cardiovascular conditions and cancer. Argemone mexicana root powder mixed with sugar is taken with water for curing skin diseases. Argyreia speciosa the roots and seeds are used to support the nervous system, geriatric tonic and mild aphrodisiac. The whole plant is reported to have purifying properties. It has been given to help maintain healthy joints. Arisaema flavum fruit is eaten without chewing in cough and cold. Argyreia speciosa for the treatment of nervous system, geriatric tonic and mild aphrodisiac help maintain healthy joints. Artemisia nilagirica is used as anti-bacterial activity of leaf extracts against clinical and phytopathogenic bacteria. Artemisia spp the juice of leaves and inflorescence are used as anthelminitic. Asparagus officinalis young shoots are fed to livestock for promoting lactation. It is also used as a diuretic and laxative. Asteracantho longifolia whole plant used as diuretic, gonorrhea, in spermaterrhoea, jaundice, dropsy, rheumatism, anasarca, urinogenital tract. Artemisia indica is used in headache, fever and it is also used as insecticide. Leaves are used in skin itching and scabies. Root extracts possessed insignificant hypoglycaemic effects . Plant

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43 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 infusion is used to reduce the post operative blood loss and relieve purulent inflammatior. Artemisin and its derivative α-arteether are used as antimalarial. rivularis root juice is used for easy delivery and control bleeding during child birth. It is valued for diarrhoea, dysentery and hemorrhage. Pharmacological experiments indicated the extracts from Astilbe chinensis had antineoplastic and immuno potentiating activities. Dried rhizome is used as substitute drug for Shengma. Astilbic acid is beneficial in regulating various inflammatory processes. Astragalus corniculatus are used by folk medicine as a diuretic for treatment of hypertension, renal disorder, nervous diseases and rheumatism. It is also used as a diaphoretic. Flavonoid mixture of some species revealed strong antioxidant activity. Asparagus officinalis leung and foster,(Leung and Foster, 1996) reported that this possess cancer preventing property. It also has a role in controlling urinary tract infections. Asparagus racemosus increases muscle strengh, stomach, lungs, and sexual organs, increases breast milk secretion during lactation and male impotence. Asparagus racemosus root-powder is used to increase vigour and strength. Asparagus racemosus it is useful in treating tumours, nervous disorders, dyspepsia, tuberculosis, cough, bronchitis, gleet, gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, leprosy, epilepsy, fatigue, hyperacidity, colic haemorrhoids, hypertension, abortion, cardiac and general debility. Astragalus gummifera it inhibits cancer cell growth and used in treating the carcinogenesis. Atropa bella-donna used for narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmotic and myriatic effect. In the beginning of this century the Bulgarian natural healer Ivan Raev has introduced this plant for treatment of Parkinson disease, in view of the fact the atropa bella-donna contains atropine. This method was later called “cura bulgara”. Today, Belladonna is still a very important plant in the scientific and medical communities because of its chemical constituents. Atylosia volubilis bark extract is used in dysentery and stomach pain. Azadirachta indica anti-bacterial activity reported in plant or plant part extracts, including seed oil; anti-viral and virucidal effects reported for methanol extract of leaves. Azadirachta indica seeds are used in skin diseases and rheumatism; bark in malarial fever; dry fruits are used as tonic and stomachic. Tender twigs are used as tooth brush. Bacopa monniera the plant is anticancerous and improves learning ability. The plant is astringent, bitter, sweet, cooling, laxative, intellect promoting, anodyne, carminative, digestive, antiinflammatory, anticonvulsant, depurative, cardiotonic, bronchodialator, diuretic, emmenagogue,

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44 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 sudorfic, febrifuge and tonie. Bacopa monnieri used nervous exhausion, generalized fatigue, epilepsy, improves memory, anti-ageing and bronchitis, coughts. Baccharis trimera leaf are used for treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory afections, fever and rheumatism. Barleria prienitis whole plant used as catarrhal affection of children, fever and much phlegmatic in cough, in anasarca, toothache, glandular swellings, in dropsy. Bauhinia vahlii is used in cuts, wounds, sprain and fracture. Root is tonic. Methanolic extract of the plant possesses activity against herpes simplex virus. Quercetin is effective in reducing infectivity. Betulinic acid is anti-inflammatory. Berberis vulgaris has been used to treat diarrhea, reduce fever, improve appetite, relieve upset stomach, and promote vigor as well as a sence of well being. Berberis vulgaris is used to ease inflammation and infection of the urinary, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts (such as pharyngitis (sore throat), sinusitis, rhinitis (nasal congestion), bronchitis and traditionally tuberculosis) as well as candida (yeast) infections of the skin or vagina. Barberry extract may also improve symptoms of certain skin conditions including psoriasis, but further studies are needed to confirm these findings. Berberies aristata stem used as deobstuent, in skin diseases, menorrhagia, jaundice and affection of eyes. Berberis aristata used in inflammation. Root bark extract is used to heal ulcer. Berberis lycium the powder bark of root is used as antiseptic, as remedy for swollen and sore eyes, broken bones, wounds, gonorrhea and curative piles. Leaves are given in jaundice. The plant is used for the treatment of internal injuries. An ointment made from root bark powder is mix with oil and applied on broken bones. The paste of powder bark is used in backache and as general body tonic. Bergenia ciliata juice or powder of the whole plant is used to treat urinary troubles. The juice of the leaves is used as drops to relive earaches. The rhizome is used in powder or paste form in diarrhea, stomach and duodenal ulcers, as tonic, helpful in relieving backache and muscular disorders. The root juice is used to treat coughs and colds, hemorrhoids, asthma and urinary problems. Bergenia ciliata rhizome used as tonic, used in fever, diarrhea, pulmonary, affections, anti scorbutic, bruised and applied to boils and ophthalmic. Betula utilis birch bark soaked until moist in water, and then formed into a cast for a broken arm. Bark is used in various recipes and for amulet.

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Bleekeria vitensis widely used in Europe in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Elliptinium, a derivative of ellipticine, isolated from a medicinal plant Bleekeria vitensis A.C. Sm., is marketed in France for the treatment of breast cancer. Boerehaavia diffusa used to diuretic, laxative, expectorant used in asthma,, bronchitis, anemia and anti-inflammatory. Boswellia serrata gum and resin used as skin eruption, diaphoretic, diuretic, astringent, emmenagegue in rheumatism, nervous and skin disorders. Brassica oleracea used for gastrointestinal disorders, asthma, morning sickness, and preventing osteoporosis, individuals also use it to preven lung, stomach, colorectal, breast, and other cancers. Several studies reported that this may have anticarcinogenic properties. Brassica campestris seed used as antiscorbutic, embrocation, in muscular rhematism, stiff neck, dengue, fever, use on chest in bronchitis. Buchanania lanzan seed paste is rubbed over the infected body parts. Butea frondosa seeds are used to cure ringworm. Petioles are chewed during heat in urination. Calendula officinalis were considered beneficial for reducing inflammation, wound healing, and as an antiseptic. Calendula officinalis is used to treat various skin diseases, ranging from skin ulcerations to eczema. Internally, the soothing effects of Calendula have been used for stomach ulcers and inflammation. Infusion of Calendula officinalis is characterized with low toxicity and hypno-sedative properties. Flavonoids (isoquercitrin, narcissin, and rutin) found in high amounts in Calendula officinalis are thought to account for mush of its anti-inflammatory activity. Calendula’s high-molecular weight polysaccharides stimulate mimmune system activity. Organic extract from Calendula officinalis flowers caused a significant dose- and time-dependent reduction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcription (RT) activity. Caesalpinia decapetala Bark is poisonous and used in fish poisoing. Fruit extract shows inhibitory effect against Candida albicans and anthelmintic effect, however failure reports on inhibition had also been noted. Caesalpinia decapitala decoction of young shoots is used as analgesic and antipyretic. Caesalpinia bonducella powder for digestion. Calotropis procera root, leaf and stem bark used as in dysentery, ipecacuanha, diaphoretic, emetic intermittent fevers, cold, coughs, asthma, and indigestion. Calotropis procera used in boils and to remove the thorn from the body. Calotropis procera leaves are applied as poultice on dog bitten wounds. An infusion of bark powder is used in the treatment and cure of leprosy. Bark and wood stimulate lactation in cattle. Roots are applied for snakebite.

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Cajanus cajan root used as snake bite and applied over the mamme to check secretion of milk. Caltha alba the plant is used to stop pain and cramps, for menstrual disorders, bronchial inflammation, jaundice, and liver disorders. Flowering shoots is used as a laxative and diuretic. It is also used for cleaning skin lesions and sores. Cannabis sativa the decoction of flowering tops is used as sedative, anodyne and narcotic. Capparis spinosa are a hepatic stimulant that has been used for improving the functional efficiency of the liver histological architecture of the liver and its positive effect on liver glycogen and serum proteins. Carissa carandas root used as bitter, stomachic, anthelmintic, cooling, acidic. Cardiospermum halicacabum seeds are eaten as tonic. Carlina acanthifolia roots has been used as a diuretic and anti-inflammatory remedy for urinary tract. The diuretic activity may be connected to high content of unulin. The plant has also strongly express hypotensive effect. The water and water-ethanolic extracts are applied in gastrointestinal disorders and as antihemorrhoid agent. Externally it is used at skin rash. Sometimes the herb is given in case of faintness, overtired, brain-fag. Carica papaya used as digestive, anthelmintic, laxative, tonic, nutritive and diuretic. Carthamus lanatus which possesses sedative, antitumor and interferon-inducing activities. The ethyl acetate fraction of the metthanol extract appeared to possess promising natural antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The dichloromethane extract of Carthamus lanatus and its water-alcoholic part exhibited the most significant anti-inflammatory action. The H2O/MeOH fraction of the CH2Cl2 extract exhibited the highest rates of antibacterial activity; it was well demonstrated both against Staphyloccous aureus and Eschercia coli. Interestingly, the same fraction and the volatiles showed significant cytotoxic activity being in correlation with the observed antibacterial activity. Cassia tora reported anti-fungal activity of chloroform extract of seed against Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, and Rhizoctonia solani. Camellia sinensis used to prevent prostate, colon, and gastric cancers. It is also used to prevent skin cancer or damage from ultraviolet radiation. It seems to reduce the risk of some cancers by preventing blood vessel growth in tumors. Capparis spinosa a hepatic stimulant that has been used for improving the functional efficiency of the liver. The recent experimental work also confirms its protective action on the histological architecture of the liver and its positive effect on liver glycogen and serum proteins. Carmona retusa commonly used as tea or tonic drink to treat stomach ailments and popular as antibacterial and have a high potential infighting the growth and multiplication of cancer cell.

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Cassia fistula leaves and flowers are used in ringworm and other skin infections; roots in fever. Pulp is purgative and used in all intestinal disorders. bark is laxative and astringent. Catharanthus roseus it is one of the very few medicinal plants, which has a long history of uses as diuretic, antidysenteric, haemorrhagic and antiseptic. It is known for use in the treatment of diabetes in Jamaica and India. The alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine present in the leaves are recognized as anticancerous drugs. Vinblastine is used in combination with other anticancer agents for the treatment of lymphocytic lymphoma. Hodgkin’s disease – cancer affecting lymph glands, spleen and liver, testicular carcinoma and choriocarcinoma, Vincristine is used in acute leukemia, lymphosarcoma and Wilm’s tumour. Vinblastine and vincristine are primarily used in combination with other cancer chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of a variety of cancers, including leukemias, lymphomas, advanced testicular cancer, breast and lung cancers, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Cedrella serrata whole plant is considered as poisonous. The leaf, stem and root bark is used for curing roundworms. Leaves decoction is excellent hair wash. The juice is administrated in diabetes and it also produces body coldness. Cedrus deodara used to flatulence, rjona, hemorrhoids, fever, reduces and promotes seating. Cedrus deodara a decoction of the wood is used in the treatment of fevers, flatulence, pulmonary and urinary disorders, rheumatism, piles, kidney stones and diabetes. It has been used as an antidote to snake bites. Resin is used externally to treat skin diseases and injuries to joints. Leaves are used in the treatment of tuberclosis. The extract of the wood (Ranzrah) is administrated to the livestock as anthelmintic. It is a valuable timber, but a poor fuel, producing a lot of smoke when it burns. Celosia argentia root paste is applied on wounds. Centella asiatica anxiety, to promote memory power and also to reduce blood pressure. Celtis australis a decoction of both leaves and fruit is used in the treatment of amenorrhea, heavy menstrual and inter-menstrual bleeding, astringent, lenitive and stomachic and colic. The decoction is also used in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery and peptic ulcers. Decoction from bark is administrated as anti-allergic. Cephalanthera longifolia the rhizome is considered as promoting lactation in livestock, and is given along with Maize flor. Cesalpenia bondne seed used as piles and ulcer. Chamomilla recutica is the most well known and widely used medicinal plant in herbal medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bactericide, spasmolytic, sedative and capillary strengthening drug.

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Chrysanthemum morifolum this may reverse precancerous gastrointestinal lesions. Cichorium intybus is a powerful hepatic stimulant that increases bilesecretion, promotes digestion and enhances the action of capers. Experimental evidence has been proved on its action on liver glycogen. Recent studies have shown inhibition of free radical induced DNA damage. Cichorium intybus the whole plant is taken internally for loss of appetite, jaundice, gallstones, gout and rheumatism. The leaves are used as compresses to be applied externally to ease skin inflammations and swellings. The roots are washed, boiled and filtrate is kept for whole night in open sky and the used for abdominal pain. Cinnamomum iners used for scorping sting. Cichorium intybus chicory is a powerfl hepatic stimulant that increases bile-secretion, promotes digestion and enhances the action of capers, liver glycogen, free radical induced DNA damage. Cirsium verutum root is used as refresher and for calmness. It is also applied for stomachache and abdominal pain. Methanolic extract of whole plant juice is antimicrobial. Cissampelos pareira it is mainly used for treating women’s diseases as a cure for menstrual problems, hormonal imbalance, and to ease childbirth, postpartum pain, prevent miscarriage, and control uterine hemorrhages, hormonal acne and premenstrual syndrome. A decoction of the whole vine is taken by women for 2 months before and throughout pregnancy and again three months after delivery. The plant is also used in dysentery, piles, dropsy and to stop uterine haemorrhages. A decoction of the leaf and stm is used as an oral analgesic. The toasted seeds are brewed into a tea for treatment of internal haemorrhages and external bleeding. The leaves extract are administrated to livestock for diarrhea treatment. Citrullus aromatica fruits are used in stomach troubles. Clematis grata the shoots extracts is considered as antimycotic, applied to ring worm and baldness. Clematic montana the decoction of flowers is used in cough. Colchicum leteum fresh corn are mixed with eggs and fried in Ghee and given to aged people for curing joints pain. Colebrookea oppositifolia leaf juice is taken for skin disease. Ethanolic root extract is central nervous system active. Coleus forskholii it is useful in the treatment of cancer, congestive heart failure. The active principle of Coleus forskohlii, forskolin, increase of cyclic AMP levels in the culture medium of human prostatic cancer cells thereby cellular growth of the cancer found inhibited. This will be a possible new, safe approach to prostatic carcinoma therapy. Corydalis stewartii floral drops are used for curing eye diseases

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Cotoneaster nummalaria fruit is edible and are used as astringent. Citrullus colocynthis fruit used as pregnancy, as cites, jaundice, urinary diseases and rheumatism, snake poision. Cissus quadrangularis stem used as stomachic, digestive troubles, irregular menstuation and scurvy given internally and applied topically for fracture of bones, asthma. Cissus repens stem juice is useful in eye redness. Pharmacological studies revealed the bone fracture healing property and antiosteoporotic effect reported the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the extract. Plant demonstrates anti-inflammatory due to β-sitosterol and luteolin of the plant. Clerodendrum serratum root used as in febrifuge and catar, affections, useful in malaria, fever, snakebite, cephalgia and ophthalmia. Clerodendrum multiflorum during constipation in cattle, leaves are fed or leaf extract is given once a day for fex days. Cocculus hirsutus leaves are used to cure leucorrhoea. Cocus nucifera endosperm used as aphrodisiac, diuretic, alopecia, loss of hair after fevers and debilitating diseases, colling, fever, urinary disorder. Commiphora mukul the major ingredient in joint care and immuno care that has been regarded as a remedy in Ayurvedic medicine, known to increase white blood cell count and to possess strong immuno-modulating properties. Mode of action makes this product very helpful not only in protecting against the common cold but also in various other conditions. It has been shown to have remarkable properties as a adjuvant of other types of therapies. In addition, lower cholesterol and triglycerides, while maintaining the HDL to LDL ratio has long known Commiphora mukul. It has been subjected to hundreds of clinical studies. Commiphora mukul is a resin, the major ingredient in joint care and immuno care, increase white blood cell count and to possess strong immuno-modulating properties. Common cold, an adjuvant of other types of therapies. In addition, lower cholesterol and triglycerides, while maintaining the HDL to LDL ratio has long known Guggul. Combretum caffrum is combined with a number of other herbs, together they form a formidable anti-cancer treatment. Varieties of anti-cancer compounds called combretastatins are found within the tree bark of Combretum caffrum the most potent of which is combretastatin CA-4. Combretastatins bind to the protein tubulin, which is essential to cytoskeletal architecture, intercellular transport, cell migration, wound healing, and mitotic spindle development for chromosome segregation and cell division. A member of the mitotic inhibitor class of anti-cancer

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50 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 drugs, combretastatin disrupts tumor blood vessel networks by constricting blood supply to tumours. Combretastatin A-4 is active against colon, lung and leukemia cancers and it is expected that this molecule is the most cytotoxic phytomolecule isolated so far. Convolvulus arvensis tea made from leaves used as a wash on spider bites. Tea ingested to reduce profuse menstruation. Flower tea used to reduce fever and heal wounds. Roots have strong emetic effects. The roots are dried, powdered and used as purgative and is also used as diuretic. Whole plant is used as laxative. Coriandrum sativum seeds are carminative, stomachic. Leaves of are given to check blood in stool. Extract is useful in conjunctivitis. Coriaria napalensis bark paste is applied on burns and scalds. Methanolic extract of plants and fruits showed significant antimicrobial activity on Escherichia and Staphylococcus bacteria. Ursolic acid shows hepatoprotective (Saraswat et al., 1996) and antitumor properties. Cotinus coggyria leaves are given to livestock against liver fluke. The yellow wood is used as febrifuge and for eye ailments. Cotoneaster microphylla fruit are used as expectorant and astringent, also effective in stomachache. Crataegus songarica fruits are edible and considered as cardio tonic. Crocus sativus helps in increasing white blood cell count and disinfects secretions, including mucus, sweat and urination. It also increases appetite, clears the lungs, and helps heal the skin and mucous membranes. It is commonly used for cough and cold, decreased appetite and general weakness and also in the treating cancer. Crocus sativus is a carotenoid pigments, antioxidant properties, natural source of two B vitamins, Riboflavin and Thiamine, promoter of the immune defenses in Ayurvedic therapies. Croton tiglium seed used as drastic, purgative, irritant, rubefacient, cathartic, fish poison, in snake- bite. Cuminum cyminum fruit used as stomachic, stimulant, astringent, dyspepsia and diarrhea, snake- bite. Curcuma longa used to manage gastrointestinal discomfort and colorectal cancer. This herb may have bilestimulating, liver-protectant, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Curcuma longa rhizome used as aromatic, stimulant, tonic, carminative, blood purifier, anti periodic, alterative, for sprains and wounds, purulent conjunctivitis. Cuscuta gigantea juice of plant is used as anti poisonous agent. Cuscuta reflexa plant extract is applied to get rid of dandruff. Cymbopogon citratus used to treat fever and gastrointerstinal disease.

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Cynodon dactylon have many medicinal properties including antimicrobial and antiviral properties, as well as treatment of rinary tract infections and dysentery. Fresh leaves are applied on cuts and bleeding wounds, bleeding piles, diuretic, antipyretic and diarrhea. Cyperus scariosus used to Rjona-urinary system, on hepatoprotective properties. It is mostly useful in supporting healthy genitourinary system. Studies are also being conducted on hepatoprotective properties. Dactylorhiza hatagirea root juice is taken in cuts and wounds. The decoction and plant extract with sugar are useful in pierce, cuttings, wounds, and the plant is tonic and aphrodisiac. Dalbergia sisso decoction of leaves is bitter, stimulant, used in gonorrhea. Root is astringent. Wood is used as alterative, useful in leprosy, boils and to stop vomiting. Daphne genkwa the flower buds are used to control coughs. The buds are anticoagulant, antiseptic, antitussive, antiviral, diuretic, purgative and stomachic. They are used internally in the treatment of bronchitis, constipation, oedema and skin diseases. antitumour, antiallergy and antiinflammatory activities. Daphne oloides seeds and roots are used as anthalmintic. Fruit when directly eaten cause nausea and vomiting. An infusion of the bark and leaves are used in the treatment of cutaneous affections. Daphne papracea the juice of the leaves is used to kill the ectoparasites of livestock.. Datura innoxia juice of the leaves is applied to the cutaneous affection of the head. Seeds are employed in fever. Datura metal the plant or the different alkaloids have anticancerous, antitumour activities and it has narcotic, anthelmintic, spasmolytic anaesthetic, sedative, ophthalmic, antirheumatic, antiasthmatic, antidiarrhoeal and anticatarrhal activities. Leaf is antitumour, antirheumatic and vermicide. Flower is antiasthamatic, anaesthetic and is employed in swellings and eruptions on face. Fruit juice is used in earache and seed decoction in ophthalmia. The alkaloids of pharmaceutical interest present in the plant are hyoscyamine, hyoscine and meteloidine. It is used whooping cough, muscle, spasm, sciatica, asthma and painful menstruation. Datura stramonium atropine has been used in treating Parkinson’s disease, peptic ulcers, diarrhea, and bronchial asthma. Scopolamine is available by prescription primarily for treating motion sickness. In ancient herbal medicine, Datura stramonium is used internally to treat madness, epilepsy, and melancholia. Externally, it formes the basis of ointments for burns and rheumatism. More recently, preparations from the plant have been used as ingredients in some asthma medicines. Datura stramonium fruits are used in skin related disorders, ulcers and worms. Datura stramonium all parts of Datura plants contain poison and may be fatal if ingested by humans or

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52 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 animals, including livestock and pets. Leaves are applied for the softening of the boils. Juice of the flower is used in earache. Debregesia solicifolia leaves are antiseptic also used for boils and other swellings. Delbergia sisoo used in gonorrhoea. Delphinum vestitum the juice of the flower is used as hair tonic. Descurainia sophia a poultice of the plant has been used to ease the pain of toothache. The juice of the plant is used in the treatment of chronic coughs, hoarseness and ulcerated sore throats. A strong decoction of the plant is used in the treatment of asthma. The flowers and the leves are astrindiuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, laxative, restorative and tonic. A poultice of the ground up seeds has been used on burns and sores. Desmodium elegans the powder roots are used in chronic fever, cough, vomiting, asthma, and in snakebite. The juice of the root is used in the treatment of cholera. Desmodium gangeticum root used as astringent, in diarrhea, tonic, diuretic, fever, biliousness, cough, vomiting, asthma, snake-bite, scorpiton-sting. Deutzia staminea whole plant remover the fleas from houses. Didymocarpus pedicellata diuretic that has been shown to be effective in supporting a healthy urinary tract. Didymocarpus villosa leaf infusion and dust are useful in respiratory problem of children and chronic asthma. Plant oil is weak antimicrobial. Plant is also affirmative in body weight reduction. Dioscorea deltoidea is used as pesticide and anthelmintic. Diosgenin is used as anabolic, antiarthritic, antinflammatory, antinfertility. Rhizome extract reveals cytotoxic activity against human cancer. Dioscorea deltoidea the powder tuber is mixed wth powdered root of Berberis lycium and is used for the treatment of jaundice. The juice is applied in hair to kill lice. Locally whole plant is crushed and used to kill fishes. Diospyros lotus fruits are carminative, purgative, antifebrile and causes flatulence. Local people boil the fruit in milk and take it for curing of constipation and dysentery. Dodonaea vescosa stem and leaf infusions are used to treat sore throats and fever; root infusions to treat colds; the seeds mixed with honey is used to treat malaria, the stem are used as fumigants to treat rheumatism. The leaves are used to relive itching, fevers, swelling, aches and as anti- spasmodic. Leaves and roots are used as painkiller to soothe toothaches. Dryopteris jaxtapostia fronds enhance digestion. Dysoxylum binectariferum ayurvedic plant, used for rheumatoid arthritis. Rohitukine was isolated as the constituent responsible for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity Flavopridol,

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53 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 was found to possess tyrosine kinase activity and potent growth inhibitory activity against a series of breast and lung carcinoma cell lines. It also showed broad spectrum in vivo activity against human tumor xenografts in mice, either alone or in combination with other anti-cancer agents, against a broad range of tumors, including leukemias, lymphomas and solid tumors. Epilobium hirsutum main biological active constitents of the polyphenolic mixture are flavonoids and tannins. Battinelli (2001) reported that ethanolic extracts of Epilobium hirsutum showed antimicrobial activity in a range of concentrations between 10 and 650 µg/ml of dry extract on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi in vitro. The plant is used also in enlarged prostate, prostatitis, cystitis, burning feeling when urinating, and burning feeling after prostate operation. There are data for anti-tumour action of Epilobium extract. Eclipa alba used for treatment of liver disorders, skin and hair care, improves complexion, viral hepatitis, calms the mind, memory disorders, and strengthens spleen and general tonic. Elaegnus umbellata flowers and seeds are stijmulant and astringent. Seed oil is used in pulmonary infections. Embelia ribes intestinal worms, skin-fungal infections, obesity, sore throat and digestive strengthener. Keep the intestines free of toxins. It is reported as a reducing agent of sperm count. Emblica officinalis used to cure dandruff. Entada pursaetha fruits are used in cuts and wounds, and body pain. Seed saponin is spasmolytic and central nervous system active. Entanin is an antitumor saponin. Saponins have strong haemolytic action and depressant effect. Enicostema axillare during fever, leaf paste is applied over forehead and other body parts to reduce temperature; in vomitting and loose motions, plant extract is given twice for 2 days. Equisetum arvense the extract of the whole plant is used in jaundice. The herb is use as diuretic. Decoction of the fronds is used in rheumatism. Euphorbia royleana stem latex is used in joint pain/leg pain. Ethanolic plant extract shows anti- inflammatory and latex reveals anti-arthritic activities. Euphorbia hirta used in the treatment of cough, asthma, diarrhoea, piles and semen debility. It is aphrodisiac and enriches blood. Euphorbia indica the milky juice is used against ringworm disease. Euphorbia wallichii it is poisonous, highly laxative causes sever diarrhea and dysentery. Used in skin diseases. Eugenia uniflora leaves are used for treatment of throat complaints, rheumatism, diarrhoeal, inflammatory afections, and helmintic infections.

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Erythrina speciosa the tradicional usage indicates that Erythrina species could have analgesic, anti- inflamatory and antibacterial activity. Evolvulus alsinoides used general weakness, nervous exhaustion and memory loss. DISCUSSION: Plants are an essential component of universe. Human beings have used plants as medicine from the very beginning of time. After various observations and experimentations medicinal plants were identified as a source of important medicine, therefore, treatment through these medicinal plants, began in the early stages of human civilization. Several phytochemical surveys have been published, including the random sampling approach which involved some plant accessions collected from all parts of the world. The major chemical substances of interest in these surveys have been the polyphenols and tannins, however, other diverse groups of naturally occuring phytochemicals such as alkaloids and saponins have also been reported. The natural active compounds classes or secondary metabolites as alkaloids, saponins, tannin and other have attracted researchers to investigate their chemical, toxicological and pharmacological features. Knowledge of the phytochemical constituents of plant is desirable, not only for the discovery of therapeutic agents, but also because such information may be of value in disclosing new sources of such economic materials as tannins, oils, gums, flavonoids, saponins, essential oils precursors for the synthesis of complex chemical substances. REFRENCES: 1. Ahmad, I., Mehmood, Z., and Mohammad, F., 1998. Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 62: 183-193. 2. Cheng, C.L., Guo, J.S., Luk, and Koo, M.W., 2004. The healing effects of Centella exract and asiaticoside on acetic acid induced gastric ulcers in rats. Life Sciences, 74: 2237-2249. 3. Kim, Y.M., Lee, C.H., Kim, H.G., and Lee, H.S., 2004. Anthraquinones isolated from Cassia tora (Leguminosae) seed show an antifungal property against phytopathogenic fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 6096-6100. 4. Nair, R., Kalariya, T., and Chanda, S., 2007. Antibacterial activity of some plant extracts of used in folk medicine. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 7: 191-201.

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5. Van Puyvelde, L., Kayonga, A., Brioen, P., Costa, J., Ndimubakunzi, A., De Kimpe, N., and Schamp, N., 1989. The hepatoprotective principle of Hypoestes triflora leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 26: 121-127. 6. Visen, P.K., Shukla, B., Patnaik, G.K., Dhawn, B.N., 1993. Andrographolide protects rat hepatocytes against paracetamol-induced damage. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 40: 131-136. 7. Tang, X.L., Yang, X.Y., Jung, H.J., Kim, S.Y., Jung, S.Y., Choi, D.Y., Park, W.C., and Park, H., 2009. Asiatic acid induces colon cancer cell growth inhibition and apoptosis through mitochondrial death cascade. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 32 : 1399-1405. 8. Zaidan, M.R., Noor Rain, A., Badrul, A.R., Adlin, A., Norazah, A., and Zakiah, I., 2005. In vitro screening of five local medicinal plants for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method. Tropical Biomedicine, 22: 165-170. 9. Tanira, M.O.M., 1994. J. Ethnopharmacol., 41: 201. 10. Isbrucker, R.A., and Burdock, G.A., 2006. Regulatory Toxicol. Pharmacol., 46: 167. 11. Nair, S., 1996. Ind Heart Journal., 48: 545. 12. Balasinor, N., 2007. J. Ethnopharmacol., 109: 406. 13. Caceres, A., 1991. J. Ethnopharmacol., 33: 213. 14. Vletinck, J., 1995. J. Ethnopharmacol., 46: 31. 15. Haq, F., Ahmad, H., and Alam, M., 2011. Traditional uses of medicinal plants of Nandiar Khuwarr catchment (District Battagram), Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(1) : 39-48. 16. Ali, H., and Quaiser, M., 2009. The Ethno botany of Chitral valley, Pakistan with particular reference to medicinal plants, Pak.J.Bot., 41(4): 2009-2041. 17. Olsen, C.S., and Bhattarai, N.K., 2005. A typology of economic agents in the Himalayan plant trade. Mountain Res. Dev., 25: 37-43. 18. Fransworth, N.R., and Soejarto, D.D., 1991. Global importance of medicinal plants. In: Akerele, O., Heywood, V., and Synge, H., (Eds.) : The conservation of medicinal plants: proceedings of an international consultation 21-27 March, 1988, Chiang Mai, Thailand Combridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 25-51. 19. Titz, A., 2004. Medicinal herbs and plants scope for diversified and sustainable extraction. 22-26 July, 2004.

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63. Nada, Y., Anzai-Kmori, A., Kohono, M., Shimnei, M., and Packer, L., 1997. Hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities of natural source antioxidants using the computerized JES-FR30 ESR spectrometer system. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 42: 35-44. 64. Nair, R., and Chanda, S., 2006. Activity of some medicinal plants against certain pathogenic bacterial strains. Indian J. Pharmacol., 38: 142-144. 65. Nascimento, G.G.F., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P.C., and Silva, G.L., 2000. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Braz. J. Microbiol., 31: 247-256. 66. Nahrstedt, A., 1996. Ist die such nach Pflanzeninhaltssto. FF en als Leitstrukturen Fur Pharmacia nosh aktull?. In medizinische forschung. Gustar Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York, 9: 15-41. 67. Pradhan, P., Joseph, L., Gupta, V., Chulet, R., Arya, H., Verma, R., and Baipai, A., 2009. Sarca asoca (Ashoka). A review. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research., 1(1): 62-71. 68. Pearson, CM., and Wood, FD., 1959. Studies of polyarthritis and other lesions induced in rats by injection of mycobacterial adjuvant. I General Clinical and pathological characteristics and some modifying factors, Arthritis Rheum., 2: 440-459. 69. Paaver, U., Matto, V., and Raal, A., 2010. Total Tannin content in distinct Quercus robur L. galls, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research., 4(8): 702-705. 70. Palavy, K., and Priscilla, MD., 2006. Standardisation of selected Indian medicinal herbal raw material containing polyphenol as major constituents. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences., 68: 506-509.

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