1 the Press of Greenland – an Examination of the Role of the Press, in Regards to the Greenlandic Nationbuilding Process 1979

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1 the Press of Greenland – an Examination of the Role of the Press, in Regards to the Greenlandic Nationbuilding Process 1979 The Press of Greenland – an examination of the role of the press, in regards to the Greenlandic nationbuilding process 1979-2008 By Karina Fleischer Eskimology and Arctic Studies Department of Cross Cultural and Regional Studies University of Copenhagen, 2008 Abstract This thesis examines the nationwide Greenlandic press, focusing on the role of the press in the nation of Greenland under Home Rule. By way of the Tenant to Owner case, I will examine the press as a platform for information and discussion between the political authorities and the citizens. The first Greenlandic newspaper, Atuagagdliutit, was launched in 1861, and contributed towards creating a common forum for discussion between Greenlanders. After World War Two, the national radio station Radio Greenland opened, giving the Greenlanders a radio news service, enabling news to spread faster. A few years after the introduction of Home Rule, television programmes were transmitted for the first time, available to most of Greenlands population. In 1980, the former local newspaper Sermitsiak went nationwide, now providing the Greenlanders with two national newspapers – Semitisiak and AG. In 1991, the first tv news programme Qanorooq went on air, and Greenlands national media landscape now consists of the two papers and the tv and radio station KNR. All these nationwide media have had an impact at the image and the coming together of the Greenlandic nation. My analysis of the Tenant to Owner case showed that the Greenlandic field of journalism is split in two groups. One group which is argumentative and confrontational, and another which is more neutral in its manner. There are indications, both in earlier episodes and today, that the political authorities in Greenland have managed to curtail parts of the Greenlandic press. Meanwhile, the analysis shows that the outrage in press and public over the sales of homes relating to the Tenant to Owner scheme had less to do with the homes that were sold, and more with Greenlanders being fed up with rising inequality in the Greenlandic society. 1 Not only does the press have a role in uniting the nation; in my view it also plays a role in developing a public tradition of critical discussion, which is highly important in developing the democratic Greenlandic nation. 2 Indledning I foråret 2008 kunne man i den grønlandske avis AG/Grønlandsposten læse en leder med overskriften: ”Gå så af.” (AG 2008a:2). Dette var ment som en meget direkte opfordring til det grønlandske landsstyre om at tage sin afgang. Baggrunden for lederens kritiske indstilling var en sag, som i over et år have optaget de grønlandske medier og den grønlandske befolkning. I foråret 2007 var det kommet frem, at adskillige politikere og embedsmænd havde erhvervet sig særdeles billige boliger på baggrund af en lov, som blev kendt under navnet fra lejer til ejer-ordningen. Man kan undre sig over, hvad der ligger bag sådan en bombastisk overskrift, og hvorfor aviserne overhovedet skal blande sig i, hvordan landets politikere vælger at agere. I dette speciale vil jeg undersøge de processer, der ligger forud for overskrifter som denne. Nærmere bestemt vil jeg undersøge betydningen af en national presse i forhold til udviklingen af den hjemmestyrede grønlandske nation. I undersøgelsen vil jeg lade mig inspirere af Pierre Bourdieus feltbegreb, og via en konkret nutidig case, den føromtalte lejer til ejer-sag, vil jeg udfolde de processer, som udspiller sig i medierne mellem pressen, de politiske magthavere og borgerne. Da Grønland fik overdraget den magt, der fulgte med indførelsen af hjemmestyret i 1979, skulle landet i gang med at bygge nationen op på en ny og anden måde. Hvor grønlænderne førhen skulle forholde sig til de danske magthavere, skulle de nu til at være aktive diskuterende medborgere i et hjemmestyrende Grønland, som blev opbygget på ideer om demokrati og folkestyre. På Grønlands Hjemmestyres hjemmeside står i 2008: ”Når Landsstyret har holdt møder og truffet en række beslutninger, formidles dette videre til Centraladministrationen gennem interne referater af møderne. Offentligheden har tidligere først hørt om disse beslutninger gennem andre kanaler, lang tid efter at beslutningen er taget. Landsstyret har derfor besluttet at indføre større offentlighed omkring sit arbejde, så pressen og borgerne løbende kan følge med i Landsstyrets arbejde.” (Grønlands Hjemmestyre u.å.). 3 For som borger at kunne deltage aktivt i folkestyret er det væsentligt at have adgang til informationer fra de politiske magthavere, så borgeren har mulighed for at reflektere over de folkevalgtes beslutninger. Som det fremgår af hjemmesiden, anses det også for at være vigtigt, at pressen holdes opdateret og informeret. Som en platform for information og diskussion mellem de politiske magthavere og borgerne står pressen. Forskningslitteraturen om den grønlandske presse under hjemmestyret er ikke omfattende. Tidligere er den grønlandske presse hovedsageligt blevet præsenteret i mediernes egne jubilæumsskrifter 1 eller i jubilæumsskrifter for hjemmestyret. I ”Grønlænder og global – grønlandsk sprog, litteratur og medier i 25-året for Hjemmestyrets indførelse” behandler Jette Rygaard i sin artikel ”En tv-historie” bl.a. via interviews reaktionerne på fremkomsten af landsdækkende grønlandske tv-udsendelser og berører i den forbindelse også emnet fjernsynets evne til at samle grupper af mennesker (Rygaard 2004:194). I samme antologi beskæftiger Birgit Kleist Petersen sig bl.a. med grønlandske unges brug af aviser (Kleist Petersen 2004:80). Det er hovedsageligt Jette Rygaard og Birgit Kleist Petersen, som i det sidste årti har beskæftiget sig med analyser inden for det grønlandske medieforskningsfelt. I starten af 1980’erne, i tiden omkring indførelsen af samtidigheds-tv i Grønland, udkom der mindre pjecer om tv-mediet og dets tilblivelse (Kleivan & Hjorth Nielsen 1984, Lynge 1983). I forbindelse med den danske magtudredning ”En analyse af demokrati og magt i Danmark” blev også grønlandske forhold undersøgt i et enkelt bind, ”Demokrati og magt i Grønland”. Hvor adskillige bind af den danske magtudredning har beskæftiget sig med medier og magt, er dette emne ganske uberørt i den grønlandske udgave. Enkelte af den grønlandske magtudrednings artikler berører dog den grønlandske presse ganske flygtigt.2 Det er min opfattelse, at studier af den grønlandske presse hovedsageligt har været behandlet som enten et historisk tilbageblik eller som mere konkrete analyser af medieforbrug. Mit formål med dette speciale er at bidrage til feltet ved via en konkret analyse af en case at åbne for de magtspil, som udspiller sig mellem pressen, politikerne og borgerne, og derved komme med mit bud på, 1 Eksempelvis i Fleischer, Jørgen (1980): ”Et grønlandsk blad Atuagagdliutit 120 år”, og Rosing, Peter Frederik & Marianne Stenbæk (1998): ”Grønlands Radio 1958-1998”. 2 (Janussen 2003:47), (Andersen & Tonsgaard 2003:61) og (Hansen 2003:166). 4 hvilken rolle den landsdækkende grønlandske presse udfylder i udviklingen af den grønlandske nation. Metode og teori Som metodisk grundlag for min analyse vil jeg lade mig inspirere af sociologen Pierre Bourdieus feltbegreb, som åbner for en praksisorienteret analyse med fokus på magtrelationer i samfundet. I analysen arbejder Bourdieu med en dobbeltlæsning af samfundet. I den første læsning er der fokus på struktur, og i den anden læsning er der fokus på individet som aktør (Bourdieu & Wacquant 1996[1992]:21ff). I forbindelse med analysens anden læsning, hvor der er fokus på aktørernes egen opfattelse af virkeligheden, vil jeg gøre brug af en diskursanalytisk tilgang. Specialets teoretiske fundament bygger på Benedict Andersons teori om nationen som et forestillet fællesskab, hvor opfindelsen af bogtrykkerkunsten og avisens evne til at udtrykke samtidighed bliver væsentlig. Samtidig vil dette speciale lægge sig tæt op ad Jürgen Habermas’ teori om borgerlig offentlighed som et rum, hvorfra kritisk og fri diskussion af de politiske magthavere udspringer og derved fremstår som en legitimering af magthaverne. Afgrænsning Den tidsmæssige afgrænsning for dette speciale bliver fra indførelsen af hjemmestyret og frem til i dag. På trods af at Grønland officielt mister sin status som koloni i 1953, er det min overbevisning, at der med hjemmestyrets indførelse og de dertilhørende nye magtbeføjelser, skete et skift i den grønlandske befolknings selvforståelse. Aldrig havde grønlænderne selv, som en moderne nation, haft så megen råderet over interne anliggender. I kraft af at nye bånd mellem den hjemmestyrede nation og befolkningen skulle opbygges, bliver netop denne periode interessant. Jeg vælger at fokusere på de landsdækkende medier, da min tese er, at det er mediernes evne til at foregive samtidighed og fælleshed, der er medvirkende faktor til at få samlet nationen. Fokus bliver derfor på radio/tv-stationen KNR og de to landsdækkende aviser Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten og Sermitsiak. Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten vil fremover blive omtalt som AG. Inden for de seneste par år har endnu et medie fået status som landsdækkende: internettet. Dette har også gjort sig gældende i Grønland. Det ligger dog uden for dette speciales ramme at undersøge internettets muligheder. 5 Specialets opbygning I kapitel 1 udfolder jeg Bourdieus tanker om felt som analyseredskab. I forlængelse af Bourdieu fremlægger jeg ideer om diskursanalyse. Herefter redegør jeg for forestillinger om nationen med fokus på Benedict Andersons ideer om nationen som et forestillet fællesskab, for til sidst at introducere
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