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Democracy's Response in a Crisis Democracy’s Response in a Crisis This unit of work looks at the events of March 2020 and the Government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is used as a means to explore ideas about democracy in New Zealand. It uses a range of learning activities, including literacy strategies and is comprised of approximately 8-10 lessons. 1 Democracy’s Response in a Crisis 2 Democracy’s Response in a Crisis This resource is for teachers and students and contains: Page 1. Overview 2 Teachers’ guide Students’ guide Links to achievement objectives in New Zealand Curriculum: Social Sciences 2. Teachers’ guide 4 Brief timeline of events Background to lockdown Scrutiny of Government actions 3. Student resource activities 9 Visualising ideas and challenges - collage Restrictions on democratic freedoms - continuum Emergency powers used in response to COVID-19 - reading comprehension Challenges to democracy - chart Steps taken to protect our democracy - SWOT analysis Presenting your ideas and understanding - presentation 4. Appendices 21 Appendix A: Prime Minister’s Press Conference, 25 March 2020 Appendix B: Prime Minister’s Press Conference, 31 March 2020 Appendix C: Epidemic Response Committee Appendix D: Health Act Notices Additional learning resources 1 Social Actions and Parliament Democracy’s Response in a Crisis 1 Overview Teachers’ guide This resource contains notes for the educator or teacher. It is general information about the response of Parliament and the New Zealand Government to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, with specific reference to the emergency powers that were put in place. This resource aims to cover the concepts, laws, and parliamentary processes that surrounded the emergency powers used, the Epidemic Response Committee which was set up, and content on features of democracy connected to these events. It is intended to be used as an example of where we can see features of democracy being challenged through legislation and a government’s actions. It also offers an example of what safeguards could be put in place to help preserve features of a democracy in certain circumstances. The appendices give more detail on this information with specific links to democratic freedoms. Teachers and educators will need to be aware of the different experiences that students will bring to their learning for this unit on the COVID-19 pandemic. Sensitivity to what life may have been like at home during this period of time, and with coping with different family and friend dynamics, is needed. Students’ guide to resource activities The second part of this resource is for students to use either in class or to be worked on via remote learning. It covers the powers that were brought in at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (March 2020) and gives students an opportunity to understand what measures were taken and why. Students will then examine how features of our democracy were affected or challenged. Examples of measures put in place to safeguard those features are then investigated. Activities include: • Exploring ideas and challenges surrounding this period of time in New Zealand history: creative collage activity • Restrictions on democratic freedoms: point of view continuum • Emergency powers used in March 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: three level reading comprehension activity • Challenges to democracy: chart • Examples of measures taken by Parliament to safeguard democratic freedoms: SWOT analysis • Consolidate understanding activity: choice of how to communicate ideas • Responding to the decision–makers: writing activity 2 Democracy’s Response in a Crisis Links to Achievement Objectives in the New Zealand Curriculum: Social Sciences Level 3: Understand how groups make and implement rules and laws. Understand how people make decisions about access to and use of resources. Links made in this resource material to laws made by our Parliament which set out plans for emergency situations, and laws which limited people’s access to resources (e.g. alert level 4, a national state of emergency). Level 4: Understand that events have causes and effects. Understand how formal and informal groups make decisions that impact on communities. Links made in this resource material on the spread of the COVID-19 virus to NZ and the effects on our communities, and the decisions made at a national level to deal with this crisis. Level 5: Understand how systems of government in New Zealand operate and affect people’s lives, and how they compare with another system. Understand how economic decisions impact on people, communities, and nations. Links made in this resource material on how the systems in place in our government (plans for emergencies, House of Representatives and its committees) operate, even in a crisis. The New Zealand Curriculum also identifies five key competencies. The activities in this resource attempt to help develop these competencies in the following ways: Thinking: SWOT analysis activity, challenges to democracy chart Relating to others: including a wide range of people and ideas in collage activity Using language, symbols, and texts: collage activity and consolidating understanding activity Managing self: working through these tasks independently before checking in with a teacher Participating and contributing: writing to share an opinion activity 3 Social Actions and Parliament Democracy’s Response in a Crisis 3 Teacher’s guide Brief timeline of events A pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan, China was first reported to 31 December the WHO Country Office in China on 31 December 2019. January 24: First COVID-19 monitoring team established in New Zealand. January 2020 January 28: National Health Coordination Centre activated in New Zealand to respond to virus and health staff began meeting people on flights from China to New Zealand. The declared the COVID-19 a worldwide 11 March 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) pandemic. 12 March 2020 The National Crisis Management Centre in New Zealand was activated. The Government announced a four-level alert system to respond to the 21 March 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The Epidemic Preparedness (COVID-19) Notice was placed in the New Zealand 24 March 2020 Gazette. A State of National Emergency was declared and placed in the New Zealand Gazette (the NZ Gazette is the government’s official newspaper). The House of Representatives was recalled from an adjournment and the Prime Minister delivered a ministerial statement on the emergency powers being enacted as well as New Zealand’s moving into a level 4 alert. Emergency legislation was passed during this sitting, which included an Imprest 25 March 2020 Supply Bill (giving the Government the authority to spend public money outside the annual Budget), as well as legislation associated with taxation, social assistance, and management measures associated with the COVID-19 response. The House of Representatives agreed to the establishment of the Epidemic Response Committee. The House of Representatives adjourned. 4 Democracy’s Response in a Crisis The background to lockdown New Zealand’s Parliament (being the House of Representatives and the Sovereign) has the important function of making laws. Our House of Representatives also serves to provide a Government, to scrutinise the government of the day’s actions, and to represent the people of New Zealand. Parliament also approves and passes the laws which enable the Government to spend public money. In the case of a national emergency some of these functions can be altered. In New Zealand law, we have emergency legislation, such as the Civil Defence Emergency Act 2020, and the Epidemic Preparedness Act 2006, which serves to help governments in times of crisis. Having emergency legislation in place allows the House to respond to an ongoing event of national significance. In an emergency, the House will continue to scrutinise Government actions and responses - namely, how the powers are being exercised. The ability to scrutinise is a core role of the House.1 From January 2020 onwards, there was a growing concern about the COVID-19 virus and its movement around the world, leading to the declaration of a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO) on 11 March. Health officials here had started to monitor the growing situation in New Zealand, by monitoring travellers from certain areas of the world. In general, the Ministry of Health has its own pandemic planning, including national planning, risk management, and coordination of the delivery of health services. It liaises with other agencies, and this is coordinated through a group called the Officials Committee for Domestic and External Security Coordination (ODESC).2 The National Crisis Management Centre was activated on 12 March 2020, meaning that an overall body could coordinate a response between many different Government agencies. The ODESC mentioned above appointed John Ombler as Chair of the all-of-Government response. The Government already had legal powers available to assist with how it responded to COVID-19, such as the powers given to the Director-General of Health, the Minister of Health, and medical officers of health under the Health Act 1956. Health Act orders were issued at different times to implement requirements under alert level 4. These orders have now been revoked or replaced by orders made under COVID-19 Public Health Response Act 2020. For details of the Health Act orders see Appendix D. However, the issuing of an epidemic notice under the Epidemic Preparedness Act 2006 gave the Government further powers they felt were needed. The Epidemic Preparedness Act 2006 states that: The Prime Minister may, by notice in the Gazette, declare that he or she is satisfied that the effects of an outbreak of a stated quarantinable disease (within the meaning of the Health Act 1956) are likely to disrupt or continue to disrupt essential governmental and business activity in New Zealand.3 The Epidemic Preparedness Notice (COVID-19) was placed in the New Zealand Gazette on 24 March 2020.4 The Gazette is the official newspaper of the New Zealand Government.
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