Creation Science Volume 39/2 Volume MAY 2012 Publication Mail Reg. 40013654 0229-253X ISSN

avid Coppedge is one man videos such as Unlocking the Mystery of standing up against NASA, Life, Privileged Planed, Darwin’s Dilemma Dthe American governments’ space ex- and Metamorphosis. He also provides ploration agency. Now that takes cour- daily commentary on scientifi c articles Miracle Designed age! Why would anyone undertake which have just appeared. CSAA’s such a diffi cult task? Basically it is a website provides a link to the insightful to Peck Wood fi ght for freedom of religion and for and upbeat Creation-Evolution Headlines ------(which has been op- Woodpeckers (family Picidae) are erative since 2001). In found almost everywhere on the a more popular vein, continents except extreme polar Creation Weekend David Coppedge has regions. Most live in forests to feature published articles in or woodland habitats, and many of Institute for Creation the about 30 genera and 214 known David Coppedge Research’s Acts and species are now threatened due to loss of habitat or habitat fragmenta- October 26 and 27, 2012 tion. The smallest is the Bar-breasted Piculet (seven grams and freedom to discuss eight cm tall) and the largest is the intelligent design Imperial Woodpecker (average during social set- over 600g (1.3 lb) and 58 cm (23 By tings in the work- inches) tall. Some species exhibit Jerry Bergman place. differences in appearance of CSAA brings the sexes such many interest- as body size, ing and qualifi ed weight and speakers to Alber- bill length. In ta. Few however have been involved such cases, with NASA in space exploration! This the males makes David Coppedge particularly are larger. remarkable. An information technol- Most ogy specialist and high level system ad- Facts Magazine. species pos- ministrator at NASA’s Jet Propulsion During his career at JPL, Mr. sess predom- Laboratory, he worked on the interna- Coppedge occasionally shared cop- inantly white, tional Cassini Mission to Saturn from ies of Illustra Media videos with col- black and 1997 until last year. In that capacity he leagues. Having complained that he brown, green was heavily involved in all the mission was “pushing religion”, JPL fi red Da- and red plumage operations and from 2000-2009 in the vid Coppedge in January 2011. He and patches of red capacity of Team Lead System Ad- brought suit against JPL (funded by and yellow on their ministrator. In addition, on behalf of American taxpayers) and the institu- heads and bellies. NASA during those years, he present- tion’s private administrator Califor- The dark areas of ed the Cassini discoveries to schools nia Institute of Technology. His suit plumage often refl ect bright colours in and civic and astronomy clubs. One claims protection against religious direct light. The males of many wood- astronomy society in January 2011 discrimination under California’s Fair pecker species have more prominent urged people to hear this “educational Employment and Housing Act. On red or yellow head markings than do and enjoyable speaker.” November 18, 2011, a judge ruled that the less showy brown or gray females. David Coppedge is also a promi- this case presents legitimate issues of Woodpeckers are active during the nent apologist for young earth cre- fact and law and ordered the case to day, roosting at night inside tree holes ation and intelligent design. He is a move forward to trial. The trial began and the roost for most species becomes member of the board of Illustra Me- on March 7, 2012. the nest during breeding season. dia, which has produced excellent - Continued on Page 6 - Continued on page 2

Mark your calendars Friday evening and Saturday October 26 and 27, 2012 Edmonton Volume 39 / # 2 / Spring 2012 ------Creation Science Dialogue is a quar- terly publication of the Creation Science Association of Alberta (CSAA). Its purpose is to discuss the creation model of origin in terms of scientifi c details. Subscription for 1 year $8.00 ------Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: PM 40013654 Creation Science Dialogue

The court case has generated interna- On the other hand David Coppedge Creation Science tional media attention. A Yahoo News contends that he was a senior employee in Association of Alberta 5328 Calgary Trail item (March 12/12) was entitled “Suit: good standing until a supervisor objected Suite 1136, Edmonton, Alberta NASA Specialist Axed over Intelligent to his lending the DVDs Unlocking the T6H 4J8 Design.” Another item, posted online by Mystery of Life and Privileged Planet to ------TIME Magazine on March 19 was en- willing colleagues. titled “Legal Smackdown: NASA, Re- The resulting court case therefore is Other Creation Science ligion and Intelligent Design.” TIME’s supposed to resolve to what extent an Associations piece suggested that Mr. Coppedge’s views employee really enjoys freedom of reli- (see also www.creationinfo.com) “make something gion and free speech in of an awkward the workplace. Legisla- ▲ Creation Science of fi t with a mission “Houston! tion clearly protects this Saskatchewan Inc. that is intended, We have a problem...... right, but does the law re- P.O. Box 26 Kenaston, SASK. S0G 2N0 in part, to look for with this man” ally protect anyone? This the chemical and California case obviously is an ▲ Creation Science Association important one. It is expected to run 3 or of British Columbia (B.C.) 4 (possibly even 5) weeks. The judge has P.O. Box 39577, RPO White viewed the two DVDs and multiple copies Rock, Surrey, BC. V4A 0A9 have been distributed to the media. CSAA therefore looks forward to a most ▲ Creation Ministries interesting and famous speaker! His lec- International ture titles include: Cassini discovers Saturn; 300 Mill Street, Unit 7 Evidences for youth in the Solar System; the Art Kitchener, ONT, N2M 5G8 and Science of Baloney Detecting!; and Why the ▲ Creation Science Association of Church must emphasize Creation. The venue, in Quebec Edmonton, is Mill Woods Assembly at 66 CP63, Succ. Youville St. and 23 Avenue, easy to fi nd with lots of Montreal, Quebec, H2P 2V2 parking! evolutionary origins of life, with no role ------▲ Institute for Creation for anything other than the strictly empiri- Mark your calendars now for Fri- Research cal.” The article suggested that NASA was day evening and Saturday all day and 1806 Royal Lane entirely justifi ed to object to someone who evening, October 26 and 27, 2012 in Dallas, TX. 75229 was a “provocateur” and “ a pain”, pro- Edmonton! And plan to bring your moting an unpopular view. But it was not friends. We look forward to beauti- ▲ Creation Research Society the views, but the actions that JPL objected ful images and insightful commen- Van Andel Center 6801 North Highway 89 to, said TIME, and besides all NASA did tary on topics not recently consid- Chino Valley, AZ. was to “downsize” Mr. Coppedge as a re- ered in our Creation Weekends. 86323 - 9186 sult of a reduced role for Cassini. Expect to be impressed! ------Visit us at 2 - Creation Science Dialogue - Spring 2012 www.create.ab.ca Take your pick!

The Big History Book Special Space-Related By Andrew Bain (age 8) Resource It went on and on. I In 1978, Don DeYoung and kept pulling the panels out John Whitcomb, wrote the and there were more. This fi rst edition of their book Our book is cool because it has Created Moon: Earth’s Fascinat- real time lines. It goes from ing Neighbor. Since then however, a lot of new information the creation in 4004 B.C. has accumulated about the moon. Furthermore far more to 2001 when the IPod Good beautiful images of the moon and of other space objects was invented (I’m not talk- Books have become available. Thus the information was up- ing about the IPod Touch I ✔ dated in 2003, and a new deluxe edition, complete with mean the original IPod)! That is a lot of fast change! beautiful photographs, charts and diagrams, was pub- The book tells us about the early people. We follow lished in 2010. Bible history, world events, inventions/technology and civi- The authors present their book as an educational re- lizations/empires. We see what happened all at the same source, written with a focus on issues related to the cre- time. Stonehenge in England was built just after the fl ood. ation of the moon. This work is loaded with information Most history books don’t tell us that. And it is funny to talk and some fairly heavy discussions on issues like the moon’s about, but sort of cool, that the yoyo was invented in 500 origin, the purpose of the moon, the treatment of the B.C. moon in Scripture, distances in space and time, and why Later on the Vikings began raids in Europe, about 800 the moon looks old. Prior to the more philosophical discus- A.D. I love their helmets with the horns. They must have sions however, details are presented concerning the loca- looked scary! We come to Marco Polo and Columbus tion and nature of the moon, its phases and effect on and the age of discovery. Then there were the earth, and a comparison with other moons in some important inventions like the fi rst the solar system. bicycle in 1817 and the fi rst chocolate Youngsters who are space enthusiasts will bar in 1849. We end up with the space no doubt enjoy the diagrams concerning the age and Russian Yuri Gagarin, fi rst man orbit of the moon, its phases, its effect on in space. P.S. I love space. earth’s tides and the Apollo landings on the My Mom says this is just an introduc- moon. However the more theoretical discus- tion to get me interested in history. There sions are more suitable to upper junior high is a downloadable study guide which also age readers. The objective of the book is as a comes in hard copy. I may want to read learning resource. So it can be read or viewed more later but right now I am too busy for pleasure and later used as a learning re- reading all about the ancient people like source. Indeed anyone can use it in this dual the Romans. I really do like the Romans, fashion. After all, as they say, we are all life but this book is still AWESOME! long learners! Master Books 2011. Big Book of His- Don DeYoung and John Whitcomb. tory: fi fteen foot fold-out time-line from Creation to 2010. Our Created Moon: Earth’s Fascinating Modern Computers. Neighbor. Master Books. Hardcover/full co- lour. 93 pages.

Creation Science Dialogue - Spring 2012 - 3 By Margaret Helder

Natural Firewalls in Bacteria ometimes it seems as if information is the most impor- But this particular strain was slightly different. It contained tant commodity in our technological age. Information, a gene for the Shiga toxin, previously known only in Shigella Sof course, can be put to good or bad uses. We would all dysenteriae. agree, no doubt, that computer viruses are a bad use of The next pressing question was how did E. coli 0157:H7 information. In that situation, a small piece of computer become possessed of the Shiga toxin. It so happens that code (information), once it is inside your computer, can take bacteria, even unrelated bacteria, are able to link together over the whole operating system, with disastrous results for by means of thin tubes. Then some genetic material is able your interests. Of course such problems are nothing new. to move from one cell to the next through the tiny tube. The term “virus” comes from natural phenomena that do The process is called “conjugation”. Usually the trans- the very same thing to living cells. Invading information ferred information consists of a small ring of genetic infor- occurs to even the smallest cells, bacteria. In fact, some of mation and this ring is called a “plasmid”. Since 1982 we the bacteria that most threaten our health, are themselves have had to deal with a strain of E. coli which can live in the victims of invasive information from outside unrelated cow intestines without problem, but when it contaminates sources. Consider the case of the infamous Escherischia coli meat which is ground up, or water contaminated by ma- 0157:H7, cause of potentially fatal hamburger disease and nure, some terrible outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis have in some isolated situations, contaminated water. resulted in people. E. coli (short for Escherischia coli), is a normal component The question arises obviously, if bacteria can become of human intestines and dairy intestines. In the invaded by a toxin producing gene, what else could bacte- past, E. coli has not been known to cause disease. There are ria acquire through conjugation? Genes for drug resistance some other similar bacteria which live in the intestines, but spring to mind and not surprisingly, this process is a major which cause nasty diseases, at least some of the time. Salmo- source of antibiotic resistant superbugs (bacteria). nella typhimurium, for example, lives happily in the intestines It appears that some bacteria have long possessed genes of birds and mammals, but should some of these bacteria which confer resistance to antibiotics, even long before the contaminate human food, these microbes can cause food use of these drugs came into common use. Many antibiotics, poisoning in human consumers. Another similar organism, after all, are natural products produced by other microbes. Shigella dysenteriae, causes dysentery. This organism produces It is not surprising then that bacteria can pass on antibiotic a particularly dangerous poison. In our society with close- resistance through the process of conjugation. In hospitals ly enforced standards for cleanliness, we have not had to where some patients are being treated for various infectious worry much about dysentery at least, and most people are diseases, the opportunities for diverse strains of bacteria to pretty careful about the possibility of food poisoning from come into close contact, is high. Thus in 1961 the fi rst su- animal sources. perbug appeared in a hospital in the United States. MRSA Our complacency concerning dysentery however, ended or methicillin resistant Staphlococcus aureus is a much feared with a bang in 1982. In that year, some people in Oregon bacterium which crops up in many hospitals today. In 2002, and Michigan, who had consumed fast-food hamburgers, strains of Staphlococcus resistant to the antibiotic of last re- became very ill with hemorrhagic colitis. Some of them sort (vancomycin) began to appear in hospitals. Apparently died. Scientists soon discovered that the causal agent in un- VRSA had also acquired its resistance through conjugation dercooked hamburgers, was none other than E. coli itself. from a less dangerous pathogen.

4 - Creation Science Dialogue - Spring 2012 Obviously conjugation is a major problem. Bacteria the leader section causes the CRISPR part of the DNA themselves also usually do better when they are not loaded to be copied into the related information bearing molecule down with extra information which they must express. Re- RNA. Then CRISPR associated proteins cut up the long cently scientists have discovered that some bacteria have RNA chain into fragments each of which consists of one been endowed with amazing systems for eliminating invad- palindrome with attached unique spacer. It is as if the bead ing pieces of information in the form of plasmids or phage chain mentioned above, were chopped into two bead sec- (bacteria infecting) viruses. tions consisting of one striped bead with one coloured bead Once scientists were able to fi gure out the order of the attached. So there would be a couplet of striped bead with genetic code in microbes, then they were able to carry out red bead, another couplet of striped bead with a green extensive comparisons between various organisms. Soon bead and so on. Each unique spacer is an exact code replica scientists noticed a curious pattern in a number of these of a part of some foreign DNA that invaded the cell in the bacteria. What they observed were repeating blocks of past. The spacers remind me of children’s adventure stories highly distinctive code with unique brief pieces of code in where a pagan has a string of scalps along his belt to remind between. The pattern is like an arrangement of beads such him of past foreigners vanquish ed. The cell next compares as: striped bead, unique red bead, striped bead, unique each unique spacer with the order of code in an invading blue bead, striped bead, unique yellow bead, striped bead, plasmid or phage DNA. If there is a match, the associated unique green bead etc. proteins then chop up the invading DNA. And behold, the In 1987 the above strange arrangement of coding was invading information has been quickly destroyed! described in E. coli. It featured an arrangement along the The short interspaced pieces of unique DNA provide a DNA molecule of short highly organized pieces of DNA. memory of past invaders into the cell. If there is a match These were stretches of code that read the same in oppo- with the invading plasmid, the plasmid is destroyed. What site directions. For example “Madam, I’m Adam” can be happens however if there is no match? In many cells, the read in opposite directions. This is called a palindrome, invader goes unchallenged and manages to stay. However and these pieces of code observed in the E. coli, were palin- occasionally, a cell will manage to capture a piece of the dromes. Sandwiched between identical palindromes, were DNA of the invader and incorporate it into the CRISPR other pieces of code, each different from the others. These apparatus. After that, none of these invaders will be suc- unique spacers separating the palindromes were brief, for cessful. example from 21 – 72 “letter characters” long. Thus there The other interesting aspect of the CRISPR system was palindrome, spacer A, palindrome, spacer B, palin- is how much variety there is in the system design in dif- drome, spacer C, palindrome, spacer D etc. Scientists have ferent bacteria. It is in the associated proteins that we see named these collections of information CRISPRs, short for the greatest variety, and they direct the operations of the “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats” system. Various bacteria exhibit different combinations of of genetic code. Trust the scientists to come up with such associated proteins so that the apparatus and process for fancy terms! matching invader with memory code may be quite differ- Twenty years would pass before scientists had any good ent, but the end result is the same. ideas as to the signifi cance of these pieces of code. It now What an elegant system! It appears so minimalist and appears that this fancy section of the total bacterial DNA, simple, yet it manages to carry out such sophisticated and provides an amazing system for acquired immunity for the highly precise technical tasks. We see information capture, bacteria. This system enables many bacteria to maintain memory storage, memory retrieval and information match- their genetic integrity from becoming corrupted by invad- ing, with the end result of destruction of unwanted dam- ing genetic elements like plasmids and bacteriophage. aging information. Who designed this system? Who de- So how does the system work? In the bacterial DNA signed the many similar systems in bacteria to produce the molecule, the CRISPR system comes complete with a lead- memory, hardware and operating systems which constitute er sequence at one end, to initiate activation of the system, a fi rewall against hostile invasions of information code? All and a collection of genes for associated proteins at the other praise to the Creator of all things great and small! end. When a piece of foreign DNA invades a bacterial cell,

Dialogue - Spring 2012 - 5 Miracle Birds WoodpeckersDesigned to Peck Wood

Continued from page 1 After hammering a hole into the wood, their prey is ex------cavated by their long sticky barbed tongue. Their tongue They are best known for their strong bills travels in the head under the jaw, around the back of the used for rapid drilling in trees, and their long sticky tongues head and then on top of their brain and is anchored in for extracting food from the holes. Almost every part of the the right nostril. The left nostril remains free for breathing. woodpecker’s anatomy is designed for the sole purpose of Their excavate ability also allows woodpeckers to obtain boring into wood. The bill’s chisel-like tip is kept sharp by tree sap, an important source of food for species such as the the ’s pecking action. It pecks so hard and fast that its sapsuckers (genus Sphyrapicus). head becomes a blur to observers. The long sticky tongues Their pecking behavior is also used to communicate possess bristles that aid in grabbing and extracting with other woodpeckers. Actually, many of the breeding, deep within the holes that they make in trees. signaling and foraging behaviors of woodpeckers involve The impact with the tree causes the head to decelerate drumming and hammering with their very hard and sharp- at a rate fully 1,000 times the force of gravitational accel- ly pointed beak. eration (Walker, 2007, p. 5). In contrast to other birds, the To locate insects they move up, down, and around trees woodpecker’s beak and skull are joined by spongy, elastic listening for the faint sounds of insects. This acute sense of connective tissue designed to function as a highly effective hearing enables them to locate movements, or the shock absorber. The many features designed to protect their hollow sound made by insect boring holes. When a relevant brain from damage caused by the repeated rapid decelera- sound is detected they start to hammer a hole for their prey. tion include a small brain protected by a thick skull, shock- Woodpeckers have short strong legs typical of birds that absorbing muscles at the base of its beak, the orientation of regularly forage on trunks and specialized feet that consist the brain within the skull to maximize the area of contact of four toes. To effectively grasp the tree limbs and trunks between the brain and the skull, and the short duration of the first and the fourth toes face frontward, and the second contact. The “woodpecker’s and third toes face backward, brain is attached so well to producing a gripping force the skull that there is little similar to a pair of ice tongs. residual movement or oscil- They can walk vertically up a lation of the brain just after tree trunk to forage for food the impact and no chance for or nest excavation. When the the tissue connecting the skull bird perches on vertical sur- and brain to tear” (Walker, J. faces its feet work together to 2007. The Flying Circus of Phys- support it, and the stiffened ics. 2nd Edition. New York: Wi- tail acts like a brace to steady ley p. 5). the bird. Male woodpeckers strike the tree as often as 12,000 Their Habitats times a day. About a milli- True woodpeckers, sub- second before contact with family Picinae, live mostly in wood, a tough lid-like mem- wooded areas. They reach brane closes, shielding the eye their greatest diversity in from pieces of wood bouncing off of the tree. When closed, tropical rainforests, but exist in almost all suitable habitats, this membrane also helps to hold their eyeballs in place. including woodlands, savannahs, scrublands, bamboo-for- The membrane “eyelid” acts like a seat belt to keep the ests and even grasslands and deserts. These habitats are of- eye from literally popping out of the head, an impact that ten occupied where a small number of trees exist, or where, would tear the eye’s retina. The slit-like nostrils are covered in the case of desert species like the Gila Woodpecker, tall with special feathers to protect them from flying woodchips. cacti are located for breeding and roosting holes. Many

6 - Creation Science Dialogue - Spring 2012 species remain in the same area year- then bring the food up to feed their round while others travel great dis- young. tances from their breeding habitats to their wintering grounds. Evolution Woodpeckers range from highly The evolution of woodpeckers aggressive antisocial solitary species has long perplexed Darwinists. If the to those that live in groups. Group- woodpecker’s complex pecking ma- living species tend to be communal chine evolved, it had to begin evolv- group breeders. They hammer on ing from some existing structure. everything from utility poles to metal What made the first “woodpecker” roofs to make noise to attract mates (or would be woodpecker) decide to and to warn other woodpeckers to peck wood? It was not necessary for keep out of their territory (Peck, G. him to survive, and millions of other K. 1989 Woodpeckers. Smart Apple birds effectively obtain food simply Media. p. 18). by picking it off of the ground, or by The woodpecker diet consists consuming insects crawling on trees, mainly of insects, grubs, and sap flying in the air, or floating on the sur- taken from living and dead trees, face of water. Pecking wood would along with fruit and nuts. Their ma- be useless until most of the complex jor ecological role includes keeping system described above was perfected trees healthy by preventing mass in- well enough to obtain food by this un- sect infestations. Although noted for usual means. their ability to acquire wood-boring grubs by using their Until its acute hearing evolved, how could the first wood- bills for hammering, the family diet is flexible, and many pecker determine there was food inside a tree? He could species are both highly omnivorous and opportunistic. This not see it, and could not hear it until his highly acute hear- is a problem for Darwinism because woodpeckers do not ing evolved. Until he evolved the shock-absorbing cartilage require their complex pecking machinery to survive. Their between his beak and his head, and his head was thicker most common insect prey, beetles and their grubs, ants, ter- than other birds, and his beak stronger, longer, and sharper, mites, spiders, and even caterpillars, may be obtained by pecking would be lethal. Furthermore, until his tail feathers scavenging, thus no need exists to excavate them from trees had molted in a specific order he could not prop himself up by pecking on wood. to peck, and until his tongue was more than a little short thing inside his beak he could not fetch prey in the holes Mating he pecked. Members of Picidae are typically monogamous, and a pair will work together to build the nest, incubate the eggs, Evidence and raise their young. Woodpeckers excavate their own No fossil evidence exists to support the evolution of nests, which is usually lined by the wood chips produced woodpeckers, and all known , including the oldest so as the hole was made. Many woodpecker species excavate far discovered, are of modern woodpeckers. The earliest one hole per breeding season, which can require about a known modern picids, clearly woodpeckers, are dated by month in living trees. Their abandoned holes are used by evolutionists back to the upper Oligocene (said to be about other birds and mammals called secondary cavity nesters. 25 million years ago) (Cracraft and Morony, 1969. Ameri- Because nesting holes are in great demand by other cavity can Museum Novitates 2400:1-8 Dec. 30). At this time in his- nesters, woodpeckers face competition for the nesting sites tory woodpeckers were already widely distributed in both they excavate from the moment the hole becomes usable. America and Europe. Because the earliest known fossils The red-crowned Woodpecker digs its nest in the underside are all modern woodpeckers, evolutionists hypothesize that of a small branch, which reduces the chance that a larger they must have first evolved long before this, as early as 50 species will take it over. million years ago, but if so where is the evidence? In most species the male does most of the nest excava- The modern woodpecker subfamilies are considered tion and takes the night shift to incubate the eggs and the rather young by comparison. Until the mid- (10- female takes the day shift. A nest usually consists of 2-5 15 million years ago), all picids were small or mid-sized round white eggs. As cavity nesters, their eggs do not need birds similar to a mixture between a piculet and a wryneck. to be camouflaged, and their white color helps the parents A feather found in Dominican Republic amber dated to to see them in dim light. The eggs are incubated for about about 25 million years ago indicates the earliest known 11–14 days before the chicks are hatched and after about woodpeckers, called Nesoctitinae, were already modern 20 to 40 days the young are ready to leave the nest. Until woodpeckers. So the next time you see a woodpecker, or they do, the parents swallow insects that are stored in their hear their distinctive tap tapping on local trees, be sure to food storage sack called a crop located in their throat. They reflect how remarkable and unique this bird family is.

Creation Science Dialogue - Spring 2012 - 7 00 Big Book of History $15. Laura Welch, Ken Ham and Bodie Hodge A fi ve metre fold-out time-line from creation to modern computers. Recommended for ages 7-12, it comes complete with a discussion guide. It is easy to see who the contemporaries were in the sweep of human history - Hardcover/full colour

A person isn’t educated . . . ready to unless he has learned how learn some little he already knows! more ?

Our Created Untold Secrets Moon: Earth’s Fas- of Planet Earth: cinating Neighbor Dire Dragons Don DeYoung and John Whitcomb Metamorphosis Vance Nelson Loaded with images, charts, informa- DVD Illustra Media This deluxe book features ancient art- tion and discussion, the objective of From caterpillars to the amazing details work from around the world. The de- this book is as an educational resource of what happens in the chrysalis, to as- pictions of specifi c dinosaurs in these with focus on issues related to creation tonishing details of the Monarch but- artifacts are signifi cant because they of the moon. While everyone can enjoy terfl y’s migration patterns, this DVD is suggest that the artists were familiar the basic information, the discussion it- certain to provide spectacular new in- with such and were illustrating self will appeal from upper junior high sights into wonderful design for every- what they had observed. to interested adult. one who enjoys beauty and nature. Hardcover Hardcover DVD full colour 00 full colour 00 64 minutes 00 137 pages $30. 93 pages $15. $15.

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