SKETCHES OF PRINTERS AN D PRIN TING

C OLONIAL NEW YORK

13 0 : ;s HILDEB CHARLES R . URN

WITH NUMEROUS IL LUSTRATIONS

NEW YORK D DD MEAD COMPANY O , 1 895

PREFACE

HEN these sketches were under

k n sh tim I ha n ta e a ort e ago, d o idea. that they would appear even in book rm much l ss in the l r fo , e e abo ate setting which the publishers have h m h given t e . I regret t at the brief

ri ll f r h ir c m il n pe od a owed o t e o p atio and the pressure of other business (which prevented more than a couple of hurried visits to New York) should oblige me to let themgo forth a s im perfect in many of their details a s they m h ust be. If t ey should arouse some interest in the New York printers who followed Bradford a nd lead to the col l cti n and r s r ti n th ir r s e o p e e va o of e wo k , I shall at least have aided some one in the future to produce a more exten

r sive wo k.

C . R. H. CONTENTS

CHAPTER I n o : F F n r f th WILLIAM BRAD ORD, the ou de o e Press in the Middl e Colonies

CHAPTER II

THE Z ENGERS (more especially J ohn Peter Z en er and the Li ert of the Press g ), b y

CHAPTER III

THE PA KE and their Numerous Esta R RS, b lishments 34

CHAPTER IV

EN Y DE Pow er and the Minor Presses H R , of the Middl e of the Century : Samuel Brown Willia mWe man Sa muel Farle , y , y, Ben amin Mecom and Samuel Cam ell j , pb vn

A V n J hn An erson oyage to Bosto . o d [1 775]

The Constitution of the State of New-York Samuel Lou on 1 d , 777

A List of the General and Stafi Ofi cers - M n e r in in r mri a . o [ tc.] se v g No th A e c acd al ameron 1 7 d 85 C , 77

’ Mills and Hicks s British and American

Re ister. Mills 85 Hic s 1 780 g k , [ ]

’ A Reply to Sir Henry Clinton s Narrative Sower Morton H mer 1 83 , 85 o , 7

The orna ment on the title-page is a facsimile of one used by WilliamBra dford. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF PRINTERS

mm m mm m wma mo mw m

in bnnmu in N ev York.

WILLIAM BRADFO RD 1 693 — 1 743 JOHN PETER Z ENGER 1 725 1 746 HENR Y DE FOREEST 1 742— 1 754 JAm PARKER 1 743 1 770 ANNA CATHARINE Z ENGER 1 746 1 748 JOHN Z ENGER 1 746 1 751 1 748 1 769 1 752— 1 807 1 759 1 760 JOHN HOLT 1 760— 1 784 JAMEs RIVINGTON 1 760 1 802 1 760 1 762 1 763 1 764

SAMUEL BROWN 1 766 AL EXANDER ROBERTSON 1 769 1 783 JAMES ROBERTSON 1 769 1 783 SAMUEL INSLEE 1 770 1 772 ANTHONY CAR 1 770 1 772 SAMUEL FRANKLIN PARKER 1 770- 1 772 FREDERICK SHOBER 1 772 1 775 ROBERT HODGE 1 772 1 800 JOHN ANDERSON 1 773 - 1 776 SAMUEL LOUDON 1 775 1 792 ALEX ANDER CAMERON 1 777 1 782 DONALD MACDONALD 1 777 - 1 782 NATHANIEL MILLS 1 777 1 783 JOHN HICKS 1 777 - 1 783 WILLIAM LEWIS 1 777 - 1 783 WILLIAM MORTON 1 782 1 789 1 782- 1 786 CHRISTOPHER SOWER 1 782 1 783 ELIZ ABETH HOLT 1 784-1 786 SKETCHES OF PRINTERS AND PRINTING

CHAPTER I

WILLIAM BRADFORD THE FOUNDER OF THE PRESS IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES

HETHER the introduction of printing into New York is more due to the disturbances aroused inPennsyl vania by the ambition of George Keith to succeed George Fox a s leader of the u rs th n to the in l ri us Q ake , a va g o o de sire of Governor Fletcher to parade in print his exploits with the French and n i ns is int not n I d a , a po ow to h m be discussed. T e fact re ains that WilliamBradford removed fromPhila l hi in rch or A ril 1 693 an de p a Ma p , , d es t lish hi s ss in ab ed pre New York. Born in he rish rw ll ic st r t pa of Ba e , Le e e shir on 20 1 663 huml lk e, May , , of b e fo the st lish hurch he first of E ab ed C , came into notice a s the apprentice of An dr wl the rinci l n n ew So e, p pa Lo do u r u lish r his a nd Q ake p b e of day, a ’ l hi r r li i n A prose yte to s maste s e g o . t the expiration of his time he married ’ hi s m st r s u ht r li th and in a e da g e , E zabe , 1 mi r hil l hi r 685 e g ated to P ade p a . He e a series of troubles with ecclesiastical

’ and civil authorities culminated in his im ri nm nt in 1 692 ll w his p so e , fo o ed by r l s l t h r in 1 692— 93 and e ea e by F e c e , hi s migration to New York to become r h Kin Printe to t e g. His first publication wa s probably

‘ “ ’ a pamphlet entitled New England s Spirit of Persecution Transmitted To ” Penn silvania issu ith ut rint , ed w o a p ’ er s n m or l The r i a e p ace. b oads de “ r cl mti n un 8 1 693 ho P o a a o of J e , , w r rs hi s im rint a nd ha s usu ll eve , bea p , a y n m he fir i u hi r bee dee ed t st ss e of s p ess. 2

During theyear heprinted several other ” r i s t l u s the b oads de , a Ca a og e of Fee , first printed protest against keeping ” sl an l it ti n l tch r aves, exp o a o of F e e called A Journal of the Late Actions ” ’ the r nch and s s Almn c of F e , Leed a a 4 All h for 1 69 . t ese were merely pam hl Th fir in p ets. e st book printed New ’ “ ” rk wa s ith s ruth A nc Yo Ke T dva ed, i u rl in 1 94 ll ss ed ea y 6 . This wa s fo owed during the year by that volume now “ so r ci us The s Act the p e o , Law s of General Assembly for Their Maj esties r in Ne - rk As th r P ov ce of w Yo , ey we e

n in i rs s i ns the fir t . E acted d ve Se s o , s of hi h an A ril the 9th Anno w c beg p , , q ; mini 1 691 At Ne - rk rint Do , . w Yo , P ed a nd l illi m r r rint r So d by W a B adfo d, P e to th ir sti s in illi m e Maje e , K g W a n ar In 1 695 and 1 696 Quee M y, hi s known publications were mainly of an ffici l ch r ct r r s r des o a a a e , Le T e o ” n l ti ns ivin s e umin s Co so a o D e t H a e , a li l k in r nch rinte in fulfil tt e boo F e , p d mans

ivinescc umaines D H ,

O u Traite dansle quel 1c Chretien peuc apprendge a vaincre cc a furmo ntcr les

Affliftnons ct les Miferes decette vie.

’ ’ Si qucl qu vn vent venir mov qu il eno o 1 r nce a f v meme, charge (8 ’ croix ct u ll me fnive ( I 6 . , q , I

- or he G uilla ume Bra d ord 3 ANew Y k, C : f , 1

nfei ne d la Bible 6 6 . E g e , 1 9

Exa ct size of original . Mr Pintard in ment of a vow of a . , be g the principal exception; and in 1 697 he issued a tract called New-England Pesecutors [ sic] Mauled With their ” o n e ns which c us stir in w W apo , a ed a s chu tts and new lmn c Ma sa se , a a a a by n k r n m l a Manhatta inn eepe a ed C ap, an imperfect copy of which sold for $420 at the sale of the third part of h nl i r r t e Bri ey L b a y. Among hi s publications in 1 698 were A Letter FromA Gentleman of the ” it Ne - r one the h l C y of w Yo k, of a f dozen known copies of which brought $320 at the Barlow sale ; Proposi ” i ns m the i ti ns the t o ade by F ve Na o , Brinley copy of whi ch sold for $41 0 ; “ and A New Primmer or Methodical ir c i n to t in he ru llin D e t o at a t T e Spe g, ” din and ritin n lish Rea g W g of E g , by r ncis ani l st rius rmn F a D e Pa o , of Ge a t wn whi ch nch st r n l n o , of Ma e e , E g a d, boasts the possessionof the onlyknown c and which ma h su st opy, y ave gge ed 6 to Bra dford the compila tion of his own

” ui the first diti n which a G de, e o of p u his ri pea red abo t t pe od. ’ From1 699 to 1 71 0 Bradford s press wa s busy ma inly with public doc u ments a nd the strea mof controversial pamphlets issued by Keith and his ad “ ” herents. A a ncl an irds C ge of U e B , ” The irit ilin himi The Sp of Ra g S e , ” m and The st r Bo b, My e y of Fox Craft are some of the tracts hurled h r Th against t e Qu ake s. e more im portant works issued within this de cade were the Tryal of Nicholas ’ rd in 1 702 Makemi s r Baya , , e Na ra ” ti in 1 707 in whi ch r ve, ( yea he also printed wha t is now the earliest ex t nt iti n he s r r a ed o of t Law , O de s ” rdin nc s the it New r O a e of C y of Yo k, a nd the first issu e of the Charter ’ of the City Of Albany Falckner s Grondlycke Onderricht van Sekere Voorname stuc n der r n Hoofd ke , Wa e ,

Loutern Sali ma kenden hrist , g , C e l ck n re rondet O den y e Lee , Geg p Grondt van de Apo stelen en Prophe ten r sus hristus ck , dae Je C de Hoe ” n rin in 1 708 wa s the first Stee , p ted , book printed in Dutch on thi s side of

the A ntic so far a s is no n wn. tla , w k o The r 1 71 0 sa w issu i s yea ed, bes de a new compilation of the Province ” ws the first the t o issu s h La , of w e of t e only edition of the Book of Common r rin Am hi r Praye p ted in erica. T s wo k was undertaken at the instance of the s rini hur h who i 1 704 ve try of T ty C c , n voted a loan without interest of thirty or forty pounds to Bradford to enable hi urch s he n r r mto p a e t ecessa y pape . Fromthis it may be assumed tha t the diti n as l r one but the firs e o w a a ge , of t issue only one perfect and one imper fect c are kn wn to ist h r opy o ex , t e latte h in n r r av g bee the p ope ty of Mr. George rinl at the s l h li r B ey, a e of w ose b ary i li I t rea zed $350. t is a small quarto m - a Co m o n Pr yer,

And Adminiftmion of the C M E S A R A N T S.

And Other

Ritesand Ceremonies. of the Church.

According to the Ufe of the

can}: of Englauh.

T ogether with the

P S A L T E R,

Pointed as the are to be Sung or Said in

C U R C H E S.

7 - G inches. Type page of original title is 44 inches by ig

in h th rs famous revolt aga st t e Ma e , ” h rch u r l s use T e Chu es Q a re E po d, u In 1 71 4 r wa s also iss ed here . B ad ’ ford printed Governor Hunter s drama ” ’ ll or s and Keach s ca ed Androb o , “ ” War h he vil th n ul r wit t De , a e pop a m Th l r i mll uo cim poe . e atte s a s a d de o volume whose chief interest now lies in the doggerel recommenda tory verses prefixed to it by the printer and hi s

wif . the rmr but sin l c e Of fo e , a g e opy can n w l th t in the li rar o be ocated, a b y h k nshir nc the of t e Du e of Devo e, o e property of John Philip Kemble ; other copy wa s sold at auction in dinbur h ut 1 860 but its wh r E g abo , e e i n n abouts s ow unk own. The principal book issued by Brad ford in 1 71 5 wa s the Ne Orhoengene neoni Yogara skha gh Yondereanayen da hk a mmnl n a the g w , co o y k own s h w r r smll uart Mo a k P aye Book, a a q o lum in r stin r m lin uistic vo e, te e g f o a g point of view a nd a s one of the earliest 1 2 efiorts of the English to supply the aborigines of New York with printed ’ i in r relig ous struction. Geo ge Petyt s ” Parliamentaria and mr s Lex , Re a k ” u n Mr l s fl cti ns the first po . Ga e Re e o , u li n the R v h n i p b catio of e . Jonat a D ck ins n s mtim r si nt the Col o , o e e P e de of l New rs a re in 1 71 6 . ege of Je ey, appe d Almn s u ic cum nts New a ac , p bl do e of r and New rs to which r Yo k Je ey, p ov ’ ince Bradford ha d been King s Printer in 1 703 and few r li i u s ce , a e g o s tract s are all that are known to have been rinte in Ne r until 1 724 h n p d w Yo k , w e ’ there appeared Governor Burnet s ” s on cri tur - r h c r Es ay S p e P op e y, B ad ’ ’ r t r hic l che d oeuvre and fo d s ypog ap a f , ’ “ Colden s Papers relating to the ” ndi n Tr c nta inin h firs ma I a ade, o g t e t p n r in New r c hich e g aved Yo k, a opy of w sold for $685 a t the second Brinley In h r sale. t e following year B adford seems to ha ve formed a partnership with his former apprentice Z enger ; but 1 3 the single book issu ed with their joint ’ mrint Frilin huisen s la t Van i p , g K g e Eenige Leeden der Nederduytse Her v rmde rk Woonende r o Ke , op Ra e ” ta ns sh s it wa s sh rt ur ti n. , ow of o d a o But the event of 1 725 wa s the publi c ti n on r 1 6 the first num a o , Octobe , of ” ber he rk t he of t New Yo Gazet e, t fir in r st newspaper printed New Yo k. Until 1 729 the paper wa s usuallyprinted on sin l l lth u h i cc i n ll a g e eaf, a o g t o as o a y c nt in ur r m h o a ed fo pages. F o t at time it wa s n r ll ur s but s me ge e a y fo page , o im t s two thr or Six . It wa s at all e , ee, tims ill rint c nt in but n e p ed, o a ed sca ty n ws and r is m ts m im e , of adve t e en so et es none and rarely more than five in an i It i o i ssue. s t be wondered how t dragged on its wretched existence for n r r fil i ninetee yea s. No pe fect e of t exists ; the earliest number I have

s n is NO. 1 8 ru r 28 to arch ee , Feb a y M — 7 1 725 26 n the la s NO. 990 , , a d te t , Oc

t r 29 1 744 . urin its la st r it obe , D g yea 1 4 r a n nr Foreest and wa s fo d d He y De , ’ the former s last connection with the

ir h . 9 3 n press. It exp ed wit No 9 o No vember 1 9 1 744 and wa s succ , , eeded, n a s ha s n r ll e n ss rt ot, ge e a y b e a e ed, by ’ “ ” r r s e r t but Pa ke N w Yo k Gaze te, by ’ De Foreest s New York Evening ” Post . In 1 726 Bradford issued the last of those biblio graphical puzzles which he “ c ll The ws h ir Her or His a ed La of T e , ! ] Maj esties [sic] Province [ or Colony] of ” - rk the r vi us issu s New Yo , p e o e of hich had n ut rth in 1 694 w bee p fo , 1 71 0 1 71 3 1 1 and 1 71 which , , 7 6 , 9 , of it can be said that no two copies of the same da te are ever exactly alike ter 72 In his l ff rt af page . ast e o to print a collection of the la ws he evi dently modeled his book on the edi tion printed in London in 1 71 9 by order of the Lords Commi ssioners of Tr an la nt ti ns bu i h ade d P a o , t even w t 15 this handsome book before himhe managed to make enough errors of one kind or another to create two vari eties this diti n and hi s su s u n of e o , b eq e t annual additions and an attempt to continue the collection to 1 736 ha ve converted this work into almost a s r mu dl a s i s r r g eat a d e t p edecesso s. ’ Bradford s press produ ced in 1 727 the first historical work pri nted in New ’ r l n s ist h i Yo k, Co de H ory of t e F ve In i n ti ns u cim lum d a Na o , a d ode o vo e l ss th n 1 50 s whi h the of e a page , of c same copy ha s sold at the Menz ies s l for 21 0 a t the rinl l f r a e $ , B ey sa e o 320 and at he I l f r 42 $ , t ves sa e o $ 5 . ’ Of Bradford s publications after 1 727 not mu h n i Th c eed be sa d . e most im rt nt hi st ric ll w r h is u po a , o a y, e e t ose s ed on the Government side of the Zenger c s a nd the li a e, pub c documents issued him a s rin vin by p ter to the Pro ce. The rest were mainly sermons and al ” ma na cs to the English ephemerides 1 6 n in 1 738 or rli r of Birkett a d Leeds, ea e , n n in utch which he added a alma ac D , was continued by De Foreest. Bradford maintained throughout hi s long life a reputation for probity and ability which brought himboth bu si ffi A mitt fr man ness and O ce. d ed a ee N w r in 1 695 he cam ves of e Yo k , be e a r m n rinit hurch in 1 703 and t y a of T y C , in 1 71 1 Clerk of the New Jersey As m l wa s ri n r o the Pro se b y . He p te t inc w r fr m1 693 to 1 742 v e of Ne Yo k o , and for those fifty years all the public documentsof the provincewere printed at his r ss c t urin 1 737 a nd p e , ex ep d g 1 738 wh n the Ass m l in s sm , e e b y, a pa of r u lic ni sm its w r to n r. ep b a , gave o k Ze ge He wa s also printer to the Province of New rs r m1 703 to 1 733 with Je ey f o , a ri interru ti n b Keimer in 1 725 b ef p o y , and uncti n with his son Andr w a j o e , of

hila l hi in 1 733 . His first wif P de p a, e di in 1 731 and m tim t r r s ed , so e e af e wa d he mrri wi rn li mith a ed a dow, Co e a S , 3 1 7 with whose rela tives he ultimately be came involved in disputes resulting in s ri us s A i ht e o pecuniary losse . t e g y years of age he retired entirely from usin ss and s nt the clinin rs b e , pe de g yea Of hi li i h his son illi m a t s fe w t W a , h s h s h di n he 23d w o e ou e e ed o t of May,

1 752 in the nin ti th his . , e e yearof age

1 8

in 1 7 h r m l the Germany 69 . T e e ova of mil t k l u 1 71 0 and in fa y oo p ace abo t , that year Zenger wa s bound an ap n i il r On he pre t ce to W liamBradfo d. t expiration of his time Zenger went for whil to r l n wh r rha s a e Ma y a d, e e, pe p , h mrr hi fir i e a ied s st w fe. In 1 722 he wa s again a resident ‘Of New rk a s the r r hi s s c n Yo , eco d of e o d marri age a t the Dutch Church shows He no doubt found employ mnt h hi rmr m st r wh s e wit s fo e a e , o e partner he became for a bri ef period in 1 72 Th nl n r r 5 . e o y know wo k bea ing the imprint of thi s firmha s been lr mn i n 1 723 he wa s a eady e t o ed. In mitt r m h cit and ad ed a f ee an of t e y, in 1 726 he established the second rintin - hi s p g Office in New York. Of u lic ti ns wn to 1 733 m stl ser p b a o do , o y m ns in n li h r h littl n o E g s o Dutc , e eed “ be s i . A h n ur a d C arge to the Gra d J y, rint himin 1 727 is int r stin p ed by , e e g ’ fromChief Justice Morris s allu sion to 20 witchcr t whi ch he h we are af , , oped, ” so far West a s to know only in name ; and the two tracts printed for Alex n r m ll in 1 732 and 1 733 are a de Ca pbe , , l h ri l lu of loca isto ca va e. In the last-mentioned year Z enger began the publication of the second r i su in r I newspape s ed New Yo k. t wa s undertaken at the instance of and supported by a faction opposed to the th n l Am n h m e Roya Governor. o g t e were some of the ablest men in New r th ir and the ldn ss Yo k of e day, bo e and bitterness of their attacks on Cosby soon attracted attention all over America a nd brou ght down on the printer the vengeance of the Gov

ernor. On m r 2 1 734 s Nove be , , Co by issued an order directing certain is ’ sues of Zenger s paper to be seized and publicly burnt by the hands of the c mm n h n mn and on the 1 7 h o o a g a , t of the same month Zenger wa s arrested r r h rmil a by o de of t e Co c . He w s 21 char with s iti us li l u n an ged ed o be , po information brou ght by the attorney n r l r the u r m urt the ge e a befo e S p e e Co , r n ur h l g a d j y aving fai ed to indict him. The court ha d been recently changed ’ to agree with Cosby s views by the arbitrary removal of the former chief ustic wis M rris t rw r s j e , Le o , af e a d gov ernor of New Jersey a nd father of the signer of the Declaration of Inde ’ ndence the m n m n r pe of sa e a e . Ze ge s c uns l m Al n r and illi m o e , Ja es exa de W a mith he le din S irits the O S , t a g p of ppo siti u to s li for writ o Co by, app ed a of habca s cor us but the c urt fix il p , o ed ba a t such an amount a s Zenger could not urni h Al n r a n mith th f s . exa de d S en filed exceptions to the constitution of the court a nd were immediately dis rr hi u stic nc sa ba ed, C ef J e De La ey y “ in You h r u ht it to th t int g, ave b o g a po that either we mu st go fromthe bench r fr m he bar In l c the o you o t . p a e of eminent pleaders who ha d undertaken 22 hi s defence Zenger ha d only to depend in the r on counsel appo ted by cou t . The series of unprecedented acts be grnnmg with the arbitrary removal of hi ustic rri s and culmin tin C ef J e Mo , a g with the disbarment of two of the most min nt New r l rs the tim e e Yo k awye of e , a n in ns l r i mn aroused te e popu a exc te e t . h r ic s An r w milt n for T e se v e of d e Ha o , merly attorney general of Pennsylva nia a nd th n lth u h wa s com , e , a o g age pelling him to withdraw fromactive r tic the m st istin ui sh mem p ac e, o d g ed ber the hil a l hi bar a nd r of P de p a , p oba bly the only American lawyer ever a d ’ mitted a bencher of Grey s Inn per ” ’ r w r nlist in n r s c s favo , e e e ed Ze ge a e , r a he irl t rm it r the o , s fa y e ed befo e ” h Am n li r ur t e c us ric t . j y, a e of e a be y A mittin the u lic ti n milt n d g p b a o , Ha o in l l i s ruth a nd . con bo dly p eaded t t , tra diction of the legal doctrine of the “ tim the r t r the truth he r t r e, g ea e t g ea e ” h li l he insist on the ri ht t e be , ed g of 23 the jury to determine both the law and cts a nd in s it the directi n fa , p e of o of h urt o c n ict n r the ur t e co t o v Ze ge , j y ” r u ht himin not uilt and t r b o g g y, af e a n imprisonment of thirty-five weeks h a r e w s f ee. The verdict wa s received with a burst of applause by the spectators hi h ni h h Th w c asto s ed t e court . e bench threatened to commit some of the leaders of the demonstration for c nt m t wh n son-in-la w he o e p , e a of t deposed Chief-Justice Morri s boldly answered tha applause wa s common in stminst r ll and wa s l u st We e Ha , o de ” on the c uitt l the s n ish s a q a of eve b op , a significant allusion which brought further plaudits fromthe audience a nd no r s ns fr mthe u e po e o j dges. Hamil ton wa s escorted in tHM ph by the populace to a public dinner hastily pre pared in his honor ; on hi s departure next day for Philadelphia he wa s given s lut ith c nn n and wa s subse a a e w a o , 24 quently presented with the freedomof the city inclosed in a suitably inscribed gold box which is still preserved by n Th m the his desce dants. e outco e of prosecution of Zenger marks the foot of humanity advanced a rung higher on the l r uni rs l fr m to adde of ve a eedo , which the whole body has not even in yet atta ed. A brief narrative of the case and r l hn t r n r rint r t ya of Jo Pe e Ze ge , P e of ’ he r l urn l t New Yo k Week y Jo a , printed a s a folio pamphlet by Zenger in 1 736 c m the m st m us ub , be a e o fa o p lication issued in America before the ’ rmr t i i i n r Fa e s Le ters. F ve ed t o s we e rint in n n and one in st n p ed Lo do , Bo o in 1 738 ; numerous others have ap eared inc and it h l s r c ni p s e, o d a e og zed place in both English and American ri ls Th un l State t a . e acco t of the tria wa s probably prepared by James Al ex n r who w s l l he a de , a a so doubt ess t author of the series of papers which 4 26 appeared in the Pennsylvania Ga ” tt in 1 737 r the si n tur X ze e , ove g a e of , ’ in reply to Blenman s Remarks on ’ ” n r r Ze ge s T yal. Some benefit a s well a s fame a c n r In 1 737 h crued to Ze ge . t e New r Ass m l m himits rint r Yo k e b y ade p e , and in the following year the legisla N r i h m ture of ew Je sey d d t e sa e . Both ofi ces w r s n l st h w r win e e oo o , o eve , o g to his being an indifferent printer and very ignorant of the English language ; at l st h m s mits the l tt r but ea , T o a ad a e , “ says he was a good workman and a r Hi u li ti ns un n l schola . s p b ca o ab da t y prove the incorrectness of the fir st a s s rti n and of the s c n h un e o , e o d I ave fo d n The h n i no evide ce . a dsomest spec ’ men of Zenger s press which I have seen is the edition (in small folio) of the Charter of the City of New York rin himin 1 A p ted by 735. copy of this volume wa s sold at the second rinl s l for 1 40 and r s l at the B ey a e $ , e o d 26

f r 2 Amn h Ives sale o $ 30. o g t e impor tant publications issued by Zenger “ abo ut the same time were A Vindi cation of James Al exander and ” illi m mith and The m of W a S , Co plaint of James Al exander and Wil liamSmith to the General Assem ” bl th li am hl c i y, bo fo o p p ets of ex ess ve r rit and r t hi st ric l im r n a y g ea o a po ta ce, but which li no li r r of , I be eve, b a y in N r ew Yo k possesses a copy. Zenger continu ed his newspaper until his h and t r th t nt deat , af e a eve it was carried on by hi s widow and l his l n Hi h r ater by e dest so . s ot e pub lica tions so far a s n w th mw r , I k o of e , e e m stl r li i us n tur and are o y of a e g o a e, now of but little interest except a s s cimns his re Mr illi m pe e of p ss. . W a Kelby tells me that Zenger died in New r i on th 28th ul Yo k C ty, e of J y, 1 746 in the 49th r his l , yea of age, eav ” in i ix r g a w dow and s child en.

28 OHN Z ENGER hn ter Z en , Jo Pe ’ r s nl chil hi s first wi a s ge o y d by fe, w rn u 1 71 l h r bo abo t 9 . He earned t e a t ” ’ and mystery of printing in his father s A 41 h m office . bout 1 7 e arried Anneke L nssen and su se c ntinu to y , I ppo o ed i hi rl in 1 74 hi ass st s father. Ea y 6 s

n m n r un. o rs a s . a e appea J Ze ge , J , n a “ mhl ri fi h enkin c ll A pa p et by G f t J , a ed Brief Vindication of the Purchassors Against the Propritors [ sic] inA Chris ” ‘ tia n n r I is r r lit l tr Ma ne . t a a e t e act relating to the title of lands around N w r c which s l for e a k, a opy of o d 205 at h c rinl s l and $ t e se ond B ey a e, hi h bu hr h rs of w c I know of t t ee ot e . In 1 749 he became the publisher of ” The Weekly New -York Journ al and ’ Hutchins Almanac (then called ’ N th n s hich ha d n u lish a a ) , w bee p b ed by his stepmother . These he con tinu d ill hi th hi ch ccurr e t s dea , w o ed s m tim r ul 1 751 wh n his o e e befo e J y, , e l u i n press and type were so d by a ct o . so Brief V I N D I C A T I O N

T H E PurchaiIors

A ainfi the P R O PR I T O R S g ,

AC hriltianManner.

N E W T O R. K. - Printed B en er u . t 6. , y Z g , j n 745

- h Type pa ge of original title is inches by inc es. I have met with no other publication8

NNA CATHAR INE Z ENGER was n ti rmn and c m a a ve of Ge a y, be a e the second wife of John Peter Zenger

a t New rk Au ust 24 1 722. Her Yo , g , a i n h Z n m de name was Maul. S e bore e er s ral children wh s tisms g eve , o e bap a re r c r e a s is her m rri a t the e o d d, a age , ” - utch hurch in New r it . D C , Yo k C y On the death of her husband she con tinn his usin ss c rr in on the ed b e , a y g ” New -York Weekly Journal until c m r 1 748 wh n She resi n i De e be , , e g ed t a s well a s the business to her stepson hn n r h Jo Ze ge . S e published the first issue of John Nathan ’ ” at first c ll th n s but r a ed Na a , afte ’ ” 1 751 utchins New r Al mn c , H Yo k a a , “ in 1 746 and in he ll in , t fo ow g year An ’ An swer to the Council of Proprietor 8 two Publications [of East New Jer 31 ma na c

F O R

The Year o f C ht ifiian Acco unt , I

- Being the fit fl after LEAP YEAR .

Wherein is Conta ined . he Lunattons Ec li fcs and ud menrof the , p , j g ' Weather Plan t n , e s Mot io s. a nd M ulual M peéla a nd ' T ime o f Sun and n r nd f tt i n t r Moo s i fing a e g. he ising f ut hin and fi t v n t a f o g t ing o f t he Se e S n . a nd a wn! o ther rema rk ble Sta r e t b o f a a a s . l n Day , Fa irs C ou rt s v , , Obfer able y e.

’ Fttted to t he Vertex of t he City of Part]; Amb i n Nm but ma y withou t fentible Er ror fe n f r v e e t he adjacent Pro v inces fro mNewfoundland t So t r u h Ca olina .

B OHN NATHAN Philomath. y J ,

N 8 tr v 0 a Ie ~ no ted and So ld t he Wid w h n n er at t by o Ca t a ri e Z e g , f Print ln Ofllee . in Stone St eet .

Exact size of original . r sey] a folio pamphlet of grea t arity . Th ma s sa s ut 1 750 she live a t o y , abo d ld n ill nea r rma nus Rut Go e H , He wh he l m hl t etc rs re S a s . ge , e so d p p e , CHAP TER IH

THE PARKERS AND THEIR NUMEROUS ESTABLISHMENTS

AMES PARKER wa sborn a tWood ri in i dl s unt New b dge, M d e ex Co y, 1 4 h m rs in 1 7 . His t r u l Je ey, fa e , Sa e r r wa s son lish r r who Pa ke , a of E aPa ke , removed to Woodbridge from Staten sl n a s rl a s 1 675 a nd wa s man I a d ea y , a of some means a nd local prominence in In 1 725 r r his day. James Pa ke wa s apprenticed to William Bradford in New r hi r n i Yo k. Of s app e t ceship I only know that he showed his dissa tis faction by running away fromhi s ma s “ ter who rtis in the New r , adve ed Yo k Gazette a small reward for his ca p 34

New r z tt r r ch n Yo k Ga e e, Pa ke a ged the name of his paper to The New York Gazette revived in the Weekly ” -B In 1 53 hi i l a Post oy . 7 t s t t e w s sli htl m difi and fr mth t t g y o ed, o a da e until 1 759 bore the imprint of Par ker m n r 1 5 1 Wey a . F om 7 7 to 760 r r r an im r ssi n in re eve y pape bo e p e o d, the stamp prescribed under the pro vincial a ct of 1 756 the first Ameri can stam a ct c m li ith with p , o p ed w out demur and forgotten in conse uenc The num r for ru r 5 q e. be Feb a y , 1 759 rs the im rint m s Par , bea p of Ja e ker ; while that of February 1 2 ha s the name of hi s nephew Samuel Par ker a s u lish r to wh mthe l r p b e , o e de Parker ha d turned over hi s business in Ne r m r w Yo k. Sa uel Pa ker contin ued to u lish the r r u ntl p b pape , f eq e y with ut hi s n m till Au u 31 o a e, g st , 1 760 wh n it ar c n inu usl , e appe ed o t o y until 6 1 762 wi h the nam May , , t e of m r r h i s o . n lt n Ja e Pa ke C , Jo Ho be g 36 he unmn i ne r n r h firm t e t o d pa t e of t e . Fromthe last-mentioned date until Oc t r 9 1 766 lt a rs to ha v obe , , Ho appe e ha d the entire management of The ” a z tte. n ct r 23 1 766 rk r G e O O obe , , Pa e resumed control and carried on the

r until ul 2 1 770. h n for pape J y , T e a month the paper appeared without a ’ ublish r s n m but fr mAu ust 1 7 p e a e, o g , 1 770 to ru r 1 1 773 or l t r the , Feb a y , , a e , names of Samuel Inslee and Anthony Car r Th r appea ed a s printers. e pape seems to have been su spended before un 27 1 7 h n m r r 7 w u l . J e , 3, e Sa e F Pa ke and John Anderson announced their intention of publi shing it in August n h m th f r ext . T o as says ey did so o a ri ri bu h no n l b ef pe od, t I ave t bee ab e hi m to substantiate t s state ent. ’ Parker s fir st work wa s Enchiri ” diumPol chr estum ri t l rint y , p va e y p ed f r the uth r who cc r in to hi s o a o , , a o d g - la t wa s rt llist n nt book p e, Robe E o Ge Comptrol of his Maj esties [sic] Cus 37 ” r in Am ric Th toms of New Yo k e a. e titl - i 1 740 the dic ti n e page s dated , de a o i mn m r 1 1 41 V gil. O . Sanct . [Nove be ] 7 but the typography is neither Bra d ’ ’ ’ r s nor n r and is rk r s fo d Ze ge s, Pa e ; ’ besides which the printer s flowers used throughout it all appear in works fromno other Ameri can pri nting-office ’ h n he l r Th r i h hl t a t atte s. e wo k s ig y m stic l and the u h r r l in y a , a t o p obab y sisted on preserving in print the dates he ha d ffi hi mn cri t th u h a xed to s a us p , o g he n rin un il 1 742 t book wa s ot p ted t . In 1 743 r r u li h si s Pa ke p b s ed, be de lmn cs u lic cumnts and hi a a a , p b do e , s n ws rs nl c u l s rm ns e pape , o y a o p e of e o ’ and a n edition of Shepherd s Sincere Co nve but in the following year he pri nted an account of a memorable and bloody event in New York hi story in a h n s m u rt lum clumsil en a d o e q a o vo e, y “ titled A Journal of the Proceedings in ” he t cti n the ns ir c T De e o of Co p a y, n so on for n rl s li a d ea y a o d page, 38 which ha s come to be known as Hors ’ ma n r l Th den s Neg o P ot. e Rice copy of this important book was bought by ley sale it wa s sold to Brayton Ives for ’ $330 ; and a t the sale of Ives s books it

rou ht 280. The a rl w c ith b g $ B o opy, w ha l -titl usu ll w ntin s l f r a f e a y a g, o d o 1 0 In he r r $3 . t same yea Pa ker paid the first tribute in New York to liter ’ ary culture by reprinting Richardson s ” ml and he ll w this in 1 745 Pa e a, fo o ed ’ with New York s first contribution to ’ Science in Colden s Explication of the ” Acti n in tt r f r First Causes of o Ma e , o a copy of which a s long ago a s the second Bri nley sale somebody paid One of the public documents printed by him in 1 746 wa s a folio “ hl t A r t with the Six pamp e , T ea y Na tions held at Al bany in August and September of which but one k In 1 47 h perfect copy is nown. 7 e with numr us th r s printed, e o o e book 40 O R, A N

I N D E AV O U R I N G

the DUT Y and POWER O F T H E V E S T R Y M E N O F T H E

t - Couny c F N E W r o u t.

C O L L E C T E D

’ ’ diverle Aft: cf Afietnbly of the C oimy of ‘ ew-Y u and m t (a N o , Cuito s ot he id City a

l n r s a s e s a s s o

‘ r may he eafter be ehofento thefaidOfice, fo r their U SB.

Publiflted by Order of the Corpou tion

N E W r O R K rker at by 17m : Pa , ~ in Beaver 8treet, t 747

Exa ct size of original . “ a nd m hl ts A ill in the h n pa p e , B C a c r New- rs at the suit hn e y of Je ey, of Jo ” rl t ir and th rs inst Ea of S a , o e , aga the clinker-lot-right-men of Elizabeth Town ; a smart satire on the Vestry Ne r c ll ui to Ves of w Yo k, a ed a G de ” tr men whi ch w ll s r s r rin y , e de e ve ep t ’ in a nd illi m i in st n s l w r g W a L v g o (a y e , m u a nd rn r New er de agog e, gove o of J sey) first publication in the Shape of a poetical efi usion on Philosophic ” litu . In 1 748 1 749 and 1 750 So de , , , besides hi s government and news r r n thin r of n t pape wo k, o g appea ed o e he c urs rint lot s rmns ( , of o e, p ed a of e o ’ and chap-books) except Watt s s Ho ” r L ri hi r in the l se y cae. T s appea ed ast named year a nd is interesting fromthe Ameri can flavor lent it by the verses M h r r fix the Rev. t l s p e ed by a e By e , and the ode addressed to Jonathan lch r rn r New rs and Be e , gove o of Je ey In 1 751 r r is Massachusetts. Pa ke sued The Importance of the Fri endship 42

In 1 751 Parker ha d established the first printing office of any permanency in New Jersey In 1 723 Willia m Bradford moved one of his presses to rth Am in 1 728 mu l Pe boy, and Sa e Keimer hil l hi sent one , of P ade p a, of his to Burlington ; but these ofiices ex isted but sh r im r r lik a o t t e Pa ke , e r r no w c m rint r to the B adfo d, be a e p e Province of New Jersey a s well as N ew rk a nd retain h mr siti n Yo , ed t e for e po o il h r hi unt his deat . He made ove s Woodbridge office to his son Samuel rk r in 1 765 and r n th r F . Pa e , sta ted a o e rintin -h us a t urlin t n fr m p g o e B g o , o ’ which came Smith s History of New In 1 54 he Of Jersey. 7 he obtained t fice stm st r N n and of po a e of ew Have , st lish rintin -offi th re l e ab ed a p g ce e , eav ing it and the post-ofiice to the care of

hn lt h mm r h r t r. Jo Ho , of w o o e e eaf e Towards the end of 1 753 Parker en tered into a partnership with William mn to wh mhe c nfi the New Wey a , o o ded 44 rk usin ss i in his nal at Yo b e , g v g perso n th ri tentio to e Woodb dge ofiice. The principal publications of Par ’ “ ker Weyma n are Eliot s Essay on Husbandry as ordered in New Eng ” lan 1 753— 54 the first u li ti n d, ; p b ca o

the . illi m mith r ard of Rev W a S , afte w s pro vost of the University of Pennsyl “ ania An on the Ne r 1 753 v , Ode w Yea , ’ “ and the same author s General Idea of ” the ll Mirania ls 1 753 The Co ege of , a o ” h r r th ll Ne rk C a te of e Co ege of w Yo , ’ t rwards in no w lum i 1 754 af e K g s, Co b a, ; ’ Naksko s Articl s ith The w e of Fa , of ” l n li uth ran hur h Ho y Eva ge cal [L e ] C c , 1 754 u rt n rl 450 s , a q a o of ea y page ; ” r s ls to r nt c l in 1 755 P opo a p eve S a p g, , not favorably received by the Indians ; Considerations towards a General Plan of Measures for the English Pro ” inc s 1 756 tr nsla ti n the v e , ; a a o of French Mé moire contenant les Pré cis ” des its which c nt in rench Fa , o a ed a F renderi ng of the journal of Washing 45 ton c ur a r cessit and , apt ed t Fo t Ne y, ’ extracts fromthe ill-fated Bra ddo ck s papers ; and two trea ties with the In di ns one h l r hn n and the a , e d at Fo t Jo so th r a Al n Th n r o e t ba y in 1 757 . e part e shi a s diss l in 1 759 and ar r p w o ved , P ke r cea sed to be printer to New Yo k. He turned over hi s New York ofiice and newspaper to hi s nephew Samuel Par ker but in Au u 1 760 he r c ll , g st, , e a ed Holt fromNew Haven and pla ced him in ch r in r Th n a ge New Yo k. e ews paper a nd the few inconsiderable pub ’ lications issued from Parker s New York ofiice bore the name of James ’ r r . until 1 762 h n lt s Pa ke Co , w e Ho n l n i In ame a o e wa s subst tuted. 1 766 Parker resumed control of the ffic a nd c ntin i un r hi o wn o e, o ued t de s n m till h r i a e hi s deat . F anc s Hop ’ kinson s mu sical arrangement of the English translation of the Psalms for the utch hurch issu in 1 767 and D C , ed , the first book of music printed from 46 e in Am ric is ut the nl vol typ e a, abo o y ’ ume of interest bearing Parker s name ’ r rk r rk during these yea s. Pa e s wo mr n tn ss a nd ccur c was a ked by ea e a a y, and was a great improvement over ’ ’ n r Hi Bra dford s and Ze ge s. s business about 1 757 or 1 758 wa s probably the i its in A most extens ve of kind meri ca. In 1 75 6 he wa s arrested by order of the New York Assembly for publish ” ing in his Gazette some Observa tions on the Circumstances and Con duct of the People in the Counties of ” l t r and r n but wa s isch r U s e O a ge, d a ged a week later upon apologiz ing to the A m l i in the n m h au sse b y, g v g a e of t e th r and in c sts. ha d simi o , pay g o He a lar ri nc in c m r 1 769 expe e e De e be , , on ’ account of a Son of Liberty s address To the Betrayed Inhabitants of New Yor The fact of its having been ’ printed in Parker s New York ofl ce was disclosed to the authorities by one the urn mn m l th of jo ey e e p oyed ere, 47 and he wa s arrested a t his residence in Woodbridge and brought to New York on the charge of printing a sedi li B tious bel. ut a s before he secured his release by giving up the name of h r the aut o . He became secretary and comptroller of the general post -o fi ce for the rth rn istrict and m No e D , a an co ns u nc in his n ti lace of eq e e a ve p , h re a t the tim his h he w e , e of deat , wa s in the l c l tr h r H capta of o a oop of o se. e died while visiting a fri end in Burling n n un 24 1 770 and wa s uried to , o J e , , b ri Th the next day at Woodb dge. e obituary whi ch appeared in the New r the tim c nclu s no York pape of e o de , t c ull he ha s l t ir very gra ef y, ef a fa r on which we h n ith r chara cte , ave e e ” nl r time nor roomto e a ge. The preamble to his will is sufli ciently curious to be worthy of being h The New r reproduced ere . Yo k Board of Health may find in it a new and convenient expla nation of many ’ m ri us c s s a s s ha s n yste o a e , Job bee rather antiquated for some time past . “ h n m mn m s In t e a e of God a e , I Ja e r he it New r Parke of t C y of Yo k, rin r r fl ctin on the unc rtaint P te , e e g e y of this life and being in sound mind and memory blessed be God do make this my la st will a nd testament a s fol l m rimi s s ul an imm rt l ows : I p , My o o a part not so properly my o wn a s an others believing it to be purchased by the Lord Jesus Christ at the inestima ble ri c His own l d u th p e of B oo , I beq ea to Him r l in firml th t for His , e y g y a ’ own name and word s sake He will ful fil His Promise and Right against all the Malice of the evil one who by hi s continual attacks on my poor intellec tuals ha s caused me to be defil ed from the Crown of my Head to the Soles of my Feet so that I a munable to help

o r T HE

I N H A B I T A N T S

WP T HE

T O WN or N E W ARK,

III VIRT UI 0 ?

The INDIAN Puna sa made by the firlt

Settlers N W K in 1 66 of E A R , 7,

ST AT ED A ND C ON SIDERED.

- er Wo o ns k t b c e, in New / , ff q

Pr s inted by S a u c e r F. Pl us e .

T e- a e of ori inal title is 6 inches 3 yp p g g 34 by % inches. over the Woodbridge plant to his son ; but when the elder Parker resumed ‘ control of his New York oflice in 1 766 the son wa s given an interest and placed in charge of the business there . ’ n a t r his th r s th hi s own Soo f e fa e dea , h alth in l he l se the ofiice e be g feeb e, ea d In l ir ilur to to s ee Car. On the fa e succeed he attempted to revive the ” New r tt t kin hn Yo k Gaze e , a g Jo An h ff r rs n a r n r. i s e o t de o s a pa t e T , probably owing to the turbulence of the tims wa s unsucc ss ul a nd he e , e f , r tir r m in e ed f o bus ess. di a t ri c m r He ed Woodb dge, De e be - 6 1 779 thirt thr rs. h , , aged y ee yea I ave met with nothing bearing hi s imprint ” except the New York Gazette and The Claimof the Inhabitants of the wn war in irtu the In To of Ne k, v e of dian Purchase made by the first Set tlers of Newark in printed by himat ri in 1 766 which Woodb dge , of b in l n n ut a s g e copy is k ow . 53 his m hl ha curi h r T pa p et s a ous isto y. m tw nt -five ars s h So e e y ye ago , Jo ep S in the r ct r th t unfini h ab , p oje o of a s ed mnumnt i li r hic l w r o e of b b og ap a o k, “ A Dictionary of Books relating to ” Amrica un the first tw l e , fo d e ve pages i and l th mto Dr r of t so d e . Geo ge H . r l n l Moo e. Near y twe ty years ater an other New York bookseller purchased a tract printed by Fra nkhn Hall which s m to c m l t but ee ed be o p e e, , u n min ti n r to end i h po exa a o , p oved w t a leaf belonging to some other pam hl h i o Mr il t t . r p et. He S owed W be force Eames of the Lenox Library (of which Dr M r wa s th n su rint n nt . oo e e pe e de ) , by whomit wa s recognized a s the miss M ’ m in l Dr r s hl t . Dr g eaf of . oo e pa p e . M r on h rin the disc r oo e, ea g of ove y, urch s the l for tw nt ll rs p a ed eaf e y do a , n c m l h a d o p eted i s copy.

5 1 CHAPTER IV

HENRY DE FOREEST AND THE MINOR PRESSES OF THE MIDDLE OF THE CENTURY AMU B OWN W AM WEYMAN S EL R , ILLI , AMU FA Y B NJ AM N MECOM S EL RLE , E I , AND SAMUEL CAMPBELL

’ Y FOREEST Ne r s ENR DE , w Yo k n ti rint r as rn in first a ve p e , w bo 1 71 2 d tiz at the utch hurch , an bap ed D C

m r 2 th t r. His th r Nove be of a yea fa e , r nt Foreest wa s son Hen Ba e De , a of k Foreest ho a s n dric De , w w a so of Foreest n ti n Isa ac De , a a ve of Leyde who settled in New York about 1 637 He wa s apprenticed to Bradford at an rl a e served hi s tim and wa s ad ea y g , , e, mitted a freeman of New York city ein the SmJ Yesr atlea h a s g ' in the f q c t R orir molt rations

herein It smashed the Lunstions.Belip 8mKiting “ m a mmal At n e of the Planets, andfthee Iaces i th

without e mhbou n all th g ti g

' B Sé mmn. y Roger.

Size of original. m 1 2 24 h N e er 1 734. n h t ov b , O t e of the following month he married Su sannah da u ht r n min ill , g e of Be ja B i illi m and w dow of W a Golding. He remained with Bradford for some ars ft r the ir ti n his tim ye a e exp a o of e, and about 1 742 became a partner in ” the New York Gazette . Towards ’ the end of 1 744 he acquired Bradford s i terest in thi s r and on ct r n pape , O obe 26 of that year changed its name and time of issue to the New York Even ing Po s the first afternoon paper li Am T r pub shed in erica. he pape wa s unusu ll ll rint and irl it a ywe p ed fa yed ed, but wa s not succ ss. It wa s ho w a e , e r c ntinu to 1 752 or l r the l ve , o ed ate , ast number I have met with being March 52 h li t m hl 30 1 7 . T e r s t h , ea e pa p e I ave seen printed by De Foreest is a bitter attack upon the Moravians by Gerar

dus Du ckinck issu in 1 743 . Be y , ed i s hi n ws r the lmn cs cu s de s e pape , a a a s tomarily published by every printer of 8 57 the tim and num r m hl ts e, a be of pa p e , I know of nothing of much conse quence printed by De Foreest until ’ 1 749 h n he i u h rmn s Al , w e ss ed S e a ma nack for the Year of our Lord hrist the first u lic ti n C , p b a o of that cobbler statesman of Connecticut whose fate it wa s to be the only man who signed a ll four of the great docu ments on whi ch our government is Ho l n Foreest con based. w o g De tinued to print I do not know ; he u lish s rmn in utch in ul p b ed a e o D J y, 1 754 and a s r Au ust 1 766 , w dead befo e g , , when his widow sold some of his real st ne hi u h r mrri e ate . O of s da g te s a ed mu l r n wh m Sh ll n t Sa e B ow , o I a ex mn i n e t o .

AMUEL BROWN wa s a bookseller in New r u 1 7 h Yo k abo t 55 . He a d perhaps succeeded to the business of nr Foreest wh s u ht r h He y De , o e da g e e 58 had married. In 1 761 he formed a partnership with James Rivington a s i in t n r wn the rmr man R v g o B o , fo e aging the bookselling business in Phil l h h ade p ia. A branc house was estab lished in t n in 1 762 bu the firm Bos o , t wa s diss l in 1 765 and r n o ved , B ow n - h opened a pri ting oflice of is own. I ha ve seen only two small volumes rin his im rint th hi ch a bea g p , bo of w p

eared in 1 766 . In ru r 1 769 p Feb a y, , the widow De Foreest advertised the s l the rintin r ss s and a e of P g P e , Type other Material formerly belonging to nr Foreest c and l t l He y De , de eased , a e y u i u l n ” occ p ed by Sam e Brow .

ILLIAM WEYMAN wa s a son of

the . rt mn who Rev Robe Wey a , about 1 720 wa s sent by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel to take “ ” charge of episcopal churches at Ox r and n r in nns l ni fo d Rad o Pe y va a, 60 whence he removed in 1 731 to the care ’ St. ar s churc urlin n New of M y h, B gto , rs wh r he di in 1 737 l in Je ey, e e ed , eav g “ a wife and six children in low cir

” ‘ cumstances. illi m mn s s W a Wey a , ay h ms was rn in hila l hi T o a , bo P de p a, and served his apprenticeship there un r illia m r df r the r n s n de W B a o d, g a d o ’ r s first rin r In 1 748 of New Yo k p te . he is said to ha ve printed the second ’ edition of Theodorus Frilinghuysen s Jeugd-oeifening of Verhandeling van Godl ke waarhe en der hristel k de y d , C y r li io van vra en en ant e g , by wyze g ” wo orden tot onder i d r ionke d. , w js e y In 1 753 he became a partner of James P r r wh s N w r o flice and a ke , o e e Yo k newspaper he managed until the dis lu i n f h 1 6 so t o o t e firmin 1 759 . In 75 both partners were arrested for an article published in their paper which gave offence to the Assembly ; both were finally discharged upon a polo giz ’ in an i in h h r n m g d g v g up t e aut o s a e . 61

A t r s r tin fr m r r mn f e epa a g o Pa ke , Wey a Opened a printing-oflice of his own ; in “ ru r 1 759 e n new e Feb a y, , h bega a N w ” r z tt and l t r in h Yo k Ga e e , a e t e year supplanted Parker as printer to the r In h l i P ovince . t e atter capac ty he printed the second volume of Living ’ ston and Smith s revision of the pro vincial l s the cts an aw , a d votes of the Assembly until 1 767 and in 1 765 The Charter of the city of New ” r i h u li Yo k . Bes des t ese p b c docu ments and his newspaper Weyman issued few important publications The Bill of Complaint in the Chan c r New rs r u ht h m e yof Je ey, b o g byT o as Clarke and others against the Proprie t rs s -New— rs rint o of Ea t Je ey, p ed in 1 760 and the nin r ic , Eve g Se v e of ” Ro sha shanah and i ur the fir , K pp , st volumes of Jewish prayers printed in Amric and rh s the first rint e a, pe ap p ed in the n lish l n u issu in 1 761 E g a g age, ed , in the nl im rtant c ti n be g o y po ex ep o s. 63 In 1 764 he undertook the printing of a new edition of the Mohawk Prayer ” but l t it unfini sh a t his Book, ef ed h Hi n r n r r deat . s ewspape wa s eve ve y succ ss ul and wa s fin ll sus n e e f , a y pe d d in c m r 1 767 — not h r De e be , , oweve , be fore the careless printing of the As ’ sembly s address to the Governor had occasioned his appearance at the bar of the Hou se to beg pardon of its of n m di in fe ded ajesty. He ed New York it t r lin rin illn ss on ul C y, af e a ge g e , J y

27 1 768 .

AMUEL FARLEY wa s the son of lix rl u r rin r Fe Fa ey, a Q ake p te of

rist l n l n . s ttl in New B o , E g a d He e ed r in 1 760 and in the ll win Yo k , fo o g year began the publication of a weekly newspaper called The American ” hr ni l In 1 2 hi rin C o c e . 76 s p ting ofiice wa s str fire and he re de oyed by , turn to ri t l and th r u lish ed B s o , e e p b ed 64 l h r ill some tracts by Samue Fot e g . He mi r t to r i wh re afterward e g a ed Geo g a, e i la w at nn h In he pract sed Sava a . 1 774 he wa s chosen one of the com mittee to receive subscriptions for the r inh it nts st n and in poo ab a of Bo o , 1 780 wa s l ct mm r May, , e e ed a e be of i A m n h the Georg a sse bly fromSava na . A h m s sa s h n he di ca n s T o a y , W e ed I ” h un no tr c not say . I ave fo d a e of hima s a New York printer outside of “ ’ i in ” Thomas s H story of Print g.

ENJ AMIN MECOM wa s born in s n u 1 72 the Bo to abo t 8 . He wa s son of Edward Mecom by hi s mar ria e With n un sist r g Ja e, yo gest e of n min r n lin l rn hi s Be ja F a k . He ea ed ‘ tr in hil l hi at he ofiice ade P ade p a, t of his c l r t uncl a nd ut 1 750 e eb a ed e, abo li h him lf in estab s ed se bu siness at St . hn in the isl n An i n Jo a d of t gua . Soo after his arrival there he began The 9 65 i t ” which he c n uct Ant gua Gaze te, o d ed l In 1 766 he r turn for severa years. e ed to Boston and Opened a printing-o flice h r rintin a s hi s first w r in his t e e, p g o k new location an edition of thirty thou “ sand copies of The Psalter for the s ll rs at r t hich i l book e e , a a e w y e ded ’ himless than a journeyman s wages. In 1 758 he began The New England ” z in n wl and l sur Maga eof K o edge P ea e, r but issued only three or four numbe s. One of its departments he called u r ti ns whi ch win to his Q ee No o , , o g own cc n riciti s c m nic n m e e t e , be a e a k a e he rin In 1 h u lish of t p ter. 760 e p b ed ' “ a separate edition of the Wisdomof ” Poor Richard a s collected by Frank lin in the lmn c for 1 75 un r the a a a 8 , de “ ’ ” titl th r A r h m ch e of Fa e b a a s Spee , the first of some four hundred similar u lic ti ns whi ch a s Th p b a o , e Way to ” lth ci nc nh mm Wea , La S e e de Bo o e ” ich r etc. h u R a d, , ave been iss ed down to the r s n im I h p e e t t e . n 1 763 e moved 66

Bearer hereof) has been frequently advised to apply to yo ur Wo rships for a reco mmendation to his Honour the Governor to ra nt us a Li , g cense to sell s irito us Li uors b small Mea sure p q y , at a House where we have now lived almost a

uarter here such Sale ha s n n inu Q , w bee co t ed. We are not fo nd o f the Prospect it afiords far ther tha n as it may co ntribute to support a num ber of young gro wing Children whose Welfa re we wo uld ea rnestly a nd ho nestly endea vor to

secure.

At all the places where he ha d a printing-office he published a few m hl ts n n whi ch are ar pa p e , o e of of p l im r nc Mecom fin ll ticu ar po ta e. a y un l c with illi m r fo d a p a e W a Godda d, the publisher of The Pennsylvania ” hr ni cl and ft r th t r c s C o e , a e a pape ea ed i t in 1 774 wa s m l to ex s , e p oyed by lin n h m s Isaac Collins at Bur gto . T o a says he lived for some time in Salem county ; and finished hi s earthly pil grimage soon after the beginning of l i nar ar The s m the revo ut o y w . a e writer relates frompersonal observa 68 ti m M ’ n i i i on so e of ecoms ecce tr c t es. The la tter came frequently to the office where Thomas wa s ser ving his appren tices i h nds ml r ss and hp, a o e y d e ed, w arin w r wi rums e g a po de ed bob g, e and l s ntl mnli n s g ove , ge e a ke appe dage which printers of that day did not a s sum and hus r ll ul t n e, t appa e ed wo d of e ” “ s i f r an h ur ul in a s st o o . He wo d deed put on a n apron to save hi s clothes fro m l c in a nd u r e his rufl es b a k g, g a d d , but he w r hi s c t his wi his hat o e oa , g, and his l s whil st w r in at the g ove , o k g ” r ss and a t c s la i si hi s r n. p e , a e d a de ap o Mecomwa s ll uc t a d we ed a ed, of good dr s an an in eni u s a s w ll a s e s, d g o e a r m n but wa s m r incline good wo k a , o e d to experiment than to give strict at ” ten i n to h s usin ss. wa s t o i b e He , “ s s h m s the first rs n so far ay T o a , pe o , a s n w who tt m t st r t I k o , a e p ed e eo ype ll l for printing. He actua y cast p ates s r l s the New st mnt eve a page of Te a e , andmade considerableprogresstowards 69 T H

O F

E B O O K S.

AT T EM PTED PRO M T HE.

G N . E R M A of Mr . G E S S N ER

BV M AR " C O L LYER.

— N EW -YOR K Z

r s mr s n A N D S OL D n s . C AMPBEL L

n o . H A N O V E R-S UA RE 3 7 , Q

i f in l Exa ct s ze o orig a . h c m l ti n of th m but he n r t e o p e o e , eve efiected it

AMUEL CAMPBELL wa sthe name of the printer of a translation of ’ ” ssn r s th A l which a Ge e Dea of be , p r in e r in 1 4 h pea ed N w Yo k 76 . I ave been unable to ascertain anything con c rnin him or th t h rint an e g , a e p ed y CHAPTER V

A THE P I HUGH G INE, IRISH R NTER AND HIS J OURNALISTIC STRADDLE

H A wa s rn in B lf UG G INE bo e ast, r l n in 1 726 and l rn his I e a d, , ea ed r th r inthe Oflice Of am M t ade e e J es acgee. At the expiration Of his apprenticeship he emi r t to New r wh r he g a ed Yo k, e e n em l m nt i h m r r fou d p oy e w t Ja es Pa ke . In 1 752 Gaine Opened a printing-house his own and on Au ust 3 h t of , g of t a year began the publication Of The New - r l M rcur and con Yo k Week y e y, tinned the paper under that title until “ 1 770 wh n he ch n it to The Ne , e a ged w ” r a nd h kl M r ur Yo k Gazette t eWee y e c y. 72

Under the latter title it continu ed to r until v m r 1 0 1 783 h n appea No e be , , w e he i u lic i In 1 ceased ts p b at on. 753 he incurred the displeasure of the Assem bly on account Of publishing an inac cur t r rt Of their r c in an a e epo p o eed gs, d wa s summ n to the bar Of the us o ed Ho e, wh r u n his l i in he wa e e , po apo og z g, s reprimanded by the Speaker and re l eased. When the Stamp Act came in force in m r 1 765 Gains li mn Nove be , , , ke a y th r Amric n u lish r us n o e e a p b e s, s pe ded th r ul r u h I e eg a iss e of is paper. n place of it he put forth a sheet sometimes headed A Patriotic Adver ” tisement a nd a t th rs O t m , o e N S a ped ” r h ne th r in i Pape to be a d. O o e c ’ dent in Gaine s career in connection with his newspaper must be men

tioned. It is li with ut , I be eve, o a r ll l h nn l f rn li m pa a e in t e a a s O jou a s . At the outbreak of the Revolution Gains t r sli ht l nin t w r , af e a g ea g o a d 1 0 73 maintained a strict neutrality ; but when it became likely that the British w ul ccu Ne rk in t m r o d o py w Yo Sep e be , 1 776 he sent n Of h r ss , o e is p e es to N war a n on the 28 h h e k, d t of t at month began to issue there a qua rto newspaper bearing the name and im print Of The New -York Gaz ette and the l rcur rint h Week y Me y, P ed by Hug Gains at w r in st-Ne —J er , Ne a k, Ea w ” se t to the hi c us a t the y, devo ed W g a e, same time continuing to Issue hi s neu tr l r Of the same name r mhis a pape , f o ” si n Of th i l and r n in g e B b e C ow , Th r Hanover Square . e Newa k edi tion wa s issued two days earlier than the New r one but si s r Yo k , , be de bea in the same na me wa s num r in g , be ed s u nc i h h rli i u hi eq e e w t t e ea est ss ed. T s wa s c ntinu until m r 2 mak o ed Nove be , ing duplicate numbers and two papers Of ff r n N 1 1 di e e t politics from O. 30 to 1 30 A r l n l 7 . fte the batt e Of Lo g Is and 74 Gains concluded the American to be the l sin si with r r mNew o g de, d ew f o ark and ave hi s r ritish t ns , g pape a B o , which it preserved until its termina ti n Th n i r r o . e Le ox L b a y possesses the only known file of thi s curious ex ample of the same newspaper pub li shed simultaneou sly on two sides of a question then a t the arbitration of h r t e swo d. In the early part of his career Gains was concerned in two other periodi

c ls. In Au ust 1 754 he n the a g , , bega u lic ti n Of sh rt -li w l p b a o a o ved eek y, c ll The l i n Of hich a ed P ebe a , w I have not seen a copy ; and later in the same year he wa s prevailed upon by n an A n WilliamLivingsto d Rev. aro Burr to revive their suppressed In dependent Reflector under the title ” Th tch r The l tt r of e Wa Towe . a e a not nl issu s r t l but wa s w s o y ed epa a e y, “ ” u li h w l in the M rcur p b s ed eek y e y, r r and wa s continu ed fo about a yea . 76 ’ Gaine s press wa s the most prolific f it tim in Ne r A n h O s e w Yo k. mo g t e more immrta nt and interesting Of hi s ’ ” u lic ti ns are : A is n s t p b a o dd o Ca o , ’ “ ” “ 1 753 l ir s The r 1 7 3 A ; B a G ave, 5 Brief Vindication Of the Proceedings Of the Trustees Rela ting to The College [of New 1 754 ; Psalmodia rmni c or the rm n s lm Ge a a, Ge a P a ody ” tr nsl t r mthe i h tch 1 754 a a ed f o H g Du , , an octavo of about 260 pages ; a re ’ ” rint Of Makemi s rr ti 1 755 p e Na a ve, ’ Thomson s Discourse on Inocula ti n first rint in hil l hi o ( p ed P ade p a, “ 1 756 ; A Memorial containing ” A Summary View Of Facts (of which Parker 85 Weyman also publi shed an iti n a s lre n t 1 757 The ed o , a ady o ed) , ; ” ri l Of A mir l n 1 757 the first T a d a By g, ; “ Catalogu e Of the Books belonging to ’ ” the New r ci t s i r r 1 758 Yo k So e y L b a y, , whi ch he again printed in 1 773 ; a trans ’ lation of Frederick the Great s poem on War 1 758 wh t ul now , ; a wo d be a 76 hl in r in and curi s lum hig y te est g ou vo e, ” The New Am ric n M c ir e a o k B d, a collection of the best songs on difier

n u cts 1 761 . In 1 762 he re e t s bje , ’ printed Hopkinson s poemon Science ’ wi h t he uth r s c ns nt and ub t ou t a o o e , p lished a quaintly worded card of ex cus ll in th t he ha d n so not e, a eg g a do e , r m a n lu cr ti vi w but nl to f o y a ve e , o y promote the circulation of so excellent ” a piece. In 1 765 he issued (a s did nearly every printer then in America) an “ edition of An Act for granting cer ta in stamp duties in the British Colo ” ni s in Amric th di us t m e e a , e o o S a p ” Act and in 1 h m l hi , 766 e co p eted s ma numO us urn l f the t s g p , Jo a O Vo e and Proceedings Of the General As sembly Of the Colony Of New r 1 691 — 1 7 in t o li vol Yo k, w fo o umes Of nearly nine hundred pages ach the first Of hi ch wa s issu in e , w ed 1 4 In 1 6 r t 76 . 7 8 he became printe o 77 the rnmnt and fr mth Gove e , o at year until the Revolution printed the votes and cts Ass m l and he h r a of e b y, t ot e li cumn f l pub c do e ts O the co ony. In “ 1 769 he rint A r tis n urt p ed, T ea e o Co s ” rti l the first w r its kin Ma a , o k of d in n lish for t h n n Ad s E g S ep e Pay e y , a lieutenant Of the Royal Artillery ; ’ Middleton s Discourse on the open ing Of the [first] Medical School in the ” City of New York ; a nd completed the ” diti n Of the h wk Pr r e o Mo a aye Book, n mn 1 64 In 1 770 begu by Wey a in 7 . h “ h n he printed t e Rules for t e St. A ’ dr w s ci t and in the ll win e So e y, fo o g year the Charter for establishing an Hospital in the city of New Yor and the third issue of The Charter h i Al n of t e C ty of ba y. Among his publications in 1 773 were ’ ” Porteu s s i Arch ish c r L fe of b op Se ke ,

h n n i he . . wit a appe d x by t Rev. T B h n l r which c nt ins mu ch valua C a d e , o a ble matter relating to the Episcopal

Twelve United Colonies need be mentioned. ’ Of Gaine s publications in 1 777 two

soe is one which requires no note to

uri was a volume c ous in itself, inter in r mthe r rait Of ord erc est g f o po t L P y, r in New ork hich was re eng aved Y , w p fi e a s a r ntis i c and the lon x d f o p e e, g list Of the Officers Of the British forces Am ri ho u scri e f r it u in e ca w s b b d o , b t infamous for the note on page 1 90 which is scissored o ut Of all but one n n c and is h r f r the first k ow opy, e e o tim r rint . The titl the e ep ed e of book, whi ch wa s u lish su scri ti n p b ed by b p o , wa s Military Collections and Re ” mr s The uth r cc rdin to th a k . a o , a o g e r s ctus wa s l t n r l Of p o pe , a a e Ge e a ” ficer Of distin uish iliti s an g ed ab e , d the dit r wa s rt n in th n e o Robe Do k , e a m r in the ritish rm s mtim ajo B a y, o e e 80

commandant Ofthe Garrison Battalion in N r i and fin ll full en ew Yo k C ty, a y g ’ eral in His Britannic Majesty s ser

ic . Th n t which nkin a v e e o e, Do p pended to a chapter on bows a nd rr ws r s thus : a o , ead Di r in mt r smll o x p a rows a te of a p , a nd twang them a t the American r ls in r r to in cul t th m ebe , o de o a e e ; Thi s would sooner di sband these stub rn i n r nt nthusi stic s s bo , g o a , e a avage , th n a h c m l i m ur a ny ot er o pu s ve eas es. Such is their dread and fear Of that di sorder ! In 1 778 he rint in the tt p ed Gaze e, and a s am hl t rr ti or a p p e , a Na a ve f hn n Da l Journal O Capt . Jo Ferdina d ’ i l mith the u n s n rs z e S , of Q ee Ra ge , taken Prisoner by the Rebels in 1 77 Thi s wa s o ne Of the two or thr ee contemporaneouslypublishedaccounts of the treatment Of loyali st prisoners the ntin nt l uth riti s whi ch by Co e a a o e , , with the l tt rs Of l n l t r r e e Co o e , af e wa d 82

“ wood, in l 781 ; Rules to he ohserved

merely to shew tha t there is a Fire ” m n without Fir Bu k Co pa y e c ets. After the Revolution a nd the suspen sion of the Ga z ette Ga ins was more ks ll r tha n rinter but he of a boo e e a p , issued a number of works which are In 1 784 he rinte worthy of mention. p d the last of the folio edition Of the t tut s rdina nc s and Laws, S a e , O e i n r a in and sta Constitut o s, O d ed E b b the r Al rmn and linked y Mayo , de e i lctmmo nalt the it New r y of C y of Yo k, ’ and in 1 789 Jones and Varick s edition ‘ “ a l the Laws of the State of New ” f hi hi ch l r. The copy O t s work w was specially bound a nd presented to ami Wa shin t n wa s s l a t a u c “Mi g o , o d el hi in em r 1 876 tio nin Philad p a Nov be , , ’ with o ther vo lumes fromWa shington s 84 li r r lum n i . I is in tw s a d s b a y t o vo e , a remarkable specimen Of American indin its but it s l for bookb g of day, o d n m r o o e than $9 a volume . Its pur chaser found in one of the volumes a survey of Mount Vernon drawn in ashin ’ n h in hi W gton s ow and. Tak g t s out he s l the lums for 30 , o d vo e $

i c to Mr. . . r ricks n at ap e e C W F ede o , wh s l h r ht Dr o e sa e t ey we e boug by . r f r 1 04 v l Geo ge H . Moore o $ a o D h ume. r. Moore disposed Of t emto the writer at the comfortable advance Of 750 for the two and th now $ , ey repo se in the Tower Collection Of American Colonial Laws in the Hi s t orical Societyof Pennsylvania. Gains printed a duodecimo edition of the i l in 1 7 2 u cim diti n B b e 9 , a d ode o e o Of the Book Of Common Prayer in 1 793 and li diti n Of the s m , a fo o e o a e h li h the in 1 795 . In 1 790 e pub s ed first New York edition of the New

Testament. TO the half-dozen almanacs ’ ’ utchin s and r s c t and H s Moo e , po ke sh t n li h and utch — hich he ee , E g s D w issu f r mn rs Gains e ed o a y yea , add d in 1 774 another in his Universal Reg ist r which in its su s u nt issu s e , b eq e e beca me Of the greatest historical value by the addition to its regula r lists ‘ Of the civil Officers Of government in America of a list Of the Officers of the British army serving here during the luti n m r cin not nl th s Revo o , e b a g o y o e the lin rtill r and n in rs of e, a e y, e g ee of the r ula r rm ut Of the rman eg a y, b Ge mercenaries a nd loyalist regiments rin h In n th r embodied du g t e war. a o e field — books for the amusing instruc ti n f chil r n in a i n r o O d e Ga s w s a p o ee . Instead Of the New England or the duller New York Primer he fromtime to time Ofiered a variety Of educational works couched in terms meant to be r i nil in nc rn att act ve to juve e m ds. Co e ing the inevitable a nd innumerable 86

Gaine took an a ctive part in so cial and

many years a vestryman of Trinity h in N r on C urch . He died ew Yo k A ril 25 1 807 in the Sl at ear t is p , , y a e an v in g , d was buried in his ault CHAPTER VI

H N T I THE BOLTS W IGS A D OR ES, OR AND THE ROBERTSONS

OHN HOLT wa s born at Williams ur in ir ini in 1 721 r c i b g, V g a, ; e e ved li r l uc ti n c m mrch nt a be a ed a o , be a e a e a , and wa s elected mayor Of his native l c tin ith fin n i l r rs s p a e. Mee g w a c a eve e , he r cur in 1 754 thr u h the influ p o ed , o g ’ nc his wi s r th r one f the e e of fe b o e , O two deputy postmasters-general for Am ric itu i n i h m Par e a, a s at o w t Ja es ker the n l int m st r , ew y appo ed post a e Ne r of w Haven. Parke not only placed lt in ch r Of the s -Oflice but Ho a ge po t , took himinto partnership in a book 1 2 89 resum ha d lea rned t e -settin in I p e, yp g the OMce Ofhis rother-in—la w unter b , H ,

i le- a was an diti n in a tin f t t p ge, e o L O Of l ll the statutes Ya e Co ege. On the l st Of nu r 1 755 he be Ja a y, , ” an The nn cticut a z ette the g Co e G , r news a er rinte in the c l n fi st p p p d o o y, and continued its publication until h n h a s c ll to N r 1 700, w e e w a ed ew Yo k ’ to take charge of Parker s printing f nffiee. The business O the New Haven m r r wa firmof J a es Pa ke CO. s ca r n thr u h a n nt until 1 764 ried o o g age , i wa s s l to en min Mecom when t o d B ja . e rk lt ha d ntire ch r inN w Yo , Ho e a ge ‘ mbusin ss r r r rrin ui ti e , Pa ke p efe g to atte nd to his printing-Ofi ce a t Wood u c i an in iwlrlg . ll soon acqu red terest 90 in th c nc rn and for c u l Of e o e , a o p e years its publications bore the imprint rk r of James Pa e CO. In 1 764 both partnerships were dis solved ; Holt leased the New York es t lishment and n u lishin n ab , bega p b g O h n c n l n is ow ac ou t. He a so co tinued the New r tt bu fthis al Yo kGaze e t O , ’ th u h issu in lt nam rk r o g ed Ho s e, Pa e r t in the r ri t r hi The arli e a ed p op e o s p . e ’ est publication bearing Holt s imprint wa s The ws Of the it Of La , C y Ne - rk issu l t in 1 763 In w Yo , ed a e . 1 764 he printed the Report of the mu e r c f r v fa o s N w Yo k ase O Fo sey s. unnin h m nd 1 765 r rint Dan C g a , a ep ed ’ iel Dulany s Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the ritish l ni s F or the ur s B Co o e , P po e of r i in n ” In 1 a s g a Reve ue . 766 he printed smll u rt lum Of 72 s a a q a o vo e page , a collection of Jewish prayers translated e r In 1 by Isaac Pinto Of N w Yo k. 766 he u rr l ith r r a nd ins q a e ed w Pa ke , tead 92 of issuing the Gazette on May 29 r h Th e r urna l he put fo t e N w Yo k Jo , 1 r the n kl i NO. . Befo e ext wee y ssue f the tt wa s due the uar O Gaze e , q rel wa s composed a nd the publication ” of the Journal wa s discontinued ” r the Th c in favo of Gazette . e pea e l t nl until ct r h n lt as ed o y O obe , w e Ho opened a printing-Oflice of his own and recommenced the New York Jour i n i na but th s time umber ng a t NO. ” 1 241 in s u nc with the tt , eq e e Gaze e, whi ch he supposed would expire with out hi s a ttenti n. r r h w r o Pa ke , o eve , wa s to o good a bu siness man to per mit this and he t and , t Gaze te ” Journal continued to appear a s two distinct newspapers numbered from a common starting-point for r l ur several yea s. Ho t gave the Jo na l i r hi n a nd it a v go ous W g to e, hi an imm t cc ss at ac eved edia e su e , ined wi circula ti n and ttr ct ta a de o , a a ed contributions frommany able writers 93 h he i Of Amri n li r w o took t s de e ca be ty . In 1 774 he replaced the cut of the r l arms hich ha d rn mn oya , w o a e ted his h din with the r ttl sn di ea g, a e ake, vided int tw l rts a nd th mtt o e ve pa , e o o ” in or Die w ich ha d n Jo , h bee occa siona lly used before fromthe time it wa s suggested in the Pennsylvania tt Ma 9 1 754 n he a Gaze e of y , . O t p r ch the ritish rm in 1 776 p oa of B a y , lt r m to s us in t n Ho e oved E op (K gs o ) , leaving much of his personal property in New r which he t ll l ” Yo k, ota y ost . ” r sum the urn l a t s us He e ed Jo a E op , continued it when he removed to u h e si and in rint it in Po g ke p e , aga p ed New r it in the ll 1 783 Yo k C y fa of , t r the ritish ha d af e B evacuated . At the last-named place Holt changed the name of the paper to The Indepen nt tte Or the New r ur de Gaze , Yo k Jo nal A r hi e h i . fte s d at ts publication wa s c ntinu hi s wi w until 1 785 o ed by do , a nd fromthat time until 1 787 it wa s 94

n ur t hich l c he sacked Da b y, o w p a e ha d sent a part Of hi s effects for safety. Holt does not seemto have been very i i - li h r Be enterpr s ng a s a book pub s e . sides his newspaper he did but lit l c t in rintin m hl ts t e, ex ep p g pa p e and broadsides. In 1 776 he became ” rint r to the t t and a s such P e S a e, his time wa s fully occupied by the printing Of the Laws and Jour nals and hi s newspaper and a l

ana . di in N r nu m cs He ed ew Yo k, Ja ar 30 1 784 a nd wa s uri in St. y , , b ed ’ h Paul s churc yard.

A HOLT whO succ LIZ BETH , eeded her hu sband a s Printer to the t New r is rh s n Sta e of Yo k, pe ap beyo d the scope of a work on the colonial printers ; but a s she may have aided her husband in his business before the luti n h inclu ri Revo o , I ave ded a b ef f h a rn in il notice O her. S e w s bo W 96 lia msbur ir ini in 1 727 a nd was g, V g a, , u ht r hn unter a da g e of Jo H , a ch nt Of h l ni l i l he a t at co o a cap ta . S mrri lt in 1 749 and ft r his a ed Ho , a e th c ntinu his usin ss a first dea o ed b e , t l n and r r h h i a o e , afte wa d wit t e ass s t nc r l ti l r s ld. a e of a e a ve, E eaze O wa She disposed Of her interest in the printing-Office and newspaper about 1 787 and r m to hil l hi , e oved P ade p a, wh r she di on rch 6 1 788 in e e ed Ma , , er -fir h sixty st year.

AMES ROBERTSON wa s born in c l n a nd l rn his tr in S ot a d, ea ed ade ’ - h r rin in Ofi ce . In 1 764 his fat e s p t g , he in c m n with s r l c m , o pa y eve a o pa ri t w n to st n wh r for t o s, e t Bo o , e e a time he found employment a s a jour I 1 768 he r m to neyman. n e oved r and h in en in New Yo k, , av g be jo ed by a younger brother establi shed a printing-house under the name of 98 entry of the British into New York

N rwich usin ss to rumbull and o b e T , confided the Al n lant to a fri end ba y p , who cause it to uri on his f rm d be b ed a , fromwhence it wa s resurrected about 1 782 and sold to Balentine and Web s r h t li h d th n rint te , w o es ab s e e seco d p

N w k i h n e Yor C ty, t e Robertsons bega th u lic ti n in nu r 1 777 e p b a o , Ja a y, , of ” l m n z The Roya A erica Ga ette. This paper was continued in their joint names until James Robertson followed the British army to Philadelphia in e ru r 1 778 n n the u li F b a y, , a d bega p b cation Of The Royal Pennsylvania ” z ett th l st n r hich Ga e, e a umbe of w a r on 26 1 778 n t r ppea ed May , . Soo af e this he returned to New York and n Ope ed a shOp in Hanover Square . s n h r r in hi s r th r He oo , oweve , ejo ed b o e in the publication of The Royal ” Americ n tt and c ntinu thu s a Gaze e, o ed 1 00 n until h l art 1 80 e ga ged t e ea r y p of 7 , wh n with n l and amr n e , Macdo a d C e o , he r m to h rl st n outh ro e oved C a e o , S Ca lina h re th a lish u , w e ey est b ed, by e ” th rit The o l uth r lina o y , R ya So Ca o the ritish ccu i n h rl s n B o pat o of C a e to , on the termination of which Robert hi r h r rk son rejoined s b ot e in New Yo . The Royal American Gazette wa s issued by themuntil near the time of the evacuation Of New York by the

' British ; after 1 781 it for a while bore the im rint rts ns Mills and p of Robe o , i c bu ho l n this firml st H ks, t w o g a ed I have not ascertained James Robert son returned to Scotland and became a sell r in in ur h wh r he book e Ed b g , e e was li in in 1 1 0 His i Am v g 8 . w fe, y, di a r ich un 1 5 1 776 ust ed t No w , J e , , j l h r f r e rk before he eft t e e o N w Yo .

1 01 N O R T H A M E R I C A

P R O M

T he C o mmencemen f e P t o th a ssi o n HOST l L l T l g s n t ro n o he F t iers o f Vrr mra . In 1 to the g 7 53, Sur ender o f e o r O w , o n the 1 4 th o f An eli 1 f g g . 7 56 .

I N T E R S P E R S E D,

With va rio us O bferva t no ns C ha rafters a nd A ne , , c tes ; ne t lia r t ' c y o give Li ght tl itO t he C o nd uft o f Ame rican T ra nfaé t io ns as ene ra l a nd mo re e l ec ua ll Into t he o ll g . p y p l - t Ica M anagement o f Affa i rs mN EW YO R K

In a L E T 1 a n t o a N o blema n.

N E W r o k x .

xx d nmr s Ro s t e r so s . MDC C L Printed by Au st ri a n“ a n j

- i inal title is 6 inches by 4 inches. Type pa ge of or g %

il 1 7 i f t 83 . On the evacuat on O New r the ri ish he r m Yo k by B t , e oved to N v c ti wh r he n the u o a S o a, e e bega p b lica tion n ws r at h l urns of a e pape S e b , or as it was at first c ll rt s , a ed, Po Ro e

wa . di th r in m r y He ed e e Nove be , 1 784 in the rt -s c n r hi , fo y e o d yea of s age.

1 04 CHAPTER VII

J AMES RIVINGTON

THE ONLY LONDON BOOKSELLER

IN AMERICA ”

N the death Of Richard Chi swell in 1 71 1 n n u li hin -h u , a Lo do p b s g o se st lish s m fift rs r e ab ed o e y yea befo e, which ha d r uc in th t ri p od ed a pe od, m n th r s the urth li di a o g o e book , fo fo o e ti n h s r ss in th o of S ake pea e , pa ed to e ntr l Of h rl s i in n co o C a e R v gto . The new proprietor turned his attention l r l to r li i us u lic ti ns a ge y e g o p b a o , and became the founder Of a house which earned fame a nd wealth by following in hi s footsteps until its very recent

iss luti n. h rl s i in t n ha d d o o C a e R v g o , 1 4 1 05 b si s s un u mnt which in e de , a o d j dg e cited him to urge upon Richardson the writin s ri s f l tt rs in g of a e e O e e , ” c mm n st l which c uir an a o o y e, a q ed instant success under the unforgotten ” i l Of ml Bu he ls ha d t t e Pa e a. t a o a humorou s appreciation Of the foibles Of mn in Of which ur wen r l t s a k d, C e a e a n mu in in n r ic r f a s g sta ce . A poo v a O a remote country parish ha d preached a sermon so acceptable to hi s con grega tion that they begged him to h i rin ull h h n r ave t p ted. F of t e o o c nf rr d and the c l rit to c m o e e , e eb y o e, the parson started to London to find li h r r mmn a pub s e . He wa s eco e ded to i in t n wh cc te his ro R v g o , o a ep d p o sa ls but wa s startl with the p , ed ’ prea cher s idea that the edition shoul d consist Of about thirty-five thou sand i i n r m nstr bu c s. vin t e t t op e R g o o a ed, in vain ; the author insisted that no l ss num r w ul m t he em n e a be o d ee t d a d, n h m l The cl r a d t e a tter wa s sett ed . e 1 06

Charles Rivington died in and was succeeded in business by his sons hn and m Jo Ja es. James Rivington was born in Lon don in 1 24 an i h hi s r h r n 7 , d w t b ot e co tinued the business in the channel it had been led into by their father the publication Of works mostly Of a reli gious character until sometime after 1 52 n t m 1 4 h 7 . O Sep e ber of t at year he married a daughter of Thomas M nshull Of harlt n ll nc y C o Ha , La a shirs an ut 1 54 h ith r w rom , d abo 7 e w d e f ul ’ h n n usi St. Pa s Churc yard a d bega b ness first with one Milla r and then in partnership with James Fletcher at the Oxford Theatre in Pater-noster ” Ro Hi c nn c i i h he l t r w. s o e t on w t t at e n rl in 1 756 bu th ir first bega ea y , t e notable publication did not appear un til ut 1 757 I wa s ml abo May, t S o ’ ” l tt s ist r n l n in ur e H o y of E g a d, fo uart lum s a nd it is s i th t the q o vo e , a d a h r r li £ 2000 and the u lish aut o ea zed , p b 1 08 i i ers by ts publication. R v ington Fletcher issued a number of th r r succ ssful w r s mn o e ve y e o k , a o g ’ which were Newcomb s Version Of ’ ’ r s nt m l ti ns Mabl He vey Co e p a o , y s rinci l s Of Ne ociation En P p e g , quiries concerning the First Inhabi ” t nts Of ur mirs Of he a E ope, Me o t o l Acad m Of ur r a t ris R ya e y S ge y Pa , The Natural and Civil Hi story Of ” lif rni and A i l u w n Ca o a, D a og e bet ee General Wolfe and the Marquis Mont ca The wealth acquired by suc cess in business enabled Rivington to keep a carriage a nd live in hand s m st l whil hi s mnn o e y e, e a ers and address were such a s to gain for him a footing in the higher classes of Eng li h i s soc ety. He became devoted to the turf a nd a regular attendant Of the r s a h ace t Newmarket. During t e sea son Of 1 759 his losses were so heavy th t he th u ht him% lf ruin and a o g ed, persuaded one of hi s creditor s in Jan 1 09 nar 1 760 to h him y, , ave decla red a ankr Hi i n b upt. s ass g ee was fina lly enabled to pay twenty shillings on the un and h n r n po d, a d ove a bala ce to

In t m r 1 760 he O Sep e be , , pened 9. -st r in n r book o e Ha ove Squa re, New r nn un in himself h Yo k, a o c g a s t e only n n s ll r in Amri ” Lo do Book e e e ca . In nua r 1 761 he r m hil Ja y, , e oved to P a l hi and n st r th r l de p a ope ed a o e e e , eav ing his New York house in the care of Th r m an agent. e ar ange ent underwent

ch n in 1 762. mu l r wn Of a a ge Sa e B o , whoma brief notice will be found on 58 c m his a rtn r a nd t page , be a e p e , ook h he u in ss in c arge of t b s e New York. Rivington brought out a considerable st c Of s r m n n hi ch o k book f o Lo do , of w he issu c t l u in m r ed a a a og e Nove be , 1 760 no c which is now n wn , opy of k o i A c A a t l u to ex st . opy of C a og e of Books sold by Rivington and Brown at their Stores in New York and Phil 1 1 0

’ “ oussea u s l v novels and pla ys. To R extra ct fro mthe prefa ce filling twelve ’ a whil m m llett s i stor p ges, e fro S o H y of Engla nd he quotes the cha ra cte rs given of the elder Pitt and General filled Wolfe. The la st five pa ges are with one-line titles o f books which were the Library Of a Gentlema n of n l h t c m rises ge tee Taste. T is lis o p three hun re a nd fi lum s a nd d d fty vo e , is interesting and instructive in sho w ing the extent of colonial reading in he mi o t l r inc s. h l t dd e p ov e T eo ogy, whi ch cc rdin to McMa ster the , a o g , Ne w Engla nd library wa s almost con fine fin s b t lit l s c Pu fen d, d u t e pa e . r c i n M chi lli do f, Lo ke, S d ey, a ave , ’ Milt n an hns s ic i n r a o , d Jo on D t o a y p ’ pear among the folios ; Newton s Prin ” ’ ” ci i r ncis s r c lut rch p a, F a Ho a e, P a , wift mll tt a nd enh m S , Pope, S o e , Syd a 1 1 2 “ h s hak s e re The among t e octavo ; S e p a , ” ” ’ t r Tom n s lier s Specta o , Jo e , Mo e l in nch a n th r li hter p ays ( Fre ) , d o e g m im h re s works n the u c s. , a o g d ode o T e i rinklin Am ric n to o such a s a sp g of e a a , ” h nns l ni rint t e Laws of Pe y va a, p ed ’ by Bra dford in 1 71 4 ; Franklin s Cato ” ’ ” Ma or and Stith s ir ini . At j , V g a the end of the catalogue Rivington ofl srs : The greatest Variety of els a c t- s with ni s cis g nt Po ke book K ve , S - r sic ncils rk scr w &c. ea s [ ] Pe , Co e s, ” Al an l n n &c. so e ega t Assortme t lr c nsistin f ia mn of Jewe y ; o g O D o d, rn t and st sic rnamnts Ga e , Pa [ ] O e for i s and ntl mn and Lad e Ge e e , of

l in h ck an il r u kl s. Go d, P c be d S ve B c e ith the r st r en and Bo W ve y Be G e , hsa a s in Snufi ” Te , F est s. Until the advent of Rivington it was generally possible to tell from an ’ American bookseller s a dvertisements in the current newspapers whether the work Ofisred for sale was printed in 1 5 1 1 3 Am ri r n n But h s e ca o E gla d. t e book he received in every fresh invoice from London were Just published by m s i in t n and thi s rmwas Ja e R v g o , fo speedily adopted by the other book s ll rs o th t t r 1 761 the adver e e , s a af e tisements Of books are no longer aguide h h c l ni l to t e issues of t e o o a press. Some of the pamphlets announced by Rivington were no doubt printed for himin hila l hi or New r b P de p a Yo k, ut it l in h h is difficu t to dist guis t em. In 1 762 he further extended his business hin in by establis g a store Boston. This wa s di sc ntinu h w er in 1 765 o ed, o ev , , on the death of the person to whom i a m ts mana gement w s co mitted . He withdrew fromPhila delphia in 1 763 or 1 764 a nd r turn to New r , e ed Yo k, and soon afterward dissolved hi s co n n i r n Af 1 765 h ection w th B ow . ter e c nfin hi s busin ss to New r o ed e Yo k, wher he wa s not succ ss ul and e e f , finally became a second time a bank 1 1 4

u lic ti n n r hich p b a o of a ewspape , to w sh ll r f l rm I a e er a ter on. A se on by t e Rev. hn r lum Of h Jo Say e, a vo e church music c l f s , a ata ogue O book for sale at his st an cou l ore, d a p e of almanacs were the only separate pub

r f its n B in he f l yea O existe ce . ut t o lowing year hi s business as printer became one of the most active in the country. Besides the two volumes of ’ ” s s wi h lat s on Cook Voyage , t p e graved by the Boston Silversmith of midnight-ride fame — Paul Revere he issu ed some forty other publica i n h r m litic l t o s. T ese we e ostly po a pamphlets called forth by the dispute ri i betweenthe colonies andGreatB ta n. Rivington printed for both sides with r li hi u li g eat impartia ty. Among s p b ’ cations in 1 774 are Hamilton s replies to ur il ins and r Seab y, W k , Coope , whose pamphl ets were also printed ’ ’ on Ri r The l tt r s vington s p ess. a e 1 1 6 American Querist called forth the following card fromthe printer :

Last Week the Heads of the Fla tbsrgastcd Fraternit who ha ve latel affected to stile y, y thems lves the Pu lic in solemn Conclave eu e b , dited the Queries co nta ined in the following Book a nd on findin so me the could not and , g y , others the would no ans er wi h a Candour y t w , t , J a stice and Decommb which their Proceed , y in s have ever een distin uished the com g b g , y mitted it to the Flames ; in immediate Co nse quence of which the Printer has been called u on b lar e dema nds for the Editio Altcra p y g , of hi i Wh n ou da mn h Printer t s ece. e t e and p y , urn his Pa mhlet he lau hs re rints tri b p , g , p , umhs n fill h e p a d s is Pock t.

In 1 775 Rivington issu ed some t nt -ei ht olitic l r chur s n r we y g p a b o e , ea l h A n y all On t e Tory side. mo g them ’ re w ll s The Amric ns us we Se a e a Ro ed, ” ’ in for he l n h n l r s a On e t Sp ee , C a d e “ What think ye of the Congress Now? ’ rr s The n r l t c Ba y Ge e a , a ta ked By a ’ u l rn and ll w s ndi S ba te , Ga o ay Ca d ” “ T l l f r An Examination. he ast ca led o 1 1 7 Answ r and to thi s ll w wrot e , Ga o ay e ” A Reply which wa s printed by Riv in ton In A ril but not u lish until g p , p b ed his r turn to New r in nu r e Yo k Ja a y, 1 777 as the ll win rtis m , fo o g adve e ent In ’ Gaine s New York Gazette shows

The a bove pa mphlet was printed by J a mes Rivington abo ut a twelve month ago ; but the spirit of persecution a nd sedition ra ged so high at that time he da red not u li i The l p b sh t . ast sheet had een scarcel stru Off hen n b y ck , w a a rmed mob surrounded his house and forci l , b y carried Off ll hi t a s ypes.

’ Al s c n r s r s n li i l o, L o a d P e e t Po t ca ” State Of Massachu setts a nd Origin ” the Amric n nt st The Pa of e a Co e , ” triots Of rth-Am ric and The No e a, ” rium h he hi n h Am r T p of t W gs. O t e e ica n si he rin s r l tr cts such de p ted eve a a , ’ a s ur s s ch s in rli mnt B ke pee e Pa a e , ’ Ar thur Lee s Appeal to the People ” r t rita in ner l h rl s of G ea B , Ge a C a e ’ ” Lee s Letters and Strictures on ” the ri ndl A r ss and mil F e y dd e , Ha 1 1 8

1 5 i t n ann unc a s in the 77 , R ving o o ed press The Republican Dissected : Or An m Of an Am ric n h the ato y e a W ig, ” An w r the rmr u in s e to Fa e Ref ted, which brought the popular feeling hi li The against mto a c max. Whigs f w rt Rhods sl n had O Ne po , I a d, passed resolutions condemning his course on rch 1 a nd simil r cti n a s t k n Ma , a a o w a e re h l Ne rs w r at F e o d, w Je ey, a eek late . He ha d during the previous year in dulged in a n epistolar y quarrel with c rs he l r the n f Isaa Sea , t eade of So s O ” i rt in Ne r hich k L be y w Yo k, w partoo r rs n l ch r ct r a n in of a ve y pe o a a a e , d which Rivington made Sears appear h ill-t m r and illit r t a n bot e pe ed e a e, d, of

urs ridicul u s. rs now s i co e, o Sea e zed h rtunit for r n and h t e oppo y eve ge, ead ” ing a body of Sons Of Liberty from nn cticut tt c i in t n and Co e , a a ked R v g o , destroyed the sheets a nd manuscript of ” The u lic n iss ct and much Rep b a D e ed, ’ r hi moreof theprinte sproperty. T s act 1 20 h l in hi s was disavowed by t e ea d g W g , and the New York Provincial Con vsntion several times endeavored to

’ in n r rs s ton ha d su sta ed. Soo afte Sea but after being detained some time ” h n r l Ass ci ti n he signed t e Ge e a o a o , published a handbill decla ring his in n i n h r o it and skin te t o to ad e e t , a g f r ill - u li c ti ns pardon o his judgsd p b a o , and wa s thereupon permitted to re ” hil turn to his house and family. W e under arrest he addressed the follow ing protest to the Continental Congress

Whereas the su scri er b the freedomof b b , y his publications during the present unhappy disputes between Great Britain a nd her Colo nies has rou ht u on himself much u lic , b g p p b dis leasure and rssentment in conse uence of p , q which his life has een endan ered his ro ert b g , p p y invaded and a re ard to his ersonal safet re , g p y 1 6 1 21 quires himstill to be absent fro mhis family a nd usiness and whereas it has een ordered b ; , b by the Committee of Correspo ndence for the city of New York that a repo rt Of the state Of his case should be made to the Continental Co n ress that the manner of his future treat g , ir direction he ment may be submitted to the , thinks himself happy in having at last for his judges gentlemen of eminent rank a nd distinc tion in the Colonies fro mwho se enlar ed and , g liberal sentiments he flatters himself that he

n iv an uita le sentence ca rece e no other than eq b , n unbiased by popular clamor and resentme t. He humbly presu mes that the very respectable gentlemen of the Congress now sitting at Phila del hia will ermit himto declare and as a p p , , man of honor a nd veracit he can and do y, es solemnly decla re tha t ho wever wrong a nd mis ta en he ma have een in his o inions he h k y b p , as always meant honestly and Openly to do his du a s a erv n Of h li Acco rdin l ty s a t t e pub c. g y his conduct as a rinter ha s alwa s een co n , p , y b fo rmable to the idea s which he entertained Of En lish libert wa rra nted b the ra ctice Of g y, y p a ll printers in Great Britain a nd Irela nd for a centur a st under ever administra tio n nu y p , y ; tho riz ed a s he conceives b the la ws Of En , , y g land and countena nced b the declara tio n Of , y h n H d cl res tha t his ress t e late Co gress. e e a p 1 22 he co nceives have not imro erl ualified him , p p y q f o r the sta tio n in which he wishes to continue, and in which he will exert every endea vor to be ful H h fore h l use . e t ere umb y submits his case to the honorable gentlemen no w assembled in the Continental Con ress and e s that their g , b g etermin o u h ll him d ati n may be s c as wi secure , especially as it is the only thing that can sfl ectn all secure himin the safet of his erson the y y p , en o ment of his ro ert and the uninter j y p p y, te ro n Of his u in rup d p secutio b s ess. M 20 1 ay 775.

Toward the close of 1 775 he once more made himself Obnoxious to the lu i n r rt and in m Revo t o a y pa y, Nove ber of that year his office wa s again mobbed and its contents almost en tir l str In nu r 1 776 e y de oyed. Ja a y, , i in t n l t New r for n n R v g o ef Yo k Lo do , in h hi Samsamin c m n with t e s p , o pa y r h r l lis A t r a numbe of ot e oya ts. f e a stay in England of more than a r he r turn to New r with yea , e ed Yo k a new outfit and the appointment of ” rint r to hi M st but rint P e s aje y, p ed 1 24 nothing worth mentioning until the in li follow g year. Among hi s pub ca tions during 1 778 were The Ad ventures of a British Noblsman at aris or the art ruinin man P , of g a shi n in ur t n a s s i to of fa o fo ee d y , a d

writt n Mr . utl who be e by a Ro edge, melted his twelve thousand Louis th r in the s c and th n e e above pa e , e returned pensive and chop fallen to recruit in hi s native country An ’ ” sts s l cti n ll lum y E e o Ba , a vo e of spurious Letters fromGeneral Wash ” ’ in ton ha rl s s Ac un Of g , C e Lee co t the treatment of Major-General Con ” ’ ” wa r tt s u il l sur y, P a P p of P ea e , ’ rts n s ist r Amric Robe o H o y of e a, an Army Lis and some lampoons “ on the Am ric ns such a s The Dia e a , ” ” boliad The rium h ll a n , T p of Fo y, d A full and perfect List of the rebel uncil Ass m l mmi tt s etc. Co , e b y, Co ee , ,

etc. the r in Of Ma chu , of P ov ce ssa

setts Bay. Hi s business a s a pub m lieb r b n to clin in 1 779 and e ega de e , with the exception of a reprint of ’ Tickell s Anticipation a nd a collec ” ti n n s v l and Milit r o of So g , Na a a y, c m il hims l n w n th o p ed by e f, I k o of o in r mhi r s h mn i n g f o s p e s wort y of e t o . In regard to the last-mentioned vol ums the following advertisement wa s ” inserted in The Royal Gazette of rch 1 0 1 779 Ma ,

The printer being employed at the desire of ma n entlemen in comilin a collection of y g , p g Nav Milita r a nd Co nstitutional Son s a nd y, y, g , ein in want o f the follo win e s the fa vour b g g, b g of a n Gentlemen o ssessed of the words to y , p , o blige hima s so on a s po ssible with copies of them: Genius o f En land a nd Sin all e g , g y Muses b Purcell Gro is the Li uo r of Life , y ; g q , by Ha rry Greene ; The Soldier who Da nger and Dea th doth des ise Ho t Stufi b Colonel p ; , y

Hal f he 47 h. e, o t t

The collection wa s published in a ” lum on M r h 24 I i pocket vo e a c . t s curiou s to note that the last-mentioned 1 26 song ha d appeared in his own pa por ot Ma 5 1 774 with the cl er b in y , ( ev ut decent concluding verse which Sar nt rinte On se arat lea f and ge p d a p e ) , “ ” was th n scri to w e a bed Ned Bo t ood, ’ r n a l s r im d a se gea t of H e eg ent. Coul c this c ll cti n now be un a opy of o e o fo d, we might have a new and enlarged edition of The Loyalist Poetry of l the Revo ution. ’ Rivington s publications dini ng 1 780 were few but varied in their char Th r h r acter. e eport of t e t i a l of Andre came fromhi s press some six ” m nths t r the Co w- h s the o af e C a e, original manu script of whi ch is now in the Childs collection at the Drexel ’ ’ Institute ; a nd Bogatz ky s God s ” “ h u hts War in c and A T o g of Pea e, ” i urs u n ilism r a t D sco e po Dev , appea ed ’ li int rv l An e about a ke e a . dr s Cow Chace appeared originally in three “ ” n m r The l tt the u be s of Roya Gaze e , last canto on the very day of hi s cap 1 28 Peri: Papers ;

’ nns late in e Mr. Su ns Du t rcepted

L E T T E R S,

r a z x s a nd o ther intim His Ba o , ate

FR I s N D s, In

A M E R I C A .

h are annexed fo r C oma rifo n T o whic p , the D C o ngre llio nal ecla ratio n of l ndependency in ol I 6 a nd t ha t now incola tin a mo n j y 77 , g g t he revolted Promo t es with t he ne ver -re be , l forgotten O rders o f the Re be G ene ra l in d a ' ’ ' a l 6 o w n a I a rr rc rim. ‘ / 1 77 , f r prr mg fi

N E W -Y O R K

Rr-r nmr s n nr j u mm c r o n.

Size of original . n w I ’ve clos’d m e ic stra in And o y p , 1 remle I sh w i t b as o t, Lest this same warrior-dro ver Wayne

Sho uld ever catch the poet.

In 1 781 he issued The Ca ndid etr ect or the Am rican War R o sp , e , ” min Whi rinci l s exa ed by g P p e , Ra y ’ ” nal luti n in Am ric Th s Revo o e a, e ” w u Ma n and iss Sew Ne D ty of , M ’ “ ” r s n onAndré and in 1 782 a d Mo ody ; , The Amusing Practice of the Ita lian n u and the ris rs La g age Pa Pape , ’ r Mr il n l t in rc t o . S as Dea e s a e te ep ed ” tt rs the l tter in smll lum Le e , a a a vo e n ri In 1 7 3 h ow of great ra ty. 8 e pub “ li shed the la st of the British Army ” ists rint in Amric and re L p ed e a , “ printed Advice to the Officers of the ” ritish Arm a nd one or two th r B y, o e pamphlets After the royal forces withdr w r mNew r i in n e f o Yo k, R v gto 1 30 with informa tion as to the move ments of the British ; but the tale a s told by Lossing is loa ded with such ma rvelous details as to the way in as to cast discredit on the main asser inl r taine to he end tion. He certa y e d t the r s ct Carleton the l st ritish e pe of , a B c mman -in-chi in Ne r who o der ef wYo k, , when peace was a practical necessity for n l n r s nt his s ns o hn E g a d, p e e ed o J and James with commissions in the ritish rm which n l th mto B a y, e ab ed e enjoy half pay from1 783 until their ths with ut h vin s n an cti dea , o a g ee y a ve c i n in New r servi e. R vingto died Yo k City (one of whose streets still bears his n m ul 3 1 802 a nd wa s uri a e) , J y , , b ed in the yard of the Old Dutch church on ss u str t the sit which is Na a ee , e of now covered by a modern office-build in A h i hi h he a s g. t t e t me of s deat w the senior Liveryman of the Sta ’ ” r n tione s Company Of Londo . 1 32 CHAPTER VIII

J AMES RIVINGTON

AND HIS “ LYING GAZ ETTE ”

h fi if n h r . t e rst o t e NE of , t ve y ’ ‘ first the issu s Rivin ton s , of e of g ’ press wa s Rivington s New-York Ga z etteer or the nn cticut New-J er ; Co e , ’ se u s n s- i r And u c y , H d o R ve , Q ebe ” l A rtis r all which Week y dve e , of wide-spreading title wa s divided by rl cut t -m l cut la a poo y exe ed ype eta , Th k ” Th beled e London Pac et . e firs num r a t A ril 22 1 773 t be , d ed p , , followed a well-written four-page pros ectus in which ivin t n r m p , R g o p o ised a better journal than any that ha d previously appeared in the col ni i n h rri o es. In po nt of ews e ca ed 1 33 out his ro s ctus and the li p pe , po ti cal

valed only in the earlier numbers of ’ “ ” ’ Z enger s Journa l and Goddard s

proved the cut and left Ofi the l n Th r ege d. e nume ous advertise ments and the almost continuous “ series of supplements issued for their a ccommo da tion show how suc cessful the Gazette wa s fromthe st rt In r 1 774 i in t n a . Octobe , , R v g o inserted the following announcement in his seventy-eighth number

The weekly impressio n Of this Gaz etteer is la tely increa sed to Three Thousand Six Hun dred a number far e o nd the mo st sa n uine , b y g ’ expecta tio ns o f the Printer s warmest friends ; a s the resses of ver few if a n of his reth p y , y, b

ren includin those of Grea t Britain exceed it. , g , ’ This paper is co nsta ntly distributed thro every colon o f No rth America mo st of the En lish y , g , French S a nish Dutch a nd Da nish West India , p , isla nds the rinci al cities a nd to wns of Grea t , p p 1 34

' ' hea dmgs Rivrngto 1 1 inserted themin h hi P plac e of his cut of t e s p. erhaps the following Extract of a Letter fromLondon to a Gentleman in this

’ lin n It ington s e of co duct . was is sued a s a handbill in New Yo rk on ul 25 1 774 and re J y , , ad

It is the Purpo se of Lo rd North to ofl er one o f o ur Printers Five Hundred Pounds n y , as a Inducemsnt to undertake and promote Minis terial Measures.

Perhaps native prejudics and a con fidence in the certain success of the British regulars over the provincials him The m l influenced . ateria a t hand does not justify me in venturi ng an

O ini n. The r sult h w r a p o e , o eve , w s that the paper became more feared and hated by the Whigs than any Of i n m r ri i in ’ ts Tory co te po a es. R v gton s Offic wa s twi c m an on e e obbed, d the second occasion he wa s deprived of 1 36 the means of continuing hi s paper by the destruction of his presses and the conversion of his type into bullets for

American use. I have already said mthin f all hi a s w ll a s his so e g O t s, e of going to England and of his return to

New rk. On ct r 4 1 77 the Yo O obe , 7, Gaz etteer resumed its weekly ap earance but c u l f w l t r p , a o p e O eeks a e ’ the name wa s changed to Rivington s N w rk l h e Yo Loya Gazette . Anot er ch n was m in c m r wh n a ge ade De e be , e the paper became The Royal Ga ” z ette un r which titl it c ntinu , de e o ed to r — twic w k r A ril appea e a ee afte p , 1 until h n 778 t e e d of the war. Its unspa ring attacks upon the rebels aroused an animosity whi ch found ’ l vent in Freneau s poetry; Wither ’ s n s r s and th poo p o e, e popular ni ck ’ naming Of the paper Rivington s in t Ly g Gaze te . Of the Opprobri ous

’ 1 One of Freneau s a ttacks was on the occa sion of the intro duction Of a new cut Of the 1 8 137 epithet it wa s no more deserving than ’ was Gaine s paper ; the tales of Brit ish prowess and loyalist snfierings which appeared in the latter are not a whit less fabulous nor a paragraph

“ ” ro yal a rms in the heading of the Gaz ette. It runs in art , p

Fromthe re ions of ni ht with his head in g g , a sa c k, Ascended a erso n a ccoutred in lac p b k, ’ And lea ning his elbo w o n Rivingto n s shelf ’ While the rinter was us thus mus d with p b y, himself My manda tes are fully complied with a t last ; New a rms are en raved a nd new letters are g , ca st ; I therefore determine and freel accord , y , ’ This serva nt o f mine shall receive his rewa rd.

Then turnin a bo ut to the rinter he sa id g p , Who late was my serva nt shall no w be my aid ; Since under m ba nners so bra vel o u fi ht y y y g , Kneel do wn For yo ur merits I dub you a knight ; Fro ma pa ssive su ba ltern I bid yo u to rise

The INVENTOR as well a s the PRINTER of Lies. , 1 38 no more — My heart told me it was Ethan Allen I hut m window and re ir ehind . s y , t ed b I as ur my ta ble and my bo ttle. w certain the ho — of recko ning had co me thers was no retreat. Mr l m r m r . Sta es cle ca e in aler than eve p , y k, , p , ” clas in his hands Master he has come ! p g , ” I no I md u m mi l i . a e nd k at k w t p y , oo ed the Ma deira o ssi l too a lass. Show , p b y k g himu and if such Ma deira cannot mollif p, y ” himhe mu t be harder ha n adama n . There , s t t was a fea rful moment of suspense I heard him on the stairs his lo n sword cla nkin at ever , g g y

I he stal ed. I o ur n J es step. n k s y ame am “ Rivin ton l It is sir and no man ca n be g , , m li h l l l n ” ore de g ted to see Co one Ethan Al e . Sir I ha ve come Not an ther rd , o wo , m dear Colonel until o u have taken a seat y , y ” ’ n l M ir ir I n a d a la ss of o d a de a . But s do t g , , thin it ro er No t another word k p p , Colonel bu ta ste this wine I ha ve had it in , t ; ” lass ten ea rs. He too the lass swa llo wed g y k g , the wine sma c ed his li s a nd shoo his hea d , k p , k a r n l Sir I come N n o vi . o t a pp g y , other word until o u ha ve ta en another la ss y k g , and then m dea r C o lo nel we will talk of Old , y , m ” Ofi Oers a nd I have so e ueer events to deta il . , q In short we finished three bo ttles of Ma deira , , and parted as go o d friends a s if we never ha d cause to be otherwise.

1 40 After the evacuation of New York the ritish ivin t n r the by B , R g o d opped cut of the arms whi ch he ha d intro e into his h din in 1 777 and duc d ea g , m er 22 1 83 lt r the n m Nove b , 7 , a e ed a e ’ Ofthe paper to Rivington s New-York

t and ni rs l A rtis r. Gaze te, U ve a dve e In this formhe endeavored to con inu it u lic ti n but it il to t e s p b a o , fa ed m with su r a nd its l st num r eet ppo t, a be n m r 1 1 3 r 3 8 . appea ed o Dece be , 7

1 41 E N O U I R Y

I N T O T H E

A T U U E a N R E, C A S nd C U R E,

O R T H E

AN C IN A SU F FO C AT IV A,

O R,

S O R E T H R O A T D S T -E M P ‘ I E R,

As it II comm only called by the Inhabitants o f this City a l nd C o o ny.

Bv S A M U E L B A R D, M . D . ’ And Pa o r s r so a o f M ED I C I N E in Kru c s C o r ne a l , W - N F. Y O R K.

in M t I t t nnA I u a u s tLU I M P R I M A o a t c o c u ms: N o n

‘ r I r I IJ I s I r . C ELSUS.

N E W - Y O R K !

Printed S 1 14 3 e and A C A R at the New by , , Printing-Office mBeaver-Street

X M, DCC , LX I

i 6 inches b inches. Type-page of original title s 1 y

in 1 771 Th met wi h issued . ey t lit

a ut A ril 1 773 . Inslee wa r bo p , s afte ward employed as a journeyma n by

su nl out ct r 1 778 whil at dde y ab O obe , , e w r ar ha n o k. Of C I ve bee una ble to

REDERICK ccor in SHOBER, a d g to h ms was n ti f T o a , a a ve o Ger mn but l rn his tra a s a n a a y, ea ed de p prentice to Anthony Armbruster in Phila delphia After working two or thr rs a s urn mn he e n ee yea a jo ey a , b ga business in partnership with Robert h s l ct l imr Hodge . T ey e e ed Ba t o e a s h ir first l c ti n but in l ss th n t e o a o , e a a r m o w r h year e oved t Ne Yo k. T i s a s t w r the end 1 772 but the w o a d of , earliest of their publi cations I have n i in the ll in see s dated fo ow g year. 1 44

Queen street and then in Maiden rin l r l f r Lane. They p ted a ge y o book ’ ll rs rin i in 1 73 l s se e , p t ng 7 Top a dy Predestination and The Religious ’ Trader or advice for t he Tra der s prudent and pious Conduct from his Entrance into Business to Hi s Leav ” in it ofl for mu l Lond n an g , Sa e o , d a number of pamphlets for Ebenezer z r and rr t l th n th Ha a d Ga e Noe , e e most considerable booksellers in New rk who ha d no r s s th ir n Yo p es e of e ow . They published on their own account num r m hl ts m n whi ch a be of pa p e , a o g ’ “ ” w r Garrick s rish i w l e e I W do , Go d ’ “ smith s She t s to n u r and S oop Co q e , ’ Benjamin Brush s Address to the Inhabitants of America upon Slave ” i In 1 774 h ri n Keep ng. t ey p ted for hn McGibbons sell r ho Jo , a book e w ha d removed from Philadelphia to New r the s c n lum h Yo k, e o d vo e of t e first Amric n iti n s h e a ed o of Jo ep us. 1 46

OBERT HODGE was hou r in Scot n in 1 746 M id learned his la d , n trade as a printer in Edi burgh. At

n n and after work he went to Lo do , in h re two ears as a ourne ma n g t e y j y , cam in 1 770 to hila del hia where e, , P p , he found employment in the printing hn Dunla Tw rs office of Jo p. o yea later he formed a partnership with h e Frederick ShOber. T ey establish d h ms l in ltimre wh r h t e e ves Ba o , e e t ey intended to have published a newspa ” r u m tin wi h u fi i nt pe , b t not ee g t s c e en o ura emnt t w r the l c g e , o a d c ose of the same year they removed to New l Yo rk. The partnership wa s disso ved e rl in 1 75 s llin hi s in a y 7 , Hodge e g ere t in he u in ss to h r t s t b s e S obe , llin On he and enga ging in bookse g. t a r ach the ritish fled to pp o of B , Hodge e c r a n nin l r rt th ount y, ab do g a a ge pa o f his c which wa s su s u ntl sto k, b eq e y h in r Aft r re destroyed by t e vade s. e 1 48 siding in New York State for a year or two he w nt o t n a n th r e t Bos o , d e e, in c nn cti n with th rs O n o e o o e , pe ed a ” ntin -h A r h ar h pri g ouse. fte t e w e returned to New York and : resu med usin a s ll r A ut b ess a bookse e . bo 1 788 he with mu l m ll and , Sa e Ca pbe h m s All n rintin -Office T o a e , added a p g h - h h m to t e book store. Eac of t e me bers of the firmmaintained a separate place Of business in his individual name ; their publications being a dver tised a s for sale at their several ” k- r Am n h i su boo sto es. o g t e books s ed by themwa s The New York Direc tory for 1 7 the third attempt at u h li n I a s ll s c a pub catio . t w s a ma duodecimo Of one hundred and forty ur s rt which wa s fo page , a pa of de l m All n voted to statistica atter. e withdr r m h firm r 1 792 ew f o t e befo e , when Hodge Campbell issued an A u hi s tim edition of the Bible . bo t t e the uil in the firm which b d g used by , 1 49 ’ wa s ls s llin a o Hodge dwe g, was de

str fire nt ilin h v . oyed by , e a g ea y loss Soon afterward Hodge Campbell s r epa ated. The former continued the business of a bookseller for several rs but ut 1 800 di his yea , abo sposed of stock and purchased an estate in r kl n wh r he r si un il t B oo y , e e e ded t abou 1 81 0 h n he urn Ne rk , w e ret ed to w Yo it li in at 3 r r t C y, v g No . Beave st ee un h til is death . He died on the 23d of Au ust 1 81 3 l in c nsi r l g , , eav g a o de ab e r rt to ch rit to sist r and p ope y a y, a e ,

to numerou s nephews and nieces.

AN n ti OHN DERSON , a a ve of c tl n c m to New r ut S o a d, a e Yo k abo 1 770 and found employment in James ’ r r s Ofiice In Au ust 1 772 he Pa ke . g , , m rri in New r r h dau h a ed, Yo k, Sa a , g ter s h c w Fairfield of Jo ep Lo k ood, of ,

nn cticut . In un 1 773 he rm Co e J e, , fo ed

r n rshi with mu l . rk r a pa t e p Sa e F Pa e , 1 50

md thev attu npmmmisuceemfuflyfio

1 775 he esta blished a n ofi ce of his own

’ “ Frenmn s Hudilira sfic Voy a ge to

m m mm fl mm

He n in Au u 1 7 a na me . a lso be a st 7 5 g g , ,

" Ga z ette . of wi iich it wa s sa id tha t the lin e a t the to p giving the na me of the print er and the price of the pa per w re the onl wor s tr uth in i e y d of t . Anderso n ha d warmly espo use d the side of the Whigs in the controversy wi th the a rent c untr a nd on the p o y, a ppro a ch of the British in the autumn of 1 776 pa cked up his effects a nd N r n r sta rted to leave ew Yo k. O ea ch in the Ameri can lines h w r hi s g , o eve , 1 52 wagons were seized for milita ry pur ses his r ss and urnitur ruth po , p e f e l l thr n out in h r and his ess y ow t e oad, books and papers used for making

ish in nn cticut wh r his wif w , Co e , e e e had relatives who sheltered the ruined m l mnt dur printer. He found e p oy e ing the war a s captain of a sort of ” u on he u r l r un and sco ts t Ne t a G o d, when peace was declared returned to N h first ew York City. Here e wa s at rint r and l tt rl an ucti n r a p e , a e y a o ee , r i but neve a successful man. He d ed during an epidemi c of yellow fever in m n t r 1 798 . One his s s Sep e be , of o , Al n r An rs n wa the un r exa de de o , s fo de in America of that art in which we h n ri r in w ave o val eng av g on ood.

AMUEL LOUDON wa s born in K l 2 h Scot and in 1 7 7 . He establis ed himself in New York a s a Ship-chan 20 1 53 dler ut 1 760 u u 1 72 be abo , b t abo t 7 c m ll r 5 he h a e a bookse e . In 1 77 boug t the interest in the business Of Hodge Shober which the latter ha d then ust urcha s r mhis artn r and j p ed f o p e , the firmof Shober London ha d a ri is he end h b ef ex tence. Before t of t e same yea r London bought out Shober and became sole proprietor of the st lishm n In nuar 1 776 he e ab e t. Ja y, , ” n The Ne r c t which bega w Yo k Pa ke , h n i i e condu cted o Wh g princ ples. u n th u h l us r s t ri n Lo do , o g a zea o P e by e a an rm r u li n un rt k to d wa ep b ca , de oo print a pamphlet in answer to Com mon ns and cc rdin l a dver Se e, a o g y tised its speedy appearance in a ll the r The hi c m l rm pape s. W gs be a e a a ed n m in wa s summ n th a d a eet g o ed, e r i met and aft r sw ll win a t pa t es , e a o g [ f r t rn the house O Jasper D ake, a ave u n the c and th r-in keeper po do k, fa e law to Isaac Sears before mentioned] n i um ut a sufficient qua t ty of R bo, abo 1 54

New Yor and in the following year c m for sh rt tim ta t rint r be a e a o e S e p e , a nd during this period printed the first edition of The Constitution of the - ” t t New r ishkill 1 777 . S a e of Yo k, F , In 1 783 he printed the notoriou s New “ burg Letters in a pamphlet called A Collection of Papers relating to Half to the Ofi cers Of the Arm Pay y, which r r l tim r rin we e seve a es ep ted . In 1 784 he published Al exander Ham ’ ” ilton t rs fr m h ci n and s Le te o P o o , a report of the famous case Of Rutgers ” v n Am n his l t r s. Waddingto . o g a e publications were the Laws of the ” it Ne r and a n th r edi C y of w Yo k, o e “ ” tion of the City Charter granted by rn r M nt omerie th which Gove o o g , bo of 1 I 1 787 h hi appeared in 786 . n e took s n hn L n on int rtn rshi so Jo o d o pa e p, a 1 2 m u in nd about 79 retired fro b s ess. i a t i dl wn int New He d ed M d eto Po ,

ru r 24 1 81 3 . wa s Jersey, Feb a y , He i mm r t An r w an act ve e be of the S . d e 1 57 ci t r m1 785 wh n he in it So e y f o , e jo ed , an elder of the Scotch Presbyterian Church in

Cedar street.

L I S T

O F T H E

General and Staff

AND O? T EE

OFFICERS In the feveral REG IMENT S

f rrin in N H-AME e g O R T R IC A,

Under the Command of His ExcellencyGeneral

SI R WILL IA M H O W E, K. B .

' With the Dar t s o f their C O MMIS SI ONS as they Rank

in each C O RPS and in the A RMY.

N“ E W -Y O R K h W - t ha ve» inted by M A C DO N A L D a C A M t s O N m ater Stree , - - the Cofi e B onfe and Old Slip Budge . I n) .

T e- l yp page Of origina title is inches by 3} inches . Ofi cers in the several Regiments ” n in r h-Am ric and servi g No t e a, a number of proclamations and mili

r n tic s. In ru r 1 778 th ta y o e Feb a y, , ey m to hil l hi wh r th oved P ade p a, e e ey ” rin an Arm ist for 1 778 and p ted y L , i a nd n i h more proclamat ons ot ces. T ey r urn to New r in un 1 778 et ed Yo k J e, , and in 1 779 issued a third Ar my Lis In the following year they fol l w the ritish to h rl st n uth o ed B C a e o , So r lin h r si s rintin the Ca o a, w e e, be de p g yearly Ar my Lis and the necessary Ofi cial r si s th in con unc b oad de , ey, j ti n with ms rts n rint o Ja e Robe o , p ed Th l u h li e Roya So t Caro na Gazette . On the evacuation Of Charleston th r turn to New r bu did ey e ed Yo k, t not SO far a s can l rn r sum , I ea , e e usin ss m n a i r b e . Ca ero w s n New Yo k in ct r 1 782 n hich t O obe , , beyo d w da e amun l him I ab e to trace .

1 61 ONALD A A lik his ' M CDON LD , e rtn r Al n r mr n al pa e exa de Ca e o , n ti wa s a c tchmn and ready o ced, S o a , r in 1 777 Th f came to New Yo k . e o fice the firmwa s in ter- tr t of Wa S ee , between the Coffee-House a nd Old ” li - ri in hil S p B dge. While P a delphia they were located on Chestnut street few rs the rr c -Offi a doo above Ba a k ce. In Charleston they ha d their Print - ” in Ofiice at . 20 r tr g , [ ] No , B oad S eet, and th r s l s n w lr e e o d Hy o Tea, Je e y, rfumr nuin c tch Snufi Pe e y, Ge e S o , in di i n ad t o to books. I have n tic the u lic ti ns thi s firm o ed p b a o of , on whi ch their name always appears “ ” a s M c n l mr n in m a do a d Ca e o , y s tch the uni r rtn r bu ke of j o pa e , t I ma a dd h r in su rt m h y e e, ppo of y t eory of their official connection with the a rm tha t the u lica ti ns are lm y, p b o a ost “ ” “ a ll rmi ssi n o r Au h By Pe o , By t or ” it . a c na l who ie a t wt n y M do d, d d Ne o , on on sla n ct r 5 1 782 L g I d, O obe , , wa s 1 62

! ! mmmmm mm! maca w “ ma m a» ’ M I L L S “no H I C KS s 5

B R. I T I S H

A N D

A M E R I C A N R EG IST ER

W I T H A N A L M A N A C K

For the Year 1 7 8 1 ;

' Being the firfia fter Biflcxtilc or Lea pYear.

C alcula ted for t he M eridian of

W -Y O R K N E ,

" W - Y O R K N l . 2 P ms a nd w s a nd fo ld rinte d by M u , Q - a t t he i r Ofli cc mOé e elr firec t ; a nd by fi: v B r a r v a nd R o c s a s, in Ha no e r

4.

- in h Type page of original title is 434 c es by

inches. sh rt tim at m ri but r in o e Ca b dge, ejo ed his partner in Boston before its eva c i n he i i h a m uat o by t Br t sh. T ey cco anied he ritish rm to lif p t B a y Ha ax, and fr m th n n n l n o e ce we t to E g a d, r h min u whe e t ey re a ed abo t two years. In 1 777 they came to New York a nd Opened a printing-ofiice in connection h i ‘ h b wit a stat onery store. T ey pu lished there the British and Ameri can Register and Army List in f h m hl In a nd a ew ot er pa p ets. 1 782 th in the rt s the ey jo ed Robe son , firm in R r ns ills ic s be g obe tso , M H k . In 1 783 ills w nt o c ti M e t Nova S o a, settling fir st at Halifax a nd then at h l S e burne .

OHN HICKS wa s born October 1 6 1 750 a t m ri Ma ssa chu , , Ca b dge,

setts. His h r hn ic s wa s fat e , Jo H k , a r t- r n s n ch ri h ic s g ea g a d o of Za a a H k , who settled in Cambridge prior to 1 65 1 652. The elder J ohn Hicks was an ardent Whi a nd lost his life b a g, y British bullet as the royal forc es on

th h am on A ril 1 9 rou brid e 1 775. g C g p , The younger Hi cks served his ap

st n and until 1 773 was su o Bo o , pp sed n he of America n li r to be o t side be ty. “ He was reputed to ha ve been one of the young men who ha d the afiray with some British soldiers which led to the memorable massacre in King str sto n on rch 5 1 77 eet, Bo , Ma , In A ril 1 773 he n usin ss in p , , bega b e rtn rshi with tha ni l ills and pa e p Na e M , adopted the side of the government in h li i l di u he t e po t ca sp te of t time . The death of hi s father made no change ’ in ic s s litics and on the e u H k po , va c ation of Boston he accompanied the n British forces to Halifax. Soo after ward both Mills and Hicks went to n l n wh r th r m in n rl E g a d, e e ey e a ed ea y 1 66 s rat a t r short time epa ed f e a , a nd Hicks obtained permission to return to Mas hu ur h sac setts. He p c a sed a fine estate a t N wt n and r si e ther until 1 4 e o e d d e 79 , when he died.

ILLIAM LEWIS was a na tive n n l n of Ke t, E g a d. He came to r think but New Yo k, I , a short time before he opened his printing-o flice at 1 ll str t and th r 9 Wa ee , e e began The r r r Th New Yo k Me cu y. e first num ber wa s issu t m r 3 1 779 an ed Sep e be , , d “ i hil ’ wa s publ shed at Mr. P ip Brooks s ta ti n r t r in the s m u ” S o e y S o e a e Ho se . Lewis so on acquired the store a nd car ri on the st ti n r u sin ss hims l ed a o e y b e e f, in to it tr in snuff a add g a ade , p t ent m dicin s and ul r n strums e e , pop a o , smtics a nd r um r l co e pe f e y, go d and sil r ul ts a nd milit r trim ve epa e , a y mi h r wa ll ngs. T e pape s we printed and contained a s mu ch news a s a ny 1 68 th r th n issu in N w r but it o e e ed e Yo k, met with r succ ss m r h n ha lf poo e , o e t a the advertisements in the numbers I have seen being of books and other goods for sale by James and Alexander r n It n u Robe tso . wa s co tin ed up to Au ust 1 781 and r l l n r g , , p obab y o ge . Lewis printed a few pamphlets and sch l- s si hi n r oo book be des s ewspape . In 1 782 he was in partnership with m Th nl n hi Ho er. e o y publicatio of t s firmthat I can discover wa s a Free ’ m s n s c t curi u s collec a o Po ke Book, a o ” n l ni n s i tio of origina Maso c So g . Lew s ir r m he nc rn in 1 783 and ret ed f o t co e , on June 28 of that year wa s arrested for a s s n t rw r r l s d debt. He w oo af e a d e ea e , and joined with John Ryan in settling

hn New runswic . r at St . Jo , B k He e , in c m r 1 783 th n The De e be , , ey bega ’ l hn s 8750 tt and Roya St. Jo [ ] Gaze e n ” his Nova Scotia Intellige cer. T paper was continued under various ’ un il u 1 806 but wis s names t abo t , Le 22 1 69 c nn cti n with it c as in 1 785 and o e o e ed , I have been unable to obtain further inf i n n rnin h ormat o co ce g im.

ILLIAM in MORTON , October, 1 776 wa s ch s n n , o e seco d lieuten ant of the Mi ddle Ward Company of the New York City Regiment of Mili tia raised by the British immediately r h ir r h i afte t e capt u e of t e c ty . About 1 782 he in rtn rshi i h May, , , pa e p w t Christopher Sower and Samuel Hor ner st lish rintin -h us and , e ab ed a p g o e started a newspaper called The New ” r rnin s Th i Yo k Mo g Po t . e ed tors ha d to depend largely on Da niel ’ Coxe s supply of foreign newspapers for th ir news a nd in r turn r e e , e ag e d to him h ir h send t e paper without c arge. w r with r w in 1 783 and s n So e d e , oo afterward quarreled with hi s former associa tes about his share of the r fi r n a nd m r ha d con p o ts. Mo to Ho e 1 70 nor can I record any publication bear ing his imprint other tha n The Morning Post and the pa mphlet mnti n in the n tice of e o ed o So wer.

AMUEL the l HORNER, e dest child s c m r and R ch l r r of I aa Ho e a e Ca te , his wi wa s rn c m r 3 1 1 75 fe, bo De e be , 7, r i h in New Yo k C ty . I ave been able to learn nothing about himfro mthis im until 1 782 wh t e May, , en he wa s in artn rshi ith illi m p e p w W a Lewis. his firm ist but sh rt tim T ex ed a o e , as about the sa me year Horner joined Sower a nd Morton in opening a print ing-o ffice and establishing The New ” rnin s r York Mo g Po t. Sowe retir ed in 1 783 a nd became engaged in a qu a r rel with hi s former partners about hi s h r the r fits which wa s n s a e of p o , exte sively aired in the columns of The ” ’ Morning Post a nd of Rivington s ” rt n and Royal Ga zette . Mo o Homer 1 72 made their peace in some way with Whi u h ri i s an c ntinu the g a t o t e , d o ed the publication of their paper after the evacuation of New York by the i rnin Brit sh . The Mo g Post is re markable a s the only newspaper printed within the British lines which sur vived their withdrawal from the ni The a n U ted States. paper w s co verted into a daily shortly before ’ rn r s th which ccurr in New Ho e dea , o ed r it in ru r 1 786 his Yo k C y Feb a y, . By will he bequeathed hi s interest in the printing-ofiice and newspaper to his r n r r n pa t e Mo to .

H RISTOPHER AU or w r S R, So e , the thir h t n m as rn d of t a a e, w bo u r 27 1 754 a t rmn n Jan a y , , Ge a tow , l hi unt wh r his r n Philade p a Co y, e e g a d th r in 1 738 ha d rint fr mthe fa e , , p ed o rma n t us in Amric first Ge ype ed e a, an in 1 743 ha d issu the first iti n d ed, ed o 23 1 73 of the Bible printed in a Euro pea n lan in h rl as guage t e Westernwo d. He w r h in the m i her b oug t up o oe of h s fat , hrist h r w r uni r which C op e So e , J o , of he and his brother Peter became pro rie in 1 hi inu p tors 777 . Except s cont ” ti n the rmnt n z a o of Ge a ow Ga ette, and Der Hoch-Deutsche American ” isch l n r the istur st t e Ca e de , d bed a e of h r t e times rende ed his press barren. In both these publications he espoused the British side of the great question the n he c tur hila of day. O t ap e of P l hi w he s u ht the ro de p a by Ho e, o g p i n h r n urin tect o of t e oya l army. Ve t g ba ck to his hou se in Germantown to secur s m lu l rs he wa s e o e va ab e pape , m e ris ner wa s chan ad a p o . He ex ged, a ter a short t nti n for his n t f de e o , ex r nei h r wh s s rvic s a s doo g bo , o e e e a powder-maker were greatly valu ed by the Am ri cans and who s rr st the e , e a e by ritish h ma s sa s wa s insti te B , T o y , ga d r r m ni the by Sowe . Sowe acco pa ed 1 74

’ S I R q n r C L r n 'r o u s A R R A T I V E

w fl l l l l l N U M RO R S A RE ro m sRo u s E R r r n o ur. A l b T N ! C O N D U C T 0 !

O R D C O R N W A L L I S,

F U L L Y v mb rc a r s n

A L L A S P E R S I O N u t e r u o n c o r u r r u e s : o r r un

PUBLIC AN D SEC RET C ORRESPONDENCE

L O R D G E O R G E G r n u a r n,

S I R H E N R Y C L I N T O N ,

A ' D r H t s L o a o s u x ,

A S H S I N T E R C E P T E D L ET T E R S G E N E R A L W A S H I N

I UJ i l ff ’fl n a r l m-; b o l P c .

N M l/ P 'l fl w a de a n u r/ n l a t . f , f f

LU O N "r an - W “ MQ'I o 'o “ 6 ND t ed N u mYo nn : Fi r printed by 5 0 . ’ ‘ - I O 'W N W c kman Sll . I M . o 6 2 u r n bt rrfl facin Be , , g p ' nd - re. A b Mcfl “ il th ! n R mHano ver S ua y s F a d o c u s, q u cc x m .o .u x .

e- a e of ri l i l i in h 1 Typ p g o gina t t e s 7} c es by 5 1 ; inches. as a ointed to the chair de rive him Es . w to q , pp , p of the O ortunit of s ea in as he has the pp y p k g, f sa in little with man w rds gift o y g y o .

Sower rema ined in England about two rs and th n r turn to New yea , e e ed r wh r for sh rt tim he en Yo k, e e, a o e, gaged in business with Morton Hor The nl u li ti n Of thi s firm ner. o y p b ca o “ I have met with besides The New ” r rnin st the u lic ti n Yo k Mo g Po , p b a o which th n ut 1 782 of ey bega abo May, , is smll u rt lum issu in a a q a o vo e, ed ’ 1 783 r rint rnw lli s s l , a ep of Co a Rep y ’ Sir nr lint n s rr ti to He y C o Na a ve, fromthe imprint of which it appears h a N 62 r t at their Office w s at O. Wate

tr t cin mn li . S ee , fa g Beek a S p In that year Sower again went to n l n and r main th r until E g a d, e ed e e 1 784 wh n in diti n to cuni r , e , ad o a pe a y compensation for the losses entailed hi r the r l c us by s adhe ence to oya a e, he wa s appointed Deputy Postmaster General a nd Printer to the Crown in 1 77 1 785 bega n there the publication of The Royal Ga z ette and Weekly Ad

Oflice he continued to ma na ge until the

’ est in the la tter s type-foundry in the

al mr ul 3 1 799 l vin B ti o e, J y , , ea g a n h ’ widow and several childre . T omas s statement that Sower wa s pla ced in the n lish rm as c l n l at hal E g a y, a o o e f is not rn out the Offici l pay, bo e by a ” Arm i y L st .

1 78

INDEX

Adventures of a British Answer to the Co uncil of

l m n in Paris etc . Pr rietors 31 Nob e a , , op , etc ., 1 25 Anti ua a ette 66 g G z , Alban a ette 99 Arm List 1 61 1 65 1 67 y G z , y , , , Alexander a mes 22 25 , J , , l E n 1 39 1 40 Allen, Co . tha , , Allen Thoma s 1 49 Ba lentine 85 We r 1 00 , , bste , ’ Almanac 1 697 la s 6 Bard m l 1 , , C p , , Sa ue , 43 ’ Almanac 1 746 Hutchins Barl S 6 40 , , ow ale, , ’ or N ha n s 31 fa c [ at ] , ; Bill Of Compla int in the simile of title 32 hanc er Of N w er , C y e J Almana c 1 694 L eeds 4 se brou ht b Thoma k, , , ; y, g y s mil Of title 3 facsi e la r e etc . 63 , C k , , Almana c 1 750 Ro er Bomb The 7 k, , g ( ), Sherman 58 fa csimile Bo o of ommon Pra er , ; k C y , f le 56 1 71 0 9 fac imile Of o tit , , ; s ti mbruster Antho n 1 44 tl 1 0 A , y , e, merican hronicle 1 761 Bra dford Andrew 1 7 A C , , , , i li m 1 -1 8 64 Bra dford , W l a , m r 1 8 And n Al exander 1 31 Bra df rd Willia J . erso , , , o , , , 53 D For t 1 Bra dford e ees , Anderson ohn 37 53 1 5 , J , , , - 1 1 50 1 53 Bra dford Z enger, 3 1 28 1 29 f ti of a e Andre, Ma jor, , Brie Narra ve C s m a nd Tr al of ohn Peter Androborus a Dra a Gov. , , y J

n r etc . 25 Hunter, 1 2 Z e ge , , 24 1 81 Brief Vindication Of the an Hospita l in the City Purcha ssors a ainst the of New Yor 78 g k,

ri i tc . h r of h i Prop to rs [ s c] , e , C arte t e C ty Of AI riffith en in 29 fac ban 7 78 G J k , ; y , , mil e of title 30 Charter Of the it Of N w si , C y e

Brief indica tion etc . Of Yor 1 735 26 63 79 V , , k, , , , , Trustees Of olle e of 1 55 fa csimile Of titl 27 C g [ ; e, New Yor 76 harter of the Ma rin SO k] , C e Sa le 6 9 1 3 1 6 ciet 83 Brinley , , , , , y, 29 40 hi ll Rich 26, , C swe , ard, 1 05 British and American Reg Churches Qua rrel E8 1 65 ister, poused , 1 2 Broo s Phili 1 68 laim of the Inh abita nt k , p, C s Brown Samuel 58—60 of the Town of Newa r , , k, B l a muel 59 53 f mil uel , S , etc. , ; acsi e o f 1 3 tle 52 Burnet, Gov., ti ,

B l Rev. Mather 42 Golden adwalla der 1 3 y es, , , C , ,

1 6, 40 l n Bird 7 llection of Pa ers Rela Ca ge (A) ofUnc ea s, Co p t

d r 1 59 in to Half Pa etc . 1 57 Ca meron, Al exa n e , g y, , I c 68 1 1 61 Collins, saa , , 44 am bell Alexander 21 om la int Of ames AI C p , , C p J m bell Sa muel 71 1 49 ex ander a nd Of Ca p , , , 1 30 Willia m Smith to Candid Retro spec t, Anthon 37 1 43 1 44 General Assembl 28 Ca r, y , , , y , Ca ta logue of Bo o ks belong Concise Na tura l History o f t N ew Yor So ci Ea st a nd West lorid a ing o k F , ’ r r 76 Berna rd Romans 1 1 9 ety e Lib a y, , B o s sold onnecticut a ette 67 90 Ca ta lo gue of o k C G z , , n 85 Brown C onsidera tions on Im by Rivingto , 1 1 0— 1 1 3 po sing Taxes in Briti sh

h r e to the ra nd ur olonies etc . Dani el C a g G J y, C , , hi f ustice Morris D ula n 92 C e J , y, 1 27 20 o nsidera tio ns towa rd a 7 , C f M Charter fo r Establishing Genera l Pla n o easure 1 82

’ Freema son s Poc et Bo ck Histor Of the fi ve India n k , y 8 1 69 6 1 7 2, Na tions, Gold en, 1 P 37 1 52 Frenea u, hilip, 1 , ’ hui Kla te m bell 1 49 Friling sen s g Hodge Ca p , V d n ” 1 44-1 47 an Eenige Lee e , Hodge 85 Sho ber , , 4 1 54 etc . , 1 ’ J d H t Eli a beth 96 -98 Frilinghuysen s eug ol , z , ffenin of Verha ndel Hol ohn 36 44 46 89 Oe g t, J , , , , ing van de Godlyke waa r 96 ” hedcn etc . 1 748 61 Holt ohn Hunt er 95 , , , , J , Full and Perfect List (A) f Re el ouncil n f P l o the b C , ra ngeme t o sa ms, l mmittees 1 767 46 Assemb y, Co , etc ., , f the Province o f m r Sa muel 1 70 etc ., O Ho e , , ’ hu tts Ba 1 25 mand n s Ne r Plot Ma ssa c se y, Hors e g o , 40

Hunter overnor 1 2 , G , H h 72-88 aine, ug , G Hutchins ohn N a tha n 1 74 , J , ermantown a ette, G G z lmna c 31 A a , o ddard William 68 1 34 G , , , reen Sa muel 67 G , , Importa nce (The) of the een 85 Russell 1 66 Gr , Friendship of the Indi reenlea f Thoma s 95 G , , 42 ans, Grondlycke Onderricht van ndent Ga ett e o r Indepe z , Sekere Vo orname Ho ofd th N ew Yor ournal e k J , Stuc en etc . 1 708 7 k , , , 94 l 8 fa csimile of tit e, fl c o r 43 Independent Re e t , n etc . uide to estryme , , G V muel 37 1 43 Inslee , Sa , , , 1 747 42 ; fa csimile Of , 1 44 title 41 , 1 43 44 Inslee 85 Car, 53 , , 1 43 Instructo r (The) , 1 6 28 40 Alexander 1 1 9 Ives Sale, , , Hamilton, , , 1 57 nkin riffith 29 Ha milton Andrew 23 24 Je , G , , , , — li hman In De Hic s ohn 1 63 1 68 John Eng s , k , J , ’ fence of the En lish Yor J ones 85 ari g k, V ck s

onstituti on 43 ed . 1 789 84 C , , , ohnson Sir William 99 La ws Orders a nd J , , , Ordi Journal Of the Gen nances of the City OfNew eral Assembl Of the Yor 1 707 7 y k, , olon of New Yor L a ws Statutes i C y k, , , Ord 1 69 -1 765 7 1 , 7 na nces and Constitu Journal (A) o f the late tions of the City of New Actions of the rench Yor 79 84 92 1 57 F , k, , , , 1 693 4 L , e Tresor des Consolations ournal Of the Proceed Divines et Humain J es, in s of th on 1 696 4 g e C gress , ; fa csimile of ti h ld a Phil l hi l 5 e t a de p a , t e, 1 774 79 Letter A from a entle , ( ) G Journal (A) Of the Pro man Of the City Of New ceedin s inthe Detection Yor 1 698 6 g k, , of ira Lett fr mPh 7 the Consp cy, etc . ers o o cion 1 5 1 744 38 f csimi i Le illi m 1 - , ; a le of t wis, W a , 68 1 70 t 39 Le n r le, wis Hor e , 1 69 Lex P l mnt ri ar ia e a a , ’ Keach s Wa r with the eor e Pet t 1 3 G g y , ” 2 Li mu - Devil, 1 ber Pri s Novo Portu Keith eor e 1 4 7 Im ressus 90 , G g , , , p , Reimer Sa muel 1 7 44 List A of the enerals , , , ( ) G and Sta fi Ofiicers and of Laws and Acts (The) o f the Oflicers in the several the General Assembly Regiments serving in mrica 1 777 1 59 for their Majesties Prov North A e , , illi m 42 ince Of Ne w Yor etc . Livin sto n W a k, , g , , , 4 9 1 5 1 03 1 694, , , ’ La ws of the Province : Liv Lo ssing s Charge against ’ Smith s cd . Rivin ton 1 32 ingaton 8a , g , ’ 43 63 Va n Scha ack s London ohn 1 57 , ; , J , 9 Loudon Sa muel 1 46 1 47 cd., 7 , , , , La ws of the Sta te of New 1 53-1 58 1 85 “ M l na ld 1 62 N n’ Alm ” acdona d, Do , atha s ana c , 3 1 Macdonald 85 ameron 1 62 New American Moc Bird C , k , ’ mi N arrative 7 76 1 761 77 Make e s , , , Massa chusetts a ette 1 63 New-En la nd Pesec uto rs G z , g M R i r i M ul d th assa chusetts eg ste , [ s c] a e wi th eir wn a 1 63 o We pons , 6 ’ M m B n min 65-71 New En land s S iri f eco , e ja , g p t o Memorial (A) conta ining a Persecutio n Transmitt ed Summa r iew Of a cts to Pennsil vania 2 y V F , , 45 76 New Primmer A r , ( ) , o 6 Menzies Sale, 1 Metho di ca l Directio n to ’ Mi ddleton s Disc ourse on a ttain the True l Spe ling , Opening the [ first] Medi Rea ding a nd Writi ng of l h l in th i f En l h r ca Sc oo e C ty O g is , F ancis Daniel New Yor 1 769 73 k, , Militar ollections and New Yor hronicle 99 y C k C , Remarks 80 fa csimil e New Yor Directo f r , ; k ry o Of title 81 1 89 , 7 , 1 49 Mills Nathaniel 1 63 1 64 New Yor Evenin Po st , , , k g , Mills 85 Hic s 1 63 1 64 1 5 57 k , , , Moha w Pra er Boo 1 2 New Yor a ett e 1 4 1 5 k y k , , k G z , , , 64 78 34 3 6 53 57 63 92 1 43 , , , , , , ,

Mo o re Dr . Geo . H. 54 85 N ew Yor Ga ette a nd he , , , k z t Mo rris Lewis hi ef J us Wee l Mercur 72 74 , , C k y y , , tice 20 23 24 N ew Yor Ga ette revived , , , k z , Morto n William 1 70-1 72 in The Wee l Po st-Bo , , k y y , n — Morto n 85 Hor er, 1 70 1 72 36

M ster o f Fox- ra ft 7 New Yor Mornin Po st y y C , k g , 1 70

’ Na ksko w s Ar ticles o f New Yo r Pa c et 1 54 k k , a ith o f The Hol Eva n N ew Yo r Pa c uet 67 F , y k q , ” elica l Church 45 New Yor Wee l ourna l g , k k y J , Na rra ti e J f 25 v or ourna l o , N Y r l Capt . Jo hn Ferdinand ew o k Week y Mer Da l iel Smith 82 cur 72 z , y, 1 86

Royal South C a rolina Ga ” ette 1 33-1 41 ette 1 01 1 61 z , z , , ’ Bivington s New York Ga Rules and Articles for the ette and Universal Ad better overnment of z , G v r i r 1 41 th Tr e t se , e oo ps Of the T welve ’ Rivin to n s New Yor United oloni es 79 g k C , r Rul to be Ga zetteer, o the Con es Observed by necticut New J erse the Hand-in-Hand ire , y, F ’ Hudson -Riv r and o m n 84 s e , C pa y, Quebec Weekly Adver tiser 1 33—1 37 Sa bin ose h 54 , , J p , ’ Rivin n N r S ur Sower . gto s ew Yo k a . See Lo al a ette 1 37 Sears Isa ac 1 20 1 54 y G z , , , , ’ “ ” ’ Rivin ton s Protest to Secretar s uide 7 g y G , the nt Se ward Mi Mo n Co inental Con , ss, o dy on re t Ma r Andre 1 30 g ss a Phil adelphia , jo , ’ 1 21 Shepherd s Sincere Con ” Robertson Al ex nd r 03 vert 38 , a e , 1 , , 1 04 Sho r Fr deric 1 44-1 47 be , e k, Robertson a mes 98-1 01 Shober London 1 47 , J , , , R ert n 85 1 54 ob so Co . , 99 Robinson ruso Short Sta te A ofthe Pro C e, first ( ) Americ n edition 1 777 ceedi n s Of the Pro rie a , , g p 80 tors Of Ea st a nd West

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