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A Digital Rock Density Map of New Zealand

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A Digital Rock Density Map of New Zealand Computers & Geosciences ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Computers & Geosciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cageo A digital rock density map of New Zealand Tenzer Robert a,n, Sirguey Pascal a, Rattenbury Mark b, Nicolson Julia a a National School of Surveying, Division of Sciences, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand b GNS Science, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand article info abstract Article history: Digital geological maps of New Zealand (QMAP) are combined with 9256 samples with rock density Received 22 March 2010 measurements from the national rock catalogue PETLAB and supplementary geological sources to Received in revised form generate a first digital density model of New Zealand. This digital density model will be used to compile a 23 June 2010 new geoid model for New Zealand. The geological map GIS dataset contains 123 unique main rock types Accepted 31 July 2010 spread over more than 1800 mapping units. Through these main rock types, rock densities from measurements in the PETLAB database and other sources have been assigned to geological mapping units. Keywords: A mean surface rock density of 2440 kg/m3 for New Zealand is obtained from the analysis of the derived Crust digital density model. The lower North Island mean of 2336 kg/m3 reflects the predominance of relatively Database young, weakly consolidated sedimentary rock, tephra, and ignimbrite compared to the South Island’s Density 2514 kg/m3 mean where igneous intrusions and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks including schist and Geological mapping Gravimetry gneiss are more common. All of these values are significantly lower than the mean density of the upper Rock types continental crust that is commonly adopted in geological, geophysical, and geodetic applications (2670 kg/m3) and typically attributed to the crystalline and granitic rock formations. The lighter density has implications for the calculation of the geoid surface and gravimetric reductions through New Zealand. & 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction suggested that this density was used for the first time by Hayford and Bowie (1912). In reviewing several studies seeking a representative The modelling of the geoid from gravimetric data requires a mean density from various rock type formations, Hinze (2003) argued detailed digital terrain model (DTM) and a subsurface rock digital that this value was used earlier by Hayford (1909) for gravity density model (DDM) to compute the topographical effects on the reduction. Hayford (1909) referred to Harkness (1891) who averaged gravity field quantities. In the absence of distributed rock density five published values of surface rock density. Harkness’s (1891) value data, a mean density value is often used and assumed to be constant of 2670 kg/m3 was confirmed later, for instance, by Gibb (1968) who over the study area. The errors in geoid modelling due to neglecting estimated the mean density for the surface rocks in a significant the anomalous topographical density distribution can then reach portion of the Canadian Precambrian shield from over 2000 individual several centimetres, especially in mountainous regions with vari- measurements. Woollard (1962) examined more than 1000 rock able geological composition. While DTMs are currently available samples and estimated that the mean basement (crystalline) rock with a very high accuracy and resolution at global and regional density is about 2740 kg/m3. Subrahmanyam and Verma (1981) scales, DDMs are rarely available. However, recent studies indicate determined that crystalline rocks in low-grade metamorphic terranes that incorporating rock density models (including lakes and inIndiahavethemeandensityof2750kg/m3, while 2850 kg/m3 in glaciers) in the gravimetric geoid modelling process have potential high-grade metamorphic terranes. to improve results (see e.g., Martinec et al., 1995; Martinec, 1998; The geological composition of New Zealand’s land surface is Kuhtreiber,¨ 1998; Huang et al., 2001; Hunegnaw, 2001). dominated by sedimentary rocks (Riddolls, 1987). Many of these A mean density of 2670 kg/m3 is often assumed for the upper rocks were deposited beneath the sea adjacent to the present or past continental crust in geological and gravity surveys, geophysical plate boundaries and later uplifted and juxtaposed by tectonic exploration, gravimetric geoid modelling, compilation of regional movement. The present Australian-Pacific plate boundary is marked gravity maps, and other applications. Although this density value is by the Alpine Fault through much of the South Island. The hard widely used, its origin remains partially obscure. Woollard (1966) ‘‘greywacke’’ sandstone and mudstone of Mesozoic age form large areas of the South Island and the Southern Alps east of the Alpine Fault (Nathan et al., 2002; Rattenbury et al., 2006; Cox and Barrell, n 2007). Greywacke basement also forms the axial ranges of the Corresponding author. Tel.: +64 3 479 7592; fax: +64 3 479 7586. E-mail addresses: [email protected], southern and eastern North Island (Begg and Johnston, 2000; [email protected] (T. Robert). Mazengarb and Speden, 2000) and eastern Northland (Edbrooke 0098-3004/$ - see front matter & 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2010.07.010 Please cite this article as: Robert, T., et al., A digital rock density map of New Zealand. Computers and Geosciences (2010), doi:10.1016/ j.cageo.2010.07.010 2 T. Robert et al. / Computers & Geosciences ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] and Brook, 2010). In central Otago, schist predominates at the digital surface density model for New Zealand. The input data are surface and has originated from metamorphism of the Mesozoic summarized in Section 2. The methodology is described in Section 3. greywacke sedimentary rock (Turnbull, 2000; Forsyth, 2001; A spatial analysis of rock density samples is provided in Section 4. Turnbull and Allibone, 2003; Rattenbury et al., 2010). A great propor- The final digital density model is presented and discussed in Section tion of the southern half of the North Island is formed of soft Neogene 5. The summary and conclusions are given in Section 6. rocks, particularly sandstone and mudstone (Mazengarb and Speden, 2000; Lee and Begg, 2002; Edbrooke, 2005; Townsend et al., 2008). Limestone is widespread throughout the North and 2. Input data South islands and is generally thin, although thicker formations occur south of Auckland, in the Wairarapa, northwest Nelson and The QMAP (Quarter-million MAP) database produced by GNS north Westland, north and south Canterbury and western South- Science provides national geological map coverage at 1:250,000 in land. Large volcanic areas occur in the central and northern North printed and digital form using ESRI’s ArcGIS Geographic Information Island, particularly between Taupo, Bay of Plenty and Coromandel System (GIS) software. The project began in 1994, and was completed Peninsula (Edbrooke, 2001). These deposits comprise a mixture of in 2010, a world-first production of a completely revised national lava flows and domes, lahar and volcano collapse deposits, ignim- geological map series designed and built using GIS software. The brite and tephra, and reworked volcanic sediments resulting from database is derived from numerous sources such as older published repeated volcanic activity over the last 10 million years. Smaller and unpublished geological maps, mining company reports, petroleum volcanic centres are located in Taranaki (Townsend et al., 2008), exploration reports, university theses, unpublished research reports, western Waikato to Auckland (Edbrooke, 2001, 2005), and North- and data collected from new field work. The QMAP geological maps are land (Isaac, 1996; Edbrooke and Brook, 2010). Old volcanic centres compiled at a scale of 1:50,000 and published at 1:250,000. The QMAP form Banks Peninsula (Forsyth et al., 2008)andOtagoPeninsula database contains thematic layers with rich attributes that describe (Bishop and Turnbull, 1996). Intrusive igneous rocks dominated by various features of a geological map. The most relevant for this study granite, diorite, granodiorite and tonalite, but including ultramafic are the geological unit polygons that define the extent of mapping units rocks mostly occur in Nelson, Westland, Fiordland, and Stewart (groups, formations, plutons, etc.). The units mapped are generally the Island (Rattenbury et al., 1998; Nathan et al., 2002; Turnbull and shallowest rock unit more than 5–10 m thick. Thin veneers are Allibone, 2003; Turnbull et al., 2010). Digital geological map data and commonly not depicted in preference for more substantial rock units density measurements are used in this study to generate the first underneath. Key attributes of the geological unit polygons are the main 168°E 172°E 176°E 34°S 38°S 38°S ; 42°S 42°S 46°S 46°S 168°E 172°E 176°E Fig. 1. Map of broad groups of main rock types in New Zealand generated from the digital QMAP geological map database. Please cite this article as: Robert, T., et al., A digital rock density map of New Zealand. Computers and Geosciences (2010), doi:10.1016/ j.cageo.2010.07.010 T. Robert et al. / Computers & Geosciences ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 3 and subsidiary rock types, stratigraphic and map unit names, terrane thin veneers or deposits ranging up to several hundred metres thick. affiliation, age expressed in stratigraphic or absolute terms, and Other weakly consolidated deposits such as sand, mud, peat, pumice, lithological description. A map of main rock types in New Zealand tephra, and fill contribute 7% more. Sandstone and related medium- was generated from the digital QMAP database. The QMAP database grained clastic rocks (8.8%) and fine grained clastic rocks (10.7%, identifies 123 main rock types, not including areas of water (lakes) and predominantly mudstone), are more common in the North Island, as ice (glaciers and snowfields). The main rock and other fields within are mafic-intermediate volcanic rocks (3.1% including basalt, ande- geological mapping units and other layers of the QMAP database are site), and ignimbrite and tephra (4.6%).
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