Mars Exploration Rover Mission Complete Assembly and Testing for the Twin Robotic Geologists
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Mission to Jupiter
This book attempts to convey the creativity, Project A History of the Galileo Jupiter: To Mission The Galileo mission to Jupiter explored leadership, and vision that were necessary for the an exciting new frontier, had a major impact mission’s success. It is a book about dedicated people on planetary science, and provided invaluable and their scientific and engineering achievements. lessons for the design of spacecraft. This The Galileo mission faced many significant problems. mission amassed so many scientific firsts and Some of the most brilliant accomplishments and key discoveries that it can truly be called one of “work-arounds” of the Galileo staff occurred the most impressive feats of exploration of the precisely when these challenges arose. Throughout 20th century. In the words of John Casani, the the mission, engineers and scientists found ways to original project manager of the mission, “Galileo keep the spacecraft operational from a distance of was a way of demonstrating . just what U.S. nearly half a billion miles, enabling one of the most technology was capable of doing.” An engineer impressive voyages of scientific discovery. on the Galileo team expressed more personal * * * * * sentiments when she said, “I had never been a Michael Meltzer is an environmental part of something with such great scope . To scientist who has been writing about science know that the whole world was watching and and technology for nearly 30 years. His books hoping with us that this would work. We were and articles have investigated topics that include doing something for all mankind.” designing solar houses, preventing pollution in When Galileo lifted off from Kennedy electroplating shops, catching salmon with sonar and Space Center on 18 October 1989, it began an radar, and developing a sensor for examining Space interplanetary voyage that took it to Venus, to Michael Meltzer Michael Shuttle engines. -
A Possible Albian Impact Crater at Murshid, Southern Oman
GeoArabia, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2002 Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain A possible Albian impact crater at Murshid, southern Oman Bruce Levell1, Pascal Richard2 and Folco Hoogendijk2, Petroleum Development Oman ABSTRACT During interpretation of a 3-D seismic survey in southern Oman a solitary, 2.5-km-wide circular basin with a central peak and raised rim was identified in the subsurface 35 km west of the Marmul oil field. The feature is the only one of its kind in the area. The basinal structure is probably of Late Cretaceous (Albian) age and the regional geology strongly suggests that it is neither a volcanic crater nor related to salt-dome tectonics or salt dissolution. It possibly represents a crater formed by a terrestrial impact event and has been named the Murshid crater. This report does not constitute a detailed investigation of the possible impact crater but rather records the 3-D seismic observations and the drilling that has taken place near the structure so far. INTRODUCTION During interpretation of a newly acquired 3-D seismic survey for oil exploration in southern Oman, a solitary 2.5-km-diameter circular basinal feature was identified as a possible impact structure and was named the Murshid crater. It lies 35 km west of the Marmul oil field in the South Oman Salt Basin (Figure 1). The center of the structure is at latitude 18º10’59"N, longitude 54º55’08”E, and it is buried at a depth of approximately 380 m below mean sea level (680 m below the ground surface). The authors are petroleum geologists who felt that the Murshid basinal structure needed reporting to the wider scientific community. -
JPL to Map the Moon on India Mission
I n s i d e May 19, 2006 Volume 36 Number 10 News Briefs ............... 2 Griffin Visits Lab ............ 3 Special Events Calendar ...... 2 Passings, Letters ........... 4 Spitzer Sees Comet Breakup... 2 Retirees, Classifieds ......... 4 Jet Propulsion Laborator y A JPL state-of-the-art imaging spectrometer that will provide the first high-resolution spectral map of the JPL to entire lunar surface successfully completed its critical design review this week. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper, also known as “M3,” is one of two in- materials across the surface at high spatial resolution. This data map the struments that NASA is contributing to India’s first mission to the moon, will provide a much-needed long-term baseline for future exploration scheduled to launch in late 2007 or early 2008. By mapping the mineral activities. composition of the lunar surface, the mission will both provide clues to The mission’s observations will address several important scientific moon the early development of the solar system and guide future astronauts to issues, including early evolution of the solar system; fundamental stores of precious resources. processes acting on planets that shape their character; assessment of on India Chandrayaan-1 is India’s first deep-space mission as well as its first potential impact hazards to Earth; and assessment of space resources. lunar mission. “The entire M3 team feels honored to be able to partici- From its vantage point in orbit around the moon, the spacecraft will mission pate,” said Project Manager Tom Glavich of JPL. measure the sunlight reflected by all of the rocks and soil over which The instrument is well on its way to being delivered to the Chandray- it passes. -
March 21–25, 2016
FORTY-SEVENTH LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS MARCH 21–25, 2016 The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center The Woodlands, Texas INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Universities Space Research Association Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS Stephen Mackwell, Lunar and Planetary Institute Eileen Stansbery, NASA Johnson Space Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS David Draper, NASA Johnson Space Center Walter Kiefer, Lunar and Planetary Institute PROGRAM COMMITTEE P. Doug Archer, NASA Johnson Space Center Nicolas LeCorvec, Lunar and Planetary Institute Katherine Bermingham, University of Maryland Yo Matsubara, Smithsonian Institute Janice Bishop, SETI and NASA Ames Research Center Francis McCubbin, NASA Johnson Space Center Jeremy Boyce, University of California, Los Angeles Andrew Needham, Carnegie Institution of Washington Lisa Danielson, NASA Johnson Space Center Lan-Anh Nguyen, NASA Johnson Space Center Deepak Dhingra, University of Idaho Paul Niles, NASA Johnson Space Center Stephen Elardo, Carnegie Institution of Washington Dorothy Oehler, NASA Johnson Space Center Marc Fries, NASA Johnson Space Center D. Alex Patthoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cyrena Goodrich, Lunar and Planetary Institute Elizabeth Rampe, Aerodyne Industries, Jacobs JETS at John Gruener, NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Justin Hagerty, U.S. Geological Survey Carol Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lindsay Hays, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Paul Schenk, -
A Study About the Temporal Constraints on the Martian Yardangs’ Development in Medusae Fossae Formation
remote sensing Article A Study about the Temporal Constraints on the Martian Yardangs’ Development in Medusae Fossae Formation Jia Liu 1,2 , Zongyu Yue 1,3,*, Kaichang Di 1,3 , Sheng Gou 1,4 and Shengli Niu 4 1 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (K.D.); [email protected] (S.G.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei 230026, China 4 State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-64889553 Abstract: The age of Mars yardangs is significant in studying their development and the evolution of paleoclimate conditions. For planetary surface or landforms, a common method for dating is based on the frequency and size distribution of all the superposed craters after they are formed. However, there is usually a long duration for the yardangs’ formation, and they will alter the superposed craters, making it impossible to give a reliable dating result with the method. An indirect method by analyzing the ages of the superposed layered ejecta was devised in the research. First, the layered ejecta that are superposed on and not altered by the yardangs are identified and mapped. Then, the ages of the layered ejecta are derived according to the crater frequency and size distribution on them. These ages indicate that the yardangs ceased development by these times, and the ages are valuable for studying the evolution of the yardangs. -
Interview with David C. Elliot
DAVID C. ELLIOT (1917 – 2007) INTERVIEWED BY CAROL BUGÉ April – May, 1986 Photo taken in 1967 ARCHIVES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena, California Subject area History Abstract Interview conducted in five sessions, April and May 1986, by Carol Bugé with David Clephan Elliot, professor of history, emeritus, who arrived at Caltech in 1950 as an assistant professor, was appointed full professor by 1960, and served as the humanities and social sciences division’s executive officer from 1967 to 1971, as well as the secretary of the faculty from 1973-1985. Born and raised in Scotland, he received his MA in 1939 from the University of St. Andrews. In 1940 the British government sent Elliot to India, where he spent six years in the Punjab region working for the Indian Civil Service. In 1947, Elliot entered Harvard University, where he received an AM in 1948 and a PhD in 1951; later, in 1956, he also received an MA from Oxford University, where he studied international organizational law. The interview begins with Elliot discussing his early years in Scotland, the outbreak of World War II, meeting his future wife Nancy, and his experiences in India. He then goes on to discuss his decision to settle in the U.S., and more http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Elliot_D specifically his arrival in California in 1950. His recollections of the 1950s and 1960s at Caltech include descriptions of the makeup and character of the campus and the students; the humanities division under the chairmanship of Hallett Smith; and later, with the addition of the social sciences to the division, the gradual shift in emphasis from teaching and survey courses to research and specialization, which took place under the helm of Robert Huttenback. -
Pre-Mission Insights on the Interior of Mars Suzanne E
Pre-mission InSights on the Interior of Mars Suzanne E. Smrekar, Philippe Lognonné, Tilman Spohn, W. Bruce Banerdt, Doris Breuer, Ulrich Christensen, Véronique Dehant, Mélanie Drilleau, William Folkner, Nobuaki Fuji, et al. To cite this version: Suzanne E. Smrekar, Philippe Lognonné, Tilman Spohn, W. Bruce Banerdt, Doris Breuer, et al.. Pre-mission InSights on the Interior of Mars. Space Science Reviews, Springer Verlag, 2019, 215 (1), pp.1-72. 10.1007/s11214-018-0563-9. hal-01990798 HAL Id: hal-01990798 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01990798 Submitted on 23 Jan 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte (OATAO ) OATAO is an open access repository that collects the wor of some Toulouse researchers and ma es it freely available over the web where possible. This is an author's version published in: https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/21690 Official URL : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0563-9 To cite this version : Smrekar, Suzanne E. and Lognonné, Philippe and Spohn, Tilman ,... [et al.]. Pre-mission InSights on the Interior of Mars. (2019) Space Science Reviews, 215 (1). -
Water on the Moon, III. Volatiles & Activity
Water on The Moon, III. Volatiles & Activity Arlin Crotts (Columbia University) For centuries some scientists have argued that there is activity on the Moon (or water, as recounted in Parts I & II), while others have thought the Moon is simply a dead, inactive world. [1] The question comes in several forms: is there a detectable atmosphere? Does the surface of the Moon change? What causes interior seismic activity? From a more modern viewpoint, we now know that as much carbon monoxide as water was excavated during the LCROSS impact, as detailed in Part I, and a comparable amount of other volatiles were found. At one time the Moon outgassed prodigious amounts of water and hydrogen in volcanic fire fountains, but released similar amounts of volatile sulfur (or SO2), and presumably large amounts of carbon dioxide or monoxide, if theory is to be believed. So water on the Moon is associated with other gases. Astronomers have agreed for centuries that there is no firm evidence for “weather” on the Moon visible from Earth, and little evidence of thick atmosphere. [2] How would one detect the Moon’s atmosphere from Earth? An obvious means is atmospheric refraction. As you watch the Sun set, its image is displaced by Earth’s atmospheric refraction at the horizon from the position it would have if there were no atmosphere, by roughly 0.6 degree (a bit more than the Sun’s angular diameter). On the Moon, any atmosphere would cause an analogous effect for a star passing behind the Moon during an occultation (multiplied by two since the light travels both into and out of the lunar atmosphere). -
GRAIL Reveals Secrets of the Lunar Interior
GRAIL Reveals Secrets of the Lunar Interior — Dr. Patrick J. McGovern, Lunar and Planetary Institute A mini-flotilla of spacecraft sent to the Moon in the past few years by several nations has revealed much about the characteristics of the lunar surface via techniques such as imaging, spectroscopy, and laser ranging. While the achievements of these missions have been impressive, only GRAIL has seen deeply enough to reveal inner secrets that the Moon holds. LRecent Lunar Missions Country Name Launch Date Status ESA Small Missions for Advanced September 27, 2003 Ended with lunar surface impact on Research in Technology-1 (SMART-1) September 3, 2006 USA Acceleration, Reconnection, February 27, 2007 Extension of the THEMIS mission; ended Turbulence and Electrodynamics of in 2012 the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) Japan SELENE (Kaguya) September 14, 2007 Ended with lunar surface impact on June 10, 2009 PChina Chang’e-1 October 24, 2007 Taken out of orbit on March 1, 2009 India Chandrayaan-1 October 22, 2008 Two-year mission; ended after 315 days due to malfunction and loss of contact USA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) June 18, 2009 Completed one-year primary mission; now in five-year extended mission USA Lunar Crater Observation and June 18, 2009 Ended with lunar surface impact on Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) October 9, 2009 China Chang’e-2 October 1, 2010 Primary mission lasted for six months; extended mission completed flyby of asteroid 4179 Toutatis in December 2012 USA Gravity Recovery and Interior September 10, 2011 Ended with lunar surface impact on I Laboratory (GRAIL) December 17, 2012 To probe deeper, NASA launched the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission: twin spacecraft (named “Ebb” and “Flow” by elementary school students from Montana) flying in formation over the lunar surface, tracking each other to within a sensitivity of 50 nanometers per second, or one- twenty-thousandth of the velocity that a snail moves [1], according to GRAIL Principal Investigator Maria Zuber of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. -
Appendix I Lunar and Martian Nomenclature
APPENDIX I LUNAR AND MARTIAN NOMENCLATURE LUNAR AND MARTIAN NOMENCLATURE A large number of names of craters and other features on the Moon and Mars, were accepted by the IAU General Assemblies X (Moscow, 1958), XI (Berkeley, 1961), XII (Hamburg, 1964), XIV (Brighton, 1970), and XV (Sydney, 1973). The names were suggested by the appropriate IAU Commissions (16 and 17). In particular the Lunar names accepted at the XIVth and XVth General Assemblies were recommended by the 'Working Group on Lunar Nomenclature' under the Chairmanship of Dr D. H. Menzel. The Martian names were suggested by the 'Working Group on Martian Nomenclature' under the Chairmanship of Dr G. de Vaucouleurs. At the XVth General Assembly a new 'Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature' was formed (Chairman: Dr P. M. Millman) comprising various Task Groups, one for each particular subject. For further references see: [AU Trans. X, 259-263, 1960; XIB, 236-238, 1962; Xlffi, 203-204, 1966; xnffi, 99-105, 1968; XIVB, 63, 129, 139, 1971; Space Sci. Rev. 12, 136-186, 1971. Because at the recent General Assemblies some small changes, or corrections, were made, the complete list of Lunar and Martian Topographic Features is published here. Table 1 Lunar Craters Abbe 58S,174E Balboa 19N,83W Abbot 6N,55E Baldet 54S, 151W Abel 34S,85E Balmer 20S,70E Abul Wafa 2N,ll7E Banachiewicz 5N,80E Adams 32S,69E Banting 26N,16E Aitken 17S,173E Barbier 248, 158E AI-Biruni 18N,93E Barnard 30S,86E Alden 24S, lllE Barringer 29S,151W Aldrin I.4N,22.1E Bartels 24N,90W Alekhin 68S,131W Becquerei -
Surveyor 1 Space- Craft on June 2, 1966 As Seen by the Narrow Angle Camera of the Lunar Re- Connaissance Orbiter Taken on July 17, 2009 (Also See Fig
i “Project Surveyor, in particular, removed any doubt that it was possible for Americans to land on the Moon and explore its surface.” — Harrison H. Schmitt, Apollo 17 Scientist-Astronaut ii Frontispiece: Landing site of the Surveyor 1 space- craft on June 2, 1966 as seen by the narrow angle camera of the Lunar Re- connaissance Orbiter taken on July 17, 2009 (also see Fig. 13). The white square in the upper photo outlines the area of the enlarged view below. The spacecraft is ca. 3.3 m tall and is casting a 15 m shadow to the East. (NASA/LROC/ ASU/GSFC photos) iii iv Surveyor I: America’s First Moon Landing by William F. Mellberg v © 2014, 2015 William F. Mellberg vi About the author: William Mellberg was a marketing and public relations representative with Fokker Aircraft. He is also an aerospace historian, having published many articles on both the development of airplanes and space vehicles in various magazines. He is the author of Famous Airliners and Moon Missions. He also serves as co-Editor of Harrison H. Schmitt’s website: http://americasuncommonsense.com Acknowledgments: The support and recollections of Frank Mellberg, Harrison Schmitt, Justin Rennilson, Alexander Gurshstein, Paul Spudis, Ronald Wells, Colin Mackellar and Dwight Steven- Boniecki is gratefully acknowledged. vii Surveyor I: America’s First Moon Landing by William F. Mellberg A Journey of 250,000 Miles . December 14, 2013. China’s Chang’e 3 spacecraft successfully touched down on the Moon at 1311 GMT (2111 Beijing Time). The landing site was in Mare Imbrium, the Sea of Rains, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the small crater, Laplace F, and roughly 100 miles (160 km) east of its original target in Sinus Iridum, the Bay of Rainbows. -
Strategies for Detecting Biological Molecules on Titan
ASTROBIOLOGY Volume 18, Number 5, 2018 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1758 Strategies for Detecting Biological Molecules on Titan Catherine D. Neish,1 Ralph D. Lorenz,2 Elizabeth P. Turtle,2 Jason W. Barnes,3 Melissa G. Trainer,4 Bryan Stiles,5 Randolph Kirk,6 Charles A. Hibbitts,2 and Michael J. Malaska5 Abstract Saturn’s moon Titan has all the ingredients needed to produce ‘‘life as we know it.’’ When exposed to liquid water, organic molecules analogous to those found on Titan produce a range of biomolecules such as amino acids. Titan thus provides a natural laboratory for studying the products of prebiotic chemistry. In this work, we examine the ideal locales to search for evidence of, or progression toward, life on Titan. We determine that the best sites to identify biological molecules are deposits of impact melt on the floors of large, fresh impact craters, specifically Sinlap, Selk, and Menrva craters. We find that it is not possible to identify biomolecules on Titan through remote sensing, but rather through in situ measurements capable of identifying a wide range of biological molecules. Given the nonuniformity of impact melt exposures on the floor of a weathered impact crater, the ideal lander would be capable of precision targeting. This would allow it to identify the locations of fresh impact melt deposits, and/or sites where the melt deposits have been exposed through erosion or mass wasting. Determining the extent of prebiotic chemistry within these melt deposits would help us to understand how life could originate on a world very different from Earth.