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Sage Salvia Officinalis 2011 Herbalgram 89 | 1 Harvesting Chamomile Flowers on the Pharm Farm HerbalGram 89 • February – April 2011 89 • February HerbalGram Bitter Orange Safety Review • Ancient Cancer-Fighting Herbal Beverages • Ginseng for Memory • Ginkgo and Blood Pressure The Journal of the American Botanical Council Number 89 | February – April 2011 Bitter Orange Safety Review • Ancient Cancer-Fighting Herbal Beverages • Ginseng and Memory • Ginkgo and Blood Pressure • Kava and Hepatotoxicity • Ginseng and Memory Herbal Beverages • Ginkgo and Blood Pressure ReviewCancer-Fighting Safety • Ancient Orange Bitter US/CAN $6.95 www.herbalgram.org Sage Salvia officinalis www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org 2011 HerbalGram 89 | 1 Harvesting Chamomile flowers on the Pharm Farm. PURE HERBS MAKE PURE HERBAL EXTRACTS How we grow and harvest our herbs At Herb Pharm only the highest quality herbs go into our herbal extracts. That’s why we created the “Pharm Farm” – our certified organic farm located near our manufacturing facility in rural southern Oregon. There we grow and process our herbs as nature intended – without the use of genetically modified seeds, synthetic agricultural chemicals, fumigants, or irradiation. For those cultivated herbs we can’t grow ourselves, we procure directly from other organic farmers who we personally know and trust. This often requires traveling to such remote and exotic loca- tions as the Pacific islands of Vanuatu in search of Kava roots, to a You’ll find Herb Pharm 16,000-foot high Peruvian altiplano sourcing Maca roots, and to at most health food stores the foothills of the Himalayas for Darjeeling Green Tea. and many natural healthcare We also harvest our wild herbs in a responsible and sustainable providers or online at manner – what we’ve termed “Custom Wildcrafted.” Our strict www.herb-pharm.com harvesting protocols assure proper botanical identification of each herb species, and their sustainable harvest in their natural wild habitat. We work very hard and go to great lengths to produce herbal products that we feel are purely and simply the best. 2 | HerbalGram 89 Broad-Spectrum Herbal Extracts, M2011ad e With Environmental Responsibilwww.herbalgram.orgity Herb Profile Sage Salvia officinalis Family: Lamiaceae INTRODUCTION menstrual cycle and to decrease breast milk production to facilitate 1,2 Sage, also known as common sage or garden sage, is a perennial weaning. Since ancient times in most Mediterranean countries, that grows to a height of 3 feet with blue-violet blooms in summer.1,2 sage has been popular as a culinary herb for its powerful and intense 12 Salvia officinalis originated in Southeastern Europe in the area flavor, especially in meat and poultry dishes. that is now known as Albania and Bosnia.3 Today, although culti- Current uses of sage include the following: indigestion, treatment vated in some European countries (e.g., Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, of inflammation of the mouth and throat, and excessive sweating, Germany, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, and Spain) including that associated with peri-menopause; relief of pressure and the United States, more than half of the world’s supply is still spots that result from the use of a prosthesis; and as a flavoring for 1-3,11-12,15 wild-collected (mainly in Alba- food. Sage oil has also nia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, been employed as a fragrance in 1,3 Croatia, Serbia and Montene- soaps and perfumes. gro), with increasing amounts In 1985, the German Commis- being wild-collected under sion E approved the use of sage organic certification.4-10 internally for dyspepsia (upset Sage leaves are chewed stomach or indigestion) and exces- whole; dried and ground into sive perspiration, and externally a powder; prepared as a fluid for inflammation of the nose 3 extract, tincture, or essential and throat. One of the constit- oil; or pressed fresh for the uents of sage, salvin (a pheno- juice.3 The genus Salvia is fairly lic acid), has antimicrobial effects 1 large, containing hundreds of against Staphylococcus aureus, a species not addressed in this common bacteria responsible for profile, which are employed skin and upper-respiratory tract for a wide variety of appli- infections. Sage has also shown 1,2 cations in traditional medi- strong antioxidant properties. cine in the regions to which The German Standard License for they are native.11 Aside from sage leaf infusion indicates its use S. officinalis, the most notable for inflammation of the gums and of these are Chinese sage root the mucous membranes of the (dan shen; S. miltiorrhiza) and mouth and throat, for pressure S. divinorum leaves, the reputed spots caused by prostheses, and in hallucinogen from Mexico.11 supportive treatment of gastroin- testinal catarrh (inflammation of the mucous membranes).2 HISTORY AND In 2009, the European Medi- CULTURAL cines Agency (EMA) published a final monograph which super- SIGNIFICANCE sedes monographs of EU national The genus name Salvia authorities (including the German derives from the Latin salvere, monographs) for the registration of meaning “to save,” perhaps traditional herbal medicinal prod- Sage Salvia officinalis. Photo ©2011 Steven Foster referring the healing proper- ucts in the European Community 3,12 ties of plants in this genus. that contain sage as an active ingre- Salvia officinalis was used dient.16 Traditional uses approved 3 medicinally by ancient societies in Greece, Egypt, and Rome. for sage leaf (dry extract, herbal tea, liquid extract and tincture) are Traditionally, it was employed to increase fertility, stop bleeding, (a) for symptomatic treatment of mild dyspeptic complaints such heal minor skin wounds, treat hoarseness or cough, and improve as heartburn and bloating; (b) for relief of excessive sweating; (c) 3 memory function. The English herbalist John Gerard (1545-1607) for the symptomatic treatment of inflammations in the mouth and claimed that sage (usually a tea made from the leaves) was good for throat; and (d) for relief of minor skin inflammations.10 A prerequi- 13 the head, brain, and memory, and the physician/herbalist Nicho- site of registration is that the quality complies with the correspond- 14 las Culpeper (1616-1654) also thought that it improved memory. ing quality standards monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia In India, sage leaves were also used to treat intestinal gas, upset (e.g., Sage Leaf PhEur or Sage Tincture PhEur). Concerning sage 3 stomach, and infections of the mouth, nose, and throat. Histori- essential oil, the EMA has concluded that the risks do not outweigh cally, sage has been used to promote regularity in a woman’s Continued on page 2 www.herbalgram.org 2011 HerbalGram 89 | 1 SAGE Continued from page 1 E M I S L K T the benefits; thus, a European Community herbal monograph will people. Specifically, the authors saw dose-specific improvement in A S not be developed until new evidence of clinical safety and efficacy secondary memory performance for the 333 mg dose. Results corre- Did you know become available.17 sponded to those found in earlier studies on younger populations In the United States, sage leaf is regulated as a food ingredient and suggested that further investigations were warranted in larger and as a dietary supplement component. Sage leaf is listed as GRAS numbers, other populations, and with different dosing regimens. (Generally Recognized as Safe) for use as a spice, seasoning, or natu- In a 2006, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 30 Alkemists offers ral flavor,18 while sage essential oil is a GRAS flavoring agent.19 For healthy participants received—on 3 separate days, 7 days apart— use of the essential oil as a flavoring, a quality standards mono- either 600 mg or 300 mg dried sage leaf or placebo.25 Mood was graph for “Dalmatian Type Sage Oil” is published by the United assessed predose and at 1 and 4 hours post-dose, with each mood more than cGMP L 20 A S States Pharmacopeia Convention in the Food Chemicals Codex. assessment being done before and after 20 minute performance of B E For therapeutic use, as part of the US Food and Drug Adminis- the Defined Intensity Stress Simulator (DISS) computerized multi- O RI tration's (FDA) ongoing review of over-the-counter (OTC) drug tasking battery. Improved ratings of mood in the absence of the RATO products, the Dental Plaque Subcommittee of the Nonprescription stressor (pre-DISS) occurred with both doses, with the 300 mg dose Identity Testing? Drugs Advisory Committee recently evaluated the safety and effi- reducing anxiety and the 600 mg dose leading to alertness, calm- cacy of sage oil combined with peppermint oil (Mentha x piperita, ness, and contentedness. Reduced anxiety disappeared upon perfor- Lamiaceae). While the Subcommittee concluded that sage oil is safe mance of the DISS. Results corresponded to those in other dose- for the intended use, they also concluded that there are insufficient dependent studies, and the authors suggested that further research data from controlled studies to permit final classification of the was warranted into the potential use of sage in treating AD and effectiveness of combined peppermint and sage oils as OTC active natural aging, and the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial Alkemists provides higher-end analytical testing of ingredients for the reduction of plaque and gingivitis.21 effects. A 2005 placebo-controlled, double-blind, balanced, crossover proprietary herbal blends, customized plant extracts, study investigated the effect of S. lavandulifolia on mood and cogni- MODERN RESEARCH tion in healthy young volunteers (n=24, 16 female, 8 male, 18-37 sports nutrition products and herbal energy drinks. Note: Some of the studies mentioned below address S. lavanduli- years old).26 Single doses of placebo, 25 ml, and 50 ml of a standard- folia (lavandulaefolia), which is now recognized as a subspecies of S. ized essential oil (Baldwins, London, UK) were given 4 times, 7 days 22 officinalis, e.g., Salvia officinalis subsp.
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