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Los Cambios En La Sociedad De La Comunicación Del Mundo Árabe: El Caso De Al Yazira

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Los Cambios En La Sociedad De La Comunicación Del Mundo Árabe: El Caso De Al Yazira UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Departamento de Periodismo IV (Empresa Informativa) TESIS DOCTORAL Los cambios en la sociedad de la comunicación del mundo árabe: el caso de Al Yazira MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Esther Vázquez García Directores Fernando Peinado y Miguel Nayib Abu Warda Madrid, 2017 © Esther Vázquez García, 2016 Los cambios en la sociedad de la comunicación del mundo árabe: el caso de Al Yazira Memoria para optar al grado de Doctor presentada por Esther Vázquez García Bajo la dirección de los doctores Fernando Peinado y Miguel Nayib Abu Warda Madrid, 2015 Facultad de Ciencias de la Información Departamento de Periodismo IV (Empresa Informativa) Universidad Complutense de Madrid 1 Agradecimientos Esta tesis no hubiera sido posible sin la aportación y dirección del profesor Dr. Fernando Peinado, a quien agradezco el tiempo que ha dedicado a la supervisión de este trabajo, su consejo y guía así como su decisivo apoyo y ánimo tanto para emprender este trabajo como para la culminación del mismo. También agradezco la ayuda y colaboración del profesor Dr. Najib Abu Warda que me ha orientado para la elaboración de esta tesis, en el planteamiento y estructura para su desarrollo y por poder contar con sus amplios conocimientos sobre este tema. Deseo agradecer a mi compañera Dra. Yolanda Sobero por sus consejos y ánimo durante el tiempo que he dedicado a esta tesis. Gracias al Departamento de Periodismo IV por su asistencia y en concreto al gestor administrativo Eugenio Fernández Hormigos por mantenerme informada del proceso de presentación y trabajos. Gracias también al Departamento de Estudios y Relaciones con los departamentos de Al-Yazira Network por atender mis consultas y facilitarme algunos de los datos que he requerido para incluir en esta investigación. Por último, un especial agradecimiento a mi esposo Adnan Jaber y mi hijo Amir Jaber a quienes he tenido ocupados visionando el canal Al-Yazira y por su ayuda con las traducciones de árabe y el seguimiento de algunas de las noticias del canal. Muchísimas gracias a todos de todo corazón. 2 ÍNDICE Abstract……………………………………………………………….. 5 Resumen………………………………………………………………. 6 CAPITULO 1. FUNDAMENTOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 1.1 Presentación……………………………………………………….. 8 1.2 Definición del objeto de estudio…………………………………. 12 1.3 Objetivos de la investigación……………………………………... 14 1.4 Hipótesis…………………………………………………………... 15 1.5 Metodología……………………………………………………….. 17 1.6 Marco teórico y estado de la cuestión …………………………… 19 CAPITULO 2.- ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 2.1 ANTECEDENTES GENERALES 2.1.1 Catar y la Dinastía Al Thani ……………………………………. 22 2.1.1.1 Historia de Catar ………………………………………….. 22 2.1.1.2 La llegada al poder del emir Hamad Ben Khalifa Al Thani .. 27 2.1.1.3 Situación de la libertad de prensa en Catar………………… 34 2.1.1.4 Catar como actor diplomático…………………………….. 36 2.1.2 Contexto histórico………………………………………………. 39 2.1.3 Cambios tecnológicos………………………………………….. 46 2.1.4 Canales de televisión por satélite……………………………….. 52 2.2 ANTECEDENTES ESPECÍFICOS 2.2.1 Los orígenes de Al-Yazira……………………………………….. 59 2.2.2 Nacimiento de Al-Yazira………………………………………… 62 2.2.3 Programación de Al-Yazira……………………………………… 73 CAPITULO 3.- AL-YAZIRA: TRATAMIENTO DE CONTENIDO 3.1 TRATAMIENTO DE LAS PRINCIPALES COBERTURAS DE AL-YAZIRA 3.1.1 Tratamiento Al Yazira del problema palestino…………………. 81 3.1.1.1 Cobertura Segunda Intifada………………………………… 82 3.1.1.2 Cobertura ofensiva israelí a Gaza (2008)……………………. 95 3.1.2 Al Yazira y la “Guerra contra el Terror”………………………… 99 3.1.2.1 Atentados del 11 S en Estados Unidos……………………… 101 3.1.2.2 La guerra de Afganistán……………………………………… 102 3.1.2.3 La Tercera Guerra del Golfo…………………………………. 107 3.1.3 Tratamiento de Al-Yazira en el inicio de las revueltas árabes……111 3.1.3.1 Las revueltas en Túnez……………………………………….114 3.1.3.2 Resumen otras revueltas…………………………………… 115 3 3.2 AL-YAZIRA COMO REFERENTE DEL NUEVO PERIODISMO EN LA TELEVISIÓN ÁRABE 3.2.1 La televisión protagonista de los medios árabes……………….. 117 3.2.2 El nuevo modelo Al-Yazira……………………………………. 123 3.2.2.1 Características de Al-Yazira……………………………. 124 3.3 AL-YAZIRA Y LA NUEVA SOCIEDAD DE LA COMUNICACIÓN EN EL MUNDO ÁRABE 3.3.1 El efecto democratizador de Al-Yazira………………………. 128 3.3.2 Globalización de la información de Al-Yazira………………... 131 CAPITULO 4.- LA EMPRESA DE TELEVISION AL-YAZIRA 4.1 DE LA CADENA DE TV AL-YAZIRA A LA CORPORACIÓN AL-YAZEERA.NET 4.1.1 la red Al-Yazira………………………………………………… 134 4.2 FINANCIACION DE AL-YAZIRA………………………………… 138 4.2.1 Publicidad……………………………………………………. 140 4.2.2 Otras fuentes de financiación…………………………………. 142 CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………. 143 BIBLIOGRAFIA………………………………………………………… 147 GLOSARIO………………………………………………………………. 151 ANEXOS…………………………………………………………………. 153 4 Abstract The last two decades have witnessed the changes in media communication in the Arab World. To give some examples: the growing of the satellite channels television and Internet development. This thesis explores the establishment and development of Al-Yazira satellite channel and its influence in the new Arab public and in the development of the new Arab Communications Society, focused on the Arabic channel, the first of the Al Yazira Corporation. This thesis focuses on the Al-Yazira early development from 1996 and its coverage of the main historical events in the decade of 1990s and the first decade of 2000, events that affects to this zone and contributes to the growing of the channel popularity during this period of time. This study is focused on the coverage of the Palestine problem, the Second Intifada which consolidates the audience, the Third Gulf War that ended the traditional hegemony of the western media and the Afghanistan War for giving the international recognition. Also it is mentioned some significant aspects about the revolts of 2011 called as “Arabs Springs” because of the importance in the development of the channel, although it happened outside of the period outline for this study. Al- Yazira has became a referent of the new journalism model in the zone, its format, style and programming is used as a model for another television’s channels that have appeared later and it is becoming a phenomenon analyzed by a lot of investigators and media students over the world. In this thesis it is set out the questions behind this channel that create a big number of theories about its editorial line, strategy and objectives, despite of journalist objectives as a media corporation. Besides its important role as communication media, this thesis deal with the development of this company in its corporate aspect, a company that has been consolidating and growing until became a big corporation that includes other channel as well as the best international promotion for Qatar. As a company Al Yazira is consolidated in the world of sports particularly in football, buying the rights to broadcast the more important matches and promoting its payment 5 channels. To sum up, this thesis demonstrates how this new satellite and specifically Al-Yazira has influenced in the creation of a new communications society within the Arab world that allows a new informative space and creates a new communicative model that increases the dialogue and permits the discussion of subjects before considerate taboo in these societies. Even through the growing of these television’s channels, the information in the Arab world continues to be controlled by governments and influential groups who are the owners of this channels. This theme is an actual subject of study that it is not finished yet and involves answering a lot of questions for the future. KEY WORDS: Al-Yazira, media communications, satellite channels, communications society, Arab World, Resumen Las últimas dos décadas han sido testigo de los cambios producidos en el panorama de los medios de comunicación en el mundo árabe. Como ejemplos de ello: El crecimiento de las televisiones árabes por satélite así como el desarrollo de Internet. Esta tesis investiga el desarrollo de la cadena de televisión por satélite Al- Yazira, su desarrollo y su influencia en la formación de una nueva sociedad de la comunicación en el mundo árabe, centrándose en la cadena en árabe, la primera del grupo empresarial de Al-Yazira. Esta tesis explora los inicios de la cadena, que nace en 1996 y la cobertura de los principales acontecimientos históricos que afectan a esta zona así como aquellos que han contribuido a la popularidad de la cadena durante un determinado período Sobre las principales coberturas informativas de la cadena que la configuraron como la televisión más seguida por los árabes y le dieron reconocimiento internacional El estudio se centra en la cobertura de la cadena del problema palestino, la Segunda Intifada que consolidó su audiencia, la tercera guerra del golfo que rompió la tradicional hegemonía de los medios occidentales y la guerra de Afganistán que la dio a conocer internacionalmente. También se mencionan algunos aspectos 6 significativos de las revueltas en el mundo árabe de 2011 llamadas “Primaveras árabes” por la importancia en el desarrollo del canal, aunque se producen fuera del periodo de tiempo que he establecido para este estudio. La cadena de televisión Al-Yazira se ha convertido en un referente en el nuevo periodismo en la zona, su formato, estilo y programación han servido de modelo para otras cadenas de televisión que han surgido después y se ha convertido en un fenómeno que ha sido analizado por diversos investigadores y estudiosos de la comunicación en todo el mundo. En la tesis se plantean las incógnitas que provoca esta cadena y que han originado un gran número de teorías acerca de su línea editorial, su estrategia y sus objetivos al margen de los fines periodísticos como empresa de comunicación. Además de su destacado papel como medio de comunicación, en esta tesis se aborda el desarrollo de esta cadena en su faceta empresarial, una empresa que se ha ido consolidando y creciendo hasta convertirse en una corporación que engloba otras cadenas y que se ha convertido en la mejor promoción internacional para Catar.
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