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TFLACSO-2014MIMJ.Pdf www.flacsoandes.edu.ec FACULTAD LATINOAMERICANA DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES SEDE ECUADOR DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES Y COMUNICACIÓN CONVOCATORIA 2012-2014 TESIS PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE MAESTRÍA EN COMUNICACIÓN CON MENCIÓN EN OPINIÓN PÚBLICA EL ADIÓS DE AL JAZEERA COMO MEDIO ALTERNATIVO AL DOMINIO DE LA PRENSA OCCIDENTAL: ANÁLISIS DE LA COBERTURA SOBRE EL USO DE ARMAS QUÍMICAS EN SIRIA MIREYA ISABEL MURGUEYTIO JARRÍN DICIEMBRE DE 2014 FACULTAD LATINOAMERICANA DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES SEDE ECUADOR DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES Y COMUNICACIÓN CONVOCATORIA 2012-2014 TESIS PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE MAESTRÍA EN COMUNICACIÓN CON MENCIÓN EN OPINIÓN PÚBLICA EL ADIÓS DE AL JAZEERA COMO MEDIO ALTERNATIVO AL DOMINIO DE LA PRENSA OCCIDENTAL: ANÁLISIS DE LA COBERTURA SOBRE EL USO DE ARMAS QUÍMICAS EN SIRIA MIREYA ISABEL MURGUEYTIO JARRÍN ASESOR DE TESIS: Dr. MAURO CERBINO LECTORES/AS: Dr. ERNESTO VIVARES Dra. SUSANA SEL DICIEMBRE DE 2014 DEDICATORIA A las víctimas de la guerra y del poder desmedido, al pueblo árabe que intenta levantarse desde la ceniza. A los periodistas de mi país y del mundo, ojalá nuestras manos atadas algún día escriban con libertad. “Nunca he sentido que perteneciera a ningún establishment, a ninguna corriente dominante. Pienso que las autoridades, los cánones, los dogmas, las ortodoxias, los establishments, son en realidad a lo que nos enfrentamos. Al menos a lo que yo me enfrento la mayor parte del tiempo.” Edward Said Conversaciones con Edward Said, Tariq Ali AGRADECIMIENTOS A mis padres, Miriam Jarrin y Raúl Murgueytio, gracias por inspirar mis pasos y las decisiones de mi vida, gracias por su orgullo y por todas las pruebas que hemos enfrentado, las carencias, la distancia, los dolores, sin ellas no habría podido construir el horizonte de mi vida. A mis hermanos, Doris y Ángel, gracias por la vida juntos, por dejarme cuidarles y por ser un motivo de orgullo en mi vida, su triunfo y alegría plena es todo lo que puedo esperar. A mi hermano Raúl Alejandro, la distancia no se interpone en los sentimientos, es lindo verte crecer mi pequeño. A mis abuelos, gracias por su protección y por aliviar el dolor de su partida. A toda mi familia, cada palabra de aliento, cada crítica ha sido determinante en mi camino, Michu, Mire, Mery, Rosita, sus llamadas y mensajes de aliento, su comprensión a mi carácter y su presencia en los buenos y malos momentos. A mi esposo Andres, gracias por seguir caminando conmigo y por consolidar mi confianza. Gracias Txema, por ese día en 2010 cuando me pediste ha investigara que pasaba en Argelia y Túnez. Ese día nació una pasión y compromiso por Medio Oriente, pasión por conocer un continente más allá de los estereotipos, compromiso por cuestionar la arbitrariedad y el dominio del discurso. Sin duda estos años de trabajo y conocimiento de esta región fortalecen mi lucha, y la lucha de muchos, por trastocar cualquier forma de dominio en detrimento de los otros. A mis amigos, colegas, compañeros y amigos de la DAPI, la escuela desde donde he servido al país durante años. Gracias a mis jefes por su confianza y amistad, todos ustedes han hecho de mi experiencia laboral una verdadera experiencia de vida. Gracias por su motivación para culminar este proyecto académico y por haber compartido conmigo la satisfacción del deber cumplido. Finalmente, quiero agradecer a FLACSO-Ecuador por permitirme consolidar mis perspectivas analíticas con toda libertad. A los increíbles profesores que desafiaron métodos y sentaron la base de un pensamiento soberano como forma de vida a pesar de las contradicciones que se presenten en el camino. Gracias a mi compañeros y colegas de clase, Dana, Ro, Vane y Gus, que honor conocerlos y crecer con ustedes. Gracias Mauro por creer en mi tema y en mis preocupaciones como investigadora y estudiante. A todos quienes en el camino, han aceptado mi rebeldía… ÍNDICE Contenido Páginas RESUMEN ....................................................................................................................... 6 CAPÍTULO I .................................................................................................................. 10 MARCO TEÓRICO PARA EL ESTUDIO DE AL JAZEERA Y SU COBERTURA . 10 Economía Política de los medios de comunicación.................................................... 10 La teoría de agenda setting y agenda building para el análisis del ejercicio periodístico de los medios de comunicación .............................................................. 14 Los conceptos de persuasión y manipulación............................................................. 22 La teoría de la relación medio-poder .......................................................................... 25 CAPÍTULO II ................................................................................................................. 33 SURGIMIENTO DE LAS AGENCIAS INTERNACIONALES DE NOTICIAS Y EL MODELO LIBERAL DE PRENSA .............................................................................. 33 Agence France Press (AFP) ........................................................................................ 33 Reuters ........................................................................................................................ 35 Associated Press (AP) ................................................................................................ 37 United Press International (UPI) ................................................................................ 39 El sistema liberal de prensa ........................................................................................ 42 Surgimiento de CNN International ............................................................................. 48 Surgimiento de Al Jazeera .......................................................................................... 53 Al Jazeera y Al Jazeera English ................................................................................. 62 CAPÍTULO III ............................................................................................................... 69 LA PRIMAVERA ÁRABE Y LA CRISIS EN SIRIA .................................................. 69 Principales características de la Primavera Árabe ...................................................... 69 La Crisis en Siria ........................................................................................................ 72 CAPÍTULO IV ............................................................................................................... 79 PRESENTACIÓN DE RESULTADOS Y ANÁLISIS .................................................. 79 Análisis de los hallazgos ............................................................................................ 88 Cobertura de CNN International............................................................................. 88 Cobertura de Al Jazeera English ............................................................................ 96 CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................................ 109 Sobre la cobertura de CNN International y Al Jazeera English ............................... 109 Sobre la relación del Gobierno qatarí con Al Jazeera .............................................. 111 Sobre la relación de Occidente y Oriente ................................................................. 113 BIBLIOGRAFIA .......................................................................................................... 119 ENTREVISTA ............................................................................................................. 126 ANEXOS ...................................................................................................................... 127 RESUMEN La llegada de Al Jazeera en 1996 a la escena mediática local y regional, supuso un fuerte desafío para un orden mediático, político y económico centrado en Occidente. Los primeros años de Al Jazeera fueron controversiales tomando en cuenta que la misión de la cadena era dar voz a los que no tienen voz y equilibrar las miradas proyectadas en las noticias frente al dominio de las cadenas occidentales, además de constituirse como una de las primeras cadenas de noticias árabes en ganar relevancia, modelo que sería replicado posteriormente en otros países de la zona. Ciertamente, durante los primeros años de Al Jazeera se presentaron varios hitos políticos que le otorgaron a la cadena un prestigio no imaginado en el mundo árabe, lo que a la vez supuso un dolor de cabeza para otros actores mediáticos y políticos, por el atrevimiento de Al Jazeera a mostrar contenidos desafiantes. Uno de los ejemplos de las reacciones que provocaba Al Jazeera es su histórica cobertura posterior a la tragedia en la Torres Gemelas en Estados Unidos en 2001, ya que muchos de sus reportajes mostraban a Osama Bin Laden, líder islamista acusado de planear el ataque, además la cadena tenía acceso amplio a éste y otros actores vetados por Estados Unidos lo que le dio a la cadena gran importancia porque mostraba tener, en poco tiempo, un gran poder de difusión y una amplia cobertura y acceso a fuentes de todo tipo. En principio, los detractores de Al Jazeera consideraron que la cadena apoyaba y daba espacio a terroristas por lo tanto la vieron como un potencial problema pero a la vez estas coberturas hicieron que la cadena ganara protagonismo en relación a la cobertura de otros medios mucho más limitados. Más tarde, otros hechos como la invasión de Estados
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