SF2.1. Fertility Rates
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World Fertility and Family Planning 2020: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/440)
World Fertility and Family Planning 2020 Highlights ST/ESA/SER.A/440 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division World Fertility and Family Planning 2020 Highlights United Nations New York, 2020 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs provides the international community with timely and accessible population data and analysis of population trends and development outcomes for all countries and areas of the world. To this end, the Division undertakes regular studies of population size and characteristics and of all three components of population change (fertility, mortality and migration). Founded in 1946, the Population Division provides substantive support on population and development issues to the United Nations General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Population and Development. It also leads or participates in various interagency coordination mechanisms of the United Nations system. -
Knowledge, Intentions, and Beliefs About Fertility and Assisted
KNOWLEDGE, INTENTIONS, AND BELIEFS ABOUT FERTILITY AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AMONG ILLINOIS COLLEGE STUDENTS by Akilah Morris Smith B.S., Illinois State University, 2006 M.S., Illinois State University, 2008 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctorate in Philosophy Department of Public Health and Recreation Professions in the College of Education Southern Illinois University Carbondale Spring 2018 Copyright by Akilah Morris Smith, 2018 All Rights Reserved i DEDICATION I want to thank My Heavenly Father for all his guidance, support and love during this time. Thanks for challenging and blessing me. I have learned that you are authentic and real in my life. I also want to thank my mother and father Olivia and Arthur Morris for loving and supporting me unconditionally through this time. I am grateful for the best brother in the world Oheni Morris, thank you for your light heartedness, positivity and love. Thanks to my husband Wayon Smith III, son Wayon Smith IV (KJ) and in laws Mr. and Mrs. Wayon Simth Jr. and Mrs. Faye Freeman Smith for helping me during graduate school. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to my extended family and friends who listened and added valuable input during this season of my life. Special thanks to Dr. Ogletree, Dr. Wallace, Dr. Melonie Ewing, Dr. Shelby Caffey, and Dr. Diehr for their commitment in seeing me through this process. iii AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF AKILAH MORRIS SMITH, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Public Health, presented on April 11th 2018, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: KNOWLEDGE, INTENTIONS, AND BELIEFS ABOUT FERTILITY AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AMONG ILLINOIS COLLEGE STUDENTS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Roberta Ogletree H.S.D and Juliane P. -
Muslim Fertility , Religion and Religiousness
1 02/21/07 Fertility and Religiousness Among European Muslims Charles F. Westoff and Tomas Frejka There seems to be a popular belief that Muslim fertility in Europe is much higher than that of non-Muslims. Part of this belief stems from the general impression of high fertility in some Muslim countries in the Middle East, Asia and Africa. This notion is typically transferred to Muslims living in Europe with their increasing migration along with concerns about numbers and assimilability into European society. I The first part of this paper addresses the question of how much difference there is between Muslim and non-Muslim fertility in Europe (in those countries where such information is available). At the beginning of the 21 st century, there are estimated to be approximately 40 – 50 million Muslims in Europe. Almost all of the Muslims in Central and Eastern Europe live in the Balkans. (Kosovo, although formally part of Serbia, is listed as a country in Table 1). In Western Europe the majority of Muslims immigrated after the Second World War. The post-war economic reconstruction and boom required considerably more labor than was domestically available. There were two principal types of immigration to Western Europe: (a) from countries of the respective former colonial empires; and (b) from Southern Europe, the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Turkey. As much of this immigration took place during the 1950s and 1960s large proportions of present-day Muslims are second and third generation descendants. Immigrants to France came mostly from the former North African colonies Algeria (± 35 percent), Morocco (25 percent) and Tunisia (10 percent), and also from Turkey (10 percent). -
Understanding Your Menstrual Cycle If You're Trying to Conceive
IS MY PERIOD NORMAL? Understanding Your Menstrual Cycle If You’re Trying to Conceive More than 70% 11% 95% of women have or more of of U.S. women start irregular menstrual American women their periods by cycles as menopause suffer from age 16. approaches. endometriosis.1 10% 12% of U.S. women are of women have affected by PCOS trouble getting or (polycystic ovary staying pregnant.3 syndrome).2 Fortunately, your menstrual cycle can tell you a lot about your fertility if you know what to look for. TYPES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLES Only 15% of About Normal = women have 30% of women are fertile only during 21 to 35 days the “perfect” the “normal” fertility 28-day cycle. window—between days 10 and 17 of the menstrual cycle. Day 1 Period starts (aka menses) 27 28 1 2 26 3 25 4 24 5 Day 15-28 23 6 Day 2-14 Luteal phase; Follicular phase; progesterone** 22 WHAT’S NORMAL? 7 FSH released, (follicle- uterine lining 21 8 stimulating matures Give or take a few days, hormone) and a normal cycle looks like this: estrogen released, 20 9 ovulation* begins 19 10 18 11 17 12 16 15 14 13 *ovulation: the process of an ovum (egg) being released from the ovary; occurs 10-14 days before menses. **progesterone: a steroid hormone that tells the uterus to prepare for pregnancy At least 30% of women have an “irregular” cycle either short, long or inconsistent. Short = Long = < 21 days > 35 days May be a sign of: May be a sign of: Hormonal imbalance Hormonal imbalance Ovaries with fewer eggs Lack of ovulation Approach of menopause Other fertility issues Reduced fertility4 Increased risk of miscarriage SIGNS TO WATCH FOR Your menstrual cycle provides valuable clues about your body’s reproductive health. -
Should Men Worry About Dry Orgasms? a Dry Orgasm?
The Online Resource for Sexual Health Patient Education SexHealthMatters.org is brought to you by the Sexual Medicine Society of North America, Inc. Should Men Worry About Dry Orgasms? A dry orgasm? For men, it sounds like a contradiction, doesn’t it? Men ejaculate semen at orgasm. Doesn’t that make orgasms, by definition, wet? The answer is: Not all the time. Some men reach orgasm – and feel great pleasure from it – but do not ejaculate any semen at all. Or, they might ejaculate a very small amount. This is what we mean by “dry orgasm.” While they might seem a bit unusual, dry orgasms are usually nothing to worry about. They can be a challenge for couples who would like to conceive, but they generally not a health risk. What causes dry orgasms? Men may have dry orgasms for a variety of reasons. Younger men with short refractory periods might have them occasionally. The refractory period is a period of time after orgasm during which a man’s body recovers and doesn’t respond to sexual stimulation. These intervals often don’t last long in younger men. In fact, it can be just minutes before a man is “ready to go” again. And he might climax several times during one sexual encounter. Eventually, however, the well runs dry. A man has a limited amount of semen to ejaculate and if he keeps going, that supply will be depleted. It’s not a cause for worry, though. In a day or two, the man’s body will produce semen to replace what has been ejaculated and he’ll be back to a full supply. -
Global Population Trends: the Prospects for Stabilization
Global Population Trends The Prospects for Stabilization by Warren C. Robinson Fertility is declining worldwide. It now seems likely that global population will stabilize within the next century. But this outcome will depend on the choices couples make throughout the world, since humans now control their demo- graphic destiny. or the last several decades, world population growth Trends in Growth Fhas been a lively topic on the public agenda. For The United Nations Population Division makes vary- most of the seventies and eighties, a frankly neo- ing assumptions about mortality and fertility to arrive Malthusian “population bomb” view was in ascendan- at “high,” “medium,” and “low” estimates of future cy, predicting massive, unchecked increases in world world population figures. The U.N. “medium” variant population leading to economic and ecological catas- assumes mortality falling globally to life expectancies trophe. In recent years, a pronatalist “birth dearth” of 82.5 years for males and 87.5 for females between lobby has emerged, with predictions of sharp declines the years 2045–2050. in world population leading to totally different but This estimate assumes that modest mortality equally grave economic and social consequences. To declines will continue in the next few decades. By this divergence of opinion has recently been added an implication, food, water, and breathable air will not be emotionally charged debate on international migration. scarce and we will hold our own against new health The volatile mix has exploded into a torrent of threats. It further assumes that policymakers will books, scholarly articles, news stories, and op-ed continue to support medical, scientific, and technolog- pieces, presenting at least superficially plausible data ical advances, and that such policies will continue to and convincing arguments on all sides of every ques- have about the same effect on mortality as they have tion. -
Thinking About Having a Baby? Most People Want to Become Parents One Day
Thinking about having a baby? Most people want to become parents one day Fertility is the ability to have a baby. Many things can affect women’s and men’s fertility, including their age, when they have sex, how healthy they are, and whether they have any medical conditions. 5 ways to improve your chance of getting pregnant and having a healthy baby 1. Age If you have a choice, trying for a baby sooner rather than later improves your Age is the most important factor when it comes to fertility, as fertility declines with age. chance of pregnancy. Women younger than 35 and men younger than 40 have a better chance of having a child than 2. Timing of sex people who are older. This is true for natural pregnancies and for pregnancies conceived Having sex on the days when a woman is fertile, through assisted reproductive treatments such increases the chance of pregnancy. It’s all about as IVF (in-vitro fertilisation). timing! After having sex, sperm live for about five days. Eggs can only be fertilised for about one • Women younger than 30 have about a 20 day after ovulation (when an egg is released per cent chance of getting pregnant naturally from the ovary). each month. By age 40, the chance of pregnancy is about five per cent each month. The best time to have sex to become pregnant is during the ‘fertile window’, which is the day • It takes longer to conceive for women whose of ovulation and the five days before that. A male partners are older than 40. -
COVID-19 Vaccination and Reproduction: Pregnancy, Lactation, Fertility, and Family
COVID-19 Vaccination and Reproduction: Pregnancy, Lactation, Fertility, and Family Sarah L. Berga, MD Professor and Chair Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences | UB SUNY Medical Director Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women’s Health Program Development Oishei Children’s Hospital | Kaleida Health Disclosures: Sarah L Berga MD August 2021 CONSULTING: Ferring Pharmaceuticals SW Reproductive Health Advisory Board, 10.25.19, Denver, CO ClearBlue Medical Advisory Board, 11.20.19, Washington DC EDITORIAL BOARDS & POSITIONS: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Advisory Board: 2003-present (Gratis) Human Reproduction Update, Associate Editor, 2017 to 2020 (gratis) International Society for Gynecological Endocrinology, Executive Committee Member: 2004-present (Gratis) Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Canada, International Editorial Board: 2017-present (Gratis) Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Editorial Board: 2019-present (Gratis) Menopause, Editorial Board: 1999-present (Gratis) UpToDate, Peer Review Board: 2005-present SERVICE: Member, Board of Trustees, Salem Academy and College, Salem, NC: 2018-present (Gratis) COVID-19 Vaccination and Reproduction: Pregnancy, Lactation, Fertility, and Family LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Understand the risks and benefits of COVID-19 vs COVID-19 vaccination in: • Men and women with infertility or fertility concerns • Pregnant women • Lactating women • Family members COVID-19 Vaccination and Reproduction: Pregnancy, Lactation, Fertility, and Family • Vaccination -
ASCO Answers: Your Fertility and Cancer Treatment
Your Fertility and Cancer Treatment What is fertility and infertility? Fertility is the physical ability to have a child. It means you can become pregnant and give birth to a baby, or you are able to fertilize an egg with sperm. Infertility means you are not physically able to have a child. A person with infertility is not able to become pregnant, maintain a pregnancy, or fertilize an egg. Could cancer treatment affect my fertility? Often, yes. Infertility has many different causes, including some types of cancer treatment. If you want to have a child after cancer treatment, talk with your oncologist about your fertility before starting cancer treatment. Cancer treatment can cause infertility by damaging or destroying eggs or sperm and by damaging or removing organs involved in creating or carrying an unborn baby, such as the testicles, ovaries, or uterus. Which cancer treatments can cause infertility? Chemotherapy is the most common cancer treatment that may affect a person’s fertility. Ask about targeted therapy and immunotherapy drugs, too. Some medications, especially drugs called “alkylating agents,” have a higher risk of causing infertility. Cancer medications that affect fertility can be used for many different types of cancer. Radiation therapy and surgery affecting certain areas of the body can also make you infertile. For example, removing the uterus or ovaries will cause infertility. If a treatment causes early menopause, the time when ovaries stop producing estrogen, it may cause infertility. Before treatment, ask your health care provider if any part of your cancer treatment plan could affect your fertility. Can I plan ahead to have children after cancer treatment? In many cases, yes. -
Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Revised Glossary on ART Terminology, 2009†
Human Reproduction, Vol.24, No.11 pp. 2683–2687, 2009 Advanced Access publication on October 4, 2009 doi:10.1093/humrep/dep343 SIMULTANEOUS PUBLICATION Infertility The International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Revised Glossary on ART Terminology, 2009† F. Zegers-Hochschild1,9, G.D. Adamson2, J. de Mouzon3, O. Ishihara4, R. Mansour5, K. Nygren6, E. Sullivan7, and S. van der Poel8 on behalf of ICMART and WHO 1Unit of Reproductive Medicine, Clinicas las Condes, Santiago, Chile 2Fertility Physicians of Northern California, Palo Alto and San Jose, California, USA 3INSERM U822, Hoˆpital de Biceˆtre, Le Kremlin Biceˆtre Cedex, Paris, France 4Saitama Medical University Hospital, Moroyama, Saitana 350-0495, JAPAN 53 Rd 161 Maadi, Cairo 11431, Egypt 6IVF Unit, Sophiahemmet Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden 7Perinatal and Reproductive Epidemiology and Research Unit, School Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 8Department of Reproductive Health and Research, and the Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 9Correspondence address: Unit of Reproductive Medicine, Clinica las Condes, Lo Fontecilla, 441, Santiago, Chile. Fax: 56-2-6108167, E-mail: [email protected] background: Many definitions used in medically assisted reproduction (MAR) vary in different settings, making it difficult to standardize and compare procedures in different countries and regions. With the expansion of infertility interventions worldwide, including lower resource settings, the importance and value of a common nomenclature is critical. The objective is to develop an internationally accepted and continually updated set of definitions, which would be utilized to standardize and harmonize international data collection, and to assist in monitoring the availability, efficacy, and safety of assisted reproductive technology (ART) being practiced worldwide. -
Population Demographics
13 1 POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS 14 Population Demographics OVERVIEW China’s population has more than doubled during the last six decades, from 583 Due to the long-term SRB imbalance, there were 33 million12 fewer females in million in 1953 to 1.39 billion people in 2017.1 Today, China is home to about 20 China in 2017. This imbalance has implications for China’s future social and per cent of the world’s population, and it is the most populous country in the world. economic development, changing gender relations and triggering various social issues, including a ‘marriage squeeze’ due to the imbalance between the number China is a multi-ethnic country comprising 56 ethnic groups. The Han ethnic group of men and women available to marry. This will have a far-reaching impact on represents 91.5 per cent of the population, while the 55 ethnic minority groups2 future population development. accounting for the remaining 8.5 per cent.3 Currently, China’s population is ageing due to its long-term low TFR and In 2015, China had the world’s second-largest child population (aged 0–17 years), prolonged life expectancy at birth. While the population aged 0–14 years with an estimated 271 million children, including 147 million boys and 124 million represented 33.6 per cent of the total population in 1982, that same age group girls. Child population accounts for 20 per cent of the country’s total population or constituted 16.8 per cent of China’s population in 2017. In contrast, the 13 per cent of the world’s children. -
Effects of Caffeine, Alcohol and Smoking on Fertility
Pre-Conception Health Special Interest Group Effects of caffeine, alcohol and smoking on fertility There is an increasing body of evidence that health behaviours affect fertility. As most health behaviours can be modified, providing advice and support in making healthy changes can promote fertility. The evidence relating to the effects on fertility of caffeine, alcohol consumption and smoking is reviewed here. Your Fertility is a national public education campaign funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing under the Family Planning Grants Program. 1 Updated October 2015 Pre-Conception Health Special Interest Group Effects of caffeine, alcohol and smoking on fertility Evidence review Caffeine Smoking Caffeine is widely consumed as it is present in coffee, tea, some soft drinks There is strong evidence that smoking adversely affects male and female and chocolate. Some evidence suggests that the consumption of caffeine, fertility. Smokers are more likely to be infertile [7, 20-21] and women with a possible dose-response effect, may prolong the time to pregnancy who are exposed to smoking take longer to conceive [22]. Furthermore, and affect the health of a developing foetus, although the mechanism for maternal smoking increases the risk of low birth weight and birth defects this is unclear. Caffeine may affect ovulation and corpus luteum functioning [23] and women who smoke reach menopause earlier than non-smokers through alterations to hormone levels [1] and has been shown to be associated [24]. Smoking can also damage sperm DNA. Heavy smoking (≥20 with elevated early follicular E2 levels in females [2]. Although some studies cigarettes per day) by fathers at the time of conception increases the have found a positive relationship between caffeine consumption and time child’s risk of childhood leukaemia and shortens reproductive lifespan to conception [3-6], study results are inconsistent and should be interpreted of daughters [25-26].