Iránska Hegemónia Na Blízkom Východe Z Hľadiska Teórie Ofenzívneho Realizmu

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Iránska Hegemónia Na Blízkom Východe Z Hľadiska Teórie Ofenzívneho Realizmu MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Mezinárodní vztahy Iránska hegemónia na Blízkom východe z hľadiska teórie ofenzívneho realizmu Bakalářská práce Veronika Mršťáková Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Martin Chovančík, Ph.D. UČO: 450636 Obor: Mezinárodní vztahy - Evropská studia Imatrikulační ročník: 2015 Brno, 2018 Čestné vyhlásenie Vyhlasuje, že som bakalársku prácu na tému „Iránska hegemónia na Blízkom východe z hľadiska teórie ofenzívneho realizmu“ vypracovala samostatne s použitím zdrojov, ktoré sú uvedené v zozname literatúry. V Brne dňa . Veronika Mršťáková 2 Poďakovanie Týmto by som rada poďakovala vedúcemu práce pánovi Mgr. Martinovi Chovančíkovi, Ph.D. za odborné rady, cenné pripomienky a pomoc pri spracovávaní tejto bakalárskej práce. Taktiež by som chcela poďakovať rodine, priateľom a kolegom z Ústavu medzinárodných vzťahov za podporu počas písania práce a počas štúdia. 3 Abstrakt Táto bakalárska práca sa zaoberá aktivitami Iránu na Blízkom východe v dimenzii ofenzívneho realizmu a jej cieľom je odpovedať na otázku, či dochádza k získavaniu regionálnej hegemónie. Práca je rozdelená na dve hlavné časti. Prvá časť sa venuje teoretickému vymedzeniu a metodológii. Jednotlivé kapitoly predstavujú koncept ofenzívneho realizmu a regionálnej hegemóniu podľa Johna Mearsheimera. V druhej časti práce je teória aplikovaná na aktivity Iránu v období 2010 - 2018. Táto časť je rozdelená do dvoch celkov. Prvý celok sa zaoberá rozborom mocenských kapacít Iránu a rozvádza trendy v hospodárstve a vojenstve. Druhý celok je venovaný zapojeniu v krajinách Blízkeho východu, konkrétne v Iraku, Jemene, Libanone a Sýrii. Druhá časť práce obsahuje analýzu výskumnej otázky, ktorá je zhrnutá v závere. Kľúčové slová: Irán, Blízky východ, regionálna hegemónia, ofenzívny realizmus, mocenské kapacity Abstract This bachelor thesis deals with Iranian activities in the Middle East in dimension of offensive realism and its aim is to answer a question whether there is a gradual gain in regional hegemony. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part concerns theoretical framework and methodology. Particular chapters deal with the John Mearsheimer´s concept of offensive realism and regional hegemony. The second part employs theory to Iranian activities in time period 2010 - 2018. This part is divided into two smaller segments. In the first section, Iranian power capabilities are developed in terms of economy and military. The following section involves activities of Iran in the Middle East, particularly in Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Yemen. The second part of the thesis includes an analysis of the research question, which is evaluated in conclusion. Key words: Iran, Middle East, regional hegemony, offensive realism, power capabilities 4 Obsah 1. Úvod .................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1. Výskumná otázka a metodológia ................................................................................. 7 1.2. Prehľad literatúry ......................................................................................................... 8 2. Teoretické vymedzenie ....................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Neorealistické východisko ......................................................................................... 10 2.2. Hegemónia ................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.1. Regionálna hegemónia ....................................................................................... 13 2.2.2. Moc ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3. Ciele a stratégie regionálneho hegemóna ........................................................... 15 3. Irán na Blízkom východe .................................................................................................. 17 3.1. Mocenské kapacity .................................................................................................... 18 3.1.1. Hospodárstvo ...................................................................................................... 18 3.1.1.1. Výdaje na zbrojenie .................................................................................... 20 3.1.2. Vojenské kapacity .............................................................................................. 21 3.1.2.1. Populácia ..................................................................................................... 22 3.1.2.2. Zbrane a technológie ................................................................................... 23 3.1.2.3. Cyber warfare .............................................................................................. 27 3.1.2.4. Jadrové zbrane............................................................................................. 29 3.2. Prítomnosť v krajinách Blízkeho východu ................................................................ 30 3.2.1. Finančná podpora ............................................................................................... 31 3.2.2. Vojenská podpora ............................................................................................... 33 3.2.3. Ďalšie stratégie v jednotlivých krajinách ........................................................... 34 4. Záver ................................................................................................................................. 36 Zdroje ....................................................................................................................................... 39 5 1. Úvod Iránska islamská republika sa postupom času stáva čoraz významnejším aktérom na medzinárodnej scéne a primárne v nestabilnom regióne Blízkeho východu. Činnosť Iránu, ako napríklad vedenie proxy vojen, podpora terorizmu, kontroverzný jadrový program, aktivity v Sýrii, či spolupráca s Ruskom, sú často alarmujúce, vzbudzujú pozornosť a nepochybne môžu zmeniť pravidlá hry. Zvyšujúce sa zapojenie Teheránu v krajinách Blízkeho východu napovedá, že záujmom krajiny je zvýšiť vplyv v regióne. Iránska revolučná garda (Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps, IRGC) podporila režim Baššára al-Asada v Sýrii proti sunnitskej opozícii a naverbovala šiitov z celého regiónu na podporu hnutia. V Iraku bol Irán prítomný už od vzniku politického vákua v roku 2003, kde sa mu postupne podarilo presadiť vládu vedenú šiítmi. Do Iraku prúdila iránska ekonomická a vojenská pomoc, intenzívnejšie po vzostupe ISIS. V Jemene Irán podporuje šiitske hnutie Hutítov proti sunnitskej koalícii podporovanej Saudskou Arábiou.1 Tieto aktivity môžu vychádzať z rôznych motivácií ako je islamská ideológia, zadržiavanie Izraela, či mocenský boj proti regionálnemu rivalovi Saudskej Arábii. Napriek tomu, že na prvý pohľad sa zdajú tieto motivácie ako primárne, nie všetky kroky Iránu tomu zodpovedajú. Činnosť Teheránu na Blízkom východe vo viacerých prípadoch odpovedá snahám o regionálnu hegemóniu. „Najlepší výsledok, v ktorý môže veľmoc dúfať je byť regionálnym hegemónom a ak je možné, kontrolovať iný región, ktorý je neďaleko a je prístupný cez pevninu“2 Proces získavania hegemónie a konečný výsledok jej dosiahnutia môže mať značný vplyv na medzinárodný systém, preto je dôležité v prvom rade odpovedať na otázku, či je toto skutočne v záujme Iránu. 1 Emmanuel Karagiannis, „The rise of Iran as a regional power: Shia empowerment and its limits,“ accessed November 21, 2018, https://www.nato.int/docu/review/2016/Also-in-2016/iran-tehran-islamic/EN/index.htm. 2 John Mearsheimer, The tragedy of Great Power politics (New York: Norton, 2001), 41. 6 1.1. Výskumná otázka a metodológia Snaha Iránu o získanie regionálnej hegemónie na Blízkom východe je v posledných rokoch často diskutovanou témou. Na jednej strane, autori tvrdia, že ide o nábožensky-orientované zámery presadiť šiitsky prúd islamu a na druhej strane, panuje názor, že náboženstvo je len rétorikou, za ktorou sa skrývajú geopolitické ciele. Táto druhá skupina autorov nevylučuje presadenie šiitskeho islamu ako čiastkového cieľa, primárnym zámerom ale ostáva zisk hegemónie v regióne Blízkeho východu. Záujem o status hegemóna je centrálnym bodom Mearsheimerovej teórie ofenzívneho realizmu a preto som si túto teóriu vybrala ako základ pre výskum. Bakalárska práca si dáva za cieľ odpovedať na otázku, či sa Irán usiluje o dosiahnutie regionálnej hegemónie na Blízkom východe. Zameriavať sa preto budem na vojenské kapacity, aktivity s tým spojené, ako napríklad vedenie zástupných vojen a podpora terorizmu, a bezpečnosť, teda na „hard power“. Ako metodológiu som zvolila operacionalizáciu hegemónie a porovnanie s aktivitami Iránu. Z časového hľadiska je práca vymedzená od roku 2010, konkrétne od začiatku Arabskej jari odkedy je možné sledovať intenzívnejšie zapojenie Iránu v regióne. Územné ohraničenie regiónu je v práci zohľadnené v rámci jeho všeobecne-uznávaného vymedzenia Blízkeho východu. Pri skúmaní sa zameriam na vývoj mocenských kapacít Iránu a na jeho aktivity v Iraku, Jemene a Sýrii, pozriem sa na prepojenie Iránu a Hizballáhu v Libanone. K zodpovedaniu otázok budem využívať dostupné texty v podobe odborných a publicistických článkov a kníh zaoberajúcich sa relevantnou témou ako moja práca. V prípade zdrojov sa môžu objaviť určité problémy, ktoré môžu ovplyvniť výstup práce. Tieto limity sú spojené
Recommended publications
  • 2022 World Cup Venues' Progress Hits a Landmark
    BUSINESS | Page 1 SPORT | Page 1 South Korea Walk in plans for the park LED plant in Qatar as Qatar on track beat Malaysia published in QATAR since 1978 TUESDAY Vol. XXXIX No. 10910 August 14, 2018 Dhul-Hijja 3, 1439 AH GULF TIMES www. gulf-times.com 2 Riyals Rare celestial show New US force In brief eyes space QATAR | Diplomacy dominance Amir holds phone talk with Turkish president AFP Strike Fighter aircraft to Turkey, a Nato His Highness the Amir Sheikh Tamim Fort Drum, US ally unless they ditch Russian technol- bin Hamad al-Thani held yesterday ogy. evening a telephone conversation Trump has sparred with the coun- with Turkish President Recep Tayyip he United States has vowed to try’s leaders over the detention of a Erdogan. During the phone call, develop a new “Space Force” Christian pastor. they reviewed the strategic bilateral Tthat would give America domi- It also extends a restriction on US- relations and ways to enhance them, nance over rivals in China and else- Russian military co-operation, some- in addition to the latest regional where. thing the White House vociferously and international developments. US President Donald Trump yester- opposed. The Amir and the Turkish president day signed an almost $750bn defence The defence policy spending bill is stressed the need to continue spending bill and pledged to make aimed at modernising the military and consultation and exchange of views America a leader in space warfare. improving readiness. on issues of mutual interest. “Our competitors have begun weap- The bill is “the most signifi cant in- onising space,” Trump warned troops vestment in our military, and our war QATAR | Offi cial at Fort Drum in New York state, as he fi ghters in modern history,” Trump In this composite photograph 15 Perseid meteors are seen over Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado in the early signed a National Defence Authorisa- said.
    [Show full text]
  • Magazine Can Be Printed in Whole Or Part Without the Written Permission of the Hope Our Strategy & Your Endeavour Will Result in Your Career Publisher
    MONTHLY ISSUE OCTOBER - 2018 Vanik’s Current Affairs Banking | Railway | Insurance | SSC | UPSC | OPSC | PSU 5 NO. OF PRACTICE SET RRB-Officer (Scale-1) Main RRB-Office Asst. (Main) SSC-CGL (Tier-I) Railway (Group-D) DRDO (Tier-I) TOPPERS’ TALK ARPITA PRIYADARSHINI SATYA BRATA BARIK (RRB-PO) (SBI, BOB, IDBI) Advt. VA N I K S A H E E D N A G A R C E N T R E VA N I K C U T TA C K C E N T R E VANIK ACHARYA VIHAR CENTRE Centralized A/C Counseling Central A/C Classroom Fully Wi-Fi Enabled Lab Interview Grooming Session Food Court WHY YOU SHOULD JOIN VANIK INSTITUTE FOR “BANKING, RAILWAY AND SSC” 1. BEST FACULTY OF INDIA FOR CLASSES COMPARE TO ALL OTHER INSTITUTE. 18. Weekly Current Affairs handout separately. 2. Highest no of Classes from basic to advance level. 19. Weekly newspaper reading classes. 3. Highest no of hours in every subject for better understanding. Total hours for 20. One month free online test (MTD – Banking Test & Discussion) and six month banking - 450+HRS (6 MONTHS DAILY 2 HRS CLASS) AND SSC - 750+ HRS (6 free practice test (TBT, SBT, MCT, FPT & PPT) MONTH DAILY 4 HRS CLASS) 21. Two month free online test (MTD, VTD) and six month free practice test (TBT, SBT, MCT, FPT & PPT) 4. Separate vocabulary class (1000 - BANKING AND 2000 WORDS - SSC) (Weekly 22. Interview classes , mock interview with video recording and analysis Once) 23. Personal development and group discussion class 5. Special class for upcoming exams.
    [Show full text]
  • Responding to Iran's New Weapons and Naval Drills in the Gulf by Farzin Nadimi
    MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 3006 Responding to Iran's New Weapons and Naval Drills in the Gulf by Farzin Nadimi Aug 21, 2018 Also available in Arabic ABOUT THE AUTHORS Farzin Nadimi Farzin Nadimi, an associate fellow with The Washington Institute, is a Washington-based analyst specializing in the security and defense affairs of Iran and the Persian Gulf region. Brief Analysis Renewed naval exercises, missile tests, and other developments point to a broadening threat, but their muted nature indicates that Tehran is trying to avoid popular backlash at home. n August 2, the air and naval arms of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps began a substantial, O unannounced military drill in the Persian Gulf and strategic Strait of Hormuz. The move followed the latest round of threats and counter-threats between Iran and the United States regarding freedom of navigation through the strait, with Washington warning it will bring Iran’s oil exports to a virtual standstill as part of reimposed nuclear sanctions, and Tehran saying it would close the narrow waterway to all other oil shipments in retaliation. At the same time, the IRGC has tested or deployed new weapons systems that could broaden the range of threats it poses to military and civilian targets in the Gulf and beyond. FIRST MAJOR DRILL IN THREE YEARS W ith the exception of an IRGC Navy review of around 110 speedboats in August 2017, Iran had not conducted a large-scale naval exercise in the Gulf since March 2015. Unusually, it launched the latest drill without any of the traditional domestic publicity.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran Nuclear Deal the Jcpoa on Geopolitical Chessboards
    IRAN NUCLEAR DEAL THE JCPOA ON GEOPOLITICAL CHESSBOARDS ALEXANDER WIELGOS newdirection.online @europeanreform @europeanreform NDeuropeanreform [email protected] Founded by Margaret Thatcher in 2009 as the intellectual hub of European Conservativism, New Direction has established academic networks across Europe and research partnerships throughout the world. New Direction is registered in Belgium as a not-for-profit organisation and is partly funded by the European Parliament. REGISTERED OFFICE: Rue du Trône, 4, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Naweed Khan. The European Parliament and New Direction assume no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this publication. Sole liability rests with the author. Iran Nuclear Deal: The JCPOA on Geopolitical Chessboards ABSTRACT hat comes next for the Joint remain today, others had been lifted with the JCPOA. Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), The post-withdrawal US sanctions that had been re- Wwill have very real consequences for the instated had also been expanded. Russia and China, global geopolitical status quo. meanwhile, have been opportunistic in their energy, infrastructure, and military hardware dealings with Part 1 covers the circularity within Iran’s autocratic Iran. As many EU firms withdrew business with Iran, governance system, and the key drivers of Iran’s the EU has made strides to give the JCPOA a lifeline foreign policy. Iran sees itself as a pillar of Shia Islam through the INSTEX Special Purpose Vehicle, as well in the Middle East North Africa (MENA) region, as beginning the tactfully delayable countdown in the the sentiment of pride and historical connection Dispute Resolution Mechanism (DRM) of the JCPOA. to the region from the Persian Empire, as well as being a revolutionary government which was able Part 4, explores the input from parties outside of the to overcome US puppeteering and manipulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Colour-Coded Stickers Based on Fuel
    RNI NO.: DELENG/2005/15351 millenniumpost.in REGD. NO.: DL(S)-01/3420/2018-20 PUBLISHED FROM DELHI & KOLKATA VOL. 13, ISSUE 225 | Tuesday, 14 August 2018 | New Delhi | Pages 16 | Rs 3.00 NO HALF TRUTHS qNIFTY 11,355.75 (-73.75) qSENSEX 37,644.90 (-224.33) pDOW JONES 25,349.24 (+36.10) pNASDAQ 7859.64 (+20.53) qRUPEE/DOLLAR 69.93 (-1.10) qRUPEE/EURO 78.85 (-0.10) qGOLD/10GM 30,660 (-40.00) pSILVER/K 39,050 (+50.00) UMAR KHALID CAN’T ‘TAKE OVER BANGLADESHI I DON’T SHOT AT IN LEGISLATIVE TRIBUNAL SENTENCES REACT DELHI, ESCAPES FUNCTIONS’, SAYS FIVE TO DEATH FOR 1971 TO TROLLS UNHURT PG3 APEX COURT PG6 WAR CRIMES PG10 PG16 FOR VEHICLES PLYING IN DELHI-NCR BJP seriously mulls simultaneous Colour-coded stickers polls in 11 party-ruled states based on fuel use: SC There is a view that this will be a positive plank in its favour OUR CORRESPONDENT MPOST BUREAU advancing assembly elections are doing the rounds is Bihar, NEW DELHI: Vehicles ply- NEW DELHI: In a bid to where they are due in 2020 end. ing in Delhi-NCR would soon underline its commitment to The BJP is a junior partner have hologram- based colour simultaneous polls, the BJP is in the state government led by coded stickers of different mulling holding assembly elec- JD(U)’s Nitish Kumar. colours indicating the nature tions in 10-11 states along with The JD(U) has in public of fuel they are using. the Lok Sabha polls, which are pooh-poohed the suggestion The Supreme Court on scheduled in the first half of that the state elections be held Monday accepted this pro- next year, with the Lok Sabha polls, but posal of the Ministry of Road A top party leader, who many political watchers believe Transport and Highways spoke on the condition of ano- that it may suit Kumar as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Images-Strategiques-Analyse-Frappe
    Opération iranienne contre les bases d’el-Asad et Erbil : qu’enseigne l’imagerie ? Seconde partie 12 février 2020 Agnès LEVALLOIS (FRS), Vincent TOURRET (FRS) et Stéphane DELORY (FRS) en partenariat avec Géo4I La question de l’identification précise des missiles n’a, curieusement, pas réellement retenu l’attention des observateurs. Très rapidement, il a été admis que des missiles de type Fateh- 313, dérivé direct du Fateh-110, avaient été utilisés contre la base d’el-Asad. L’assertion mérite cependant d’être discutée, plus particulièrement si l’on prend en considération les zones de tir possibles. D’autre part, si l’utilisation des Qiam-2 peut être inférée des impacts, certains experts ont mis en évidence son utilisation potentielle par l’analyse des débris du propulseur. Dans ce cas particulier, la combinaison de l’analyse de l’imagerie et de l’expertise du système d’arme permet d’arriver à un haut niveau de certitude quant à l’évaluation du missile utilisé. Identification des zones de tir et conséquence dans l’évaluation du type de missile utilisé L’idée que la frappe trouve sa source à Kermanshah résulte du tweet initial de Fars (voir première partie), qui y associe le Fateh-313, la distance de la base semblant cohérente avec la portée du missile. L’association entre Fateh-313 et Kermanshah a ensuite été tacitement admise par les observateurs, au motif que les frappes de 2017 et de 2018 provenaient d’une des bases identifiées dans la région concernée. Reste que l’emploi d’un modèle différent de la famille des Fateh ne peut être exclu.
    [Show full text]
  • We Shine Study Circle
    1 We Shine Study Circle –2018 [_iySuccess is Massive Utilization of the Ability that You Have Main Office @ Weshine Study Circle Chromepet, Chennai Phone : 8939144344,8939244344 Branch Office @ Weshine Study Circle A-90, 3rd Street (Near K3 Police Station), 3rd Floor,West Wing,Gokul Arcarde, Annanagar East No.2,Sardar Patel Road, Adyar Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600102. Chennai, Tamilnadu 600020. https://weshineacademy.com 2 INDEX 04 - 32 National News 32 - 42 International News 42 - 47 Sports News 47 - 51 Science and Technology 51 - 55 Awards 55 - 60 Appointments 61 - 63 Important Days 64 - 69 Economic 69 - 70 Books 3 NATIONAL NEWS August 1 Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoPNG), Oil & Gas CPSEs and its offices celebrated Swachhta Pakhwada from 1st to 15th July, 2018. o The theme of MoPNG initiatives in this Pakhwada were ―Innovation‖ and ―Sustainability‖. o About Swachata Pakhwada: o Launched in April 2016. o It started with the objective of bringing a fortnight of intense focus on the issues and practices of Swachhata by engaging GOI Ministries/Departments in their jurisdictions. To promote exploration in the deep ocean to meet energy requirements of India, the Union Ministry of Earth Science unveiled a blueprint of Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) to explore Deep Ocean. The IT ministry launched a desktop software e-Aksharayan in a conference for Indian Languages Technology Industry ‗Bhashantara‘, in New Delhi. The objective is to enable editing and printing of text in scanned documents. The software e- Aksharayan was launched in 7 Indian languages. National Health Agency (NHA) under Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the apex body for the implementation of Ayushman Bharat-National Health Protection Mission (AB-NHPM), and Common Service Centres (CSC) scheme under the Digital India Programme, have signed an MoU to provide information and eligibility validation services to beneficiaries, especially in remote areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Last 12 Months Current Affairs, Download Yearly GK PDF (English)
    www.gradeup.co w 1 www.gradeup.co Current Affairs Year Book 2018 PDF Dear readers, This PDF is a complete docket of important Current Affairs news and events that occurred in the year 2018. This file is important and relevant for all competitive exams like, SSC, Railways, IB, and other Govt. Exams. Schemes Launched by Union/State Govt. December 1. SC introduced Witness Protection Scheme, 2018 in pilgrimage every year, the expenses for which India will be borne by the government. • The Supreme Court (SC) introduced a witness 3. Jammu & Kashmir Govt. launches AB-PMJAY Scheme protection regime in the country noting that one • Jammu and Kashmir Governor Satya Pal Malik of the main reasons for witnesses turning hostile launched the ambitious “Ayushman Bharat- is that they are not given security by the State. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)” • It also announced that the Witness Protection scheme which would benefit over 31 lakh Scheme, 2018 will come into effect immediately residents in the state. across all States. • The governor distributed golden cards among 10 • This scheme is aimed at enabling a witness to eligible beneficiaries for availing the annual depose fearlessly and truthfully, would be the health cover facility, marking the launch of the law of the land till Parliament enacted suitable scheme in the state. legislation. 4. Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana • The Witness Protection Scheme 2018 was • Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana is a framed by the Central government based on the conditional cash transfer scheme for pregnant inputs received from 18 States/Union and lactating women of 19 years of age or above.
    [Show full text]
  • M.S.A.I. All Rights Reserved 0
    MILITARY STUDIES AND ANALYSIS INSTITUTE | M.S.A.I. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 0 Fig 1: Dezful in production The Fateh Missile Family ran's efforts to build ballistic missiles can be divided into three periods: First period: from 1977 to 1980 I Second period: during the Iran–Iraq War (1980-1988) The third period: after the Iran–Iraq War )from year 1989 until now) First period: from 1977 to 1980 The truth is that Iran's missile program began before the Islamic Revolution (the 1979 Revolution). The Americans had told Mohammad Reza Pahlavi that he could buy any weapon from the U.S. except nuclear weapons. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, billion-dollar deals were being closed to buy all kinds of military equipment from the U.S. Until one day it became clear that the United States would not sell the Lance missile to Iran that was a surface-to- surface missile with a length of 6 meters and a range of 120 km. Such a missile was considered MILITARY STUDIES AND ANALYSIS INSTITUTE | M.S.A.I. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1 advanced and dangerous. Later it became clear that US would not even sell missiles with a range of 60 kilometers to Iran. That is why Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's attention was drawn to Israeli for new military contracts. In this regard, Israel and Iran discussed about the Project Flower that was a joint Israeli-Iranian military project in July 1977. This project focused on producing of long range missiles. This project did not work. Subsequently, it became clear that the sub-objectives of the project were more than the primary objective.
    [Show full text]
  • Iranian Operations Against El-Asad and Erbil Bases: What Does the Imagery Show?
    Iranian operations against el-Asad and Erbil bases: what does the imagery show? Part Two February 12, 2020 Agnès LEVALLOIS (FRS), Vincent TOURRET (FRS) and Stéphane DELORY (FRS) in partnership with Géo4I Curiously, the issue of missile identification has not caught the attention of observers. It was very quickly accepted that missiles of the Fateh- 313 type, a direct derivative of the Fateh-110, had been used against the el-Asad base. However, the assertion is worth discussing, especially when possible firing ranges are considered. On the other hand, while the use of Qiam-2s can be inferred from the study of the impacts, some experts have shed light on this missile’s potential use by analysing the booster debris. In this particular case, the combination of imagery analysis and weapon system expertise provides a high level of certainty with regard to the assessment of the missile used. Identification of firing ranges and consequences for the evaluation of the type of missile used The idea that the strike originated in Kermanshah stems from the initial tweet from Fars (see part one), which mentions the Fateh-313. The distance from the base appears to be consistent with the missile's range. The association between Fateh-313 and Kermanshah was then tacitly accepted by observers, on the grounds that the 2017 and 2018 strikes originated from one of the identified bases in the area. Nevertheless, the use of a different model of the Fateh family is a hypothesis that cannot be put aside. Indeed, although the range of the Fateh-313 is sufficient for the strike against el- Asad, the very high accuracy indicates the use of a terminal guidance system on the missile, a system that has not been confirmed as part of the Fateh-313.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Ballistic Missile Program
    Iran’s Ballistic Missile Program: New Developments by Dr. Farhad Rezaei BESA Center Perspectives Paper No. 1,110, March 12, 2019 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Iran’s rapid development of missile expertise has raised concerns in Washington and among its allies about Tehran’s intentions. Despite international censure, the Revolutionary Guards have been able to develop the largest and most diverse ballistic missile arsenal in the region. Tehran is determined to develop and acquire ever more advanced and accurate ballistic missiles – but its efforts to achieve that goal are hampered by American and Israeli determination to subvert it. A key component of Iran’s military doctrine is the development of an indigenous ballistic missile program, and the country’s rapid development of missile expertise has raised concerns in the US and among its allies. Iran embarked on an indigenous ballistic missile program in 1986, when the Revolutionary Guards created a “self-sufficiency unit” to develop military industries that would not require assistance from other countries. Headed by Gen. Hassan Tehrani-Moghaddam, the “founding father” of the Iranian missile program, the unit was essentially an R&D facility for missile technology. By reverse-engineering Soviet-era Scud technology, Tehrani-Moghaddam enabled the Guards to develop the largest and most diverse ballistic missile arsenal in the region. It includes the Shahab-1 (based on the Scud-B), the Shahab-3 (based on original Scud-C technology), the Ghadr 110 and its variants, the Emad, the Shahab-4, the Shahab-5 (Kosar), the Shahab-6 (Toqyān), the Fajr-3, the Qiam, the Ashoura, and the Sejjil.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Class Massage Online Online Online SID Name Class Sub
    DHAKA COMMERCE COLLEGE Class: XI, Session: 2019-20 Online Class massage online online Online SID Name Class Sub. Chairman 43303 B-1 MD.NAHID IQBAL TURJO WU 43451 B-1 S. M SAFIUR RAHMAN WU 42149 B-1 NAFISA IBNAT WU 42151 B-1 HUMAYRA JEBIN WU 42152 B-1 TAHERA SIDDIKA LUBABA WU 42198 B-1 NUSRAT JAHAN WU 42208 B-1 ISRAT JAHAN RIA WU 42229 B-1 FARJANA RAHMAN WU 42370 B-1 KANIZ FATEMA WU 42372 B-1 SINTHIYA KHAN WU 42387 B-1 MUHSINA KHANOM MYSHA WU 42743 B-1 MEHEDI HASAN WU 42822 B-1 MUNSHI MOHAMMAD SALSABIL WU 43024 B-1 S.M. MOSADDAK FAISAL WU 43351 B-1 MD. NURE ABU SIAM WU 43483 B-1 SK. SHAFAYET AHMED SAKIB WU 43092 B-1 MOLLA NASIRUDDIN RIDOY WU 42189 B-1 MAHEEATH HOSSAIN EASHA WU 42193 B-1 TASHNIA AHMED WU 43073 B-1 MD. EMRAN ISLAM WU 42092 B-1 NABILA ISLAM WU 42226 B-1 MST. AFIFA TASNIN WU 42457 B-1 SADIA AFRIN RIMU WU 43440 B-1 MORSALIN RIFAT WU 43355 B-1 MD. MOSTOFA HABIB SAD WU 42082 B-1 MUMTAHENA ISLAM WU 42365 B-1 NAHIAN SULTANA WU 42338 B-1 MAJEDA SULTANA WU 42100 B-1 SUMYA KHANAM WU 42126 B-1 SABRINA JAHAN WU 42994 B-1 KAIF HASAN WU 43370 B-1 MD.HIMEL WU 43448 B-1 MD ALIMUN KHAN AKASH WU 43187 B-1 ANAS AHMED WU 43386 B-1 MD ABDULLAH AL NOBO WU 42396 B-1 LABONI AKTHER MORIOM WU 42216 B-1 MST.
    [Show full text]