larvae larvae from from Pantelleria. Pantelleria. Thanks Thanks to to a a scout, scout, in in exactly exactly the the below below the the eye eye tubercles, tubercles, the the at point point of of maximum maximum width, width,

About About 10 10 years years later, later, it it became became possible possible to to have have other other labrum labrum to to the the proximal proximal margin, margin, the the width width was was taken taken just just

but but the the scarcity scarcity of of adults adults stopped stopped further further investigations. investigations. head head capsule capsule was was measured measured ventrally ventrally from from the the clypeo­

mens mens belonged belonged to to a a new new taxon taxon of of the the groupformicarius, groupformicarius, cluding cluding jaws) jaws) to to the the tip tip of of abdomen. abdomen. The The length length of of the the

Nevertheless, Nevertheless, it it was was immediately immediately clear clear that that these these speci­ body body length length of of larvae larvae was was measured measured from from the the head head (ex­

cult, cult, many many larvae larvae died died and and only only few few adults adults width width emerged. emerged. perpendicular perpendicular to to the the length length measurement measurement line. line. The The

Unfortunately Unfortunately transfer transfer to to the the laboratory laboratory was was the the very very apex, apex, diffi­ and and the the width width was was taken taken as as the the maximum maximum

the the sclerophyllous sclerophyllous wood wood covering covering the the central central mountain. mountain. wings wings was was measured measured longitudinally longitudinally from from the the insertion insertion to to

Straits Straits of of Sicily, Sicily, found found many many Myrmeleon Myrmeleon larvae larvae living living in in of of the the head head to to the the tip tip of of the the abdomen. abdomen. The The length length of of the the

of of us us (RAP), (RAP), during during a a short short trip trip to to Pantelleria Pantelleria Island, Island, The The length length of of the the adults adults was was from from measured the the vertex vertex

It It was was not not without without surprise surprise that, that, in in the the year year 2000, 2000, one one sion sion 12.0 12.0 was was utilized utilized for for post-shoot post-shoot image image processing. processing.

Umbra Umbra on on Gargano Gargano (Grandi, (Grandi, 1955). 1955). R1. R1. The The software software Adobe Adobe Photoshop Photoshop CS5 CS5 Extended Extended Ver­

Castelporziano Castelporziano (Letardi (Letardi and and Maltzeff, Maltzeff, 2001) 2001) (Leica (Leica or or Foresta Foresta Application Application Suite) Suite) applied applied software software Version Version 2.5.0 2.5.0

coast, coast, such such as as Circeo Circeo (Letardi (Letardi and and Pantaleoni, Pantaleoni, tographs tographs 1996), 1996), which which were were subsequently subsequently elaborated elaborated using using LAS LAS

and and the the remains remains of of fresh fresh deciduous deciduous woods woods also also near near the the ized ized both both for for morphological morphological measurements measurements and and for for pho­

(Schmid, (Schmid, 1972) 1972) or or Etna Etna (Letardi (Letardi and and Pantaleoni, Pantaleoni, scope scope 1996) 1996) equipped equipped with with a a DFC320 DFC320 digital digital camera camera was was util­

mountains mountains such such as as Pollino Pollino (Principi, (Principi, 1952), 1952), Aspromonte Aspromonte logical logical observations observations while while a a Leica Leica MZ16 MZ16 stereomicro­

where where in in the the North North but but in in the the South South colonising colonising both both A A Leica Leica high high MZ9.5 MZ9.5 stereomicroscope stereomicroscope was was used used for for morpho­

only only M M formicarius formicarius was was known, known, being being present present unconditioned unconditioned every­ room room to to simulate simulate natural natural conditions. conditions.

Letardi, Letardi, 2010; 2010; Badano, Badano, 2011). 2011). In In the the Italian Italian midity. midity. Peninsula Peninsula During During the the winter winter the the larvae larvae were were moved moved into into an an

(Aspock (Aspock eta!., eta!., 2001; 2001; oc oc Molinu Molinu eta!., eta!., 2007; 2007; Badano Badano with with a a mean mean and and temperature temperature of of 24 24 and and 60% 60% relative relative hu­

the the western western border border of of Liguria Liguria and and the the whole whole of of Sardinia Sardinia quate quate size. size. Rearing Rearing was was carried carried out out in in a a dedicated dedicated room room

Morocco, Morocco, the the Iberian Iberian Peninsula, Peninsula, South South France, France, reaching reaching litor litor L. L. 1758 1758 (Coleoptera (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae), Tenebrionidae), of of an an ade­

border border of of Italy Italy (Aspock (Aspock eta!., eta!., 2001); 2001); M M prey prey gerlindae gerlindae were were in in live live Yellow Yellow Mealworm Mealworm larvae, larvae, Tenebrio Tenebrio mo­

Balkan Balkan Peninsula Peninsula and and Anatolia, Anatolia, not not reaching reaching the the cylindrical cylindrical oriental oriental containers containers a a third third full full of of loose loose sand. sand. The The

M M noacki noacki is is present, present, as as far far as as we we know, know, in in larvae larvae the the South South collected collected in in the the field. field. These These were were reared reared in in small small

2004). 2004). All All the the adults adults were were exclusively exclusively obtained obtained from from rearing rearing

1965; 1965; Holzel, Holzel, 1974; 1974; Aspock Aspock eta!., eta!., 1980, 1980, 2001; 2001; Stange, Stange, Rearing Rearing and and classical classical morphology morphology

lous lous Mediterranean Mediterranean woods woods and and lush lush shrub shrub lands lands (Ohm, (Ohm,

gerlindae gerlindae and and M M noacki noacki exclusively exclusively linked linked to to xerophi­ Materials Materials and and methods methods

habitats: habitats: M M formicarius formicarius slightly slightly more more euryoecious; euryoecious; M M

be be defined defined as as "sylvestral" "sylvestral" living living in in wood wood or or wood-like wood-like

Mediterranean Mediterranean Myrmeleon Myrmeleon noacki noacki Ohm Ohm 1965. 1965. clude clude They They the the can can study study and and describe describe a a new new species species here. here.

meleon meleon gerlindae gerlindae Hoelzel Hoelzel 1974 1974 and and the the successful, successful, East­ finally finally having having enough enough specimens specimens to to con­

micarius micarius Linnaeus Linnaeus 1767, 1767, the the West-Mediterranean West-Mediterranean deep deep knowledge knowledge Myr­ of of the the territory, territory, this this turned turned out out to to be be

terranean terranean area: area: the the Siberian-European Siberian-European Myrmeleon Myrmeleon able able habitats habitats for­ in in Sicily. Sicily. Thanks Thanks to to a a colleague colleague with with a a

Three Three known known species species belong belong to to this this group group in in ducted ducted the the Medi­ special special research research in in order order to to find find the the taxon taxon in in suit­

sence sence of of pilula pilula axillaris axillaris in in the the hind hind wing wing of of trip trip the the in in male. male. September September 2010, 2010, the the same same author author (RAP) (RAP) con­

Linnaeus Linnaeus 1767 1767 there there is is a a group group characterised characterised that that by by we we the the received received ab­ alive. alive. Moreover, Moreover, during during another short short another

Among Among the the Western Western Palearctic Palearctic species species of of same same Myrmeleon Myrmeleon point point and and in in a a further further one one 15 15 larvae larvae were were found found

Key Key Neuropterida, Neuropterida, words: words: Italy, Italy, Mediterranean, Mediterranean, Myrmeleonformicarius-group. Myrmeleonformicarius-group.

ecological ecological requirements requirements a a possible possible endangered endangered status status cannot cannot be be ruled ruled out out because because of of the the anthropogenic anthropogenic habitat habitat fragmentation. fragmentation.

canus canus n. n. sp. sp. is is also also given. given. Its Its habitat habitat is is the the Mediterranean Mediterranean shrub shrub land land in in which which the the larvae larvae build build pit-traps pit-traps near near shelters. shelters. Due Due to to its its

reconstruction reconstruction in in which which it it is is compared compared with with closely closely related related taxa. taxa. A A preliminary preliminary description description of of the the third third instar instar larva larva of of M M puni­

the the male male genitalia genitalia and and the the ecological ecological traits. traits. Moreover, Moreover, the the validity validity of of the the new new species species is is confirmed confirmed by by a a DNA DNA based based phylogenetic phylogenetic

new new taxon taxon belongs belongs to to the the formicarius-group formicarius-group thanks thanks to to the the absence absence of of axillaris axillaris pilula in in the the male male hind hind wings, wings, the the characteristics characteristics of of

A A new new species species of of antlion, antlion, Myrmeleon Myrmeleon punicanus punicanus n. n. sp. sp. (Neuroptera (Neuroptera Myrmeleontidae), Myrmeleontidae), is is described described from from Sicily Sicily and and Pantelleria. Pantelleria. The The

Abstract Abstract

Istituto Istituto per per lo lo Studio Studio degli degli Ecosistemi, Ecosistemi, Consiglio Consiglio Nazionale Nazionale delle delle Ricerche, Ricerche, Sassari, Sassari, Italy Italy 2

Sezione Sezione di di Patologia Patologia vegetate vegetate ed ed Entomologia Entomologia agraria, agraria, Dipartimento Dipartimento di di Agraria, Agraria, Universita Universita degli degli Studi Studi di di Sassari, Sassari, Italy Italy 1 1

Roberto Roberto A. A. Davide Davide PANTALEONI BADAN0 ' , ,

'

1 2 1 2 2

(Neuroptera (Neuroptera Myrmeleontidae} Myrmeleontidae} from from Sicily Sicily and and Pantelleria Pantelleria

Myrmeleon Myrmeleon punicanus punicanus n. n. sp., a a sp., new new pit-building pit-building antlion antlion

ISSN ISSN 1721-8861 1721-8861

Bulletin Bulletin of of 65 65 lnsectology lnsectology (1): (1): 139-148, 139-148, 2012 2012 the length of the mandibles was measured from the tip to improve the effectiveness of the GMYC model in to the base (Cesaroni et al., 201 0; Pantaleoni et a!., finding the threshold between speciation events and coa­ 2010). lescent processes (Pons et al., 2006). The male genitalia were prepared by maceration in DNA extraction was performed with the Quiagen 10% KOH (potassium hydroxide) in cold water for sev­ QIAmp Microkit, using a leg from each individual. eral hours and subsequently stained in a saturated solu­ Voucher specimens are deposited in the authors' collec­ tion of Chlorazol Black in 95% ethanol. After examina­ tion. DNA was amplified for each individual, for a tion they were washed in acetic acid and subsequently 612bp fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I in ethanol. (COl) gene using primers LC01490 (5'-GGT CAA When not otherwise specified, the specimens have been CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3') and HC02198 deposited in the authors' collections at ISE-CNR Sassari. (5'-TAA ACT TCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA- 3 ') (Folmer et al., 1994). Cycle conditions comprised DNA taxonomy initial denaturation at 94 oc for 5 min, followed by 35 Different DNA taxonomy approaches were used: the cycles at 94 oc for 1 min, 50 oc for 1 min, and 72 oc Automated Barcode Gap Detector (Puillandre et al., for 90 s, and a final extension step at 72 oc for 7 min. 2012), the K/theta method (Birky eta!., 2010), and the Cycle sequencing reactions were set up using PCR Generalised Mixed Yule Coalescent model (Pons et al., primers and the ABI Big Dye Terminator vl.1 kit, and 2006), in order to support the description of the new run on an ABI 3770 automated sequencer. species. These methods rely on different assumptions Chromatograms were checked visually for potential and use different techniques so their congruent results mis-readings; the alignment was trivial and was obtained will provide strong support. with a text editor and then checked visually with Mac­ The ABGD (Puillandre et al., 2012) is based on the Clade 4.08 (http://macclade.org/). Given that COl is a idea of a barcoding gap between species, but instead of protein coding gene, we looked for potential problems using a fixed threshold (e.g. 3%, as for barcoding known such as gaps, ambiguously aligned positions, frame shifts faunas: Hebert et al., 2003), it recursively searches for and stop codons but no such problems were detected. the most likely value ofthe threshold between intraspeci­ The complete alignment was then reduced by fic and interspecific genetic distances, given a set of omitting duplicate sequences; this alignment was prior intraspecific divergences. Only an aligned dataset used as input on the ABGD webpage of sequences is needed as input for this method. (http://wwwabi.snv.jussieu.fr/public/abgd/abgdweb.html), The K/theta method, formerly called the four times using the default settings searching on a set of prior rule (Birky et al., 2010), is rooted on population genet­ minimum genetic distances ranging from 0.001 to 0.1. ics theory and instead of using thresholds on genetic Then we selected the results from priors between 0.005 distances, it looks for clusters in a phylogeny from mi­ and 0.01 for this locus (Puillandre et al., 2012). tochondrial loci, with clusters that satisfy the rule of within-cluster distances lower than four times the dis­ Phylogenetic reconstructions tance to the closer cluster of sequences. A rooted phy­ The reduced dataset including unique sequences only logeny and the matrix of genetic distances calculated was used to reconstruct the phylogeny. ModelGenerator from the phylogeny are used as input for this method. v0.85 (Keane et al., 2006) was used to search the best The Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) evolutionary model, which resulted GTR+I. This evolu­ model (Pons et al., 2006) identifies units of diversity tionary model was then implemented in Bayesian recon­ from DNA taxonomy based on the branching patterns in structions with BEAST v1.6.1 (Drummond and Ram­ a phylogeny, where it searches for the maximum likeli­ baut, 2007). The settings for BEAST included uncorre­ hood threshold between speciation/extinction events and lated lognormal relaxed clock, estimated from a normal within-species coalescent processes, and therefore iden­ distribution; speciation tree prior from a Yule process tifies distinct evolutionary entities akin to species and with lognormal distribution of birth rate process; all also provides confidence intervals for the most likely other priors as default settings; all operators as default solutions. A rooted chronogram, with only the ingroup settings, except for integer random walk of branch rate included, is used as input for this method. categories set to tuning = 10; length of MCMC chain set to 100,000,000; trees saved every 1,000 generations and Genetic datasets subsequent bum-in discarding the first 50% of the trees. The dataset comprised 21 specimens, covering five Phylogenetic reconstructions were run through the Oslo species of the genus Myrmeleon (including the new one), Bioportal (www.bioportal.uio.no). plus Distoleon tetragrammicus F. 1798 belonging to the The tree obtained by BEAST was used as the back­ same family, and Chrysoperla lucasina Lacroix 1912 bone for the K/theta method, identifying all possible belonging to a different family (Chrysopidae) to be used clusters that satisfied the 4 times rule. The matrix of as an outgroup. The species chosen within the genus genetic distances was calculated as cophenetic dis­ Myrmeleon represent two species belonging to the for­ tances from the tree with R 2.14.0 (R Development micarius-group (M gerlindae and M formicarius), one Core Team, 2011) package ape 3.0 (Paradis et al., for which we have a dense population sample (Myrme­ 2004). The R package splits 1.0-11 (https://r-forge.r­ leon inconspicuus Rambur 1842), one lacking the pilula project.org/projects/splits) were used to run the GMYC axillaris but not belonging to the formicarius group model on the phylogenetic tree obtained by BEAST, af­ (Myrmeleon caliginosus Hoelzel et Ohm 1983) in order ter pruning the tree from the outgroup, whose presence 140

141 141

Museo Museo Civico Civico di di Storia Storia Naturale Naturale "G. "G. Doria", Doria", Genova]. Genova]. figure figure 5; 5; female female terminalia terminalia as as in in figures figures 4C, 4C, 4D. 4D.

Trapani); Trapani); ex ex larva larva 10.1X.2010 10.1X.2010 R.A. R.A. Pantaleoni Pantaleoni leg." leg." [coli. [coli. terminalia terminalia as as in in figures figures 4A, 4A, 4B, 4B, male male genitalia genitalia as as in in

1 1 pinned: pinned: "Mazara "Mazara ~ ~ del del Vallo: Vallo: Gorghi Gorghi Tondi Tondi (Sicilia, (Sicilia, I I visible visible dorsally dorsally as as a a pair pair of of parallel parallel sinuous sinuous lines. lines. Male Male

leg" leg" 2~~- tergite tergite with with conspicuous conspicuous yellowish yellowish brown brown coloration, coloration,

(Sicilia, (Sicilia, Trapani); Trapani); ex ex larva larva 10.1X.2010 10.1X.2010

I I R.A. R.A. Pantaleoni Pantaleoni and and tergites tergites pale; pale;

pleural pleural membranes membranes dark-brown; dark-brown; 8 h h 1

Letardi, Letardi, Roma], Roma], 1 1 "Mazara "Mazara del del Vallo: Vallo: ~; ~; Gorghi Gorghi Tondi Tondi dark, dark, I I each segment segment each with with the the distal distal border border of of sternites sternites

pani); pani); ex ex larva larva 23.V.2010 23.V.2010 A. A. Corso Corso leg." leg." [coli. [coli. Agostino Agostino laris. laris. Abdomen Abdomen (figure (figure 4E): 4E): shorter shorter than than the the wings; wings;

Aspock, Aspock, Wien]; Wien]; "Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: Bugeber Bugeber (Sicilia, (Sicilia, I I Tra­ toral toral cross-veins; cross-veins; male male hind hind wing wing without without pilula pilula axil­

23.V.2010 23.V.2010 A. A. Corso Corso leg.", leg.", 1 1 [coli. [coli. Horst Horst and and ~ ~ Ulrike Ulrike fork fork of of the the Media Media posterior; posterior; hind hind wing wing with with 5 5 presec­

"Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: Bugeber Bugeber (Sicilia, (Sicilia, I I Trapani); Trapani); ex ex larva larva wing wing the the cubital cubital fork fork is is slightly slightly more more basal basal than than the the

pani); pani); ex ex larva larva 23.V.2010 23.V.2010 A. A. Corso Corso leg.", leg.", nantly nantly 2~~; 2~~; dark dark with with alternating alternating pale pale dashes; dashes; in in the the fore­

19-sspant2", 19-sspant2", 1 1 "Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: Bugeber Bugeber ~; ~; (Sicilia, (Sicilia, Tra­ I I pterostigma pterostigma distinct, distinct, dark dark brown; brown; venation venation predomi­

(Sicilia, (Sicilia, Trapani); Trapani); ex ex larva larva 23.V.2010 23.V.2010 A. A. Corso Corso leg. leg. // // tarsomere. tarsomere. Wings Wings (figure (figure 3B): 3B): membrane membrane hyaline; hyaline;

7 7 in in alcohol: alcohol: ~ ~ ~ ~ "Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: Monastero Monastero di di sopra sopra I I the the inner inner face; face; tibial tibial spurs spurs a a little little shorter shorter than than the the first first

R.A. R.A. Pantaleoni Pantaleoni leg.", leg.", 16. 16. pair) pair) or or only only in in the the inner inner face face (2"d (2"d pair), pair), tibiae tibiae dark dark in in

Gorghi Gorghi Tondi Tondi (Sicilia, (Sicilia, I I Trapani); Trapani); ex ex larva larva 10.1X.2010 10.1X.2010 I I tarsi tarsi dark dark brown, brown, femora femora almost almost completely completely dark dark (3rd (3rd

R.A. R.A. Pantaleoni Pantaleoni leg.// leg.// 77-sic1", 77-sic1", 16; 16; "Mazara "Mazara brown; brown; del del Vallo: Vallo: meso- and and metathoracic metathoracic legs legs with with coxae coxae and and

ghi ghi Tondi Tondi (Sicilia, (Sicilia, I I Trapani); Trapani); ex ex larva larva 10.1X.2010 10.1X.2010 I I prescutum. prescutum. Legs Legs (figure (figure 3A): 3A): prothoracic prothoracic legs legs dark dark

naldo naldo Nicoli Nicoli Aldini, Aldini, Bologna]; Bologna]; "Mazara "Mazara del del Vallo: Vallo: Gor­ bordered bordered and and a a central central paler paler area area of of the the mesonotal mesonotal

pani); pani); ex ex larva larva 23.V.2010 23.V.2010 A. A. Corso Corso leg.", leg.", 16 16 [coli. [coli. Ri­ except except the the posterior posterior border border of of the the scutellum scutellum whitish whitish

Aspock, Aspock, Wien]; Wien]; "Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: Bugeber Bugeber (Sicilia, (Sicilia, mesonotum mesonotum I I Tra­ and and metanotum metanotum completely completely dark dark brown brown

23.V.2010 23.V.2010 A. A. Corso Corso leg.", leg.", 16 16 [coll. [coll. Horst Horst and and and and with with Ulrike Ulrike a a irregularly irregularly pale pale vertical vertical area area in in the the middle; middle;

"Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: Bugeber Bugeber (Sicilia, (Sicilia, I I Trapani); Trapani); (figure (figure ex ex larva larva 2A) 2A) dark dark brown, brown, whitish whitish margined margined anteriorly anteriorly

Corso Corso leg.", leg.", 16 16 [coli. [coli. Naturhistorische Naturhistorische Museum, Museum, Wien]; Wien]; segment segment of of the the labial labial palpi palpi black. black. Thorax: Thorax: pronotum pronotum

Bugeber Bugeber (Sicilia, (Sicilia, I I Trapani); Trapani); ex ex larva larva 23.V.2010 23.V.2010 last last two two A. A. segments segments of of the the maxillary maxillary palpi palpi brown; brown; last last

ex ex larva larva 23.V.2010 23.V.2010 A. A. Corso Corso leg.", leg.", 16; 16; "Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: scape scape with with the the distal distal portion portion pale; pale; labrum labrum brownish; brownish;

sspantl sspantl ", ", 16; 16; "Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: Bugeber Bugeber (Sicilia, (Sicilia, I I median median Trapani); Trapani); dark dark line line of of the the frons; frons; antennae antennae dark dark brown, brown,

Trapani); Trapani); ex ex larva larva 23.V.2010 23.V.2010 A. A. Corso Corso leg. leg. nantly nantly // // whitish whitish 18- with with two central central two spots spots joint joint with with the the

leg.", leg.", 16; 16; "Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: Monastero Monastero di di sopra sopra area area (Sicilia, (Sicilia, subdivided subdivided I I by by a a darkish darkish line; line; clypeus clypeus predomi­

(Sicilia, (Sicilia, Trapani); Trapani); ex ex larva larva 28.V.2000 28.V.2000 I I R.A. R.A. superior superior Pantaleoni Pantaleoni half half of of frons frons black, black, inferior inferior whitish, whitish, the the pale pale

6 6 86 86 in in alcohol: alcohol: "Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: Monastero Monastero di di sopra sopra shadow-black shadow-black I I with with a a deep-black deep-black pattern; pattern; occiput occiput black; black;

Paratypes Paratypes and and abdomen abdomen (figure (figure 1). 1). Head Head (figure (figure 2B): 2B): vertex vertex

with with few few yellowish-brown yellowish-brown patches patches on on the the pronotum pronotum

Storia Storia Naturale Naturale "G. "G. Doria", Doria", Genova]. Genova]. sexes) sexes) 0.23. 0.23. General General colouring colouring dark-brown dark-brown or or blackish blackish

Pantaleoni Pantaleoni and and Badano, Badano, 2012 2012 [coll. [coll. Museo Museo length length Civico Civico 23.0 23.0 di di mm mm (21.0-24.3), (21.0-24.3), ratio ratio width/length width/length (both (both

leg." leg." HOLOTYPUS HOLOTYPUS II II I I Myrmeleon Myrmeleon punicanus punicanus hind hind n. n. wing wing sp. sp. male male I I length length 20.4 20.4 mm mm (19.0-22.7), (19.0-22.7), female female

cilia, cilia, Trapani); Trapani); ex ex larva larva 28.V.2000 28.V.2000 I I R.A. R.A. mm mm Pantaleoni Pantaleoni (22.4-25.5), (22.4-25.5), ratio ratio width/length width/length (both (both sexes) sexes) 0.24; 0.24;

6 6 in in alcohol: alcohol: "Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: Monastero Monastero di di sopra sopra male male length length (Si­ I I 21.9 21.9 mm mm (20.4-24.7), (20.4-24.7), female female length length 24.1 24.1

Holotype Holotype Body Body length length 22.0 22.0 mm mm (min-max (min-max 20.2-23.5); 20.2-23.5); forewing forewing

Description Description of of the the adult adult

the the underside underside of of the the posterior posterior femora. femora.

sylvestral, sylvestral, with with dark dark habitus habitus and and black black round round dominion dominion spots spots on on of of Chartago. Chartago.

8 tergite tergite with with dorsal dorsal yellowish-brown yellowish-brown able able distribution distribution marks. marks. of of the the Larva Larva h h new new Myrmeleon Myrmeleon and and the the early early 1

lowish-brown lowish-brown posterior posterior margins margins of of sternites sternites and and refer refer tergites, tergites, to to the the similarity similarity between between the the known known and and presum­

without without pilula pilula axillaris; axillaris; abdomen abdomen dark dark brown brown means means with with yel­ "at/in "at/in the the Carthaginian Carthaginian Punic] Punic] [i.e. [i.e. manner" manner" and and

than than the the fork fork of of the the Media Media posterior, posterior, male male hind hind The The wing wing name name of of this this species species is is a a Latin Latin adjective adjective that that

in in the the forewing forewing the the cubital cubital fork fork is is slightly slightly more more basal basal Derivatio Derivatio nominis nominis

pattern; pattern; wings wings hyaline hyaline with with dark-and-pale dark-and-pale dashed dashed veins, veins,

tus; tus; pronotum pronotum with with a a characteristic characteristic and and discriminating discriminating 36°46'35.87"N 36°46'35.87"N 11 11 °58'57.10"E. °58'57.10"E.

Small Small Myrmeleon Myrmeleon with with a a predominantly predominantly blackish blackish Pantelleria: Pantelleria: habi­ Monastero Monastero di di sopra, sopra, (Sicilia, (Sicilia, Trapani); Trapani);

Diagnosis Diagnosis Locus Locus typicus typicus

Myrme/eon Myrme/eon punicanus punicanus n. n. sp. sp. Romano Romano leg.". leg.".

Vallo: Vallo: Gorghi Gorghi Tondi Tondi (Sicilia, (Sicilia, I I Trapani); Trapani); IX.2011 IX.2011 M. M.

2 2 III III instar instar larvae larvae still still under under rearing: rearing: "Mazara "Mazara del del

Birky Birky et et 2011). 2011). al., al., specimens. specimens.

cies, cies, as as it it is is commonly commonly done done cilia, cilia, for for DNA DNA Trapani); Trapani); barcoding barcoding ex ex larva larva (e.g. (e.g. 23.V.2010 23.V.2010 A. A. Corso Corso leg." leg." 2 2

order order to to compare compare the the distances distances within within and and between between Corso Corso spe­ leg." leg." 3 3 specimens; specimens; "Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: Bugeber Bugeber (Si­ I I

uncorrected uncorrected pairwise pairwise distances distances from from the the alignment, alignment, di di sopra sopra in in (Sicilia, (Sicilia, I I Trapani); Trapani); ex ex larva larva 23.V.2010 23.V.2010 A. A.

R R package package ape ape was was also also used used to to calculate calculate matrices matrices 5 5 III III instar instar of of larvae larvae in in alcohol: alcohol: "Pantelleria: "Pantelleria: Monastero Monastero

could could bias bias the the estimate estimate of of the the parameters. parameters. Moreover, Moreover, the the Further Further examined examined specimens specimens Figure 1. Myrmeleon punicanus n. sp.: habitus, dorsal (above) and lateral (below) view [Mazara del Vallo: Gorghi Tondi, paratype ~ ]. (In colour at www.bulletinofinsectology.org)

A

0.5mm

B D

Figure 2. Myrmeleon punicanus n. sp.: A, head and pronotum, dorsal view [Mazara del Vallo: Gorghi Tondi, paratype o ]; B, head, frontal view [Pantelleria: Bugeber, paratype ~ with cutted head]; Myrmeleon gerlindae Hoelzel 1974: C, head and pronotum, dorsal view; D, head, frontal view [Aighero: Capocaccia (Sardinia), l.V.20 I 0, D. Badano leg ., ~ ]. (In colour at www.bulletinofinsectology.org)

142

143 143

www.bulletinofinsectology.org) www.bulletinofinsectology.org) at at colour colour (In (In

]. ]. o paratype paratype , , Tondi Gorghi Gorghi Vallo: Vallo: del del [Mazara [Mazara view view dorsal dorsal , , abdomen male male ]; ]; ~ E, E,

paratype paratype Tondi, Tondi, Gorghi Gorghi Vallo: Vallo: del del [Mazara [Mazara view view ventral ventral D, D, , , view lateral lateral C, C, terminalia, terminalia, female female ]; ]; c3' paratype paratype Tondi, Tondi,

Gorghi Gorghi Vallo: Vallo: del del [Mazara [Mazara view view ventral ventral B, B, view, view, lateral lateral A, A, , , terminalia male male : : . sp n. n. punicanus punicanus Myrrneleon Myrrneleon 4. 4. Figure Figure

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paratype paratype , , Tondi Gorghi Gorghi Vallo: Vallo: del del [Mazara [Mazara view view lateral lateral thorax, thorax, and and head head A, A, .: .: sp . . n punicanus punicanus Myrrneleon Myrrneleon 3. 3. Figure Figure

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Figure 5. Myrmeleon punicanus n. sp.: male genitalia, gonarcus-paramere complex(= complex of gonocoxites 9 + gonocoxites 11 sensu Aspock and Aspock, 2007), lateral (left) and ventral (right) view [Pantelleria: Bugeber, para­ type o dissected].

Preliminary description of third instar larva (figure 6) Variability Average body length 8.6 mm; head capsule length 1.9 The variability in colouring among adults is of minor mm (min-max 1.8-2.0), head capsule width 1.6 mm importance, therefore appearing as a uniform and little (1.5-1.7), mandible length 1.9 mm (1.8-1.9), ratio head variable species. Only the contrast of the yellowish­ capsule length/width 0.84, ratio head capsule brown dorsal markings of 8111 tergite is less evident in length/mandible length 0.97. General colouring dark some individuals. brown with numerous darker marks and areas, ventral side much clearer with a large median pale ochre stripe Ecological notes and distribution bordered by black spots; setae mostly black. Head sub­ Both the finding places, known directly by the au­ rectangular, longer than wide; ocular tubercles not thors, (and probably the third too: Bugeber, Pantelleria) prominent; mandibles relatively long and strong are shrub lands (so called macchia locally). The larvae equipped with three sub-parallel and equidistant pairs of built their pits in small patches of incoherent soil often teeth of approximately equal size; labial pal pi composed near a shelter rather than under a cover. Both localities of 3 articles in addition to the basal one (the "prelabial are the remains of wider regional shrub cover, and the lobe" by authors). External edge of the mandibles cov­ species is probably still endangered as a consequence of ered by long setae, short and stout setae are present the severe fragmentation of its habitat. This fragmenta­ among the teeth. On the dorsal side of the mandibles tion will make it difficult to define the pre-anthropic­ there are sparse and short setae more numerous toward disturbance range. In any way its presence on the vol­ the edge; along the ventral side, in the portion of the canic island Pantelleria appears to be a consequence of a mandibles external to maxillae there are dense and short recent colonization more probably from the nearby Af­ setae, distributed from the base to the height of the sec­ rican coast, specifically from Cape Bon peninsula, than ond pair of teeth. Dorsal side of the head brown with from Sicily. Then the hypothesis of a distribution com­ two darker spots near middle length and two posterior prising at least Northern Tunisia and Western Sicily V -shaped darker marks; ventral side of the head with seems the more acceptable. two pairs of markings: the first one situated in the ante­ rior portion of the head capsule and composed by two DNA Taxonomy convergent spots, drawing a V -shaped mark; the second The 21 analysed individuals (table 1) provided 19 dif­ pair is more posterior and lateral in position and repre­ ferent haplotypes. The five putative species in the genus sented by oblique stripes; a couple of elongated marks is Myrmeleon were supported by Bayesian posterior prob­ present along the sides. Inferior side of hind tibiae and abilities of 1.0 (figure 7). All three methods supported 111 femora presents round dark spots. Abdominal 8 sternite the existence of the five species in the analysed COl 1 equipped with a pair of odontoid processes; 9 " sternite dataset for Myrmeleon, confirming the status of M pu­ with a poorly developed pair of palettes, each one nicanus as a new species. The ABGD and the K/theta equipped with four digging setae, of which the external method provided unambiguous support for the five spe­ pair is the longest and stoutest, more anteriorly there is a cies; the GMYC provided a maximum likelihood solu­ second group of four digging setae, neatly disposed tion of five species that was significantly preferred to along a I ine and parallel to the setae of the palettes. the null model of only one single entity (likelihood of

144

145 145

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. . ] Bugeber Bugeber [Pantelleria: [Pantelleria:

iew iew v (below) (below) lateral lateral and and

(middle) (middle) ventral ventral (above), (above), dorsal dorsal , , larva instar instar 3'd 3'd sp.: sp.: n. n. punicanus punicanus Myrmeleon Myrmeleon 6. 6. Figure Figure

1mm 1mm -"'1. -"'1. Table 1. Accessions of COl of Myrmeleon and outgroups deposited in GenBank. GenBankN. Species Origin VaucherN. JQ864059 Italy, Sicily l-incsic2 JQ864060 Italy, Emilia Romagna 2-incbol JQ864061 Greece, Epirus 5-incgre2 JQ864062 Greece, Epirus 6-incgrel JQ864063 Myrmeleon inconspicuus Italy, Lombardy 7-incpo1 JQ864064 Italy, Tuscany 9-incfo2 JQ864065 Tunisia, Tunis 40-inctul JQ864066 Romania, Dobruja 41-incro1 JQ864067 Italy, Sardinia 49-inclaz JQ864068 Italy, Piedmont 22-forpie1 JQ864069 Italy, Myrmeleon formicarius Piedmont 23-forpie2 JQ864070 Italy, Tuscany 24-forfol1 JQ864071 Italy, Sicily 42-forsic1 JQ864072 Italy, Myrmeleon gerlindae Sardinia 35-gersarl JQ864073 Italy, Liguria 54-gerligl JQ864074 Myrmeleon caliginosus Tunisia, Tunis 56-caltun 1 JQ864075 Italy, Sicily 77-sic 1 JQ864076 Myrmeleon punicanus n. sp. Italy, Sicily (Pantelleria) 18-sspantl JQ864077 Italy, Sicily (Pantelleria) 19-sspant2 Distoleon JQ864078 tetragrammicus Myrmeleontidae Italy, Sardinia 48-tetra1 Chrysoperla lucasina JQ864079 Italy, Ch so idae Sardinia 11-chry

r------r' ,;,H:~~56-caltun1-COI J- M. caliginosus -incsic3gre1-COI 1-incro 1-COI -incsic4gre2-COI 2-incbo 1-CO/ M. inconspicuus 7 -incpo 1-COI 1.0 O-inctu1-COI 1-incsic2-COI

} M. punicanus n.sp.

}- M. gerlindae 0.94

} M. formicarius --0.1

Figure 7. Phylogenetic relationships of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I COl in the genus Myrmeleon. The consensus of 50,000 sampled trees from a Bayesian analysis is shown in the rooted phylogeny ( outgroups omitted), displaying all compatible groupings and with average branch lengths proportional to numbers of substitutions per site under the GTR+I substitution model. Posterior probabilities above 0.9 are shown above each branch; support values for within-species relationships are not shown for very short branches. Circles indicate clusters and singletons identi­ fied as potential species by ABGD (grey circles), K/theta (white circles) and GMYC model (black circles).

146 null model = 44.384; likelihood of GMYC model = of the new species on the main island. Angela Schiaf­ 48.702; likelihood ratio test= 8.636; p-value = 0.034); fino and Diego Fontaneto (colleagues of the ISE-CNR) the confidence interval of the most likely solutions helped with competence and generosity in realising the spanned from five to seven, with the most conservative biomolecular part of this paper. Finally the authors de­ estimate of the GMYC being exactly five species, as for sire to thank the anonymous referees for their valuable the other two methods. comments to the manuscript.

Comments and comparative notes Both the male genitalia and DNA sequences, as well References as the absence of pilula axillaris in male hind wing, con­ firm that Myrmeleon punicanus n. sp. belongs to the ASPOCK U., ASPOCK H., 2007.- Phylogenetic relevance of the formicarius-group comprising in the Western Palearctic: genital sclerites of Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola).­ Systematic Entomology, 33: 97-127. M formicarius, M noacki and M gerlindae. As com­ ASPOCK H., ASPOCK U., H6LZEL H., 1980.- Die Neuropteren parison, the illustrations of head and pronotum of M Europas. Eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der Systematik, gerlindae are given in figures 2C, 2D. M caliginosus, a Okologie und Chorologie der Neuropteroidea (Megaloptera, species whose distribution reaches the South Mediterra­ Raphidioptera, Planipennia) Europas.- Goecke & Evers, nean border from Africa, also lacks pilula axillaris, but Krefeld, Germany. it belongs to another group, as confirmed once again by ASPOCK H., H6LZEL H., ASPOCK U., 2001.- Kommentierter DNA analysis and the male genitalia. Katalog der Neuropterida (Insecta: Raphidioptera, Megalop­ The adults of M punicanus can be easily recognised tera, Neuroptera) der Westpaliiarktis.- Denisia, 2: 1-606. among all the species of the West-Palearctic area (sensu BADANO D., 2011.- I Neurotteri (Neuropterida) della Liguria, p. 54. In: Atti XXIII Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Ento­ H. Aspock et al., 2001) on the basis of the evident ex­ mologia, Genova 13-16 Giugno 2011. ternal characteristics such as the pigmentation of the BADANO D., LETARDI A., 2010.- A review of the Neuropterida pronotum, pigmentation of the wing venation, the shape of Liguria (north-west Italy), pp. 83-87. In: Proceedings of of the wings, size, overall colouring of the thorax and the I Oth International Symposium on Neuropterology (DE­ abdomen, etc. These characters also separate the species VETAK D., LIPOVSEK S., ARNETT A. E., Eds), 22-25 June from the other species of the formicarius-group to 2008, Piran, Slovenia. which it belongs (figure 2). BIRKY C. W. JR., ADAMS J., GEMMEL M., PERRY J., 2010.- Us­ Current knowledge on the Myrmeleon larvae does not ing population genetic theory and DNA sequences for spe­ still permit a morphological discrimination within the cies detection and identification in asexual organisms.- PLoS ONE, 5 (5): e10609. doi:10.1371/joumal.pone.0010609 formicarius-group. Conversely the larvae of the group BIRKY C. W. JR., RICCI C., MELONE G., FONTANETO D., 2011.­ are differentiated from all the known antlion larvae of Integrating DNA and morphological taxonomy to describe the Western Palearctic fauna by the round dark spots on diversity in poorly studied microscopic animals: new species the inferior side of femora and tibiae of the hind pair of of the genus Abrochtha Bryce, 1910 (Rotifera: Bdelloidea: legs (Brauer, 1853; Hagen, 1873; Redtenbacher, 1884; Philodinavidae).- Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Frieheden, 1973; Steffan, 1975; Gepp, 2010; Badano and 161: 723-734. Pantaleoni, unpublished data). Nevertheless the 3rd in­ BRAUER F., 1853.- Vergleichende Beschreibung der Larven star larva of M formicarius is easily recognizable from des Myrmecoleon formicarius L. und M formicalynx T.­ the very similar larvae of M punicanus and M gerlindae Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien (Sitzungsberichte), 3: 144-145. (and very probably also M noacki) simply by its notice­ CESARONI C., NICOLI ALDIN! R., PANTALEONI R. A., 2010.- Lar­ able larger size, above all of the jaws. For comparison a vae of Gymnocnemia variegata (Schneider, 1845) and Megis­ set of 16 formicarius-1arvae from all parts of Italy was topus jlavicornis (Rossi, 1790) (Neuroptera Myrmeleonti­ measured as follows: average body length 8.9 mm; head dae ), pp. 135-144. In: Proceedings of the 1Oth International capsule length 2.3 mm (min-max 2.1-2.5), head capsule Symposium on Neuropterology (DEVETAK D., LIPOVSEK S., width 2.0 mm (1.8-2.3), mandible length 2.4 mm (2.1- ARNETT A. E., Eds), 22-25 June 2008, Piran, Slovenia. 2.6), ratio head capsule length/width 0.88, ratio head DRUMMOND A. J., RAMBAUT A., 2007.- BEAST: Bayesian capsule length/mandible length 1.05 (unpublished data). evolutionary analysis by sampling trees.- BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7:214. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-214 FRIHEDEN J., 1973.- Morphological characteristics of North­ European myrmeleontid larvae (Neuroptera).- Entomologica Acknowledgements Scandinavica, 4: 30-34. FOLMER 0., BLACK M., HOEH W., LUTZ R., VRIJENHOEK R., As usual, the authors are indebted to a large number of 1994.- DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cy­ friends, colleagues and relatives who helped them. Nev­ tochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan inver­ ertheless the contribution of some was so important as tebrates.- Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3 to be decisive. Vittorio Cadau (Alghero, Sassari) gave (5): 294-299. one of the authors (RAP) the chance to visit Pantelleria GEPP J., 2010.- Ameisen!Owen und Ameisenjungfem. Myrme­ providing him with the opportunity to discovery the new leontidae. Eine weltweite Betrachtung unter besonderer species. Andrea Corso (Siracusa) explored Pantelleria Beriicksichtigung Mitteleuropas. Die Neue Brehm-Biicherei, Bd. 589.- Westwarp Wissenschaften, Germany. collecting specimens of the new species both in the lo­ GRANDI G., 1955.- Campagna di ricerche deli'Istituto di En­ cus typicus and in a further locality. Marcello Romano tomologia deli'Universita di Bologna alia "Foresta Umbra" (Capaci, Palermo) used his deep knowledge of western (Gargano).- Annali, Accademia Italiana di Scienze Foresta­ Sicily in order to help the authors to certify the presence li, 4: 405-418.

147 HAGEN H. A., 1873.- Die Larven von Myrmeleon.- Stettiner PONS J., BARRACLOUGH T. G., GOMEZ-ZURITA J., CARDOSO A., Entomologische Zeitung, 34: 249-295, 377-398. DURAN D. P., HAZELL S., KAMOUN S., SUMLIN W. D., Vo­ HEBERT P. D. N., CYWINSKA A., BALL S. L., DEWAARD J. R., GLER A. P., 2006.- Sequence based species delimitation for 2003.- Biological identifications through DNA barcodes.­ the DNA taxonomy of undescribed insects.- Systematic Bi­ Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B - Biological ology, 55: 595-609. Science, 270: 313-321. PRINCIPI M. M., 1952.- Ricerche zoologiche sui Massiccio del H6LZEL H., 1974.- Ein neuer trichterbauender AmeisenlOwe Pollino (Lucania-Calabria). VI. Neurotteri.- Annuario aus Stidwesteuropa (Planipennia).- Nachrichtenblatt der dell'Istituto e Museo di Zoologia dell'Universita di Napoli, Bayerischen Entomologen, 23: 81-85. 4 (1 0): 1-22. KEANE T. M., CREEVEY C. J., PENTONY M. M., NAUGHTON T. PUILLANDRE N., LAMBERT A., BROUILLET S., ACHAZ G., 2012.­ J., MCLNERNEY J. 0., 2006.- Assessment of methods for ABGD, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery for primary spe­ amino acid matrix selection and their use on empirical cies delimitation.- Molecular Ecology, 21 (8): 1864-1877. data shows that ad hoc assumptions for choice of matrix REDTENBACHER J., 1884.- Oberischt der Myrme1eoniden-Larven.­ are not justified.- BMC Evolutionary Biology, 6: 29. Denkschr!ften der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen doi:l 0.1186/1471-2148-6-29 Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissensch!ften, 48: LETARDI A., MALTZEFF P., 2001.- Neurotteridi e Mecotteri del­ 335-368. la Tenuta Presidenziale di Castelporziano e delle aree limi­ SCHMID H., 1972.- Neuropteren aus dem Aspromonte, trofe (Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, Mecoptera).- Bollettino zugleich ein Beitrag zur tiergeographischen Stellung dieses dell 'Associazione Romana di Entomologia, 56: 49-62. Gebirges.- Entomologische Zeitschr!ft, 82: 249-253. LETARDI A., PANTALEONI R. A., 1996.- I Neurotteroidei W­ STANGE L. A., 2004.- A systematic catalog, bibliography and Paleartici della collezione del Museo di Zoologia dell'Uni­ classification of the world antlions (Insecta: Neuroptera: versita di Roma (Neuropteroidea).- Fragmenta Entomologi­ Myrmeleontidae).- Memoirs of the American Entomological ca, 28: 277-305. Institute, 74: 1-565. MOLINU A., SASSU A., PANTALEONI R. A., 2007.- Neurop­ STEFFAN J. R., 1975.- Les larves des fourmilions [Planipennes: terida of the Asinara Island (NW Sardinia, Italy).- Annali del Myrmeleontidae] de la faune de France.- Annates de Ia So­ Museo civico di Storia naturale di Ferrara, 8: 111-115. ciete entomologique de France, 11 (2): 383-410. OHM P., 1965.- Myrmeleon noacki nov. sp., eine neue Myrme­ leontiden-Art von der Balkan-Halbinsel (Neuroptera).­ Authors' addresses: Roberto A. PANTALEONI (correspond­ Fragmenta Balcanica Musei Macedonici Scientiarum Natu­ ing author, [email protected]; [email protected]), Davide ralium, 5: 107-114. BADANO, ([email protected]; [email protected]) Sezione di PANTALEONI R. A., CESARONI C., NICOLI ALDIN! R., 2010.­ Entomologia, Dipartimento di Agraria, Universita degli Studi Myrmeleon mariaemathildae n. sp.: a new Mediterranean di Sassari, via Enrico de Nicola, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; ISE­ pit-building antlion (Neuropterida Myrmeleontidae).- Bulle­ CNR, Traversa la Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, I-07100 Li tin oflnsectology, 63 (1): 91-98. Punti SS, Italy. PARADIS E., CLAUDE J., STRIMMER K., 2004.- APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language.- Bioinformatics, 20: 289-290. Received February 2, 2011. Accepted Apri123, 2012.

148 Bibliography of the Neuropterida

Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 14577

Reference Citation: Pantaleoni, R. A.; Badano, D. 2012 [2012.??.??]. Myrmeleon punicanus n. sp., a new pit- building antlion (Neuroptera Myrmeleontidae) from Sicily and Pantelleria. Bulletin of Insectology 65:139-148.

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File: File produced for the Bibliography of the Neuropterida (BotN) component of the Lacewing Digital Library (LDL) Project, 2012.