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Validation of a Commercial Three-Dimensional Whole-Body Laser Scanner for the Collection of Obesity-Related Measurements

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Validation of a Commercial Three-Dimensional Whole-Body Laser Scanner for the Collection of Obesity-Related Measurements Validation of a Commercial Three-Dimensional Whole-Body Laser Scanner for the Collection of Obesity-Related Measurements by Ian Andrew Stanley Westhaver Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2014 © Copyright by Ian Andrew Stanley Westhaver, 2014 Dedication Page First of all, I would like to thank my funding agencies NSERC and Encana for allowing me the financial ability to pursue this research while also meeting my personal financial obligations. With fervor I thank my thesis advisor Dr John Kozey, not only for his wisdom, guidance, and knowledge as he led me through this process, but also for his mentorship in helping me to build a solid career, and become accurate and precise in my pursuit of science. I would further like to thank the members of my thesis committee, Dr Janie Astephen-Wilson, Dr Rob Adamson, and Dr James Ellsmere, as well as my external reader Dr Michel Ladouceur, for their time, perspective, and knowledge as they challenged me to refine my approach to scientific methodology. My burden was constantly ameliorated by fantastic group of lab mates, who were not only there to provide insight and support in my research, but also there to commiserate in failures and celebrate success: Audrey Prayal-Brown, Colleen Dews, Joshua Goreham, Cynthia Ly, Fiona Fan, and Jinyu Li, Warren Hefford, and Colin Wicks. To my friends and family who bore my gripes, and shared my victories: I am grateful for each and every one of you. I would be remiss not to specifically thank my incredible sister, Bridget Westhaver, who has been my constant champion with enthusiasm. Finally, I would like to thank my fiancé and partner, David St. Laurent, who through this entire process has provided steadfast support, realistic perspective, and has gingerly cradled my often fragile ego. ii Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... viii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................x Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Anthropometry .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Statement of Problem .................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2. Review of Literature ....................................................................................................... 5 2.1. Historical Perspective ................................................................................................. 5 2.1.1. Anthropometric Surveys ............................................................................... 5 2.1.2. Measurement Standardization - ANSUR ................................................. 6 2.2. Mid-Century Developments ...................................................................................... 6 2.3. Modern Imaging Techniques .................................................................................... 7 2.3.1. Laser Imaging .................................................................................................... 7 2.3.2. Millimeter Wave Imaging .............................................................................. 8 2.4. Automatic Measurement Collection ...................................................................... 9 2.4.1. Landmark Identification and Linear Measurement Calculation ........................................................................................................10 2.4.2. Circumferential and Volumetric Measurements ................................10 2.5. Measurement Validation ..........................................................................................11 2.5.1. Linear and Circumferential Measurements .........................................11 2.5.2. Volumetric and Body Fat Measurements ..............................................12 2.5.3. Definition of Axes ...........................................................................................14 2.6. Obesity, Classical Adiposity Indication, and Metabolic Disease ...............15 2.6.1. Metabolic Syndrome .....................................................................................16 2.6.2. Classical Adiposity Indication ...................................................................16 2.6.3. Body Mass Index .............................................................................................16 2.7. Bariatric Surgical Interventions and Post-Operative Evaluation .............19 2.7.1. Bariatric Surgery Program Requirements ............................................19 2.7.2. Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy ......................................................................20 2.7.3. Laboratory and Anthropometric Evaluation .......................................21 Chapter 3. Methods .............................................................................................................................22 3.1. Population Sampling ..................................................................................................22 3.1.1. Recruitment ......................................................................................................23 3.2. Data Collection .............................................................................................................23 3.2.1. Station 1: Landmark Identification .........................................................23 iii 3.2.2. Station 2: Scanning ........................................................................................24 3.2.3. Station 3: Manual Measurement – Circumferences, Breadths, and Lengths ..................................................................................25 3.2.4. Manual Measurement – Volumes .............................................................27 3.3. Scan Post-Processing .................................................................................................31 3.3.1. Linear Measurements ...................................................................................31 3.3.2. Circumferential and Volumetric Measurements ................................31 3.4. Statistical Analyses .....................................................................................................32 3.4.1. Validity via Correlation and T-Test .........................................................32 3.4.2. Agreement .........................................................................................................32 3.4.3. Volumetric Considerations .........................................................................33 3.4.4. Regression .........................................................................................................33 3.5. Clinical significance ....................................................................................................34 Chapter 4. Preliminary Work ..........................................................................................................36 4.1. Millimetre Wave Scanner .........................................................................................36 4.2. Laser Scanner ...............................................................................................................38 4.2.1. Pilot Trial ...........................................................................................................39 4.2.2. Mechanical limitations .................................................................................42 4.3. Phantom-Related Validation Work ......................................................................45 4.3.1. Cylinder ..............................................................................................................47 Chapter 5. Software Development ................................................................................................54 5.1. Design Requirements ................................................................................................54 5.2. GUI Dashboard .............................................................................................................55 5.3. Software operation .....................................................................................................56 5.4. Measurement generation .........................................................................................56 5.4.1. Linear ..................................................................................................................57 5.4.2. Circumferential ...............................................................................................57 5.4.3. Volumetric ........................................................................................................61 Chapter 6. Human Trials - Results ................................................................................................62 6.1. Participant Trials.........................................................................................................62 Chapter 7. Discussion .........................................................................................................................79
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